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snualpeKamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / .
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@ -'.........
TEST #"! A @#"! @( / (@(
Preview Test 0
Preview Test 1
Preview Test 2
Preview Test 3
Preview Test 4
Preview Test 5
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
PREVIEW TEST 0
Structure
Directions: This section tests your ability to recognize both correct and incorrect English
structures. There are two types of items of items in this section.
One type involves a sentence that is missing a verb or phrase. Four words or
phrases appear below the sentence. You must choose the one that best completes the
sentence.
Example I
large natural lakes are found in the state of south Carolina.
A There are no
B Not the
C it is not
D No
The correct answer is (D). This sentence should properly read, *No large natural lakes
are found in the state of South Carolina.,
The other type of item involves a sentence in which four words or phrases have been
underlined. You must identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for
the sentence to be considered correct.
Example II
When painting a fresco, an artist is applied paint directly to the damp plaster of a wall.
A B C D
The correct answer is (B). This sentence should read, *When painting a fresco, an
artist applies paint directly to the damp plaster of a wall. ,Keep in mind that on the CBT,
letter choices will not appear below the answer choices. We have included them here to
make it easier to discuss the questions in the Answer Keys.
As soon as you understand the directions, begin work on this Preview Test. There are 25
questions.
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&.ก ' TOEIC GAT O-NET Smart One & English for University Examination
1. Martha Graham, of the pioneers of modern dance, didn4t begin dancing
until she was 21.
(A) who , as one
(B) she was
(C) one
(D) was one
2. There are thousand of different types of roses.
A B C D
3. Sponges have neither heads or separate body organs.
A B C D
4. Tiger moths wings marked with stripes or spots.
(A) have
(B) with
(C) their
(D) whose
5. The first recorded use of natural gas to light street lamps it was in the town of
A B C D
Frederick, New York, in 1825.
6. Most of Annie Jump Cannon4s career as an astronomer involved the observation,
classification, and
(A) she analyzed stars
(B) the stars4 analysis
(C) stars were analyzed
(D) analysis of stars
7. The French Quarter is the most famous and the most old section of New Orleans.
A B C D
8. Liquids take the shape of any container which in they are placed.
A B C D
9. There are several races of giraffes, but there are only one species.
A B C D
10. Platinum is harder than copper and is almost as pliable
(A) gold
(B) than gold
(C) as gold
(D) gold is
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
11. Many communities are dependent on groundwater from wells for their
water supply.
(A) that obtained
(B) obtained
(C) is obtained
(D) obtain it
12. Boolean algebra is most often used to solve problems in logic, probability, and engineer.
A B C D
13. There were federal laws regulating mining practices until 1872.
(A) none
(B) not
(C) no
(D) nor
14. A number of the materials used in manufacturing paint are potential dangerous
A B C
if mishandled.
D
15. experimental studies of the aging process, psychologist
Ross McFarland productively much longer than had previously been thought.
(A) In that
(B) Through
(C) Since
(D) Into
16. Despite they are small, ponies are strong and have great stamina.
A B C D
17. Physical therapists help patients relearn how to use their bodies after disease or injure.
A B C D
18. Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi ,the
(A) United States was given the Statue of Liberty by the people of France
(B) people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States
(C) Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the people of France
(D) French people presented the United States with a gift, the Statue of Liberty
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19. In 1791, Quebec was divided into two sections, Upper Canada and Lower Canada,
were ruled by elected assemblies.
(A) they both
(B) both of them
(C) in which both
(D) both of which
20. quicksand can be found all over the world, little was known about its
composition until recently.
(A) Except
(B) Although
(C) Even
(D) Despite
21. are a from of carbon has been known since the late eighteenth
century.
(A) Diamonds
(B) Because diamonds
(C) That diamonds
(D) Diamonds, which
22. In the late nineteenth century, many public buildings, especially that on college
A B
campuses , were built in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture.
C D
23. Not only places of beauty, but they also serve scientific
and educational purposes as well.
(A) are botanical gardens
(B) botanical gardens to be
(C) botanical gardens are
(D) to be botanical gardens
24. Since 1908, breeders set out to produce chickens that could survive Canada4s
A B C
cold climate
D
25. There was once a widespread believe that all lizards were poisonous.
A B C D
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
Lesson 1
+,-./0123456 WORD FORM
ก !"#$ ก%!"#$&' () *+ ก,- Word forms . ก% ก# &/
&'0 1 &' ก ! Adjective &/ &'0 1 &' &/ 2
Word forms D ). #$ &/ 2!) . 34'*5.6578!69 1 25*$
1. &'0 , ก5 word forms ! 5 ;&' 5
2. ก# word forms ก# . 1 2
3. 6.+ 1 word forms adjective, adverb, participle, preposition, phrase
Word building ก D #$ 46 !% 5. % 2 ก 1 ! word form . 2 ก
&'0 6578' !ก# 5$$)&9 % &/ ! 5 $+ ก 2#5 suffix 2. ก+. Word
building ก6 !
. Work &/ ก# )&9+. ! &/ 5 )&9+. 2!
% ก,2 ก! 5 )&9+. ก! % % Working
Develop &/ ก# )&9+. 4< *5.5! 5
% ก,2 ก! 5 )&9+. ก4< % % Development
!5 suffix 34'2+ . development, measurement, collection *5.657
8' 2#5 -ing *$ ก + !*5.5 suffix . use, work, love &/ 2 657 2#5 -ing *$ . using,
working, loving &/ 2
1.1 ก9;.5!9 ! &/ ! 5 Common Noun Endings
-tion information -ery recovery
-sion provision -ship scholarship
-ence independence -tude multitude
-ance acceptance -ism capitalism
-ity creativity -cracy democracy
-hood childhood -logy biology
-dom wisdom -ness happiness
-th health -ment experiment
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&.ก ' TOEIC GAT O-NET Smart One & English for University Examination
1.2 ก9;.5!9 ! &/ ! 5 ก7> ;9 +27;
Endings for nouns that refer to persons
-er explorer -ee employee
-or sailor -ic comic
-ist psychologist -ian technician
-ent student -ant attendant
1.3 ก9;.5!9 ! &/ ก# Common Verb Endings
-ize realize -ify justify
-en shorten -ate incorporate
-er recover
1.4 ก9;.5!9 ! &/ !;,9ก?,'
Common Adjective Endings
-ate moderate -y sunny
-ous dangerous -ic economic
-al normal -ical logical
-ial remedial -ory sensory
-able comfortable -less hopeless
-ible sensible -ive competitive
-ish sluggish -ly friendly
-ant resistant -ful colorful
1.5 ก9;.5!9 ! &/ !;,+# @?,-
Common Adverb Endings
-ly quickly -ally historically
-wise likewise
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
2. # !ก( " ( ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
16ก !"#$ 5ก$6ก% Adjective )9' Adverb 9กก$ 9. 2.*& %
% ก8!) ก+5)2ก2. 1 Adjective 8ก Adverb
2.1 กก FGD Adjective
2.1.1 Adjective $ D #$ *
ก%8' ! Adjective ! ! 5 . very important person
ก% ! ! 5 4ก+5$ 8 1 ! 5 $ 5 9กก 9!$ 2.*&
"I Order of Adjective !'(กJ 10 "I - )
2!) . 1 ! ! ! 5 Determiners +9% 9ก*$ 4 1 % 5 .
1. Article: a, an, the
2. Demonstrative adjective: this, that, these, those, such a, such
3. Possessive adjective: my, your, his, her, their, its, etc.
4. Possessive noun: Mary4s, John4s, etc.
5. Quantifiers: no, some, any, a few, few, a little, little, a lot of, lots
of, plenty of, much, many, enough, more, most, each, every, all,
several, other, another, etc.
2!) . 2 9!$2. A ordinal numbers: the first, the sixth
2!) . 3 2+ 918! + cardinal numbers: one, two, etc.
2!) . 4 ;,9ก?,'2. A . 2 )9' Participle . ก# + ing
)9' ก# + V3 &/ 2 Quality or descriptive adjective: good, charming
2!) . 5 1 $ )9' +5ก+ - + . big, narrow, long, wide, deep
2!) . 6 ; . old, new, young
2!) . 7 C& Shape + ก95, 6 2 . round, square, straight
2!) . 8 6 Colour: red, blue, green, etc.
2!) . 9 5&' @%$ . 2# Nationality: Thai, Chinese, American &/ 2
2!) . 10 ! 5 &/ +6$; 6.+ &'ก ก+5+. Compound Noun .
$# 66 colour pencil, ก' &D leather bag &/ 2
ก 1 Adjective 10 &' ( 2 1 9!$% 7Cก2 .
GThe first one interesting big new Thai movie4
GMy two beautiful, fantastic, amazing old text book4
GSeveral sandy, hot, windy, tropical islands4
GMary4s broad antique Italian black walnut piano4
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ก
1. ก% Adjective &' (;,9ก?,' 5 !5 1 ก 8'2 %8;9(
. Ga fragrant, attractive, beautiful flower4 )2.ก% adjective A *5.2 %8;9( )9'ก
% adjective &' (65กก+. 2 6 8'2 % and . Ga black and white cat4 Ga red,
white, and blue Thai flag4 &/ 2
2. ก% Compound Adjective ก9;.5!5"65 ก#$8กก !! 5 5$+ - dash
.+5ก adjective;,9ก?,' ก ! adverb %45ก adjective ;,9ก?,' ). ก &/
1. ก% Noun-Adjective . an energy-saving computer,
seven world-wonderful places
2. ก% Well-Adjective . a well-thinking person
3. ก% 2+ 91 number-! 5 . a 500-page book
4. ก% 2+ 91 number-9!$ ordinal number . one-fifth pizza
5. ก% 8! + - .+ +$2. A - adjective *$)ก. old, long, wide, high, etc.
. GShe is five-year-old.4 GIt4s 35-foot-long.4
2.1.2 ก Linking Verb -D adjective
ก# ! 1 &'0 &/ "Cก'!
ก9;.5ก67 (4 to be, become, come, get, grow, stay, turn, remain, appear, prove
ก9;.5ก65"6C6>ก feel, seem, sound, smell, taste &/ 2
ก# Linking Verb 8'25$+ Adjective /)9' To infinitive
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2.2 กก FGD Adverb
1. Adverb 1 verbs, participles, adjectives, prepositions, adverb clauses, adverb
6 ก28ก&' ก! $$ 9. 2.*&
GAnan eagerly studied English.4
Adverb ก studied
GThere is a correctly understanding suggestion.4
Adverb participle - understanding
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
GLinda had a interestedly colored purse.4
Adverb participle -colored
GTed seemed extremely curious.4
adverb adjective - curious
GWe arrived at the airport immediately as our friends came.
Adverb Adverb clause - as our friends came
GWe arrived at the airport shortly before noon.4
Adverb preposition - before noon
GThe accident occurred incredibly quickly.
Adverb Adverb-quickly
2. ก ! Adverb 1> 2 &' 8'2 %458;9( 41 &' &' .
GGenerally, he will come to class on time.4
3. ก6 ก9;.5! Adverb กก'! (Adverb of Manner) 8'6 $ ก
2#5 adjective +ly, -cally 2. Adjective . . Gquick - quickly, comic -
comically, incredible - incredibly4 &/ 2
ก,2. ! 5 + ly &/ Adjective . Gyear - yearly, friend - friendly,
scholar - scholarly, day - daily4
4. Adverb of manner % 40# 9ก?,' +. &/ . * $ 5ก 52 ก0#
+5 5 % 1%8+. &/ . * 8'% &'
GShe treated her employees honestly.4 0# +. 0$C)94 ก . F2
5. ก9;.5!2.*& &/ adjective adverb *$)ก. fast, hard, high, long
GHe drove car fast.4 ก GHe loves a fast car.4
6. ก% well % +5 5 +. . $ $ $ &/ Adverb )2.ก% well % +5 5 +.
6 $ 6;1(4$ &/ Adjective
GI do my assignment well.4 ก GI4m very well.4
7. ก%ก9;.5! adverb 4ก&G# 60 *$)ก. not, never, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely,
hardly ever = never, no sooner, no longer, no more, etc. )2. no &/ adjective
8. ก9;.5! Adverb % +5 5 ก *$)ก.
1. 5ก48' Adjective + enough . Ggood enough4
2. 5ก very, so + Adjective . Gvery good4
3. # ก+. many, much + Adjective1 ก+. . Gmuch better4
4. 5ก8 ก' so... Adjective...that
. GThe tea is so hot that I wait for drinking it.4
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5. 5ก8 !*5.*$ too... Adjective...to infinitive
. GThe tea is too hot to drink.4
Exercise 1.1 8$8!2!) . )9' 1 adjective )9' adverb
1. In any animal community, herbivores (great/greatly) outnumber carnivores.
2. Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage (annual/annually).
3. (Regular/Regularly) airmail service in the United States began in 1918.
4. Writer Ernest Hemingway was known for his (simple/simply) language and his lively
dialog.
5. The tiny coral snake is (beautiful/beautifully) but deadly.
6. Skyscrapers developed (simultaneous/simultaneously) in Chicago and New York City.
7. (General/Generally), bauxite is found near the surface, so it is relatively
(simple/simply) to mine.
8. A good proofreader (painstaking/painstakingly) examines a manuscript for errors in
spelling and grammar as well as for factual mistakes.
9. The colony of New Hampshire was (permanent/permanently) separated from the
Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1692.
10. The most numerous and (wide/widely) distributed of all insectivorous animals are the
shrews.
11. The endocrine system functions in (close/closely) relationship with the nervous system.
12. A gap in the Coast Ranger of California provides (easy/easily) access to the San
Francisco Bay Area.
13. Mushrooms are found in an (incredible/incredibly) range of sizes, colors, and shapes.
14. Some airplanes have an automatic pilot that is connected to the airplane4s controls
and (automatic/automatically) keeps the plane on course.
15. Winslow Homer, who had no (formal/formally) training in art, became famous for his
paintings of the sea.
16. The potter4s wheel was an invention of (profound/profoundly) importance.
17. The nuclear-powered cargo ship Savannah proved (commercial/commercially)
impractical.
18. Sojourner Truth spoke (persuasively/persuasive) in opposition to slavery.
19. In 1984, Stan Getz made a (masterful/masterfully) solo recording of the song Early
Autumn , which (deep/deeply) influenced younger musicians.
20. The planet Venus was once believed to be two (distinct/distinctly) objects: the morning
star Phosphorous and the evening star Hesperus.
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
Exercise 1.2 + &' (1 ก9;.5!$ 2.*&
N = noun G = gerund (-ing) noun
V = verb ADJ = adjective
PN = *person, noun ADV = adverb
8;$&'6 - 1.4 8!) ก6.+ 2. A 1 &' *$ . 7Cก2
1. Sinclair Lewis4 novel Babbitt is set in the (fiction/fictional) town of Zenith.
(_N_/_ADJ_) The first one is done as an example.
2. By-products from chicken eggs are used by (industry/industrial) in manufacturing
such (produces/products) as soap and paint. (________/________)(________/________)
3. The daylily is an attractive, (fragrance/fragrant) flower. (________/________)
4. An equation is a (mathematics/mathematical) statement that says that two
expressions are (equal/equality). (________/________)(________/________)
5. The supreme Court has ruled that (evidence/evident) obtained from (illegal/illegally)
searches cannot be used in court. (________/________)(________/________)
6. The Richter scale measures the (severely/ severity) of earthquakes. (________/________)
7. Justin Winsom promoted the (developing/development) of libraries throughout the
United States in the nineteenth century. (________/________)
8. Pipelines (transportation/transport) huge quantities of natural gas and liquid
petroleum products. (________/________)
9. Scientists (differ/different) in their opinions of how snow crystals (originate/origin).
(________/________)(________/________)
10. Harry Blackstone was a famous (magic/magician). (________/________)
11. Glass sponges are found in oceans at a (deep/depth) of 300 feet or more.
(________/________)
12. Colorado shares with Wyoming the (distinction/distinctly) of having four
(perfect/perfectly) straight borders. (________/________)(________/________)
13. Yale4s Peabody Museum has a world-famous (collection/collecting) of fossils.
(________/________)
14. Pronghorns, which are American antelopes, are (present/presence) in large
numbers on the (open/openly) plains of Wyoming.
(________/________)(________/________)
15. The President4s (chooses/choices) for the members of the Cabinet must be
(approved/approval) by the Congress. (________/________)(________/________)
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16. Rose Han Lee wrote a number of (scholar/scholarly) accounts about the effects
of (immigrant/immigration) on mining towns in the western United States.
(________/________) (________/________)
17. Most snails venture out to look for (feed/food) only after sunset or on (rain/rainy)
days. (________/________) (________/________)
18. Hats may (symbolic/symbolize) social status or (occupation/occupational) as well
as being fashion items. (________/________) (________/________)
19. Analgesics are used to (relieve/relief) pain and reduce fever. (________/________)
20. The process of (respire/respiration) in plants involves a complex series of
(chemistry/chemical) reactions. (________/________) (________/________)
21. A (member/Membership) of the Paiute tribe of Nevada, Sarah Winnemuca
worked as a guide and (interpret/interpreter) . (________/________)(________/________)
22. The Earth4s (out/outer) shell is divided into sections called plates, which are
(constant/constantly) in motion. (________/________)(________/________)
23. The Nassau grouper is a (tropics/tropical) fish that is noted for its (able/ability)
to change color. (________/________)(________/________)
24. Alpha rays (loss/lose) energy (rapidity/rapidly) as they pass through matter.
(________/________) (________/________)
25. The cherry is one of the only fruits that will not (ripe/ripen) if it is removed from
the tree. (________/________)
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
PRACTICE TEST 1
Focus: Identifying errors involving word form problems. (Note: One or two items in this
exercise do not focus on word form errors. These are marked in the answer key with an
asterisk.)
_B_ 1. Liberal arts colleges cultivate general intellectually abilities rather than
A B C
technical or professional skills. -------- intellectual -------
D
___ 2. Goats are extremely destruction to natural vegetation and are often
A B C
responsible for soil erosion.
D
___ 3. Wild plants were of considerable important to early settlers, and many
A B C
are still used medicinally and as foods.
D
___ 4. One important branch of linguistics is semantics, which analysis the
A B C
meaning of words.
D
___ 5. Unlike folk dancers, which are the product of a single culture, ballet
A B C
is an international art form.
D
___ 6. The strong of a rope is directly proportional to its cross-sectional area.
A B C D
___ 7. Black bears can move rapidly when necessary and are skillful tree- climbers
A B C
for their size and weigh.
D
___ 8. In an arboretum, trees are cultivated for scientific and educational
A B C
purpose.
D
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___ 9. In most Western states, the first major industry was mining, which
A
was gradually supplemented by ranches.
B C D
___ 10. Peach trees grow good in a variety of soil types, but do best in sandy loam.
A B C D
___ 11. The unit of measuring called the foot was originally based on the
A B C
length of the human foot.
D
___ 12. Philosopher Theodore A. Langerman was interested in the fields of
A B
literary and music.
C D
___ 13. Pure nitric acid is colorless, but it acquires a yellow color when it is
A B C
exposed of air.
D
___ 14. A chemical react that absorbs heat is called endothermic.
A B C D
___ 15. One characteristic of the poems of Emily Dickinson is the sharp of
A B C
her images.
D
___ 16. Luther Gulick was a teacher and physician who spent much of his live
A B C
promoting physical fitness.
D
___ 17. A dog should be checked regularly by a veterinarian to ensure that it
A B
remains in good healthy.
C D
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
___ 18. Southwestern Boston is made up of Hyde Park, West Roxbury, and
A
other pleasant residential neighbors.
B C D
___ 19. Hunting and fishing techniques were highly developed among the North
A
American Indians, particularly in regions where agriculture was less
B C
success.
D
___ 20. Science requires the careful collect and organization of data.
A B C D
___ 21. The Natchez Trace was an important commercial and military route
A B C
between Nashville, Tennessee to Natchez, Mississippi.
D
___ 22. Some games rely mainly on skill and practice while others primarily
A B C
involve lucky.
D
___ 23. In the absent of natural enemies, the gypsy moth has become a
A B C
serious pest in North America.
D
___ 24. Huey Long and his brother Earl were the two most powerful politics
A B C
in the history of Louisiana.
D
___ 25. To make candles, pioneers twisted string into wicks, dipped the wicks
A
into hot fat, then hung the candles to cool and hard.
B C D
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Lesson 2
EFGHI6H+,-JK4 Simple Sentence
&' ___________________________________________________________________
;&' _________________________________________________________________
+9_______________________________________________________________________
/#D Simple Sentences
1. &' 05$
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. &' 5ก)6$ 2+&'0 Subjective Complement
ก# Linking Verb *$)ก. be, become, come, get, grow, stay, turn, remain, appear, prove,
feel, seem, sound, feel, taste, smell &/ 2
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. &' &'0 6 % ก5 *&ก'! Objective Complement 8'2 %ก# Causative
Verb *$)ก. 6 , +.8 , 1 , ;H2, !% - , 2 ก, .
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
ก# Causative Verb 2+ *$)ก. make, let help, watch, get, have, set &/ 2
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. &' 2 ก +56!H1 &'0 Expletive
4.1 6 ก% It
ก% It ) &'0 5 4 ก, *$)ก.
1. ก . It4s John who came to talk with me.
2. ' ' . It4s ten miles that you go to there.
3. +9 . It4s in October that the rain falls down.
4. ก@ . It4s hot that I can4t stand.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4.2 6 ก% There
ก% There 25$+ , 8! + 65
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
52 กก+.*5.5 % % There is not any ........ There is no ......... &/ 2
)2.7ก+. 5*5.5ก % % There are not many......... &/ 2
)9' 5ก+.5 % % There is a few ........, a little ......... &/ 2
5. 52 กก9.+7> ก% +9 6! + It takes S spend ....... &/ 2
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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&.ก ' TOEIC GAT O-NET Smart One & English for University Examination
EXERCISE 2
Focus : completing structure problems involving incomplete independent clauses.
( Note : Three or four items in this exercise do NOT focus on missing subjects, verbs,
complements, or introductory words; these items are marked in the answer key with
asterisks. )
Directions : Choose the one option N (A), (B), (C), or (D) N that correctly completes
the sentences.
1. In the United States, _____ is generally the responsibility of municipal
governments.
(A) for water treatment (B) water treatment
(C) where water treatment (D) in which water treatment
2. Crop rotation _____ of preserving soil fertility.
(A) it is one method (B) one method
(C) a method is one (D) is one method
3. _____ the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878.
(A) Canada adopted (B) Adopted by Canada,
(C) It was adopted by Canada, (D) The Canadian adoption of
4. _____ almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora borealis in photographs.
(A) Being (B) It is
(C) There is (D) Is
5. _____ two major art museums, the Fogg and the Sadler.
(A) Harvard University has
(B) At Harvard University
(C) Harvard University, with its
(D) There at Harvard University
6. American actress and director Margaret Webster _____ for her production of
Shakespearean plays.
(A) who became famous (B) famous as she became
(C) becoming famous (D) became famous
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7. _____ gas tanks connected to welding equipment, one full of oxygen and the other full
of acetylene.
(A) It is two (B) Of the two
(C) There are two (D) Two
8. _____ is more interested in rhythm than in melody is apparent from his compositions.
(A) That Philip Glass (B) Philip Glass, who
(C) Philip Glass (D) Because Philip Glass
9. _____ by cosmic rays.
(A) The earth is constantly bombarded
(B) Bombarded constantly, the earth
(C) Bombarding the earth constantly
(D) The earth4s constant bombardment
10. _____ primary colors are red, blue, and yellow.
(A) There are three (B) The three
(C) Three of them (D) That the three
11. _____ who was elected the first woman mayor of Chicago in 1979.
(A) It was Jane Byrne (B) Jane Byrne
(C) That Jane Byrne (D) When Jane Byrne
12. Every computer consists of a number of systems _____ together.
(A) by working (B) work
(C) they work (D) that work
13. On the moon, _____ air because the moon4s gravitational field is too weak to retain an
atmosphere.
(A) there is no (B) where no
(C) no (D) is no
14. The Glass Mountains of northwestern Oklahoma _____ with flecks of gypsum, which
shine in the sunlight.
(A) they are covered (B) covered them
(C) that are covered (D) are covered
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15. In some cases, _____ to decide if an organism is a plant or an animal.
(A) difficult if (B) it is difficult
(C) the difficulty (D) is difficult
16. The first American novelist to have a major impact on world literature _____ .
(A) who was James Fenimore Cooper
(B) James Fenimore Cooper was
(C) it was James Fenimore Cooper
(D) was James Fenimere Cooper
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Lesson 3
"/ # #$ Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause &'ก$+ &' 9ก Simple Sentence
&'ก$+ &; ' !51 &'0 )9'/ ก5
% (? กI?8'*5. # 5!F! 7 4! &/ !F! 5ก8'5ก !5 5 1$+ ก
ก+. ก +5654 0- Relative Conjunction &/ Sub-ordinate Conjunction *$)ก.
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9กก6 Relative Adjective Clause
1. % &9 !F! &/ ! 5 % &/ Relative 25+5 5'65 )9'% + 2#$2+F! 65 .
GHe wanted the book.4 + GThe book had been taken out.4
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)9' 6579$C&% ก, which, that, whom ! &/ ก5 %F!2+ &/ ก5
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2. ก% whose + noun )6$ +5 &/ 81 )9' .95+. whose &/ !%)6$ +5
&/ 81 ) Possessive Adjective *$)ก. my, your, his, her, their, its, our &/ 2
$ whose 2 25$+ Noun 65 .
GShe is my old friend.4 + GI look up to her work.4
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GI want to see the boy.4 + GHis pen is lost.4
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GHis house is near me.4 + GMr. Parker is American.4
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3. ก% Preposition +C.ก which )9' whom(whose) *$ .
$ ก,8'% Prep. + which, whom, whose
1. ก# + prep. Two-word verb . consist of, talk to, go to, get up &/ 2
2. 6! + be + adj. + prep. . be used to, be aware of, be afraid of, etc.
3. ก, 5 prep. + ! 5 . in it, on hers, at his house &/ 2
.
That is the topic. + I will write on it.
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Linda is helping me. + Tony talks to her.
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The car was stolen by them. + The police arrested thieves.
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Nut has a cat. + I am afraid of her cat.
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4. ก% Quantifiers !ก, 1 ! 5F!ก % 1+5 % ! 5 5
52. ! 51 &' )9' 5 Relative ) ! 5F! .
He met with two advisers. + He had known both of them for years.
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I read a number of articles. + Most of them were very useful.
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5. ก% Where % 564 5 ) ก9;.5 Adverb 0# 67 2 &/ 9ก *$)ก. here,
there, in school, at home, on street '+ 66 กก% which 8') ! 5+27; 67
.
GI lived in Chonburi.4 + GPeter visited me here.4
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GThere is a private university.4 + GMany students take courses in it.4
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6. 1% '+ 55ก%! 5+5654 0- Relative F!ก! 5 .
*The painting which Ms. Wallace bought it was very expensive. "#$
*This is a topic which it interests me. "#$
9กก6!H6;$ *5.%! 5F!F ก Relative
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
EXERCISE 3
Focus : Answering structure problems involving incomplete adjective clauses.
( Note : One or two items in this exercise do NOT focus on adjective clauses ; these items
are marked in the answer key with asterisks. )
Directions : For Sentence completion items, mark the answer choice N (A), (B), (C), or
(D) N that correctly completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the
underlined portion of the sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. Most folk songs are ballads _____ have simple words and tell simple stories.
(A) what (B) although
(C) when (D) that
2. After its introduction in 1969, the float process _____ the world4s principal method of
manufacturing flat sheets of glass.
(A) by which it became (B) it became
(C) became (D) which became
3. Dolphins lack vocal cords but they have a large, oil-filled organ called the *melon,,
A B
which with they can produce a variety of sounds
C D
4. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, _____ .
(A) engineers were educated there
(B) where engineers were educated
(C) in which were engineers educated
(D) where were engineers educated
5. There are thousands of kinds of bacteria, many of whom are beneficial.
A B C D
6. The Ringling Brothers were five brothers which built a small group of performers into
A B
the worldTs largest circus.
C D
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7. Most beans _____ are a form of kidney bean.
(A) that are cultivated in the United States
(B) their cultivation in the United States
(C) are cultivated in the United States they
(D) they are cultivated in the United States
8. In addition to being a naturalist, Stewart E. White was a writer _____ the struggle for
survival on the American frontier.
(A) whose novels describe (B) he describes in his novels
(C) his novels describe (D) who, describing in his novels
9. Diamonds are often found in rock formations called pipes, _____ the throats of extinct
volcanoes.
(A) in which they resemble (B) which resemble
(C) there is a resemblance to (D) they resemble
10. William Samuel Johnson, who helped write the Constitution, become the first
A B C D
president of Columbia University in 1787.
11. Seals appear clumsy on the land, _____ are able to move short distances faster than
most people can run.
(A) but they (B) which they
(C) they (D) which
12. The Pritzker Prize is given every year to architects their work benefits humanity and
A B C
the environment.
D
13. The instrument panel of a light airplane has at least a dozen instruments _____ .
(A) the pilot must watch
(B) what the pilot must watch
(C) that the pilot must watch them
(D) such that the pilot must watch them
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
14. A keystone species is a species of plants or animals _____ absence has a major
effect on an ecological system.
(A) that its (B) its
(C) whose (D) with its
15. Active stocks are stocks they are frequently bought and sold.
A B C D
16. Pipettes are glass tubes, open at both ends, which chemists use them to transfer
A B C
small volumes of liquid.
D
17. The size and shape of a nail depends primarily on the function _____ intended.
(A) which it is (B) for which it is
(C) which it is for (D) for which is
18. Gene Krupa had one of the few big band that was centered on a drummer.
A B C D
19. In geometry, a tangent is a straight line _____ a curve at only one point.
(A) it touches (B) whose touching
(C) its touching (D) that touches
20. There are many species of plants and animals that they are peculiar to Hawaii.
A B C D
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Lesson 4
"/ # D # ADVERB CLAUSES
Adverb clause &'ก$+ 6.+ ! 5 ก+. adverb clause marker
subordinate conjunction )9'8'2 5 &'0 )9'ก# 65C,-2 2+
. GThe demand for economical cars increases when gasoline becomes more expensive.4
8ก2+ . When &/ ! 5 ก+. adverb clause ก the main clause )9'
% 6.+ &/ &; ' 5&'0 (Gasoline) )9' ก# (becomes)
)9' 55ก !&' 9ก$+ ;&' Adverb Clause % % comma ก ) ก
. GWhen gasoline becomes more expensive, the demand for economical cars increases.4
8ก2+ . ;&' % When + ;&' 8'2 5 5 comma ก ) ก
/#D Adverb clause
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4.1 "I #$ G. Adverb Clause Maker
Subordinate Conjunction. Example
Because 4'+. Because the speaker was sick, the program was canceled.
Since 4'+. Since credit cards are convenient, many people use them.
Although 7> )5+. Although he earns a good salary, he never saves any money.
Even though 7> )5+. Even though she was tired, she stayed up late.
Though
if *1 If the automobile had not been invented, what would people
(22ก9 ) use for basic transportation?
unless *1 I won4t go unless you do.
()6$ ก&G# 60)
when 5, Your heart rate increases when you exercise.
while 1,')6$ ก1$) Some people like to listen to music while they are studying.
as 1,' One train was arriving as another was departing.
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since #52 )2. We haven4t seen Professor Hill since she returned form her trip.
until 8 ก' 8 Don4t put off going to the dentist until you have a problem.
once $)ก Once the dean arrives, the meeting can begin.
before ก#$ก. Before he left the country, he bought some traveler4s checks.
after ก#$ 9 She will give a speech after she is presented with the award.
4.2 RELATIVE WITH WEVER
ก ! relative conjunction 5+5ก + ever . whatever, wherever, whenever, etc.
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6! + Relative Pronoun )9'25$+ + ever % +5 5 ก 9. ( . . . . กJ25 )
)9'6! + no matter + wh- , how )2.8'% +5 5 &/ &G# 60% &' (*5.+.. . . กJ25)
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6! + $ ก9.+ &/ *$ Noun Clause )9' Adverb Clause .
wherever %$กJ25 Put that box wherever you can find room for it.
whenever 5* .กJ25They stay at that hotel whenever they4re in Boston.
however . *กJ25 However you solve the problem, you4ll get the same answer.
. The accident can be happened no matter how you are careful.
;2# 2;6578' ก#$1> *$ *5.+.;,8''+ . *กJ25
No matter what you say ,she will go surely no doubt.
*5.+.8'4C$'*ก 0 0กJ8'*&) .A *5.516 6
4.3 REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES ก - "/ # ADVERB CLAUSES
1. 5&'0 % &' &/ 6# 1 ;9 $ +ก % ;&' 6 adverb clause
2. &'0 6.+ ;&' 25$+ ก# Linking Verb
3. 9'&'0 )9'ก# Linking Verb ก*& 9 4 ). Participle Adjective
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( %MกN &.
1. When astronauts are orbiting the Earth, they don4t feel the force of gravity.
When orbiting the Earth, astronauts don4t feel the force of gravity.
(Reduced clause with present participle)
2. Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational.
Although damaged, the machine was still operational.
(Reduced clause with present participle)
3. Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.
Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.
(Reduced clause with an adjective)
5 2; *5.5ก9$ Reduced adverb clauses 5 maker &/ because
4.3 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ).)# ADVERB CLAUSES
&' (1 !252 $ 9 1% ) ก &/ ก9;.5+9 %C.ก! 5 )9'ก9;.5! 5
8'2 25$+ ;&' ก# &/ 2 .
Preposition Related marker Example
ก(#$ ).!-# J @
because of because/since He chose that university because of its fine
reputation.
due to because/since The accident was due to mechanical failure.
on account of because/since Visibility is poor today on account of air pollution.
ก(#$ !-# -! D
in spite of although He enjoys motorcycle riding in spite of the danger.
even though
despite although Despite its loss, the team is still in first place.
even though
ก(#$ !-$ -'
during when/while Her father lived in England during the war.
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
4.4 ก ). PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES FDJ Adverb Clause
% 4#5 2#5 +9 $ ก + the fact that 8'*$ ;&' Adverb % 5.
. He enjoys motorcycle riding in spite of the fact that it was dangerous.
He enjoys motorcycle riding in spite of the danger.
6;& 6
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4.5 &. Adverb Clause
1. Adverb Clause of Time !- . O
as soon as The boys will go home as soon as the bell rings.
as long as 2 . You can take books out as long as you keep it well.
all the time that 29$ +9 I didn4t see you all the time I was in Chieng Mai.
By the time that 8 7> +9 She has slept by the time I reach home along the way.
2. Adverb Clause of Cause !-
seeing that, inasmuch as, on account of the fact that, owing to the fact that, in view of the
fact that, because of the fact that, due to the fact that 4'+. )9' in case ( 4'+. . . .
8'*5.) . GYou should take someone with you in case you lose your way.4
3. Adverb Clause of Concession !-P
even if, admitting that, notwithstanding that, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that,
while, whereas, however + adverb, adjective (7> )5+.)
. GHowever clever he was, he didn4t mind studying at all.4
4. Adverb Clause of Condition !-. !"ก
if only (76552#+.) , supposing, providing, provided, on condition, in the event, in case, as
long as 76552#+. ( % *1+. ( 5 2; ก9;.5! 2+5ก9$C& that)
. GIn case (that) I forget, please remind me about it.4
GSupposing the boat capsized, what would you do?4
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5. Adverb Clause of Result !-@&
so + adj. adv. + that , so + adj. + a + noun + that, such (a) + noun + that,
&' so that ;&' 5$ )&9+. 4'+.Q $
. GIt is so hard a job that he can4t do it.4 4'+. &/ ก $ 1!*5.*$
GShe has such pretty hair that we like her.4 4'+. 05"56+ 5ก $ 4+ก 0
6. Adverb Clause of Manner !-ก ก" $
as 25, 5 Do it as I told you.
as if, as though +ก+. (%กก6552#) You acted as if he were a child.
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EXERCISE 4
Focus : completing structure problems involving adverb clauses, reduced adverb
clauses, and prepositional expressions. ( Note : Two or three items do NOT focus on one
of these structures. These items are marked in the answer key with an asterisk. )
Directions : For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice N (A), (B), (C),
or (D) N that correctly completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the
underlined portion of the sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. Small sailboats can easily capsize _____ they are not handled carefully.
(A) but (B) which
(C) if (D) so
2. _____ they are tropical birds, parrots can live in temperate or even cold climates.
(A) Despite (B) Even though
(C) Nevertheless (D) But
3. Despite cats cannot see in complete darkness, their eyes are much more sensitive
A B C
to light than humans4 eyes.
D
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4. _____ added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid.
(A) That (B) As is
(C) It is (D) When
5. Because of cheese is essentially a concentrated form of milk, it contains the same
A B C D
nutrients as milk.
6. In spite of their frightening appearance, the squid is shy and completely harmless.
A B C D
7. _____ advertising is so widespread in the United Stats, it has had an enormous effect
on American life.
(A) Why (B) The reason
(C) On account of (D) Since
8. _____ toward shore, its shape is changed by its collision with the shallow sea bottom.
(A) During a wave rolls (B) As a wave rolls
(C) A wave rolls (D) A wave4s rolling
9. Snakebirds were not given their name because they eat snakes, but because of their
A B C D
long, slender necks resemble snakes.
10. _____ people are increasingly linked over long distances by electronic
communications, but many of them still prefer face N to N face encounters.
(A) Although (B) Despite
(C) Today (D) The fact that
11. _____ together in one place, they form a community.
(A) When people who live
(B) When people living
(C) Whenever people live
(D) Whenever living people
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12. _____ managed by an independent governor and board of directors, the Bank of
Canada is owned by the Canadian government.
(A) And yet (B) In spite of it
(C) Although (D) It is
13. In the sixteenth century, it was thought that a compass needle pointed north
A B C
because some mysterious influence of the stars.
D
14. During lava cools exceptionally fast, it forms a natural glass called obsidian.
A B C D
15. _____ , the seeds of the Kentucky coffee plant are poisonous.
(A) Unless they have been cooked (B) Cooking them
(C) They have been cooked (D) Cooked until
16. Although Adlai Stevenson was never elected president, he was one of the
A B
preeminent American politics of the mid N twentieth century.
C D
17. Natural silk is still highly prized _____ similar artificial fabrics.
(A) although is available
(B) despite there are available
(C) in spite of the availability of
(D) even though an availability of
18. Cattle ranches are found almost _____ in Utah.
(A) wherever (B) everywhere
(C) overall (D) somewhere
19. Since its acute sense of smell, the bloodhound is often used in tracking.
A B C D
20. _____ through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.
(A) When shines (B) It shines
(C) It is shone (D) When shone
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
Lesson 5
"/ # ).FGD! #$ NOUN CLAUSES
Noun clauses 8$+. &/ subordinate clause ! &/ ! 5 ) &'0 ,
ก5 )9'25 9 ;4
&' (1 ;&' ! 5
1. Noun clauses &/ 1+5ก 9.+*&8'% that )9' noun
2. Noun clauses &/ !75&' (2$+ yes/no questions 8'% whether or if.
3. Noun clauses &/ !75&' (2$+ information 8'% wh- words: what, where,
when &/ 2
)ก 0$ ! กก( Noun clauses FD M-ก- )
1. "/ ##$ H ก('ก( % ก# 1 &' 9ก .
/#D
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. Dr. Hopkins4 office is in this building.
I4m sure that Dr. Hopkins4 office is in this building.
ก - Conjunction (That) 5 ;&' ! 5 &/ ก 9.
GHe said that his car was good.4
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GI believe that the sun is massive.4
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2. "/ ##$ H ก(#$ 1 % ก# 1 &' 9ก . *5.C 6 6 )&9ก%8 )9'
1$) )9'ก,4# @? verb to be 657%ก ;&' !75 5
** 5"C4C$*5.) .%8% 6# 2 4C$ 1%8 88' &/ 6# *5.%. +*&8' 1%8
8'%&' !75**
2.1 6 ก9;.5!75 &; ' 5 2 ก!2 &/ 15C9 *$)ก. !75 who,
whom, whose, which, how, where, why, when &/ 2
2.1.1 !752 ก!2 &/ &'0 . GWho made cookie.?4 GAlan did.4
&$6 ก2 !7575 &'0 8' 8'8 *$ 4 WHAT WHO
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2.1.2 !752 ก!2 &/ ก5 . GWho did you see?4 GAlan4
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2.2 !75&' (2$+ yes/no questions 8'% whether or if 58กก# .+ .
GWill you join us tonight?4 GYes, we will.4 GNo, we won4t.4
GHas he finished it?4 GYes4 GNo4
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2+ . 4#5 2#5 ก +ก &; ' !75 5
. GIs Dr. Hopkins4 office on this floor?4 (!75yes/no)
GI don4t know if (whether) Dr. Hopkins4 office is on this floor.4
GWhere is Dr. Hopkins4 office?4 (!752 กinformation)
GPlease tell me where Dr. Hopkins4 office is.4
&. D '
1. 1% '+ word order 5 !ก# .+ 28 2+ ! &'0 2 &/ &' !75
65 . !75+. ;,% Who are you? )2. Noun Clause ;ก&' (2 9
$+ period . 4)6$ กก 9. . I didn4t know who you are &/ 2
/#D "/ #'ก( D $ ก G( $ D " /- -A- -
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. *I don4t know what is her name.
("#$% ก word order 4' *5.C+. ก5%)
I don4t know what her name is. ()ก*1 word order% 5.)
*She called him to ask what time did his party start. ("#$% ก word order)
She called him to ask what time his party started. ()ก*1 word order % 5.)
2. ก + 34' !+. Who ก What 4'657%) &'0 51+52 ก75
7> &'0 )9' &/ ก5 5757> ก5 . ก
. Who play the violin? 757> &'0 )2. Who did you talk to? 757> ก5
What are in the bag? 757> &'0 )2. What did you keep in the bag? 757> ก5
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
EXERCISE 5
Focus : Completing structure problems involving incomplete noun clauses. ( Note :
Two or three items in this exercise do NOT focus on noun clauses. These items are
marked in the answer key with asterisks. )
Directions : For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice N (A), (B), (C),
or (D) N that correctly completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the
underlined portion of the sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. _____ begin their existence as ice crystals over most of the earth seems likely.
(A) Raindrops (B) If raindrops
(C) What if raindrops (D) That raindrops
2. Scientists cannot agree on _____ related to other orders of insects.
(A) that fleas are (B) how fleas are
(C) how are fleas (D) fleas that are
3. It was in 1875 _____ joined the staff of the astronomical observatory at Harvard
University.
(A) that Anna Winlock (B) Anna Winlock, who
(C) as Anna Winlock (D) Anna Winlock then
4. A test pilot tries out new kinds of aircraft to determine if are they safe.
A B C D
5. _____ is a narrow strip of woods along a stream in an open grassland.
(A) Ecologists use the term *gallery forest,
(B) What do ecologists call a *gallery forest,
(C) *Gallery forest, is the term ecologists use
(D) What ecologists call a *gallery forest,
6. _____ developed so rapidly in Alabama primarily because of its rich natural resources.
(A) That heavy industry (B) Heavy industry
(C) Heavy industry that was (D) When heavy industry
7. _____ so incredible is that these insects successfully migrate to places that they have
never even seen.
(A) That makes the monarch butterflies4 migration
(B) The migration of the monarch butterflies is
(C) What makes the monarch butterflies4 migration
(D) The migration of the monarch butterflies, which is
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8. Art critics do not all agree on what are the qualities that make a painting great.
A B C D
9. In order to grow vegetables properly, gardeners must know _____ .
(A) what the requirements for each vegetable are
(B) that the requirements for each vegetable
(C) what are each vegetable4s requirements
(D) that is required by each vegetable
10. Exactly when was the wheel invented is not known.
A B C D
11. For many years people have wondered _____ exists elsewhere in the universe.
(A) that life (B) life which
(C) whether life (D) life as it
12. Although geologists have a clearly understanding of why earthquakes occur, they
A B C
cannot reliably predict when they will take place.
D
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
Lesson 6
/#D ก #( PARALLEL STRUCTURES
ก 1 ก +1 กก !"#$ parallel structures 6 ก%
*+ ก,-% ) $ +ก 6 8' &/ ก9;.5! . X, Y, and Z.
$ % ก9;.5!8'5ก 1 *+ ก,-654 0-ก nouns, adjectives, verbs,
prepositional phrases, gerunds, )9' infinitives
&LH . > % ก!8 - *5. 1%8 WORD FORM % 1 8> !%
*5.657) ก) 'ก9;.5!*+ ก,- &/ parallel *$)ก.
! !5 5ก9;.5! Parallel structure *$)ก. and, but, or, not only....but also....,
not...but, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor...., whether...or..., from...to....,
between...and...
EXERCISE 6.1
Focus : Identifying errors involving parallelism
Directions : If the underlined form is parallel to other forms in the sentence, mark the
sentence C. If the underlined form is not parallel, mark the sentence X and write a
correction for the underlined from is the blank at the end of the sentence.
_____ 1. Steel is alloyed with manganese to increase its strength, hardness, and
resistance to wear.
_____ 2. The type of plant and animal life living in and around a pond depends on the
soil of the pond, what the quality of the water is, and the pond4s location.
_____ 3. Philosophers are concerned with questions about nature, human behavior,
society, and reality.
_____ 4. When taking part in winter sports, one should wear clothing that is lightweight,
warmth, and suitable for the activity.
_____ 5. Folklore consists of the beliefs, customs, traditions, and telling stories that
people pass from generation to generation.
_____ 6. Major sources of noise pollution include automobiles and other vehicles,
industrial plants, and heavy construction equipment.
_____ 7. Because of their hardness, industrial diamonds can be used for cutting, grind,
and drilling.
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_____ 8. Scholar John Fiske wrote on history, religious, and social issues.
_____ 9. Electricity is used to light, hot, and cool buildings.
_____ 10. T.S. Eliot was equally distinguished as a poet, he wrote criticism, and a
dramatist.
EXERCISE 6.2
Focus : Completing structure problems involving parallelism. ( Note : One or two
items in the exercise do NOT focus on items involving parallel structures. These items are
marked in the answer key with asterisks. )
Directions : For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice N (A), (B), (C),
or (D) N that correctly completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the
underlined portion of the sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. The bellflower is a wildflower that grows in shady fields, in marshes, and mountain slopes.
A B C D
2. Insects provide many beneficial services, such as _____ , breaking down deadwood,
and pollinating plants.
(A) they condition soils (B) to condition soil
(C) conditioning the soil (D) soil conditioned
3. Computers are often used to control, adjustment, and correct complex industrial
operations.
A B C D
4. Eggs may be boiling in the shell, scrambled, fried, and cooked in countless other ways.
A B C D
5. Frozen orange juice must be packed, _____ , and stored when the fruit is ripe.
(A) be frozen (B) must be frozen
(C) frozen (D) it must be frozen
6. In 1900, electrically powered cars were more popular than gasoline powered cars
because they were quiet, operated smoothly, and _____ .
(A) handled easily (B) ease of handling
(C) handling easily (D) easy to handle
7. Many places of history, scientific, cultural, or scenic importance have been
A B C
designated national monuments.
D
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
8. Roger Williams was a clergyman, _____ the colony of Rhode Island, and an
outspoken advocate of religious and political freedom.
(A) founded (B) the founder of
(C) was the founder of (D) he founded
9. Modern motorcycles are lighter, faster, and specialized than motorcycles of
A B C D
twenty-five years ago.
10. Paint can be applied to a surface with rollers, _____ , or spray guns.
(A) brushes (B) brushes can be used
(C) with brushes (D) by brush
11. Many people who live near the ocean depend on it as a source of food, recreation,
A B C
and to have economic opportunities.
D
12. The use of labor N saving devices in homes, _____ , and in factories added to the
amount of leisure time people had.
(A) at office (B) used in offices
(C) offices (D) in offices
13. Throughout history, trade routes have increased contact between people, _____ , and
greatly affected the growth of civilization.
(A) have resulted in an exchange of ideas
(B) an exchange of ideas has resulted
(C) resulted in an exchange of ideas
(D) resulting in an exchange of ideas
14. Large commercial fishing vessels are equipped to clean, packaging, and freeze the
A B C
fish that they catch at sea.
D
15. As a breed, golden retrievers are intelligent, loyally, and friendly dogs.
A B C D
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16. Mathematics can be considered a language, an art, a science, a tool, or
A B C
playing a game.
D
17. Photographers4 choice of a camera depends on what kind of pictures they want to
take, how much control they want over exposure, and _____ they want to spend.
(A) the amount of money (B) what money
(C) how much money (D) so much money that
18. Barbara Jordan was the first woman in the South to win an election to the House of
Representatives, _____ as Congresswoman from Texas from 1973 N 1979.
(A) to serve (B) served
(C) serving (D) has served
19. Paper may contain mineral, vegetables, or man W made fibers.
A B C D
20. R. Buckminster Fuller was a design, an architect, an inventor, and an engineer.
A B C D
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
REVIEW TEST 1: STRUCTURE
Directions: For Sentence Completion items, select the answer choice N(A),(B),(C),or (D)-
that correctly completes the sentence. For error Identification items, select the answer
choice N(A),(B), (C), or (D)-that corresponds to the underlined portion of the sentence that
would not be considered correct.
1. by Anna Baldwin in 1878.
(A) The invention of the vacuum milking machine
(B) That the vacuum milking machine was invented
(C) The vacuum milking machine, which was invented
(D) The vacuum milking machine was invented
2. Dry cleaning is the process clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water.
(A) by
(B) which through
(C) by which
(D) through
3. Jaguars that resemble leopards but they are larger and are marked with rosettes
A B C
rather than spots.
D
4. Job specialization takes place of production is separated into
occupations.
(A) whenever the work is
(B) when the work
(C) is when the work
(D) whenever working
5. Despite most mushrooms are edible, some species cause serious poisoning.
A B C D
6. Judges in dog shows rate dogs on such points as their colorful, posture, shape,
A B C
and size.
D
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7. are hot is a common misconception.
(A) All deserts
(B) All deserts which
(C) Of all deserts
(D) That all deserts
8. Medical researchers are constantly looking for ways to control, and
cure diseases.
(A) prevention (B) preventing
(C) prevent (D) to prevent
9. pieces of rope are of different thicknesses, the short bend, or
weaver4s knot, can be used to join them.
(A) Two of
(B) What two
(C) Two such
(D) If two
10. imaginative stories about the origin of the game of chess.
(A) Many
(B) So many
(C) There are many
(D) Of the many
11. Storks constantly rearrange their nests to keep their eggs safety, dry, and warm.
A B C D
12. The Loop, that is the commercial heart of Chicago, is enclosed within a rectangular
A B C D
loop of elevated train tracks.
13. Judge Francis Hopkinton is probably best known as a signer of the Declaration of
Independence, but he also excelled as a poet, , and an orator.
(A) as a musician
(B) by playing music
(C) a musician
(D) he played music
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
14. relatively inexpensive, the metal pewter can be fashioned into
beautiful and useful objects.
(A) Even it is
(B) Despite
(C) Nevertheless, it is
(D) Although
15. Owls can hunt in total darkness because their remarkably keen sense of smell.
A B C D
16. about four years for a new aircraft model to move from the
preliminary design stage to the full production stage.
(A) It takes
(B) Taking
(C) That takes
(D) To take
17. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote four novels, The Scarlet Letter,
became an American literary classic.
(A) of which one
(B) which one
(C) one of which
(D) one was
18. An auger is a tool that a carpenter uses it to bore holes in wood
A B C D
19. is a general category that includes all mental states and activities.
(A) What do psychologists call cognition
(B) Psychologists call it cognition
(C) What psychologists call cognition
(D) Cognition, as it is called by psychologists, which
20. The medicine of prehistoric people probably consisted of a mixture of scientific
A B
practices, superstitious, and religious beliefs.
C D
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Lesson 7
ก6,.ZF2ก[\]456 WORD CHOICE
Wrong Choice of Make or Do
make %) ก6 ก"9#2 produce or create
do %) กก'! &G#2 # perform or to act
ก8ก % $> +5 5 34'8ก6! + &/ *1ก%*5. 5 ก
Expressions with make include:
make a mistake !+5"#$ make a plan + )" ก
make a difference ) ก) '+52. make an investment 9 ;
make a comparison ก+5 5 make an offer % 1 6 2ก9
make a discovery ก 46!+8 make a choice ก 9ก2$6# %8
make use of ก% make an attempt ก%+54 5
make a profit ก6 "9ก!* make a decision ก2$6# %8
make a suggestion ก% !) ' ! make a prediction ก! 2
ก8ก be made of = be composed of &'ก$+
make up = compose &'ก$+
Expressions with do include:
do one4s duty !25 do harm ! - 2
do homework !ก do research !+#8
do justice to % +5 &/ 05 do an assignment !ก -
do business !0;ก#8 do one4s best !% $6;$
do wrong !+ ($) do a service % ก%
do work ! do damage !+5 6
do a kindness % +5ก;, do wonders !% 6# 9
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
EXERCISE 7.1
Focus : Correctly choosing between do and make
Directions : Underline the word that correctly completes each sentence below.
1. The tips of high N speed dental drills are ( done / made ) of tungsten steel and often
contain diamonds.
2. A cottage industry is a form of manufacturing ( done / made ) at home.
3. Margaret Mead ( did / made ) fundamental contributions to both the theory and
fieldwork of anthropology.
4. Many universities receive grants to ( do / make ) research for the federal government.
5. Research in genetics in the early nineteenth century ( did / made ) much to improve
agriculture.
6. Futurologists study current trends to ( do / make ) predictions about the future.
7. Filmmaker George Lucas has ( done / made ) many advances in the production of
motion pictures, especially in the use of special effects.
8. The distinction between wildflowers and weeds is one that is often difficult to
( do / make ).
Wrong Choice of So, Such, Too, and As
6
so + adjective + that clause
. GThese boxes are so heavy that we can4t lift them.4
&. $ so many .... that ก' so much ... that
. GThere was so much salt in food that the patron didn4t like it.4
such + adjective + noun + that clause
. GIt was such a pretty view that he took a photograph.4
too + adjective + infinitive
. GIt4s too cold to go outside in winter.4
ก8ก 8'56! + as well as (G( -) ก )
. GJohn works as well as he does in the office.4
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EXERCISE 7.2
Focus : Correctly choosing between so, such, too, and as
Directions : Underline the wore that correctly completes each sentence below.
1. The mineral talc is ( so / such ) soft that it can be scratched with a fingernail.
2. Oceanographers use robots and unmanned submarines to explore parts of the ocean
that are ( so / too ) deep for people to explore safely.
3. ( So / As ) much paper money was printed during the Revolutionary War that it be
came almost worthless.
4. The walking stick is an insect with ( so / such a ) close resemblance to a twig that it
escapes the notice of its enemies.
5. At present, solar cells are ( so / too ) expensive and inefficient to be used in the
commercial generation of electricity.
6. Acrylic plastics are very hard and are ( so / as ) clear as glass.
7. Founded in 1682, Norfolk developed ( so / such a ) prosperous sea trade that it
quickly became the largest town in the colony of Virginia.
8. Continental islands are ( so / so much ) close to continents that their plant and animal
life are identical to life on the mainland.
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
Wrong Choice of Another or Other
Another Other
5 &/ Adjective another + ! 5 ก48 - other + ! 54 C48 -
4#5ก > 9, A
(another job) (other persons)
Determiner + other + ! 5
! 5$C48 - Determiner
(many other cars, much other water)
5 &/ Pronoun another ก > other 98ก 5 *5.*$
others 98ก 54 C48 -
the other 4 > 8ก 9
the others 9 A8ก 5$
any other ก6# > ( & )
. GSome water is pure. Other is contaminant.4
GSome people love the dog. Others love the cat.4
GOne of the students is intelligent. The other is diligent.4
GMany people enjoy winter. The others don4t like that.4
GAdam is cleverer than any other.4 !-ก ) ' ) '
EXERCISE 7.3
Focus : Correctly choosing between other and another
Directions : Underline the word that correctly completes each of the following sentences.
1. Lightning is a rush of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to
( another / other ).
2. A ballet dancer4s techniques and skills are very different from those of ( another /
other ) dancers.
3. The commercial center of New York City, the island of Manhattan is joined to the
( another / other ) boroughs by bridges and tunnels.
4. The legal surrender of a criminal suspect from one state or country to ( another /
other ) is called extradition.
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5. Life expectancy for both males and females is higher in Hawaii than it is in any
( another / other ) state.
6. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is one type of disease that is carried by ticks, and
Colorado tick fever is ( another / other ).
7. The art of photography has often been influenced by N and has influenced N ( another
/ other ) fine arts.
8. ( Another / Other ) than the cheetah, all cats have retractable claws.
9. Few ( another / other ) Supreme Court justices have had as much impact on
American law as William O. Douglas did during his thirty N six years on the bench.
Wrong Choice of Much or Many
FGDก'#$ ' &&0 ( FGDก'#$ ' ( -D (
many much
few, a few little, a little
fewer, the fewest less, the least
number amount
EXERCISE 7.4
Focus : Correctly choosing between much or many and similar words
Directions : Underline the words that correctly complete each sentence below.
1. ( Many / Much ) industrial products can be made from soybeans.
2. Desert plants compete fiercely for the ( few / little ) available water.
3. The American designer Louis Comfort Tiffany took ( many / much ) of his inspiration
from nature.
4. A ( few / little ) simple precautions can prevent accidents at home and on the job.
5. In a formal debate, the same ( number / amount ) of people speak for each team,
and both teams are granted an equal ( number / amount ) of time in which to make
their arguments.
6. Bats do ( few / little ) damage to people, livestock, or crops.
7. Even small ( numbers / amounts ) of zinc can have a significant effect on the growth
of plants.
8. The adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney, secrete ( many / much ) important
hormones.
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
WRONG CHOICE OF LIKE OR ALIKE AND LIKE OR AS
Like A,B... Like birds, mammals are warm-blooded.
A, like B,... Birds, like mammals, are warm-blooded.
A is like B ... Bird are like mammals in that they are both warm-blooded.
A and B are alike. Birds and mammals are alike in that they are warm-blooded.
Like 5%% ก & 2 25$+ ! 5 64 5 65 )9'% 8'66 ก
ก% As 5%% ก & 2 25$+ &' (&'0 + ก# ) )&9+. * 5 ,
. GI did the work like Helen4s4
GI did the work as Helen did4
As 5%% +5 5 &ก2# 25$+ ! 5 64 5 )&9+. * &/ ) , %25 9
ก# . serve as, function as, use as &/ 2
. GHe served as an assistant exclusive.4
EXERCISE 7.5
Focus: Correctly choosing between like and alike and like and as.
Direction: Underline the word that correctly completes each sentence below.
1. The government of the United States and that of Canada are ( alike / like ) in that both
conduct a complete census every ten years.
2. Fashion design, ( as / like ) all types of design, has been greatly aided by computers.
3. ( Alike / Like ) stars, galaxies tend to congregate in clusters.
4. Fungi are the most important decomposers of forest soil just ( as / like ) bacteria are
the most important decomposers of grassland soil
5. The spinal column is ( alike / like ) the brain in that its main functions can be classified
as either sensory or motor functions
6. A peanut is not actually a nut but a legume ( alike / like ) peas and beans.
7. The stately Government House in Annapolis serves ( as / like ) the residence of the
governor of Maryland.
8. The adrenal was a dinosaur that looked much ( as / like ) the whales of today.
9. Fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and carbon atoms just ( like / as )
carbohydrates are.
10. One way pumpkins and watermelons are ( like / alike ) is that both grow on vines
trailing along the surface of the ground.
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&.ก ' TOEIC GAT O-NET Smart One & English for University Examination
Wrong Choice of Confusing Words
1. AFFECT (v)/ EFFECT (n)
Affect 6. "9ก' ; effect "9940-, "91 กก'!
. GThe tranquilizer was not affecting the animal.4
GThe tranquilizer had no effect on the animal.4
2. AFTER (prep)/ AFTERWARDS (adv)
After 9 8ก %ก +9 ; afterwards 2.*&, 9!$7$*&
. GI will see you after the test.4
GI will see you afterwards.4
3. ALMOST (adv) MOST (adj.)
Almost ก8', %ก9 ; most &/ 6.+ 5ก
. GAlmost everyone passed the test.4
GMost students received a passing grade.4
4. AMONG (prep)/BETWEEN (prep)
Among % 5565 656# &/ 2 *&;
between % 556 6# 6 6# &/ 2 *&
. GThe work was distributed between Paul and John.4
GThe work was distributed among the members of the team.4
5. AMOUNT (n) NUMER (n)
Amount %ก non-count nouns;
Number %ก count nouns.
. GA great amount of money was spent on housing.4
GA great number of houses were being built.4
6. ANOTHER (det.)/ OTHER (det.)
Another 4#51> ก > % ! ! 5 ก48 - %259!4 &/ pronoun
Other A 8กก9.+5 9 C.
% ! ! 54 C48 - %259!4 &/ pronoun
The other > 6# 8ก 9 C. %% +5 5 1 ! 5 ก48 -
! 5 ก48 - &/ 64 5259!4
. GShe needs another piece of paper.4
GWe have other ideas about this project.4
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
7. BECAUSE (conj)/ BECAUSE OF (prep)
Because &/ an adverb clause )9'25$+ &'0 + ก#
Because of &/ a preposition phrase 25$+ ! 5
. GBecause it was dark, we could not see.4
GBecause of the dark, we could not see.4
8. BEFORE (adv) AGO (adv)
Before )6$ .+ +9... 8ก$28 7> 2 (*5.% before = prep. ก#$ก. )
Ago )6$ .+ +9% $2 &L88; *5.5ก2.*&
. GWe graduated five years ago.4
GShe had already graduated three years before (eight years ago).4
9. DIFFER (v) DIFFERENT (adj)
Differ )9' different 5 7> *5. 5 ก 5 !5 & ! 5 2 25$+ *from,
. GI differ from him so much.4
GHe is different from me.4
10. FEWER (adj) LESS (adj)
fewer %ก count nouns &/ 4 C48 - )2. less %ก non-count nouns 5 *5.*$
. GThere were fewer birds.4
GThere was less noise.4
11. HARD (adj) HARDLY (adv)
Hard ก, 9!ก ; hardly *5.. 8', *$ ก ก8ก hardly ever *5. 9 = never
. GThe reading passages were hard.4
GHe spoke so fast she could hardly understand.4
GI hardly ever saw a circus.4
12. LONELY (adj) /ALONE (adj)
Lonely *5.5+56;1 4'$ # + ; alone C.259!4 , *5.5% 9
. GHe had no friends and felt lonely.4
GHe likes to go to the mountains alone.4
13. NEAR (adj) NEARLY (adv)
Near %ก67 ; nearly %ก, 8! + %กก'! )&9+. ก
. GThe city is near the ocean.4
GWe nearly missed the train.4
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14. OLD (adj) /AGE (n)
Old ; (2+ 91 + +9 + old) ; age + +9 )2. ก#$5 (2+ 91 + of age)
. GMozart composed music at a very young age.4
GMozart composed music when he was five years old.4
15. PERCENT (adv)(n)/ PERCENTAGE (n)
Percent 8! + % 100 &/ ก48 ;- percentage 8'*5.25 9 2+ 91 ) !+. 9'
. GThe five oceans of the world cover 71 percent of the world4s surface.4
GThe percentage of people dying from the disease is increasing every year.4
16. TALL (adj) HIGH (adj)
Tall +56C 6.+ 6C ; high &9 6;$, 6;$
. GThere is a high wall around the palace.4
GGeorge Washington was a tall man.4
17. TELL (Transitive Verb) SAY (Intransitive Verb)
Tell 25$+ Objective 65 )2. Say %$ *5.5 Objective )2.% to + ก5)
. GMr. John said that he4d had a good trip.4
GThey told a wonderful story.4
18. ALIVE (adverb) LIVE (adjective)
alive 25 9กก# 6.+ live ! ! 5 )&9+. 5+#2 &/ A
. GShe didn4t water the plant for a week, but it was still alive.4
GShe took care of live plants in her house.4
19. AROUND (preposition) ROUND (adjective)
Around ! ! 5 + 8, # +,, 5;
Round ! ! 5 ก95, + ก95
. GThe earth turns around the sun.4
GHer face is round.4
20. SOME (Determiner) SOMEWHAT (Adverb)
Some 8! + > %ก 54 4C 8 - 5 *5.*$ )2.
Somewhat ! adjective . 1
. GHe bought some oranges.4
GShe is somewhat kind and generous.4
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
21. DOUBLE (verb-adjective) TWICE (adverb)
Double )9' Twice )&9+. 2 . )2. 54C$7> 2 8'% twice
)2. 54C$7> 1 $ , 4#5 &/ 2 . 8'% double
. GHe has taken a pill twice a day.4
GHe has a double bead room.4
ก%% '+ 1 adjective adverb
22. SOONEST (adverb) EARLIEST (adjective, adverb)
Soonest 9.6;$ % 40# 2;ก,- &/ &L88; 65 Present Tense
Earliest 5ก 65 ก.ก. 0# 2;ก,- &/ $2 Past Tense
. GThe new research has discovered a new solution for food soonest.4
GThe first opera was originated in Italy earliest.4
23. NEVER (adverb) EVER (adverb)
Never *5. 9 - adverb )6$ +57 - ก68' ก#$*5.5 9
Ever * 5 - $ก+.". 5 - ". 5 ก8ก hardly ever )8'*5. (never)
. GShe has never seen something like that.4
GHave you ever seen something like that?4
GI ever saw such a thing before.4
GI hardly ever see such that.4
EXERCISE 7.6
Focus : Correctly choosing between other commonly confused words
Directions : Underline the words that correctly complete each of the following
sentences.
1. In 1941, nylon was first used to make stockings, and the year ( ago / before ) it was
first used to make toothbrush bristles.
2. The Missouri River is about ( double / twice ) as long as the Colorado River.
3. Catherine Esther Beacher established schools in Connecticut and Ohio, and ( after /
afterward ) founded the American Women4s Educational Association.
4. ( Most / Almost ) antibiotics are antibacterial agents, but some are effective against
fungal, protozoal, or yeast infections.
5. At 8 weeks of ( age / old ), red foxes begin to get their adult markings.
6. Chuck Berry was one of the ( soonest / earliest ) and most influential performers of
rock music.
7. Long before Columbus, various thinkers believed that the earth was ( around / round ).
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8. Apricots, ( some / somewhat ) smaller than peaches, are known for their delicate taste.
9. Huge radio telescopes aimed into space may someday ( say / tell ) us whether
intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe.
10. Except for humans and apes, all mammals can produce vitamin C in their livers, so
they ( ever / never ) suffer from a lack of it.
11. One of Canada4s most beautiful botanical gardens is Butchart Gardens ( near / nearly )
Victoria, British Columbia.
12. When the Hopi Indians perform the Snake Dance, the dancers handle ( alive / live )
rattlesnakes.
13. Approximately 85 ( percentage / percent ) of the bauxite produced in the United
States is mined in Arkansas.
14. Artist Clementine Hunter continued to paint until she was more than 100 years ( age / old ).
15. The period immediately ( after / afterward ) the Civil War is known as Reconstruction.
16. The ( most / almost ) familiar type of pump in use to day is the piston pump.
EXERISE 7.7
Directions : Decide which of the four underlined words or phrases N (A), (B), (C), or
(D) N would not be considered correct, and write the letter of the expression in the blank.
_____ 1. One should never throw water on an alive electrical fire.
A B C D
_____ 2. The University of Chicago is unlike most other U.S. universities in that it has
A B
emphasized graduate student programs so much as undergraduate programs
C
ever since it opened.
D
_____ 3. The mass production of paper bags cut costs so much that a bag soon
A B C
became a routine part of near every purchase.
D
_____ 4. A person must be at least 30 years age to serve as a U.S. senator.
A B C D
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_____ 5. No other state receives as few rainfall as the state of Nevada.
A B C D
_____ 6. Because of refraction, the water in a tank ever looks as deep as it actually is.
A B C D
_____ 7. The lei, which is made of flowers, shells, and other materials, is presented to
A B
visitors as a symbolize of Hawaiian hospitality.
C D
_____ 8. The botanists Katherine Hunter and Emily Fose spent many difficult months
A B
making research in the Rocky Mountains.
C D
_____ 9. Oysters are today grown and harvested much like any another crop.
A B C D
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Lesson 8
`H]60ab123ก,cK6 VERBS
ก# 55ก5 ). 8!) ก &/ 9 &' ( 25 )9'5กGก%ก# FF
8.1 ERRORS IN SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT
7&'0 &/ ก48 - ก# 8' &/ ก48 -
7&'0 &/ 4 C48 - ก# 8' &/ 4 C48 -
5กO ก +ก +5654 0-' +. &'0 )9'ก# Subject-verb agreement $ 2.*&
1. &' 56 &'0 5$+ and %ก# 4 C48 - a plural verb
. GThe chemistry lab and the physics lab are . . .4
2. &'0 9 $+ -s )2.&'0 ก48 - *$)ก. 4+ก+#ก economics, physics,
mathematics, ethnics )9'4+ก 5 *5.*$ . news
. GEconomics is . . .4
GThe news was . . .4
3. ! &/ 4 C48 -$ *5.2 2#5 -s Irregular plural . children ,feet, mice, people, police
&/ 2
. GThe women were . . .4
GHis feet are . . .4
4. 5%&' the expletive there, ก# 1> ก&'0 25 9 There
. GThere was a loud noise . . .4
GThere were a few problems . . .4
5. &'0 each )9' every 25$+ ก# ก48 - +57> !.+5 . everyone everything
someone, something, nobody, nothing &/ 2
. GEach state has . . .4
GEach of the representatives was . . .4
GEvery person was . . .4
GEveryone wants . . .4
6. ก# %ก 64 5 # Relative clauses %ก# 654 0-ก! 564 5 #
. GThe house that was built . . .4
GThe students who were selected . . .4
7. 6! + the number of + plural noun %ก# ก48 -
6! + a number of + plural noun %ก# 4 C48 -
The number of trees is . . .
A number of important matters have . . .
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8. &'0 ก48 - 5$+ +9 . along with, accompanied by, together with, as well as,
in addition to 25$+ ก# ก48 -
. GThe mayor, along with the city council, is . . .4
GTogether with his friends, Mark has . . .4
9. ก9;.5!ก, 8! + + .+ 1 +9, ' ' , 6ก;9 # , .+ +$;ก #$ 25
$+ ก# ก48 - 65
. GFive hundred dollars was . . .4
GTwo years has . . .4
GTen miles is . . .4
10. ก9;.5! not only A but also B / either A or B / neither A nor B 25$+ ก# 654 0-ก B
. GNot only she but also I am in the same class.4
GEither they or Susan has only one choice.4
GNeither the students nor a teacher goes to the hall.4
EXERCISE 8.1
Focus : Structure problems involving subject N verb agreement
Directions : Underline the form that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Ethics ( is / are ) the study of moral duties, principles, and values.
2. The first bridge to be built with electric lights ( was / were ) the Brooklyn Bridge.
3. There ( is / are ) two types of calculus, differential and integral.
4. George Gershwin, together with his brother Ira, ( was / were ) the creator of the first
musical comely to win a Pulitzer Prize.
5. In a chess game, the player with the white pieces always ( moves / move ) first.
6. Earth and Pluto ( is / are ) the only two planets believed to have a single moon.
7. A number of special conditions ( is / are ) necessary for the formation of a geyser.
8. Each of the Ice Ages ( was / were ) more than a million years long.
9. The battery, along with the alternator and starter, ( makes / make ) up the electrical
system of a car.
10. Teeth ( is / are ) covered with a hard substance called enamel.
11. The more N or N less rhythmic succession of economic booms and busts ( is / are )
referred to as the business cycle.
12. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ( varies / vary ) from element to element.
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ERRORS INVOLVING TENSE
16 ก !"#$ ก +1 ก Tense *$)ก. the simple present tense, the
simple past tense, )9' the present perfect tense
1. The simple present tense )6$ ก# % &/ 8# )6$ % J 6# ก#$1> 65! 65
&/ &'8! 8 &/ ก#8+2 5 ก! $ก &/ 25052# &/ #6 +5 # &G#2 #
. GThe atmosphere surrounds the earth.4
GDana often stays at this hotel.4
GGenerally, the lectures in this class are very interesting.4
2. The simple past tense )6$ 2;ก,- ก#$5)9+% $2 )9' 8'8 .+ +9% $2
$+ 2;ก,-% $2*5.*$ ก#$1> 2.*& 8% $2 &/ #6 % $2 +5 # % $2
. GThey moved to Phoenix five years ago.4
GThis house was built in the 1920s.4
GDinosaurs lived millions of years ago.4
3. The present perfect tense
1. )6$ 2;ก,- ก#$5)9+% $258 7> &L88; )2.*5.657 8'8 +9) .
*$% $2
. GMr. Graham has worked for this company since 1990.4
GShe hasn&t been to a doctor for a year.4
GJennifer has recently returned from Europe.4
2. )6$ 2;ก,- 4# 8' ก#$ 5 *5. 9.6;$". 5
. GI have found my key lately.4
3. )6$ 8! + 1 2;ก,-". 5 ". 5 . ever, the first time, twice
times *5. ". 2;ก,- *5.5&'6ก,-5ก. . never, hardly ever
. GI have ever been to Paris.4
GShe has driven her car for the first time.4
4. The past perfect tense %)6$ 2;ก,- ก#$ก. ;ก$2 $2 ก.ก+.ก$2
+9% # 5%45+9ก% +. ก#$ก. $2&ก2# Gbefore that time4 &' $2
Past Simple 4ก% +. ก#$ก. )9'8*&ก. 8'5ก 2;ก,- > % $2
. GI had bought this television before that time.4
GHe had finished the assignment before he attended the class.4
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D D ก FGD ก Verb + ing (Continuous Form) FGDก' ก Tense ).) Ing -Forms
1. 5% ก# ก +1 ก&'665"6 . hear, see, smell, taste, seem, know, think
2. 5% ก# )6$ +5C6>ก8ก( % . need, ,want, like, love, hate, . . . etc.
3. 5% ก# # $; *5.6572. *$ Inert Verb . stop, graduate, finish, arrive
4. 5%กก# )&9+. 1%8 C8ก . know, realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe,
remember, etc.
5. 5%กก# 5+5 5 $ belong, fit , contain, consist of
6. 5%กก# think - #$, >ก7> )2. thinking - 4#8,, 2$6# %8, 9ก
. He thinks of his friends. 1 ก> 7> 4
)2. He is thinking of the new job. 1+ % 5.
7. 6! + always + ก# . 1 25&ก2#&'8! )9' is always + ก# 2#5 ing 5กก+.&ก2#
. He always watches the movie. &ก2# #6 12 $C
He is always watching the movie. 1$C 5กก+.&ก2# 5กก+.
8. 6! + is being + adjective . good, well, ill, selfish &/ 2
)6$ % J 7> ก &9 )&9 ;9#ก, #6 , กก'! &9 *&
. He is being well. 2 1$1> ก+. $#5 &ก2# &/ &P+ )2.2 )1J )
He is being ill. 2 1&P+ &ก2#)1J ) )2.2 &P+
INCORRECT VERB FORMS
ก verb errors ก8ก% 1 Tense 6.+ 5ก8'5&LH ก 2#5 An - ing
form 5ก%69ก past participle ก% past participle *&69ก past tense )9'ก
%ก# . 3 "#$ก ก# 9ก &/ 2
1. The simple form 25 9 ก# ; ' l- modal auxiliaries
might be can remember should study
must know could go may follow
ก# ; ' - 2+ 25$+ infinitives
ought to attend used to play have to hurry
2. ก# . 3 The past participle %25 9 ก# .+ have
has done has called should have said
have run will have read could have made
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3. C& The -ing form %25 9 ก# Continuous Progressive Tense 40# 7>
2;ก,-$! # 2.*& &/ ' ' +9 > 0# 2;ก,- *5.6# 6;$--ก!9 $! # ก
% .+ +96 A
is sleeping has been writing should have been wearing
was working had been painting will be waiting
4. C& The past participle % 4)6$ Passive forms 1 &'0 "C7Cกก'!
is worn had been shown would have been lost
is being considered had been promised might have been cancelled
were told will have been missed
5. C&ก# +5 5 % ก% auxiliary verbs 5ก69 ก . ก% have *&69ก
do ก ! have to *&69ก will &/ 2 .
GThe doctor advised his patient will quit smoking.4 "#$ +)ก &/
GThe doctor advised him should (must) quit smoking.4
6. ก% Agreement &' %8+56$9 ก'! . $ +ก
ก% Disagreement &' %8+51$) ก'!2 15ก
% %ก# 654 0-ก&'0 )9' ก# .+ ก! $5 ก,&'0 *5.5ก# .+
% %ก# do does did ! &/ 6.+ ก# .+ % 1+5 Agreement
Agreement ก 9. 1) S. + v.+ + too
2) So + v.+ + S.
Agreement &G# 60 3) S. + v.+ + not + either.
4) Nor + v.+ + S.
5) Neither + v.+ + S. )9'
Disagreement &G# 60 1) But S. + v.+
Disagreement ก 9. 2) But S. + v..+ + not
.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
EXERCISE 8.2
Focus: Recognizing and correcting errors in verb tense and form.
Direction: If the underlined form is correct, mark the sentence C. If the underlined form is
incorrect, mark the sentence X, and write a correction in the blank at the end of the
sentence.
___ 1. Coal, grain, steel, and other products are often shipping by barge on inland
waterways.
___ 2. The first cotton mill in Massachusetts has built in the town of Beverly in 1787.
___ 3. Physician Alice Hamilton is know for her research on industrial diseases.
___ 4. When scientists search a site for fossils, they begin by examining places where
the soil has wore away from the rock.
___ 5. The popularity of recreational vehicles has been grown over the last few
decades.
___ 6. Experts have estimated that termites cause as much property damage every year
as fire has.
___ 7. In music, a chord is the sound of two or more notes that are playing together.
___ 8. The white pine is the most commercially important forest tree in North American
until the beginning of the twentieth century.
___ 9. In 1846, the Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz come to the United States to give a
series of lectures.
___ 10. Parrots and crows are considered the most intelligent birds.
___ 11. Portable fire extinguishers generally containing liquid carbon dioxide.
___ 12. The first experimental telegraph line in the United States run from Baltimore to
Washington, D.C., a distance of forty miles.
___ 13. The first seven American astronauts were chose in 1959.
___ 14. Since ancient times, farmers used scarecrows to protect their crops from hungry
birds.
___ 15. In the late nineteenth century, many important theories in both the biological and
the physical sciences have been produced.
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EXERCISE 8.3
Focus : Structure problems involving verbs ( Note : Several items in this exercise do
not focus on verbs. These sentences are marked in the answer key with asterisks. )
Directions : For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice that correctly
completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, decide which of the four underlined
words or phrases N (A), (B), (C), or (D) N would not be considered correct, and circle that
letter.
1. Medical students must to study both the theory and the practice of medicine.
A B C D
2. R.M. Bartlett of Philadelphia _____ the first private business college in the United
States in 1843.
(A) founding (B) founded
(C) was founded (D) has founded
3. The seal, like the sea lion and the walrus, is a descendant of ancestors that once
A B C
live on the land.
D
4. In 1989, the space probe Voyager 2 _____ by the planet Neptune.
(A) fly (B) having flown
(C) flying (D) flew
5. The top layer of the ocean stores as much heat as does gases in the atmosphere.
A B C D
6. A cupful of stagnant water may _____ millions of microorganisms.
(A) contains (B) to contain
(C) contain (D) containing
7. Sarah Knight _____ a fascinating account of a journey she made from Boston to New
York in 1704.
(A) written (B) writes
(C) wrote (D) writing
8. Every one of the body4s billions of cells require a constant supply of food and oxygen.
A B C D
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
9. In Colonial times, flax and wool required months of preparation before they could be
A B C
dyed and spin into cloth.
D
10. Although some people find bats terrifying, they are actually beneficial because they
A B C
ate harmful insects.
D
11. All animals _____ on other animals or plants.
(A) feed (B) feeds
(C) fed (D) feeding
12. Chromium _____ in the manufacture of stainless steel.
(A) using (B) is used
(C) used (D) is using
13. Each of the four types of human tooth are suited for a specific purpose.
A B C D
14. The Masters, one of the most important of all golf tournaments, _____ every year in
Augusta, Georgia, since 1934.
(A) has held (B) held
(C) is held (D) has been held
15. Porous rocks, such as chalk and sandstone, allow water _____ through them.
(A) soaks (B) is soaked
(C) to soak (D) can soak
16. Electric milking machines have made dairy farming a much easier job than it once did.
A B C D
17. Playwright Frank Shin has often describes the lives of Chinese Americans in his dramas.
A B C D
18. Weavers are social birds that _____ complex nests housing hundreds of families.
(A) build (B) are built
(C) are building (D) built
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19. Cans of paint must be shaking to mix the pigments with the medium in which
A B C
they are suspended.
D
20. The American dancer Maria Tallchief first _____ prominent in Europe.
(A) to become (B) become
(C) has become (D) became
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Lesson 9
`H]60ab1232ก,cK6 PARTICIPLES
9.1 Participle !-# DMก
1. ก9;.5!;,@4-558กก# +5C6>ก !5 2#5 suffix $+ ing -ed / ก# .
3 ! &/ adjective ! 1 ! 5 %ก+5C6 >ก+*& . I4m tired. 3 C6>ก
, It4s boring. 5 .
2. ก9;.5ก# % +5C6>ก Feeling Verb
ก(ก dInge and dEde F ก )ก !-# DMก (Feeling verb)
interest !% 6 %8 amuse !% 1 1
please !% 4%8 annoy !% !H
bore !% . tire !% 9
satisfy !% 4%8 astonish !% 2'9>
frighten !% +$ก9+ excite !% 2 2
confuse !% 66 surprise !% 2ก%8
disappoint !% "$# + amaze !% 2'9> 9
delight !% 6;1%8 exhaust !% . 49
fascinate !% 9 % 9 charm !% 5 6 . -
convince !% tempt !% +
embarrass !% increase !% 4#51>
improve !% $1> absorb !% $$C F
soothe !% ". 9 entertain !% #
puzzle !% 4#@+ disturb !% ก+
thrill !% 2 2 1 9;ก upset !% "$# +
inflame !% 65 6 6 irritate !% ก0)
3. ก9;.5ก# Feeling Verb $ 1% %กOก)&9$
1. 5 &/ ก# . 1 N2 % )&9 !% + O. + _______
2. 5 &/ present participle . _____
3. 5 &/ past participle C6>ก _____
. The movie amused us. (4 2-!% C6>ก6 ;ก6
The movie is amusing. (4 2- .6 ;ก6
We are amused by the movie. C6>ก6 ;ก6 8ก(4 2-
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!''+,ก-# D F0 9ก 2#5C&ก# ) 2ก2. 25 5'65
1. The actress always (charms/ charming/ charmed) the guests.
2. We are (tire/tiring/tired) from walking such a long distance.
3. Mary4s complaints usually (annoy/annoying/annoyed) us.
4. The spectators are (thrill/thrilling/thrilled) regardless of who wins the race.
5. The failure had been a (discourage/discouraging/discouraged) experience.
6. The news about a murder (startles/startling/startled) me.
7. The man (annoy/annoying/annoyed) by a mad dog went to hospital.
8. The (amaze/amazing/amazed) campaign surprised me yesterday.
9.2 Participle !-ก ก" $ 1กก" $
1. ก9;.5!;,@4-558กก# +5C6>ก !5 2#5 suffix $+ ing -ed / ก# . 3
! &/ adjective ! 1 ! 5 ! &/ Active Passive
2. ก9;.5ก# 5$ ก 8ก1 9.1 %0# Active Passive
. GThe bird-eating spider lives in the rain forest.4
GThe man-eating animal is sharks, tigers, lions, and so on.4
GThe hated man comes from his behavior.4
GThe coal-powered ship was invented in the revolutionized industry.4
!''+,ก-# D F0 9ก 2#5C&ก# ) 2ก2. 25 5'65
1. That (injury/ injuring/ injured) boy was sent to hospital.
2. This (man-make/ man-made/ man-making) painting is realistic.
3. The electricity-(generate/generating/generated) motor is useful.
4. A (use/ using/ used) old car still has a good price.
5. Richard Gear was well-(know/ known/ knowing) person.
6. This dog (name/ naming/ named) after the cartoon star is Bolt.
7. The man (bite/ biting/ bitten) by a dog went to hospital.
8. The dog (bite/ biting/ bitten) a man was caught yesterday.
9. There is a (bird-eat/ bird-eating / bird-eaten) spider in Amazon.
10. This is a (thermal-power/ thermal-powering/ thermal-powered) factory.
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Kamonenglish Complete Grammar for GAT O-NET TOEIC / . ก
EXERCISE 9.1
Focus : Identifying errors and correct forms of participles
Directions : Underline the form that best completes each sentence.
1. The largest ( knowing / known ) insects are found in tropical rain forests.
2. A hummingbird4s heart beats at the ( astonished / astonishing ) rate of 615 beats per
minute.
3. A bill of lading is a ( writing / written ) receipt for goods that are sent by public
transportation.
4. At the peak of his jump, a pole vaulter performs a series of ( twisting / twisted ) body
motions to clear the bar.
5. Anyone ( working / worked ) under conditions that cause a heavy loss of perspiration
can suffer heat exhaustion.
6. A mosquito ( filled / is filled ) with blood is carrying twice its own body weight.
7. The state of Wisconsin has seventy N two counties, many ( naming / named ) after
Indian tribes.
8. Sun spots occur in cycles, with the greatest number generally ( appearing / are
appearing ) every eleven years.
9.3 Participle Phrase
1. Participial Phrase &/ C&1 +9 8กก 1 &' 2 5 &'0 + ก# 6.+ ก#
ก# 5 ก 8ก+52 ก% ! &/ Participle )9'2 *5.95+. +98'*5.5
Conjunction )9' Verb
. GTim loving Anna talks to hers.4
2. Participial Phrase &/ C&1 +9 58ก Relative Adjective Clause % ก9$C& %
6.+ ;&' 2 &/ relative + ก# . 59$C& relative + &'0 $J$1$
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2+ . $ 9. &/ ก9$C&8ก Adjective Clause Relative Clause &9 &/
Adjective Phrase )9' 8 ก% 5.+. Participial Phrase .
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0)D D# ). 1" -D
Adjective Clause: The man who is playing the drums is well-known.
Adjective Phrase: The man playing the drums is well-known. ! &/ +9
Adjective Clause: The man (whom) I met was will-known.
Adjective Phrase: *5.657!*$
Adjective Clause: The signals which are given are simple.
Adjective Phrase: The signals given are simple.
Adjective Clause: The tones that are in the language are important.
Adjective Phrase: The tones in the language are important.
3. ก6 Participial phrases 8!) กก &/ 2 &' (
3.1 Present participles (C&25&ก2# Ning) $ Participle +9 8'%) ก# . 1
)9' 2 (Active) .
GMinnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.4
GMinnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.4
Joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state.4
3.2 Past participles (9 $+ ก# . 3) $ Participle +9 ! 5 &/ "C7Cกก'!
%) passive verbs
GWilliam and Mary College, which was founded in 1693, is the second-oldest university in
the United States.4
GWilliam and Mary College, founded in 1693, is the second-oldest university in the
United States.4
GFounded in 1693, William and Mary College is the second-oldest university in the
United States.4
ก!8 -6# 6!H ก) ก) ' &'0 ! 5 &/ Active or Passive
! 5 &/ Active "Cก'! . . 6# 5+#2 ) 052#657 ก#$ *$
! 5 &/ Passive "C7Cกก'! . . 6# *5.+#2 67 6# 7Cก ก
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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EXERCISE 9.2
Focus : Structure problems involving incomplete or missing participial phrases. ( Note
: One or two items in this exercise do NOT focus on participial phrases ; these items are
marked on the answer key with asterisks. )
Directions : Choose the one option N (A), (B), (C), or (D) N that correctly completes
the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the underlined portion of the sentence
that would not be considered correct. Then mark the appropriate blank.
1. Aerodynamics is the study of the forces _____ on an object as it moves through the
atmosphere.
(A) acting (B) act
(C) are acting (D) acted
2. Most candles are made of paraffin wax mixing with compounds that have higher
A B
melting points to keep them from melting in hot weather.
C D
3. _____ for their strong fiber include flax and hemp.
(A) Plants are grown (B) Plants grown
(C) Plants that grow (D) To grow plants
4. _____ , methane can be used as a fuel.
(A) It4s produced by the fermentation of organic matter
(B) Produced by the fermentation of organic matter
(C) The production by fermentation of organic matter
(D) The fermentation of organic matter is produced
5. Ralph Blakelock specialized in painting wild, lonely nighttime landscapes, usually
A B C
with black trees were silhouetted against the Moon.
D
6. Elfreth4s Alley in Philadelphia is the oldest residential street in the United States, with
_____ from 1728.
(A) houses are dated
(B) the dates of the houses
(C) the dating of houses
(D) houses dating
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7. The Farallon Islands are a group of uninhabited islands lying about 40 mile west of
A B C D
San Francisco.
8. In 1821, the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, was laid out in a design _____ after that of
Washington, D.C.
(A) patterned
(B) was patterned
(C) a pattern
(D) that patterned
9. The crushing leaves of yarrow plants can serve as a traditional medicine for
A B C
cleansing wounds.
D
10. _____ in front of a camera lens changes the color of the light that reaches the film.
(A) Placed a filter
(B) A filter is placed
(C) A filter placed
(D) When a filter placed
11. The Massachusetts State House, _____ in 1798, was the most distinguished building
in the United States at that time.
(A) completing
(B) which was completed
(C) was completed
(D) to be completed
12. Checkerboard Mesa in Utah features a strangely cracking expanse of stone.
A B C D
13. Barbara McClintock _____ for her discovery of the mobility of genetic dements.
(A) known (B) who knows
(C) knowing (D) is known
14. Throughout the long career, Pete Seeger has been a leading figure in reviving folk music.
A B C D
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15. The solitary scientist _____ by himself has, in many instances, been replaced by a
cooperative scientific team.
(A) to make important discoveries
(B) important discoveries were made
(C) has made important discoveries
(D) making important discoveries
16. Geometry is the branch of mathematics _____ the properties of lines, curves, shapes,
and surfaces.
(A) that concerned with
(B) it is concerned with
(C) concerned with
(D) its concerns are
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Lesson 10
2ก,cK6 Gerund & Infinitives
Gerunds &/ verbal nouns &/ ก# 9 $+ -ing. ! &/ subjects of verbs,
the objects of prepositions, )9' the objects of certain verb (+ % 2 )
. GDancing is good exercise.4 (gerund as subject)
GYou can solve this problem by using a calculator.4 (gerund as object of
preposition)
GHe enjoys going to good restaurants.4 (gerund as object of a verb)
ก8ก ก# All two- and three-word verb phrases 25$+ gerunds, not infinitives
)5+. Phrasal Verb 9 $+ to 25$+ Gerund
. GI4m looking forward to going to New Orleans.4
GJohn is opposed to our participating.4
Infinitives &/ verbal adjectives verbal noun &/ ก# ! $+ to
9 gerund ! &/ subjects of verbs )9' the objects of certain verbs ($C% 2 )
+52. 8ก gerund infinitives 525 9 ;4;กก,
. GTo help others is rewarding.4 (infinitive as subject)
GHe attempted to swim across the river.4 (infinitive as object of a verb)
ก8ก Infinitives 5ก% 4#5 2#54# @?ก5ก5 *$)ก.
GIt4s important to change the oil in your car frequently.4 (25 9 Linking Verb)
GThe first man to land on the moon was Neil Armstrong.4 (25 9 9!$)
GShe must take this class to graduate.4 ()6$ +27;&'6 -)
ก% To infinitive ! 1+5 40# !*5ก'!8> ก#$1> .
GHe took lessons to learn how to dance.4
GTo learn how to dance, he took lessons.4 0# +.!*5 17> *& 4'...
Simple forms &/ C&ก# $#5 the base forms of verbs; infinitive without the word to
Simple forms 7Cก%25 9 causative verbs 34'2+ . have, make, let, help, watch
. GHe had the carpenter repair the door.4
GHis father makes him study hard.4
GShe let her son go on the trip.4
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!-ก . ). -D ก ).J VERBAL
Common Verbs That Take Verbal Objects
Verbs Used Verbs Used Verbs Used
with Gerunds with Infinitives with Simple Forms
admit agree modal verb (will,..)
anticipate aim have
avoid allow let
deny arrange make
enjoy attempt watch
finish cause help
justify choose
quit decide
recommend enable
suggest hope
understand instruct
know (how)
learn (how)
permit
persuade
require
seem
teach (how)
tell
use
warn
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EXERCISE 10.1
Focus : Identifying errors and correct forms of gerunds, infinitives, and simple forms
Directions : Underline the form that best completes each sentence.
1. Sports parachutes are relatively easy ( controlling / to control ).
2. Sleeve bearings let pistons ( to move / move ) back and forth.
3. One of the most important steps in ( producing / to produce ) a motion picture is film
editing.
4. An opera singer is required ( having / to have ) a powerful and beautiful voice.
5. The Wampanoag Indians taught the Pilgrims how ( growing / to grow ) corn.
6. Frogs and certain kinds of birds use their tongues ( to catch / catch ) insects.
7. Modems permit computers ( communicating / to communicate ) with one another
over telephone lines.
8. Smells can be more effective than any other sensory stimuli in vividly ( bringing /
bring ) back memories.
9. Isadora Martinez invented a knee transplant that allows people with severe arthritis
( to bend / bend ) their knees easily.
10. A sudden sound can make a golfer ( to miss / miss ) a shot.
11. Heavy spring snows may cause the branches of trees ( snap / to snap ).
12. Modern race cars store fuel in rubber bladders that are almost impossible
( rupturing / to rupture ).
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EXERCISE 10.2
Focus : Completing structure problems involving infinitive and gerund phrases ( Note :
One or two of the items in this exercise do NOT focus on infinitives or gerunds. These
items are marked in the answer key with asterisks. )
Directions : For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice that correctly
completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, decide which of the four underlined
words or phrases N (A), (B), (C), or (D) N correctly completes the sentence.
1. The most widely used material for package consumer goods is cardboard.
A B C D
2. _____ for a career in dance generally begins at an early age.
(A) People train (B) That people train
(C) If training (D) Training
3. A baby4s first teeth _____ are generally the lower incisors.
(A) appearance (B) appear
(C) to appear (D) in appearing
4. One of the latest methods of quarrying stone is to cutting the stone with a jet torch.
A B C D
5. In 1944, biologist Charles Michener devised a system for to classify the
A B
approximately 20,000 species of bees.
C D
6. A climbing helmet _____ protection for a rock N climber4s head from falling rocks and
other hazards.
(A) to provide (B) provides
(C) providing (D) that provides
7. Power tools require careful handling _____ injuries.
(A) by avoiding (B) they avoid
(C) to avoid (D) that avoid
8. Geothermal energy is energy obtaining by using heat from the earthTs interior.
A B C D
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9. An electromagnet is created _____ electrical current through a coil of wire.
(A) by passing (B) passes by
(C) to be passed (D) passed
10. _____ at home requires only three types of chemicals, several pieces of simple
equipment, and running water.
(A) For the development of film (B) To develop film
(C) When film is developed (D) In developing film
11. Brown lung is a respiratory disease caused by inhaling dust from cotton or some
A B C
another fiber.
D
12. The purpose of cost accounting is _____ involved in producing and selling a good or
service.
(A) as a determination of its costs (B) the costs determined
(C) that determines the costs (D) to determine the costs
13. _____ was one of the most difficult tasks pioneers faced on their journeys west.
(A) Crossing rivers (B) While crossing rivers
(C) Rivers being crossed (D) By crossing rivers
14. It is the facets cut into a diamond that make it to sparkle.
A B C D
15. Bathe in mineral water has long been believed to have beneficial effects.
A B C D
16. Energy can be defined as the ability _____ .
(A) do working (B) to do work
(C) doing work (D) work to be done
17. The process of _____ by hand has changed little since the fifteenth century.
(A) to bind books (B) binding books
(C) books are bound (D) bound books
18. Robert A. Moog developed an electronic device that could be used for play
A B C
synthesized music.
D
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19. _____ often obtains funds from the sale of stocks.
(A) For corporations to operate
(B) The operation of corporations
(C) Corporations operate by
(D) To operate, corporations
20. A crescent wrench has adjustable jaws for _____ a nut, bolt, or pipe.
(A) to grip
(B) they grip
(C) gripping
(D) gripped
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REVIEW TEST 2: STRUCTURE
Directions: For Sentence Completion items, select the answer choice N(A),(B),(C),or (D)-
that correctly completes the sentence. For error Identification items, select the answer
choice N(A),(B), (C), or (D)-that corresponds to the underlined portion of the sentence that
would not be considered correct.
1. , an organism must be able to adapt to changing factors in its
environment.
(A) If survival
(B) For surviving
(C) To survive
(D) It survives
2. Bricks can be made from many difference types of clay.
A B C D
3. The narrow blades of speed skates allow speeds of up to 30
miles per hour.
(A) for skaters maintaining
(B) skaters to maintain
(C) skaters maintain
(D) maintenance by skaters
4. The game backgammon has been playing since ancient times.
A B C D
5. The Mummers4 Parade has every year in Philadelphia on
New Year4s Day since 1901.
(A) holding
(B) been holding
(C) held
(D) been held
6. Before the late eighteenth century, most textiles were done at home.
A B C D
7. Political science, alike the other social sciences, is not an exact science.
A B C D
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8. on barren slopes can help prevent erosion.
(A) Planting trees
(B) For trees to be planted
(C) In order to plant trees
(D) Trees are planted
9. Animals that hibernate usually eat large numbers of food in the autumn.
A B C D
10. Lightly, sandy soil absorbs water more quickly than clay or loam.
A B C D
11. In 1870 Hiram R. Revels the first African American to be
elected to the U.S. Senate.
(A) becoming (B) became
(C) to have become (D) has become
12. During the Depression of the 1930s, many artists were giving jobs by the
A B C D
Federal Arts Project.
13. Sand dunes are made of loose sand up by the action of the wind.
(A) it builds
(B) builds
(C) is building
(D) built
14. A feeding animal will usually permit competitors approaching only within certain
A B
area, the boundaries of which are called its feeding territory.
C D
15. It is a chemical called capsaicin that gives hot peppers their spice flavor.
A B C D
16. Amber is a hard, yellowish-brown from the resin of pine trees that
lived millions of years ago.
(A) substance formed
(B) to form a substance
(C) substance has formed
(D) forming a substance
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17. The University of Wisconsin was the first school to make a serious effort to teaching
A B C
students public administration.
D
18. Diaries and journals writing during Colonial times provide the best records of that era.
A B C D
19. Snowshoes let a person to walk on snow without sinking into it because they
A B C
distribute the personTs weight over a wide area.
D
20. Beams of ultrasonic sound waves can be send through pieces of metal to detect flaws.
A B C D
21. A deep-tissue massage is a type of massage therapy on one part of
the body, such as the lower back.
(A) its concentration is
(B) concentrating
(C) why it concentrates
(D) to be concentrated
22. Some plants and insects exhibit so high degree of interdependence that the
A B
elimination of one results in the elimination of the other.
C D
23. Founded in 1620, Plymouth was the soonest of the five colonies established by
A B C D
the Pilgrims in Massachusetts.
24. Trucks can be used to transport a wide various of cargoes.
A B C D
25. The astronomer George Hale was a pioneer in the art of photograph the sun
A B C D
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Lesson 11
Pronouns
64 5 5&' (ก% ) 2ก2. ก
: Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they, and so on)
: Nominative Possessive (his, hers, its, theirs, and so on)
: Intensive Pronouns (myself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, and so on)
: Reflexive Pronouns (myself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, and so on)
: Reciprocal Pronouns (each other, one another)
: Demonstrative Pronouns (this, that, these, those, such a, such)
: Indefinite Pronouns (everybody, anybody, somebody, ..., determiners)
: Interrogative Pronouns (what, when, where, why, who, whom, whose, which)
: Relative Pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that, where)
1. ก ) & FD-#Dก'#$ PRONOUN/NOUN AGREEMENT
64 55กก9.+ # 6# ! 5% 2 65
1) 5! 5 &/ ก48 - 64 5 !*& # 2 &/ ก48 - 65 . $ +ก ก
4 C48 -2 654 0-ก4 C48 - *$)ก.64 5 personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, )9'
demonstrative pronouns
2) 64 5 Relative Pronoun % # ! 5 )9' &/ conjunction 45ก
. GJohn, who is my friend, likes Thai culture.4
GThe boy whom you talk to is my friend.4
GThe boy you talk to is my friend.4 9$C& whom
GShe whose son is very nice works in hospital.4
GThe car which she bought was red.4
GThe car she bought was red.4 9$C& which
GThis is the house that Smith built.4
GThis is the house Smith built.4 9$C& that
GRa Yong ,where Sunee has lived, is eastern Thailand.4
GI read three series of Harry Potter, one of which was The Sorcery4s Stone.4
3) 64 5 this, these % # ! 55+5%ก9#$ +9 67 )2. 64
5 that, those % # ! 55+5 . *ก9 +9 67
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EXERCISE 11.1
Focus : Identifying and correcting pronoun agreement
Directions : If the underlined form is correct, mark the sentence C. If the underlined
form is incorrect, mark the sentence X and write a correction for the underlined form in the
blank after the sentence. Then circle the referent ( the noun to which the pronoun refers ).
_____ 1. Unlike other marsupial animals, the opossum does not transport their babies
in a pouch.
_____ 2. A talus is an accumulation of rock fragments found at the base of a cliff or on
a slope beneath them.
_____ 3. Investment banking is concerned with the sale of government bonds, and
they also deals with corporate stocks and bonds.
_____ 4. Compared to the fossil record of animals, that of plants is relatively skimpy.
_____ 5. The emerald gets their beautiful green color from titanium and chromium
impurities in the stone.
_____ 6. The viola is larger and heavier than the violin, and she has a darker,
somewhat nasal tone.
_____ 7. Storms on the planet Saturn may be larger than the planet Earth itself.
_____ 8. The molecules of a liquid are held together tighter than that of a gas.
_____ 9. Ducks make nests out of leaves and its own feathers.
2. !''U& " & PRONOUN FORM
64 55ก%69C& &'0 )9' ก5 . % her *&69ก she % it 69ก
itself: Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they, and so on)
: Nominative Possessive (his, hers, its, theirs, and so on)
: Intensive Pronouns (myself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, and so on)
: Reflexive Pronouns (myself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, and so on)
EXERCISE 11.2
Focus : Identifying and correcting errors involving incorrect types and forms of
pronouns
Directions : If the underlined form is correct, mark the sentence C. If the underlined
form is incorrect, mark the sentence X and write a correction for the underlined form in the
blank after the sentence.
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_____ 1. Artist Margaret Leng Tan combined dance and piano N playing in her
performances.
_____ 2. Years of breeding domestic rabbits has given their softer, finer fur than wild
rabbits.
_____ 3. New England poet Edwin A. Robinson moved to New York City in 1896 and
devoted himself to his writing.
_____ 4. There are between 100 and 400 billion stars in ours galaxy, the Milky Way.
_____ 5. The atoms of a crystal always arrange them into a specific array, called a
lattice.
_____ 6. Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly were basically tap dancers, but their both added
some ballet movements to their dance steps.
_____ 7. Attorney Clarence Darrow was known for him defense of unpopular persons
and causes.
_____ 8. Savannah, Georgia, has preserved to a remarkable degree it historic houses
and famous gardens.
3. INCORRECT TYPE OF PRONOUN
ก%64 5"#$+5 5 . him ก himself ก% him ก whom &/ 2
ก !64 5*&%45ก! 55&'0 C.)9+ . GSomchai he is my friend.4 @-
ก ! Relative Pronoun %$ *5.5+58! &/ 4'+.*5.%. ;&' .
GSomluk who is my friend working in foreign country.4 @-
EXERCISE 11.3
Focus: Identifying errors involving the incorrect inclusion of pronouns.
Direction: If the sentence contains a pronoun that is incorrectly included, mark that
sentence X, and underline the pronoun. If the sentence does not contain a pronoun
inclusion, mark that sentence C. The first one is done as an example.
____ 1. The first great public library in the United States it was founded in Boston
in the 1830s.
____ 2. Floods which cause billions of dollars worth of property damage in the
United States annually.
____ 3. As a class, percussion instruments such as drums that are the simplest in
construction of any musical instruments.
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____ 4. Richard G. Hatcher of Gary, Indiana, he was one of the first black mayors
of a sizable American city.
____ 5. Active stocks are stocks which are frequently bought and sold.
____ 6. There are many species of plants and animals that they are peculiar to
Hawaii.
____ 7. Pipettes are glass tubes, open at both ends, which chemists use them to
transfer small volumes of liquid.
____ 8. When molten basalt cools, it forms six-sided columns.
____ 9. Elizabeth Peabody, founder of the first American kindergarten, she helped
gain acceptance of that institution as a regular part of public education.
____ 10. Today scientists obtain the information which they use to make weather
prediction chiefly from satellites.
____ 11. Cells often obtain water through which the process of osmosis.
____ 12. The lighting of large outdoor arenas it first became feasible in the 1930s.
EXERCISE 11.4
Focus : Identifying errors involving pronoun problems ( note : One or two items in this
exercise do NOT focus on pronoun errors. These are marked in the answer key with an
asterisk. )
Directions : Decide which of the four underlined words or phrases N (A), (B), (C), or
(D) N would not be considered correct and circle that expression.
1. A beaver uses its strong front teeth to cut down trees and peel off its bark.
A B C D
2. *Sprung, wood floors, used in top quality basketball courts and dance studios,
A B
they are the safest surfaces for indoor exercise.
C D
3. Ants cannot see red light, so it is possible to observe themselves in an artificial nest
A B
without disturbing their activities.
C D
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4. The glaciers in Olympia National Park are unusual because they are found at
A B
altitudes lower than these at which glaciers are usually found.
C D
5. In his novels, Sinclair Lewis drew critical portraits of Americans who thought of them
A B C D
as model citizens.
6. Elizabeth Peabody, founder of the first American kindergarten, she helped gain
A B
acceptance of that institution as a regular path of public education.
C D
7. Almost bacteria have strong cell walls much like those of plants.
A B C D
8. Bees collect pollen, which furnishes protein for its diet.
A B C D
9. A small business often limits their operations to a single neighborhood or a group of
A B C
neighboring communities.
D
10. A caricature is a picture in which the subject4s distinctive features they are
A B C
deliberately exaggerated.
D
11. The principles used in air conditioning are basically the same as those used by the
A B C
human body to cool himself.
D
12. In that age of computers, it is difficult to imagine how tedious the work of
A B C
bookkeepers and clerks must have been in the past.
D
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Lesson 12
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
1. ก FGD'$ ! (" ( #$ ก&0 !"#$ &&0
Plural nouns in place of singular nouns, etc.
ก !"#$ก9;.5! 5 ก48 - 4 C48 - 6576 ก2*$8ก
1. &'0 ก48 - )2.ก# &/ 4 C48 - F> ! 58'5ก2 6 *+
2. ก% Determiners 2 25$+ 54 C48 - )2. ! 52 6 &/ ก48 -
ก(#$ ).D -D ก&0 ก(#$ ). -D &&0
Determiners used with Determiners used with
singular nouns plural nouns
a/an two, three, four, etc.
one dozens of
a single hundreds of
each thousands of
every a few (of)
this many (of)
that a number of
the number of
a couple (of)
every one of
each one of
each of
one of
these
those
) ' ) '#$ $ D Determiners
GEach contestant won a prize.4 GEach of the contestants won a prize.4
GThis flower is a yellow rose.4 GThese flowers are yellow roses.4
GI only attended one game this season.4 GIt was one of the most exciting games that I
- ever attended.4
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&. ก(#$ Quantifiers Determiners
1. , % ก! 5 *$4 C48 - both, many, a few, several, fewer
Ex. GWe have fewer cells as we get older.4
2. , %ก! 5 *$ ก48 - another, each, every
Ex. GEach gland has a different purpose.4
3. , %ก! 5 *5.*$ a little, much, less, amount
Ex. GThe amount of oxygen available to the brain is important.4
4. , %ก! 54 C48 - )9' ! 5 *5.*$ all, a lot of, lots of, most,
more, plenty of, enough, some, any
Ex. GMost animals rely on instinct.4
2+ . ) +16 ก FGD'$ ! (" ( #$ ก&0 !"#$ &&0
1. Several of Washington Irving4s story have become classics in America literature.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Mauna Loa, an active volcano on the island of Hawaii, usually has one eruptions
every three years.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. One of the most beautiful state capitol is the Utah Sate Capitol, located in Salt Lake
City.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. ก ) #$ &&0 ).) @- 0 กก
ERRORS INVOLVING IRREGULAR PLURALS
C&! 54 C48 -6.+ 5ก8'2 2#5 -s )2.56.+ 5C&"#$&ก2# irregular
ก8ก 88'5C&4 C48 -"$# &ก2#58ก(?กก 9'2# *$)ก. data, cacti,
alumnae, or phenomena )2. $ 5ก*5. # 5ก16
Singular Noun Plural Noun
child children
man men
woman women
foot feet
tooth teeth
mouse mice
fish fish
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2+ . ) +16 ก ) #$ &&0 ).) @- 0 กก
1. As childs grow older, their bones become thicker and longer.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. ก FGD#$ &&0 ! #$ ' ( -D
ERRORS WITH PLURAL FORMS OF NON-COUNT NOUNS
! 5 *5.*$ . furniture, research, sunshine, information, bread *5.%.C&4 C48 -
( ก( Uncounted Noun "ก'
Food: rice, sugar, fruit, milk, bread, butter cheese
Fluids: blood, water, oil, coffee, tea, gasoline
Raw materials: wood, paper, glass, iron, silver, wool
Gases: oxygen, nitrogen, air, pollution, steam
General: furniture, mail, money, traffic, equipment
Groups: jewellery, machinery, luggage, clothing, cash
Languages: English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish
Academic subjects: chemistry, mathematics, psychology, economics, ethics, physics
Abstract things: education, health, intelligence, beauty, knowledge, sleep, hope
2+ . ) +16 ก FGD#$ &&0 ! #$ ' ( -D
1. Some encyclopedias deal with specific fields, such as music or philosophy, and
provide informations only on subject.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. ก FGD&&0 ก'#$ "ก'
ERRORS WITH PLURAL COMPOUND NOUN
! 5&'ก Compound nouns &'ก$+ ! 522+ 5กก+. %+5ก! 5 4
)6$ +5#$% 9ก?,' > a single idea . grocery store, travel agent, dinner party,
house cat &/ 2
! 5$ 9 6;$ . 657!C&4 C48 - . grocery stores, travel agents, dinner
parties, house cats &/ 2 5 ก, . ก *5. &/ *&25กO$ ก9.+ . rule-sports cars
)9' women doctors )2.2+ . $ ก9.+*5.ก16
1. Raymond Chandler4s detectives strories are admired both by critics and general readers.
.............................................................................................................................................
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5. ก FGD#$ &&0 0$ ' !" ( ก - -
ERRORS INVOLVING PLURAL FORMS OF NUMBERS AND MEASUREMENT
1. 2+ 91 - .+ +$ ! 5 numbers-measurements Noun :
. GThey went for a 6-mile walk.4
% &' )ก 6-mile Compound Adjective
GThey walked 6 miles.4
% &' 6 6 miles &/ 8! + + .+ 4 C48 -
2. 8! + Numbers . dozens, hundreds, thousands, millions &/ C&4 C48 - 5
*5. 8'8 $+ 8! + .* .
. 8! + 8'8 8! + *5. 8'8
seven thousand thousands
five million dollars millions of dollars
2+ . ) +16 ก FGD#$ &&0 0$ ' !" ( ก - -
1. The U.S. president serves a maximum of two four-years terms.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Thousand of antibiotics have been developed, but only about thirty are in common
use today.
.............................................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 12.1
Focus: Identifying and correcting errors involving singular and plural nouns. (Note: One or
two items in this exercise do not focus on singular-plural errors These are marked in the
answer key with an asterisk.)
Direction: Decide which of the four underlined words or phrases_(A), (B), (C), or (D)
would not be considered correct, and write the letter of the expression in the blank. Then,
on the line at the end of the sentence, write a correction for the underlined phrase.
___ 1. The male mandrill baboon is one of the most colorful of all mammal.
A B C D
___ 2. Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted to humans beings
A B C
by animals
D
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___ 3. Many championship automobiles and motorcycle races take place
A B C D
in Daytona Beach, Florida.
___ 4. The Newberry Award is granted every years to the authors of outstanding
A B
childrenTs books.
C D
___ 5. The major source of air pollution vary from city to city.
A B C D
___ 6. Around 75 percents of the earthTs surface is covered by water.
A B C D
___ 7. All college and universities get their funds from a variety of sources.
A B C D
___ 8. Russell Cave in northeastern Alabama was the home of cliff-dwelling
A B
Indians thousand of years ago.
C D
___ 9. In 1792 a corporation constructed a 60-miles toll road from Philadelphia
A B C D
to Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
___ 10. The mathematician and astronomer David Rittenhouse was one of
A B
the first man of science in the American colonies.
C D
___ 11. Publishers of modern encyclopedias employ hundreds of specialists
A B C
and large editorials staffs.
D
___ 12. The electric toaster was one of the earliest appliance to be developed
A B C
for the kitchen.
D
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___ 13. Tornadoes can pick up objects as heavy as automobiles and carry them
A B
for hundreds of foot.
C D
___ 14. Many kinds of vegetables are growth in California4s Imperial Valley.
A B C D
___ 15. In typical pioneers settlements, men, women, and children worked
A B C
from morning until night at farm and household tasks.
D
___ 16. Some engineers have predicted that, within twenty years, automobiles
A B
will be make almost completely of plastic.
C D
___ 17. The pine tree is probably the more important lumber tree in the world.
A B C D
___ 18. Mary Lyon founded Mount Holyoke College, the first permanent
A
institution of higher learning for woman in the United States.
B C D
___ 19. Adult humans have more than a trillions cells in their bodies.
A B C D
___ 20. Phytoplankton is found only in the upper layers of the ocean, where
A B C
sunlights can reach.
D
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Lesson 13
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositional phrase ก ! preposition (in, at, with, for, until &/ 2 ) !5+5ก! 5
ก9;.51 ! 5 )9' ก! 525 9 ;4+. *ก51 ;4, prepositional object
ก8ก ;4+9! )6$ +9 67 )9' กก'! &/ 2
In the autumn, maple leaves turn red.
Beacon Hill is one of the most famous neighborhoods in Boston.
With luck, there won4t be any more problems.
This house was built by John4s grandfather.
% ก,8! &/ 2 5 ! Preposition + 67 ' ' +9 .
In the autumn is my favorite season.
Without a pencil is no way to come to a test.
/#D ก FGD'&'
1. Determiners !ก, + of + the + N4 C48 -
2. Past participle + prep. + Noun
3. Past participle + prep. + Ving (gerund)
4. Noun 9Jก + prep. + Noun % H.
1. ก('&' ).FGDก'1 ). !" 'D
1. ก% at
5 +9 &/ Q#ก . at 5 o4clock, at 6 a.m., at 7 p.m., 2 . . at noon,
2 ก9 + . at day, 2 ก9 . at night, 2 4'#2 -2ก
. at sunset, 2 ;. dawn, + *5.5 day 9 . at Christmas
67 91, 2 6! ก ;ก $# , 8;$6C 6;$ . at peak, at the top
8;$9. . at the bottom
2. ก% on
5 +9 &/ + . + 8 - on Monday, + 1 - 31 . on the first , + 6!H
. on Songkran day
67 +27; . on the table 1 on the second floor
(C 1 on the mountain 7 on the street
9 +F turn on the left, 9 +1+ turn on the right, +5;5 on the corner
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3. ก% in
5 +9 &/ $ . in July, &R . in 1975, I$Cก9 . in summer
% ก,5+ 15.+5 2 % on ก. 65 . on July the first
67 5C. , 2!9, ! (, 8 +$, &' @, +& &/ 2 . in Thailand
(C5#@62-2. A . % ! % &P &/ 2
4. ก% with
5%.+5ก )&9+. 5 ก . GWe go with him.4 *&ก 1
5%ก6# 1 )&9+. $+ . GWe cut with a knife.4 2$$+ 5$
5. ก% near
%)6$ ' ' %ก92+ . GWe stay near him.4 @ %ก9 1
6. ก% to
%)6$ ' ' +9 )&9+. 7> . GShe goes to school.4
7. ก% into
%)6$ ก $# 1*&$ % 1*&1 % . GHe goes into the class.4
8. ก% through
%)6$ ก'9; 5 ". 9$". . GI saw through the window.4
9. ก% below
%)6$ 2!) . C.$ 9. 1 9. )2.*5.%.%2 . GHis house is below the village.4
10. ก% under
%)6$ 2!) . +.%2 C.%2 . GThe cat is under the three.4
11. ก% above
%)6$ 2!) . ก+. $ . The hair is above the eyes.
12. ก% over
%)6$ 2!) . 15@?' 9 C.$ . GThe aeroplane is over the cloud.4
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13. ก% beneath
%)6$ 2!) . $C. 9. 1 ก6# > . GThe key is beneath the flower pot.4
14. ก% between
%)6$ 2!) . +. C.' +. 1 6 6# . GX is between Y and Z.4
15. ก% among
%)6$ 2!) . +. C.' +. 1 656# 1> *& . GA is among the letters.4
16. ก% by
%ก +9 ) !+. 5$ 6# 6;$ . GHe will have finished his work by next week.4
%ก4 ' . by car, by bus, by taxi )2.7 $# 2 on foot
ก8ก ก$ 64 ' . in a car / by car on the boat / by boat 1% ก
'+ ก% by 8'2 25$+ 4 ' *5.5! ! 4 ' )9'2 &/ ก48 - .
17. ก% for
)6$ +27;&'6 - 8;$5;. 5 8'! . GI go to the shop for some water.4
' ' % 4)6$ +. ก $# 8ก leave for ก8ก GHe left for London.4
18. ก% out
)6$ กก . GHe gets out.4 1ก*&1 ก
)2. out off 9;$ก8ก . GHe pull her doll out off his sister.4 1$> 2;Sก2ก8ก 6+
)2. out of 6 , 1$ . GThe fish is out of water.4 &91$ !
19. ก% in front of
)6$ 2!) . +. C. $ . GHe stands in front of me.4
20. ก% behind
)6$ 2!) . +. 1 9 $ 9 . GHe stands behind me.4
21. ก% in the middle (of)
)6$ 2!) . +. 2 8;$ก9 . GThe dot is in front of the circle.4
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22. ก% around
)6$ 2!) . +. C. A 2+ # +,95 . GThe sea is around an island.4
23. ก% about
)6$ ก&'5, ก +ก . GHe is about 163 centimeters tall.4
24. ก% off
)6$ ก&T$ 1$1+ . GHe turned off the right.4
25. ก% up
)6$ ก 4#5 ก1> . GPlease pick up the pencil.4
26. ก% down
)6$ ก9$ ก !9 5 . GPlease put the pan down the stove.4
27. ก% during
)6$ .+ > 1 +9" . 5)9+% $2 . GDuring summer, I played football.4
28. ก% until (till)
)6$ +9 8 ก' 7> &L88; 8 7> ... +9 > . GIt4s cold until winter.4
29. ก% before
)6$ +9ก. . GBefore rain, it4s hot.4
30. ก% after
)6$ +9 9 8ก . GAfter lunch, I have gone to the library.4
2. Preposition . O ).ก' ก ).-
1. by + 1. 4 'ก $# ($ 6) 2. "Cก'! 3. กก'! gerund ($ )
2. for + 1. 6 2; !% ก#$ 2. ก+27;&'6 -1 กก'! ( 4'+., 4)
3. with + 1. ก872. A , 2. 6# %กC. , 3. กก'!*&$+ ก ,
4. 5 having, 5. ก*5.6
4. without + 1.&@8ก 2.*5.8! &/ 2 % 3. *5.5 having no
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5. like + 5 . just like , look like
6. as + 1. &/ 2. 4 3. 2!) . , U ' 4. ก, &/ 4# @? . job as 4,
serve as ! &/
7. such as, like + . .
3. Preposition Phrase $ ) (Transitional Words)
1. 4'+. due to, owing to, on account of, because of + 6 2;, 51 2;ก,-
2. 7> )5+. despite, in spite of + 1+51 $) 2.+5C6>ก +58#
3. "9กJ as a result of, thanks to ("9*$8ก) + "9940-
4. $ +#0ก by means of + +#0ก, กก'!
5. ) 8 '! instead of + +#0กก'!% 5.)2."9 $#5
6. ก9.+ก > in other words + 1+5ก9.+F!
7. % !@4-, # 51 in terms of + !@4-
8. % ก,, 7 in case of + *1 6# 88' ก#$...
9. ก9.+ 4#5 2#5 in addition to + 6#5
10. % 51 on, in behalf of + 1 2 6 ก$
11. $+ +56 %8 regards to + 6!H
12. *5.6 %8 regardless of + 9' 9
13. 11 , 6 6 ; in favor of + 6# 2 ก 11
14. 1C,. +C. along with + 6# C.$+ ก
15. 1 ก + 6! except for + ก,*$ก ก +
4. ก(#$ + '&' (ก FGD#$ ).D -D '&' )
Adjectives/ Participles + Prepositions, Part A
acceptable to characteristic of eligible for accustomed to
close to equipped with adequate for composed of
equal to afraid of contrary to essential to/for
aware of dependent on familiar with based on
different from famous for capable of disappointed in/with
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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct prepositions.
1. I was disappointed the grade I received on my last essay.
2. The Medical Center is close campus.
3. Now that she has graduated, Anne is no longer dependent her parents
for financial support.
4. Catherine became accustomed spicy foods when she was traveling.
5. Table salt is composed two elements. sodium and chlorine.
6. Is your bicycle equipped a light?
7. This computer isn4t capable running this software.
8. Bluegrass music is somewhat different other types of country music.
9. Washington State is famous its apples.
10. Was your choice if research topic acceptable your instructor?
11. People who are afraid heights are call acrophobia.
12. Water is essential all life.
13. Were you aware the regulation against smoking in this area?
14. Tepees are characteristic that Indian tribes of the Great Plains.
15. Will this office be adequate your needs?
16. I4m not familiar that song.
17. One meter is approximately equal a yard.
18. This movie is based a true story.
19. This summer, he4ll be eligible a three-week vacation.
20. What he said is contrary common sense.
Adjectives / Participles + Prepositions, Part B
free of next to related to independent of
opposed to relevant to inferior to opposite of
satisfied with married to perfect for suitable for
native to possible for surprised at / by necessary for/to
preferable to typical of
Opposite of %% +5 5 !2 ก 15 1$) ก . 5ก
Opposite %% +5 5 C.VLW 2 15 $ 2 ก
. *The bank is opposite the post office on Cedar Street,
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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct prepositions
1. The art museum is located next the museum of natural history on State
Street.
2. Many vegetables, including tomatoes, potatoes, and corn, are native the
New World.
3. This style of architecture is typical the Colonial period.
4. Oxygen, fuel, and heat are all necessary combustion.
5. Two people would find this apartment too crowded, but it4s perfect one.
6. This variety of seed is inferior the type I planted last year.
7. Were you surprised the grade you received?
8. The opposite old fashioned is modern.
9. House cats are distantly related lions and tigers.
10. Is this type of soil suitable growing tomatoes?
11. The point that Murray brought up wasn4t really relevant the discussion.
12. Organically raised crops are free chemical pesticides and herbicides.
13. A grade of A- is preferable one of B+
14. If you4re not satisfied your essay, then I suggest that you rewrite it.
15. Abolitionists were people who were opposed the practice of slavery.
16. The United States become independent English in 1776
17. Is it possible me to get an appointment sometime next week?
18. President James Madison was married one of the most famous of
all first ladies, Dolley Madison.
Noun + Prepositions
approach to exception to origin of attention to
experience with price of cause of expert on
probability of contribution to form of quality of
component of group of reason for cure for
improvement in reliance on decrease in increase in
result of demand for influence on solution to
effect off effect on interest in supply of
example of native of
effect off 6 2;
effect on 6# 2. A *$"9ก'
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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct prepositions.
1. A decrease ______ the supply ______ a good usually results in an increase ______
the price ______ that good.
2. Once scientists fully understand the cause ______ a disease, it becomes easier for
them to find cure ______ it.
3. Professor Lyle noticed a distinct improvement ______ the quality ______ her student4s work.
4. It4s believed that sunspots have an influence ______ the earth4s weather patterns.
5. Have you had much experience ______ computers?
6. I4m sorry; I wasn4t pay close attention ______ what you said.
7. The professor gave us several examples ______ that phenomenon.
8. Do you know the reason ______ the delay?
9. Interest ______ physical fitness increased during the 1980s.
10. The Dorothy Chandler pavilion is part ______ the Los Angeles Music Center.
11. Linguists have many theories about the origin ______ language.
12. This is an exception ______ the general rule.
13. What approach should I take ______ this problem?
14. The Ivy League is a group ______ eight prestigious universities in the Northeast.
15. People4s reliance ______ automobiles as their chief from ______ transportation has
increased over the years.
16. I4ve tried and tried, but I simply can4t find a solution ______ the dilemma.
17. The demand ______ personal computers continues to grow.
18. Only a native ______ the United States can serve as president.
19. Economists don4t agree on what effects government spending has ______ the economy.
20. Magaret Knight designed some of the computers ______ the rotary engine.
Verbs + Prepositions
account for compete with insist on adjust to
concentrate on interfere with agree with/on consist of
plan on attach to contribute to participate in
attribute to cooperate with refer to begin with
deal with rely on believe in depend on
result in belong to devote to search for
combine with engage in
agree with ก
agree on กก
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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct prepositions.
1. Do you belong any campus clubs or organizations?
2. Cytology is the branch of biology that deals the structure, form, and
life of cells.
3. Maybe you should begin your speech some jokes.
4. Let4s concentrate solving this problem before we discuss the other ones.
5. People want friends they can rely
6. Most essays consist an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.
7. We didn4t plan such a long delay.
8. If you are engaged any extracurricular activities you should mention that
fact on your resume.
9. Iron combines oxygen to form rust.
10. After several hours of discussion, the council finally agreed a plan
11. The accident resulted several minor injuries.
12. Storms on the Sun can interfere radio broadcasts on the Earth.
13. By the late 1940s, television had begun to seriously compete radio for
audience and advertisers.
14. That theatrical company can always be depended to deliver a good
performance.
15. James didn4t have an trouble adjusting the climate in Atlanta
because he4s grown up in the South.
16. William insists getting up early, even on weekends.
17. What does this symbol refer ?
18. Occupational physicians search the causes of injury and sickness at the
workplace.
19. Many companies participated the trade fair.
20. How do you account this discrepancy?
21. Do you believe any superstitions?
22. Workaholics devote too much of their time their jobs.
Phrasal Prepositions
according to due to on account of ahead of
except for prior to along with in favor of
regardless of because of in spite of thanks to
by means of instead of together with
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Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct prepositions.
1. The new highway will be finished ahead schedule.
2. spite the warnings, Phil dove off the cliff.
3. The chairman, along his staff, attended the conference.
4. According my dictionary, youGre mispronouncing that word.
5. Prior her wedding, Nicole4s last name was Brooks.
6. Are you favor that amendment or against it?
7. account a lack of funds, the university library will now close at
nine instead at eleven.
8. Sunsets may appear more colorful because air pollution.
9. Due a computer error, $100,000 was transferred into Judy4s checking
account.
10. Regardless the final score, I4m sure this will be an exciting game.
11. Glider pilots can actually in crease their altitude means hot
air currents called thermals.
12. Thanks the financial aid he received, he was able to attend the
university.
5. ก FGD'&' Tense #
ก%;45% +5 5 34'....Idiomatic Expression . by far, in general, on
occasion, at last, at least, from A to B, in use, between A and B
)9' ก%;4 2+ 2 654 0-ก Tense .
Present Perfect : Since, For, so far, up to now, since then, as yet, etc.
Past Perfect : Before that time
Past simple : In, By, During 2;ก,-% $2
6. ก FGD'&' $ D Relative
ก%;4+9% Relative Pronoun % 25 6 $ 2.*&
! 5 + ;4 + which whom + &'0 + ก# (;4)
. GI find Joe.4 + GI count on him.4 = GI find Joe on whom I count.4
GThe book is mine.4 + I wrote down it.4 = GThe book down which I wrote.4
55;4 ! + which whom % $Cก# 1 relative +.2 ก;4 *5.
16 !"#$8 16 ก6;$ 4'5+5 9ก 9 )9'%&'6ก,-6
65 !5&'ก % 8 ' ก!)VXก $ 6#55กก+.(I?G
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EXERCISE 13.1
Focus : Identifying and correcting errors involving the inclusion or omission of
prepositions
Directions : If there is a preposition unnecessarily included in a sentence, mark that
sentence X and underline the preposition. If there is a preposition incorrectly omitted from
a sentence, mark that sentence X, underline the words before and after the missing
preposition, and write the correct preposition on the line after the sentence. If the
sentence is correctly written, mark that sentence C.
_____ 1. According polls taken throughout the twentieth century, Lincoln and
Washington are the preeminent American presidents.
_____ 2. Today, many varieties of fruit are available all year thanks improved storage
and shipping techniques.
_____ 3. The origin of the Moon remains a mystery.
_____ 4. Traffic jams can cause of pollution, delays, and short tempers.
_____ 5. The sun4s rays heat the earth4s surface, on which then radiates the heat into the air.
_____ 6. A warm N blooded animal is one that keeps the same body temperature
regardless the air temperature.
_____ 7. Charlie Parker, considered by many the greatest improviser in the history of
jazz, influenced many other jazz musicians.
_____ 8. Most the people are aware of the need to visit dentists regularly.
_____ 9. Muscle fibers are attached bones by tendons.
_____ 10. In his essay Self Reliance, Ralph W. Emerson told to his readers why they
should not depend on the ideas of others.
_____ 11. The crayfish is a freshwater crustacean related the lobster.
_____ 12. Charles Goren was an expert the game of bridge.
_____ 13. Stomata are the tiny openings in the leaves of plants through which oxygen
and carbon dioxide pass.
_____ 14. Ducks have small oil glands by which keep their feathers oily and repel water.
_____ 15. The tail of a comet always points away the sun.
_____ 16. Lichens grow in extreme environments in where no other plant can exist.
_____ 17. Not all of waterfalls are formed in the same way.
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EXERCISE 13.2
Focus : Identifying and correcting preposition errors ( Note : One or two items in this
exercise do not focus on preposition errors. These are marked in the answer key with an
asterisk. )
Directions : For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice N (A), (B), (C),
or (D) N which correctly completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the
underlined portion of the sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. _____ seed of a flowering plant is covered by a dense protective coat.
(A) On each (B) Each
(C) Each of (D) That each
2. Dynamite is ordinarily detonated _____ called a blasting cap.
(A) a device is used (B) that a device
(C) with a device (D) the use of a device
3. Water polo is a game in which is played in the water by two teams, each with
A B C D
seven players.
4. _____ 1900 there were some 300 bicycle factories in the United States that produced
more than a million bicycles.
(A) In (B) Because in
(C) It was in (D) That in
5. A thick layer of fat called blubber keeps whales warm even _____ coldest water.
(A) though the (B) in the
(C) the (D) of the
6. Many of radio stations began broadcasting baseball games during the 1920s.
A B C D
7. _____ the United States, the general movement of air masses is from west to east.
(A) Across (B) To cross
(C) They cross (D) It4s across
8. The economy of Maine is based to a great extent in its forests, which cover 80
A B C
percent of its surface area.
D
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9. The removal of waste materials is essential to all forms of live.
A B C D
10. The bark of a tree thickens _____ .
(A) with age (B) it gets older
(C) as older (D) by age
11. John Diefenbaker, Prime Minister of Canada during 1957 to 1963, is given much of
A B C
the credit for the adoption of the Canadian Bill of Rights
D
12. A substance that is harmless to a person who has no allergies can cause mild to
serious reactions in a person _____ allergies.
(A) has (B) which having
(C) can have (D) with
13. The first stage on the manufacturing of all types of clothing is the cutting of the material.
A B C D
14. All of the wheat grown throughout the world belongs one of fourteen species.
A B C D
15. In 1886, a number of national unions formed the American Federation of Labor _____ .
(A) Samuel Gompers was its leader
(B) under the leadership of Samuel Gompers
(C) which, under Samuel Gompers4 leadership
(D) Samuel Gompers led it
16. Harmonicas and autoharps _____ folk instruments.
(A) are examples (B) for example
(C) are examples of (D) as examples of
17. There are approximately 600 different species of trees native of the continental
A B C D
United States.
18. _____ industries, such as banking and travel, in which computers are not a
convenience but a necessity.
(A) Where some (B) In some
(C) Some (D) There are some
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19. Waterwheels, which appeared on the fourth century B.C.E., were probably the first
A B C
machines not powered by humans or animals.
D
20. Since centuries, Southwestern Indian tribes have valued turquoise and have used to
A B C
in jewelry.
D
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Lesson 14
ARTICLE
กUVWUXYUZ[\]^_]` Articles abcVdefghfgกUVaijXYUbYUWbjUXYUbUk XljUmกn]กUVaij]_^ ]``oepjfg
bYUWbjUXYUbUkcqkf rpskoXtUkrpกpsUgcVdefgกUVcldfกaij
i6,63EFGHI6Hก6,[\] Articles
Indefinite Definite No Article
Articles a / an Article the aijกn]bUk_Wu_vbw bUkbn]
xksx\j
A WVdf An aijbYUWbjUbUk The aijbYUWbjUbUkcfก_vbw XYU`oexksko A, An, The
cfก_vbwckdefaijกlsUtyzg`netx{ bUk_Wu_vbw bUkbn]xksx\j ckdefc{}bbUk_Wu_vbw
xksx\jkoกUVcvU|vgtsUc{}baXV ckdefpjfgกUVcvU|vgtsUc{}baXV bUkbn]xksx\j
cvU|vgqyUb`oe q[eghfg `oexksV|]^ WVdf กUVcvU|vg
rl|XtUkX[\abv[pav
an orange the orange oranges
a university the oranges fruits
a cat the fruit cats
the chairs furniture
the furniture
`Zjกก6,[\] a, an
1. cqomgqV| ff aij an cisb an honor, rpscqomg`nte x{aij a cisb a university
2. WbjUfUio_pjfgaij a, an bYUWbjUcqkf cisb an engineer, a doctor, etc.
3. XYU`oexkscvU|vg indefinite article rl|pjfgc{}bXYUbUkbn]x\j rl| pjfgc{}bcfก_vbwc`sUbn~b
4. cqstb {V|c` 1 ab Vjfmc{}bpjb cisb Ga half, a quarter, a third, a tenth, etc.4
5. r`bfnpVUqstb psf per cisb a mile a minute = 1 mile per 1 minute
cisb Ga mile a minute (one mile per minute)4
Gan apple a day (one apple per day)4
`Zjกก6,[\] the
1. Definite Article bYUWbjUXYUbUk`oekoc_omg 1 c\omtc{}bq[egbo~xksaisfnbfdeb
cisb GThe Moon Went behind some clouds.4 (There4s only one moon.)
GPlease open the door.4 (You know which door I mean.)
2. กVo`oe the aijbYUWbjUcfก_vbwxkscvU|vg v|aijr`b cZsU_nb^w, bUkqก^l WVdf{V|c``ng~ Wk\
hfg_di, qnptw, q[eg{V|\[w, cXVdefg\bpVo, i[~bqstbhfgVsUgกUm, rVsUp^ cisb the tiger,
the rose, the violin, the arm, the telephone, the zinc etc.
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cisb GThe tiger is the largest cat.4
GMy favorite tree is the oak.4
GThe Wright bothers invented the airplane.4
GThe heart pumps blood.4
3. The aijbYUWbjUctlU rl| pYUrWbsg`oepn~g x\jrกs
. the morning the front the beginning
the afternoon the back the middle
the evening* the center the end
the top
the past the bottom
the present
the future
rpsits gctlU c`ome gtnb, c`ome gXdb, V^sgcijU, _V|fU`[pmwhz~b-pก xkspfj gaij the cisb at dawn
rl| idefhfgtnb - c\dfb - { xksko the cisb at Christmas, Monday, February, 1999
4. The aijbYUWbjUlYU\n]`oe Ordinal number rps xksbYUWbjUpntclh (XYUbUk + pntclh)
the first one
the fourth chapter Chapter Four
the seventh volume Volume Seven
5. The aijbYUWbjUistgctlU 10 { decades rl| 100 { centuries
the 1930s the 1800s
the fifties the twenty-first century
6. The aijbYUWbjUXYU`oec{}bhn~bq^\ superlative adjective
the widest river the most important decision
7. กl^skXYU determiners `oecvU|vg WVdfกlsUt~YU cisb one of + the + XYUbUk_Wu_vbw WVdf
bn]xksx\j
rps Determiners `oexkscvU|vg v|xksko of WjUkaij the bYUWbjUbUk cisb
many of the textbooks not much of the paper
some of the water most of the students
all of the people a few of the photographs
กl^skXYU\jUblsUgpsfx{bo~ xkskoกUVaij the xkskoกUVcvU|vg
many textbooks not much paper
some water most students
all people a few photographs
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8. The bYUWbjUcZsU_nb^w, cid~fiUp[ rpsmกctjbUU (กVo the + UU + language cqkf)
cisb GThe Swedish are proud of their ancestors, the Vikings.4
GShe learned to speak Swedish when she lived in Stockholm.4
9. The + adjectiveX^lnก| rpsxkskoXYUbUk r`bกl^ks Xb_Wu_vbw cisb the smart _tกXblU\
cisb GBoth the young and the old will enjoy this movie.4
GThe poor have many problems.4
10. กUVaij The bYUWbjU XYUbUk_Wu_vbw XYUbUkbn]xksx\j กpsfckdefko Modifiers pUk`jUm WkUmyzg
koXYUhmUmf[]Um`jUmXYUbUk_Wu_vbw XYUbUkbn]xksx\j ]fกaWj`VU]tsU c{}bกVVkhfgaXV
WVdf pn~gfmu`s oea\ hjfmกctjb ckdefXYUbUk_Wu_vbw XYUbUkbn]xksx\j xksko Modifiers WjUkaij The
cisb GThe rice that I bought today is in the bag.4
GRice is a staple in many countries.4
GTrees provide shade.4
GThe trees in this park are mostly evergreens.4
11. The + t[iUกUVcVomb + of Phrase c`sUbn~b yjUt[iUกUVcVombko Adjective bYUWbjUxkspjfgaij The
cisb the literature of the twentieth century rps literature
the history of the United States rps American history
12. idef`oec{}b`UgกUVhfg{V|c` cisb qUUVVn, VUifUUvnกV, qWU_.. WVdf
the + {V|c` + of Phrase rpsidefhfg{V|c` ckdfg Vn kl vngWtn\ `oxe ksc{}b`UgกUV xks
pjfg aij the mกctjb กV^gcก the Hague cisb
the United States of America rps America
the state of Montana rps Montana
the city of Philadelphia rps Philadelphia
13. the + idef_Wu_vbw hfguk[ UqpVw`n~gWk\ x\jrกs กl^ks hfg`|clqU], uchU, WkuscกU|
xksko the ckdef uchU, cกU|, `|clqU] koc_omgq[egc\omt cisb
. the Great Lakes rps Lake Powell
the Rocky Mountains rps Mount Washington
the Hawaiian Islands rps Long Island
14. The + idefhfg rksb~YU, `|cl, kWUqk^`V, `|cl`VUm cisb The Niles, The river, etc.
15. The + qyUb`oeqYUXn WVdf qstbVtk cisb The library, The theater, The hotel, The Novotel,
The SF cinema, The White House, The Empire, etc.
hjfmกctjb
กVo school, university, hospital, church v|xksko the mกctjbckdefx{`oebn~b\m^V| cisb
GThe police went to the school.4 rps GMy son went to school.4
กVo the school, university, hospital, church + of + idef`oec{}b`UgกUV cisb
The University of Iowa rps Iowa University
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EXERCISE 14.1
Focus : Identifying the correct and incorrect use of articles
Directions : Underline the forms that correctly complete the sentence.
1. Only about ( the one / one ) percent of ( the water / water ) on Earth is ( the fresh /
fresh ) water.
2. ( The mineral / Mineral ) phosphate is ( the most / most ) common ingredient of all
types of ( the fertilizers / fertilizers ).
3. ( The / A ) process of refining minerals requires ( a / an ) huge amount of
( an electrical / electrical ) energy.
4. ( A humor / Humor ) runs through ( the American / American ) literature from
( the earliest / earliest ) times until ( the present / present ).
5. ( The ozone / Ozone ) layer acts as ( a / an ) umbrella against ( the most / most ) of
( the SunTs / SunTs ) dangerous rays.
6. In ( the early / early ) 1800s, Sequoia, ( a Cherokee / Cherokee ) leader, created
( the / a ) first written form of ( a North / North ) American Indian language.
7. ( The Goddard / Goddard ) family of ( the New / New ) England produced some of
( the / a ) finest furniture made in ( the United / United ) States in ( the seventeenth /
seventeenth ) century.
8. ( The popcorn / Popcorn ) has ( a / the ) same food value as any other kind of
( a corn / corn ).
EXERCISE 14.2
Focus : Identifying and correcting errors with articles ( Note : One or two items in this
exercise do not focus on article errors. These are marked in the answer key with an
asterisk. )
Directions : Decide which of the four underlined words or phrases N (A), (B), (C), or
(D) N would not be considered correct, and write the letter of the expression in the blank.
_____ 1. The most butterfly eggs are coated with a sticky substance that holds them
A B C
to plants.
D
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_____ 2. A number of large insurance companies have the headquarters in Hartford,
Connecticut.
A B C D
_____ 3. To be effective, an advertisement must first attract an attention.
A B C D
_____ 4. Virgin Islands National Park features a underwater preserve with coral reefs
A B
and colorful tropical fish.
C D
_____ 5. Arthritis, a painful swelling of the joints, is often associated with elderly
A B C
people, but it can afflict young as well.
D
_____ 6. Wilmington is an only large city in the state of Delaware.
A B C D
_____ 7. About the third of the earthTs land surface is covered by relatively flat plains.
A B C D
_____ 8. In the 1920s, gasoline companies began giving away free road maps to
A B C
the customers.
D
_____ 9. The Tropic of Cancer is imaginary line that marks the northern boundary of
A B C
the earthTs tropical zone.
D
_____ 10. Hereford cows are one of most common breeds of cattle raised for the beef.
A B C D
_____ 11. American soprano Kathleen Battle taught music in elementary school before
A
beginning the career as a professional singer.
B C D
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_____ 12. In 1891, first state law to help local communities pay for highways was
A B C
passed in New Jersey.
D
_____ 13. Lumber is dried and seasoned in an heated chamber called a dry kiln.
A B C D
_____ 14. Grandfather Mountain, a highest mountain in the Blue Ridge mountain range
A B C
is in North Carolina.
D
_____ 15. The eardrum is the only organ in a human body that is capable of detecting
A B C
changes in air pressure.
D
_____ 16. It was around 1925 that a accurate, convenient system for recording the
A B C
choreography of ballet was developed.
D
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Lesson 15
WORD ORDER
) +16 !"#$ 69!"#$ 2 $ 9. ก9;.51 !69"#$2!) . 1% @ >ก?
$+ +5'5$'+
Word order &'ก$+ !2. &' (ก 8! + 5ก )2.8' !5 692!) . F>
8! &/ 8'2 )ก*1% 7Cก2 9 กก9!$ก?25)$ 9.
(1) X Y Z (2) Y X Z
(3) Z Y X (4) X Z Y
!2ก (4) X Y Z
WORD ORDER ). ) @- -
Error Example Correction
Noun + adjective drivers careful careful drivers
Noun + possessive clothing womenTs women4s clothing
Main verb + auxiliary finished are are finished
Adjective + adverb a basic extremely idea an extremely basic idea
Participle + adverb baked freshly bread freshly baked bread
adverb, adjective, or quantifier + almost
totally almost perfect almost totally perfect
every almost person almost every person
enough + adjective* enough good good enough
noun* + enough money enough enough money
. GThat concert wasn4t good enough as I had thought.4
GThere weren4t enough good seats at the concert.4
ก8ก 1'+ 1 Clause )9' Sentence +12.*& &/ +1!"#$4.
1. Verb + subject (in an indirect question or other wh-clause)
. GTell me where is it.4
)ก &/ GTell me where it is.4
. GI spoke to John when was he here.4
)ก &/ GI spoke to John when he was here.4
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2. Preposition/Adverb clause marker + adverb
. GAfter immediately he had waited for her, he bought her to the cinema.4
)ก &/ lImmediately after he had waited for her, he bought her to the cinema.4
3. Relative pronoun + preposition
. GThe house which in she lives is very big.4
)ก &/ GThe house in which she lives is very big.4
4. ก% enough ! ! 5 *5.*$ ! 54 C48 - )2. 25 9 adjective
. GHe has enough friend. Moreover, he is enough generous.4
)ก &/ GHe has enough friends. Moreover, he is generous enough.4
5. Inversions กก9&'
5.1 5 ! negative words 5 ! &'0 8'2 69ก# 5 ! &'0
not only never
not until seldom
not once rarely
at no time scarcely
by no means no sooner
nowhere
. GNot once was he on time.4
GSeldom have I heard such beautiful music.4
GNot only did the company lose profits, but it also had to lay off workers.4
5.2 5 ! only 5 ! &'0 8'2 69ก# 5 ! &'0
only in (on, at, by, etc.) only recently
only once
. GOnly in an emergency should you use this exit.4
GOnly by asking questions can you learn.4
5.3 5 ! only +5ก Adverb Clause Maker 5 ! Simple Sentence 8'2 69
&'0 % &' 9ก*5.%. ;&'
only if only when
only because only after
only until
. GOnly if you have a serious problem should you call Mr. Franklin at home.4
GOnly when you are satisfied is the sale considered final.4
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5.4 5 !6! + so + adjective or participle 5 ! &'0
8'2 69ก# 5 ! &'0
. So rare is this coin that it belongs in a museum.
So confusing was the map that we had to ask a police officer for directions.
5.5 5 !+9 67 )9' +9 +57> ก !9!$, $5 ! &'
8'2 69ก# 5 ! &'0
. In front of the museum is a statue. +967 ! &'0
Off the coast of California lie the Channel islands. +967 ! &'0
First came a police car, then came an ambulance. !9!$5 ! &'0
EXERCISE 15.1
Focus : Identifying and correcting word order in sentences
Directions : If the word order of the underlined form is correct, mark the sentence C.
If the word order is incorrect, mark the sentence X and write a correction in the blank
following the sentence.
_____ 1. The Douglas fir is the source chief of lumber in the state of Oregon.
_____ 2. The painted turtle is a colored brightly, smooth N shelled turtle.
_____ 3. Trained in Europe, John Sargent became an extremely successful portrait
painter in the United States.
_____ 4. For thousands of yeas, humankind has asked the question,
*How old the earth is ?,
_____ 5. For thousands of years, humankind has wondered how old is the earth.
_____ 6. Ammonia, a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, has many industrial uses.
_____ 7. The Atlantic coastline of the United States is about 400 longer miles than the
Gulf coastline.
_____ 8. Identical colors may appear to be quite different when are they viewed
against different backgrounds.
_____ 9. Zoos provide an opportunity to study a wide range of animals, often in their
habitats natural.
_____ 10. The development of transistors made possible it to reduce the size of many
electronic devices.
_____ 11. The air of the upper atmosphere is just enough dense to ignite meteors by
friction.
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_____ 12. Monterey, California, has long been a center for artists and artisans.
_____ 13. Cirrus clouds are composed entirely almost of ice crystals.
_____ 14. Many sailboats are equipped with small engines for times when there is not
enough wind.
_____ 15. Before the 1940s, most runways were too much short for long N distance
airplanes to take off from, so many long N distance aircraft were seaplanes.
_____ 16. Margaret Wise Brown was a successful writer of books childrenTs.
EXERCISE 15.2
Focus : Identifying errors involving word order ( Note : One or two items in this
exercise do not focus on word order errors. These are marked in the answer key with an
asterisk. )
Directions : For Sentence completion items, mark the answer choice N (A), (B), (C), or
(D) N which correctly completes the sentence. for Error Identification items, circle the
underlined portion of the sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. Hills known as land islands, or salt domes, are _____ Louisiana4s marshlands.
(A) extremely interesting features of
(B) of extremely interesting features
(C) interesting extremely features of
(D) extremely interesting of features
2. During pioneer times, the Allegheny Mountains were a barrier major to transportation.
A B C D
3. An umbra is a shadow Ts darkest central part where is light totally excluded.
A B C D
4. _____ of chamber music is the string quartet.
(A) The famous most form (B) The most famous form
(C) The form most famous (D) Most the form famous
5. In Philadelphia4s Franklin Institute, there is a working model of a human heart
A B C
enough large for visitors to walk through.
D
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6. Not until the seventeenth century _____ to measure the speed of light.
(A) did anyone even attempt
(B) anyone did even attempt
(C) did anyone attempt even
(D) did even attempt anyone
7. Alfalfa is _____ for livestock.
(A) a primarily grown crop
(B) grown primarily a crop
(C) a crop grown primarily
(D) a grown crop primarily
8. The Franklin stove, which became common in the 1790s, burned wood _____ an
open fireplace.
(A) efficiently much more than
(B) much more efficiently than
(C) much more than efficiently
(D) more efficiently much than
9. Mutualism is a relationship between animal species which in both benefit.
A B C D
10. Reinforced concrete is concrete that is strengthened by metal bars _____ .
(A) in it that ate embedded
(B) embedded that are in it
(C) are that it embedded in
(D) that are embedded in it
11. Most southern states had set up primary school systems by the late eighteenth
century, but only in New England _____ and open to all students.
(A) primary schools were free
(B) were primary schools free
(C) free were primary schools
(D) were free primary schools
12. Sloths are moving slow, shaggy mammals that are often seen hanging upside down
A B C
from tree limbs.
D
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13. Geometry is useful _____ carpentry and navigation.
(A) as in such diverse occupations
(B) such as in diverse occupations
(C) in such diverse occupations as
(D) diverse occupations such as in
14. To grow well, a tree must be well W suited to the area where is it planted.
A B C D
15. The minerals grains in basalt are much too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
A B C D
16. Frank Lloyd Wright is known for his original highly methods of harmonizing buildings
A B C
with their surroundings.
D
17. _____ of the early years of space exploration was the discovery of the Van Allen
radiation belt in 1958.
(A) Perhaps the greatest triumph
(B) The triumph perhaps greatest
(C) The greatest perhaps triumph
(D) The triumph greatest perhaps
18. Some algae are microscopic and consist of one only cell, but others are large plants
A B C
containing many cells.
D
19. A fully grown male mountain lion may be 8 long feet.
A B C D
20. Today _____ major new products without conducting elaborate market research.
(A) corporations hardly introduce ever
(B) hardly ever corporations introduce
(C) hardly ever introduce corporations
(D) corporations hardly ever introduce
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21. Across the Chesapeake Bay from the rest of the state _____ whose farms produce
beans, tomatoes, and other garden vegetables.
(A) there lies Maryland4s Eastern Shore
(B) lies Maryland4s Eastern Shore
(C) Maryland4s Eastern Shore lies there
(D) Maryland4s Eastern Shore lies
22. Stone fruits are fruits such as peaches and plums in which a hard pit surrounded is
A B C
by soft pulp.
D
23. Acidophilus bacteria are _____ in an acid medium.
(A) those that grow best
(B) those grow best that
(C) that those grow best
(D) grow best those that
24. Job enrichment is a technique used to increase satisfaction workersT by
A B
giving them more responsibilities.
C D
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REVIEW TEST 3: STRUCTURE
Directions: For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice that correctly
completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the underlined portion of the
sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. Commercial bakeries can make thousands of loaves of bread on one time by using
A B C D
automated equipment.
2. book Jubilee, which was based on the life of her great-
grandmother, Margaret Walker was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
(A) For her
(B) Her
(C) It was her
(D) That her
3. North America is a third largest of the seven continents.
A B C D
4. Rarely more than 50 miles from the coast.
(A) redwood trees grow
(B) redwood trees do grow
(C) grow redwood trees
(D) do redwood trees grow
5. Until 1960, the state of Maine was unique in that it held Presidential and Congressional
A B
elections on September, two months earlier than the rest of the nation.
C D
6. Fuel injection engines employ injectors instead a carburetor to spray fuel into the cylinders.
A B C D
7. Nerve cells, or neurons, in the human body.
(A) the most complex cells are
(B) are the most complex cells
(C) most complex the cells are
(D) most are the complex cells
8. Ocean currents have a enormous effect on life on Earth.
A B C D
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9. About 8,000 years ago, people began using animals to carry themselves and
A B C
their belongings.
D
10. A successful salesperson must have an intuitive understanding of psychology human.
A B C D
11. A lodestone is
(A) an occurring naturally magnet
(B) a magnet naturally occurring
(C) naturally a magnet occurring
(D) a naturally occurring magnet
12. Many folk songs have been written about railroads and railroads workers.
A B C D
13. The black walnut tree is grown principally for its lumber, which is used for cabinets and
A B C
furnitures .
D
14. Nashville, Tennessee, has the capital of country music.
(A) as long been known
(B) been known long as
(C) long been known as
(D) long as been known
15. Flying squirrels can launch itself from the top of one tree and glide to another.
A B C D
16. Frequently, the combination of several spices will result of a more pleasing flavor
A B C
than the use of just one
D
17. Hydraulic elevators are still used in some old buildings, but all almost new buildings
A B C
are equipped with electrical elevators.
D
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18. Most birds that do not migrate eat seeds and therefore do not depend insects for food.
A B C D
19. Some underground water is enough safe to drink, but all surface water must be treated.
A B C D
20. charming shops and restaurants, Old Town is the most picturesque
section of Albuquerque.
(A) With its
(B) Its
(C) Because its
(D) For its
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Lesson 16
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunction #$ ). $ D ).G."/ # 0$ ! กกJ 2 "I
1. Coordinate Conjunction !1+5#6' independent clauses &'
#6' +5 1ก &' #6'
ก8ก And - But - Or % 4 51+5 Parallel 5! &/ &' ( $ +ก
1*+$+ ก . single words, phrases, verb, adverb &/ 2 )9' 5&' (1 ก9;.5!
2. ก# 3 1+52 %6. 5 comma . Dang, Ladda, and Anong )2.756 !
*5.2 %6. 5 comma . Ladda and Anong
2. Subordinate Conjunction % 4 5&' 9ก )9' &' ก% 5.+.
&' 9ก )9' ;&' )9'5ก). ;&' 25ก% *$)ก. Noun-Clause %)
! 5, Adjective Clause %25 9 ! 5 )9' Adverb Clause % ! &' &/ 2
# " Coordinate Conjunction
ก%ก9;.5! 5ก9;.5!5+5 .ก )9' ก 5&' . 5ก' +. &'
ก&' 5ก9;.5 Coordinate conjunction *$)ก. F-A-N-B-O-Y-S )9' 5 !&' 2.
&' 8'2 $+ 5 Comma % . . +. &/ &' *5.%ก9;.5!
1. Coordinate Conjunction
Conjunctions Use Examples
and addition GHereford cows are brown and white.4
&. GHe washed his car and cleaned up the garage.4
ก -D
or choice, possibility GThis plant can be grown in a house or in a garden.4
- F0 GHer action was very brave or very foolish.4
but contrast, opposition GHe brought his wallet but forgot his checkbook.4
!ก( GThe book discussed some interesting ideas but it
ก ( -D wasn4t very well written.4
nor negation GHe4s never taken a class in sociology, nor does he
!".. ( intend to.4
GI didn4t have breakfast nor lunch.4
so effect GIt was a bright day, so she put on her sunglasses.4
- + @&
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2. Conjunctive Adverb
*5.%. Conjunction )2. &/ Adverb ! 5&' )ก )9'&' 9 $+ ก
$ % +5 5 $ +ก Coordinate Conjunction )9'! 5 2+ &/ *$ Conjunctive
Adverb )9' Coordinate Conjunction . But, So &/ 2
ก(!""I #$ ).FD# FกD#) ก
Coordinate Conjunction Conjunctive Adverb
AND besides, moreover, furthermore, further, more than that,
whatGs more, in addition, also, as well
BUT but, nevertheless, nonetheless, even so, however, still, yet,
while, whereas, for all that, although, notwithstanding,
regardless, rather
OR or else, otherwise
SO so, accordingly, as a result, consequently, therefore, thus, as
a consequence, in consequence, hence
( ก FGDก( Coordinate Conjunction !" Conjunctive Adverb
1. *Like peas and broad beans, Soya beans grow in pods.,
*The plant is ready for harvesting when the leaves turn yellow and drop off, and the
pods and stems dry out.,
*The plant is ready for harvesting when the leaves turn yellow and drop off. Besides,
the pods and stems dry out,.
2. *In the U.S Soya is not harvested by hand but by machine.,
*Soya is not a new discovery but is one of the oldest crops grown in the Orient.,
*Soya is not a new discovery. However, it is one of the oldest crops grown in the
Orient.,
3. *The beans may be yellow, green, brown, or mottled.,
*After being chilled, the margarine is packed into tubs or cut in blocks.,
*After being chilled, the margarine is packed into tubs. Otherwise, it is cut in blocks.,
4. *The Soya bean is versatile, so it is grown widely.,
*The Soya bean is versatile. Accordingly, it is grown widely.,
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3. Correlative Conjunction $ D ).G. 2 D# (
ก9;.5!2.*& ก+. Correlative conjunction
1. both . . . and . . . )9' / +5 6 .
. GBoth wolves and coyotes are members of the dog family.4
2. not only . . . but also . . . )9' / *5. 4 )2. . . . )2. 5 . . . $+
. GDominic studied not only mathematics but also computer science.4
3. either . . . or . . . . %$ . > , . %$ . >
. GWe need either a nail or a screw to hang up this picture.4
4. neither . . . nor . . . *5. 6 . , )9'*5.%. 6 .
. GNeither the television nor the stereo had been turned off.4
5. whether . . . or . . . 6 6 +. A B . %$ . >
. GI wonder whether the alien exists in the universe or somewhere else.4
! D'
1. ERRORS WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS ) +165ก% AND 69 BUT
ก% OR 69 SO 1% + +5 5 % $
X rays have important applications, not only in medicine and in industry.
A B C D
......................................................................................................................................................
2. ERRORS WITH CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
The air that surrounds our planet is both odorless, colorless, and invisible.
A B C D
......................................................................................................................................................
Brakes and clutches serve very different functions in an automobile, and
A B C
their principles of operation are nearly the same.
D
......................................................................................................................................................
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EXERCISE 16
Focus : Identifying errors involving conjunctions
Directions : For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice that correctly
completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the underlined portion of the
sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. Model airplanes can be guided both by control wires or by radio transmitters.
A B C D
2. Specialty stores, unlike department stores, handle only one line of merchandise _____
a limited number of closely related lines.
(A) either (B) but
(C) instead (D) or
3. Thomas Elkins studied not only painting _____ anatomy when he was training to
become an artist.
(A) moreover (B) but also
(C) as well (D) and
4. Information in a computer can be lost because it is not longer stored or because it
A B C D
is stored but cannot be retrieved.
5. A mosaic is a picture done from small bits of either colored glass or tile.
A B C D
6. Although topology is the youngest branch of geometry, _____ is considered the most
sophisticated.
(A) but it (B) so it
(C) it (D) however it
7. John Lancaster Spaulding was not only a religious leader and also a social reformer.
A B C D
8. In 1923, Jean Toomer wrote a book titled cane that combined fiction _____ poetry to
describe the experience of being black in the United States.
(A) and (B) to
(C) also (D) or
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9. Although fish can hear, they have neither external ears or eardrums.
A B C D
10. In all animals, whether simple and complex, enzymes aid in the digestion of food.
A B C D
11. Endive can be used _____ as a salad green or as a cooking vegetable.
(A) such (B) both
(C) either (D) neither
12. The two most common methods florists are used to tint flowers are the spray method
A B
and the absorption method.
C D
13. Beekeepers can sell both the honey and the beeswax that their bees produces.
A B C D
14. Glucose does not have to be digested, _____ it can be put directly into the
bloodstream.
(A) so (B) while
(C) and since (D) such
15. The human brain is often compared to a computer, and such an analogy can be
A B C
misleading.
D
16. Not only rust corrodes the surface of metal, but it also weakens its internal structure.
A B C D
17. Natural fiber comes from either animal _____ plant sources.
(A) or (B) otherwise
(C) and (D) nor
18. A work of science fiction generally uses scientific discoveries and advanced
A B
technology, either real or imaginary, as part of their plot.
C D
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19. Community theater not only provides entertainment for local audiences as well as
A B
furnishes a creative outlet for amateurs interested in drama.
C D
20. Paint is _____ used to protect wood.
(A) not only the substance
(B) the substance which is not only
(C) not only a substance which is
(D) not the only substance
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Lesson 17
COMPARPTIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
ก & ' +. ! 5 5+#0ก & Na.............Nb $ ! 5 !5 &
2 5;,9ก?,' . 5ก
On the average, the Pacific Ocean is deeper than the Atlantic.
Rhonda is a more experienced performer than Theresa.
This show is less interesting than the one we watched last night.
!''F ก !-ก ) ' ) '
1. The absolute ก & 1 &ก2# as .. (adj. )9' adv.).. as , not so .. (adv.) .. as,
not as .. (adj.) .. as % 40# ;,9ก?,'1 6 6# 6 ก9;.5 / &' ( 59ก?,'
. 5 *5.5+5 . 5
. GMy red car is as cheap as the white car.4
GThis contribution is not as easy as that.4
GThe department of agriculture worked not so hard as that of engineering.4
*The lab lasted as long as the class did.,
*There weren4t as many people at the meeting as I had thought there would be.,
2. The comparative ก & 1 ก+. -er more + than % 5ก9.+7> 1 2 6#
2 ก9;.5
ก, adjective, adverb 1 4 - 2#5 -er
ก, adjective 2 4 -9 $+ y 2#5 -er
ก, adjective 2 4 -9 $+ -er, w 2#5 -er, more +
ก, adjective ก 8กก 9.+5 % more + ................
ก, adverb 2 4 - 5$ % more + .................
. GGeorge is taller than his brother.4
*The lab lasted longer than the class did.,
*There weren4t more people at the meeting than I had thought there would be.,
3. The superlative ก & 1 6;$ -est the most ........ + of all, in + +9 % 5
& 5กก+. 3 6# 1> *& . 4% +.5;,9ก?,' &/ 6;$
ก, adjective 1 4 - 2#5 the + ......... + -est
ก, adverb 1 4 - ( 2#5 the +) ......... + -est
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ก, adjective 2 4 - 2#5 the + most + .........
ก, adverb 2 4 - ( 2#5 the +) most + .........
. GHe was the tallest man in the room.4
*The lab lasted the longest time in all classes.,
*He is the best student that I have known before.,
!- ( ก ) ' ) '# กN "
The chart explains how comparatives and superlatives are formed:
narrower clever polite
more narrow more clever more polite
narrowest cleverest politest
most narrow most clever most polite
4. Negative Comparison C&&G# 60 Comparative )9' Superlative 8'*5.%. not no %
1 ก+.% less 1 6;$% least ก8ก 657%*$$ *5.! > 7> 4 - !9
1 ก+. less + adjective / adverb
1 6;$ the least + adjective / adverb
. less bright less expensive
the least bright the least expensive
5. Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives C& & &ก2# *5. &/ *&25กO1 2 )9' 3
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
little littler/less littlest/least
many/much more most
far farther/further farthest/furthest
5 2; ก% far 56 )1> ก+5 5 +. *$)ก.
1. . *ก9 farther/ farthest
2. 6C 9' $ก+. further/furthest
6. ก & +5 5 like + ! 5 &/ ;4 / 6.+ ก# + alike )9'
*5. 5 unlike + ! 5 &/ ;4 / 6.+ ก# + not alike
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& 5 *5. 5
Like A, B, . . . Unlike X, Y, Q..
A, like B, . . . X, unlike Y, . . .
A is like B. X is unlike Y.
A and B are alike. X and Y are not alike.
. *Like orange, lemon is sourer than orange.,
*Fish and birds are not alike.,
7. ก)6$ +5 5 )9' +52. 5C&) 34'*$)ก.
+5 5 ก )2ก2. ก
A is the same as B. X is different from Y.
A and B are the same. X and Y are different.
A is similar to B. X differs form Y.
A and B are similar.
8. ก & 26.+ proportional statement %6! + *The more A , the more B., .
*The higher the humidity, the more uncomfortable people feel., # 5 A # 5 B 5ก25
9. 58! &/ 2 & ' +. &L88; ก$2 % % ever ! ก# 6.+ $2
. *You are the best student that I ever taught.,
*This is a better car than I ever used.,
10. 6! + ก & )2.*5.%.ก & % +5 5 5 adjective 1 5
ก9;.5! Adverb 1. more or less 4 A ก , . A ก , &'5,
2. no more, no longer *5. 9ก2.*&
3. not any more, not any longer *5. 9ก2.*&
4. no more than *5.5ก ก# ก+.
5. as many as, as much as 5ก .ก
)9'5!66 ก+59 9> ก )2.*5.%.*$)ก. likely .8' &/ , likewise ! $ +ก ,
dislike *5., unlikely *5. .8' &/
11. &$6 ก2 adverb 5 !5 & 8'%6. the *5.กJ*$% 1 6;$ superlative
. more brightly more importantly
most brightly most importantly
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! D'
1. INCORRECT CHOICE OF THE THREE FORMS ก%"#$กOก & 3 1
Basketball is played at a much fast pace than baseball.
A B C D
......................................................................................................................................................
The deep oceans contain some of the stranger of all living creatures.
A B C D
......................................................................................................................................................
2. INCORRECT FORMS OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERATIVES ก%C&1 ก+.
1 6;$ 1 "#$*&8กกOก% er, est, more, the most &/ 2
The most small vessels in the circulatory system are capillaries.
A B C D
......................................................................................................................................................
1. กX ).$ #Y ก ) ' ) '
!5 & ! 5 A ...........! 5 B $ ! 58'2 5'65 8'2 59ก?,'
C&. +5 ) ++5#$) $ +ก .
*The ears of African elephants are bigger than Indian elephants. "#$
The ears of African elephants are bigger than those of Indian elephants. 7Cก
2. ก FGD #$ A ............ & B
. this, these )9' that, those )9' the other, any other $ 64 5 B 2 .
! 5A . )9' any other ก > ก6# .
*The water in my cup is better than that in his,
!1 3 & ก !1 1
EXERCISE 17
Focus : Identifying and correcting errors and correct forms of comparatives and
superlatives.
Directions : Choose the option N (A), (B), (C), or (D) N that correctly completes the
sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the underlined portion of the sentence that
would not be considered correct.
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1. The American and Canadian political systems are like in that both are dominated by
A B C D
two major parties.
2. Wild strawberries are _____ cultivated strawberries.
(A) not sweeter (B) not as sweet as
(C) less sweeter than (D) not sweet as
3. The period is probably the most easiest punctuation mark to use.
A B C D
4. When metal replaced wood in the construction of ships hulls, more strong ships
A B C
could be built.
D
5. Sea bass _____ freshwater bass.
(A) are larger than (B) the larger the
(C) are as large (D) than are larger
6. Charcoal is the more commonly used cooking fuel in the world.
A B C D
7. Automobiles, airplanes, and buses use more energy per passenger _____ .
(A) as do trains (B) than trains do
(C) trains do (D) like trains
8. Few American politicians have spoken more eloquently as William Jennings Bryan.
A B C D
9. The larger a drop of water, _____ freezing temperature.
(A) the higher its (B) its higher
(C) higher than its (D) the highest
10. _____ San Diego and San Francisco, Los Angeles has no natural harbor.
(A) Dissimilar (B) Unlike
(C) Dislike (D) Different
11. During a depression, economic conditions are far worst than they are during a recession.
A B C D
12. The spinal column is alike the brain in that its main functions can be classified as
A B
either sensory or motor functions.
C D
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13. The water of the Great Salt Lake is _____ seawater.
(A) saltier than that of (B) as salty as that of
(C) saltier than (D) so salty as
14. Fungi are the most important decomposers of forest soil, just like bacteria are the
A B C
most important decomposers of grassland soil.
D
15. A psychosis is a severe mental disorder, _____ a neurosis.
(A) the most serious (B) as serious
(C) more serious than (D) as though serious
16. The surfboards used thirty N five years ago were more heavy than the ones used by
A B C D
surfers today.
17. The horse chestnut has a stronger, bitter taste than other chestnuts.
A B C D
18. The social system of bumblebees is not as complex _____ .
(A) than honeybees
(B) as honeybees
(C) that honeybees are
(D) as that of honeybees
19. Chicago4s Field Museum is one of the largest and better known natural history
A B C
museums in the United States.
D
20. The administration of private colleges is nearly _____ that of public colleges.
(A) same (B) just as
(C) the same as (D) similar
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Lesson 18
Appositives
An appositive &/ 5+9 0# ก9.++ 0# ! 52 ก1 % 7>
+5 5 4 2!) . 6# ก +1 &/ 2
2+ . 4@>ก?+5 5 1 ! 5 )9' ! 5+9
Buffalo Bill, who is a famous frontiersman, operated his own Wild West Show.
Adjective Clause -- who is a famous frontiersman
Buffalo Bill, a famous frontiersman, operated his own Wild West Show.
-- a famous frontiersman **
A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show.
)9' Appositives 8'5ก) ก% J $ 8 $ % 5 comma )9' 5!$ ก9.+*5.
+. &/ %8'*5.%6. Comma )2.7 !$ 8 5 ! 8'2 %6. 5 comma
. Economist Paul Samuelson won a Nobel Prize in 1970. 5 !2!) . ! 5
EXERCISE 18
Focus : Completing structure problems involving appositives ( Note : The focus for
one of two items in this exercise is NOT appositives ; these sentences are marked in the
answer key with asterisks. )
Directions : Mark the answer choice that correctly completes the sentence.
1. The Democratic party is older than the other major American political party, _____ .
(A) which the Republican party
(B) the Republican party
(C) it is the Republican party
(D) the Republican party is
2. _____ relations with friends and acquaintances, play a major role in the social
development of adolescents.
(A) What are called peer group relations are
(B) Peer group relations are
(C) Peer group relations, the
(D) By peer group relations, we mean
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3. Joseph Henry, _____ director of the Smithsonian Institution, was President Lincoln4s
adviser on scientific matters.
(A) the first (B) to be the first
(C) was the first (D) as the first
4. The Wassatch Range, _____ extends fro southeastern Idaho into northern Utah.
(A) which is a part of the Rocky Mountains,
(B) a part of the Rocky Mountains that
(C) is a part of the Rocky Mountains that
(D) a part of the Rocky Mountains, it
5. _____ Ruth St. Dennis turned to Asian dances to find inspiration for her choreography.
(A) It was the dancer (B) The dancer
(C) That the dancer (D) The dancer was
6. _____ a vast network of computers that connects many of the world4s businesses,
institutions, and individuals, primarily through modems and phone lines.
(A) the Internet, (B) That the Internet, as
(C) The Internet is (D) The Internet, which
7. In 1878, Frederick W. Taylor invented a concept called scientific management, _____
of obtaining as much efficiency from workers and machines as possible.
(A) it is a method (B) a method which
(C) a method (D) called a method
8. A group of Shakers, _____ settled around Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, in 1805.
(A) members of a strict religious sect which
(B) whose members of a strict religious sect
(C) members of a strict religious sect,
(D) were members of a strict religious sect
9. In physics, _____ *plasma, refers to a gas that has a nearly equal number of
positively and negatively charged particles.
(A) the term (B) by the term
(C) is termed (D) terming
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Lesson 19
Misplaced Modifiers
Modifier &/ ก9;.51 &'0 $ 2 % 7> 67 '(41 &'0 % &' .
Driving down the road, a herd of sheep suddenly crossed the road in front of Liza4s car.
(INCORRECT) &' $ ก9.+"#$+5 5 8ก&'0 VC )ก'*5.6578'17 7
As Liza was driving down the road, a herd of sheep suddenly crossed the road in front
of her. (CORRECT) &' )ก% 5.% & '0 &/ "C1 7 ) 8 '% )ก'17
ก(#$ Modifiers
Misplaced Structure Wrong Example Correction
Present participle Walking along the beach, the ship Walking along the beach, the
was spotted by the men. men spotted the ship.
Past participle Based on this study, the scientist Based on this study, several
could make several conclusions. conclusions could be made by the
scientist.
Appositive A resort city in Arkansas, the A resort city in Arkansas, Hot
population of Hot Springs is about Springs has a population of about
35,000. 35,000.
Reduced adjective clause While peeling onions, his eyes While he was peeling onions, his
began to water. eyes began to water.
Adjective the phrases Warm and mild, everyone enjoys Everyone enjoys the warm, mild
the climate of the Virgin Islands. climate of Virgin Islands.
Expressions with like or Like most cities, parking is a Like most cities, San Francisco
unlike problem in San Francisco. has a parking problem.
6;& 6 %1 &'0 PRE-Determiner OR MODIFIERS
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 19
Focus : Completing structure problems involving misplaced modifiers ( Note : ALL the
items in this exercise focus on misplaced modifiers. )
Directions : Mark the answer choice that correctly completes the sentence.
1. Fearing economic hardship, _____.
(A) many New Englanders emigrated to the Midwest in the 1820s
(B) emigration from New England to the Midwest took place in the 1820s
(C) it was in the 1820s that many New Englanders emigrated to the Midwest
(D) an emigration took place in the 1820s from New England to the Midwest
2. Rich and distinctive in flavor, _____ .
(A) there is in the United States a very important nut crop, the pecan
(B) the most important nut crop in the United States, the pecan
(C) farmers in the United States raise pecans, a very important nut crop
(D) pecans are the most important nut crop in the United States
3. Orbiting from 2.7 to 3.6 billion miles from the sun, _____ .
(A) the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto in 1930
(B) Pluto was discovered by the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930
(C) it was in 1930 that the astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto
(D) the discovery of Pluto was made by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930
4. A popular instrument, _____ .
(A) only a limited role has been available to the accordion in classical music
(B) there is only a limited role for the accordion in popular music
(C) classical music provides only a limited role for the accordion
(D) the accordion has played only a limited role in classical music
5. Unlike most birds, _____ .
(A) the heads and necks of vultures lack feathers
(B) feathers are not found on the heads and necks of vultures
(C) vultures do not have feathers on their heads and necks
(D) there are no feathers on vultures4 heads and necks
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6. Widely reproduced in magazines and books, _____ .
(A) Ansel Adams depicted the Western wilderness in his photographs
(B) the Western wilderness was depicted in the photographs of Ansel Adams
(C) Ansel Adams4 photographs depicted the Western wilderness
(D) it was through his photographs that Ansel Adams depicted the Western wilderness
7. Smaller and flatter than an orange, _____ .
(A) a tangerine is easy to peel and its sections separate readily
(B) the peel of a tangerine is easily removed and its sections are readily separated
(C) it4s easy to peel a tangerine and to separate its sections
(D) to peel a tangerine is easy, and its sections can be readily separated
8. Like the federal government, _____ .
(A) taxation provides most of the funds for state and local governments as well
(B) state and local governments obtain most of their funds through taxation
(C) through taxation is how state and local governments obtain most of their funds
(D) funs are provided from taxation for state and local governments
9. Originally settled by Polynesians around 700 C.E., _____ .
(A) Hawaii received its first European visitor in 1778, when Captain James Cook
landed there
(B) Hawaii4s fist European visitor, Captain James Cook, landed there in 1778
(C) in 1778 the first European, Captain James Cook, visited Hawaii
(D) the first European to visit Hawaii was Captain James Cook, landing there in 1778
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Lesson 20
NEGATIVE WORDS
1. ก(#$ 'ก# GP 5 C. 9 &' ( $ 2 $ 9.
Negative Word Use Meaning Example
no adjective *5.5 There was no milk in the refrigerator.
determiners
not adverb *5.%. He was not a good person.
adjective
none pronoun *5.5'* 9 They took a lot of pictures, but almost
) ! 5;ก&' ( none of them turned out.
nothing pronoun *5.56# %$ 9 There was nothing in his briefcase.
) +27; .
no one pronoun *5.5% No one arrived at the meeting on time.
) .
nor conjunction )9'Q*5. He4s never been fishing, nor does he plan to go.
5 ! &' 2 Inversion
without preposition &@8ก She likes her coffee without milk or sugar.
*5.5, *5.2 %
never adverb *5. 9 I4ve never been to Alaska.
2. #$ P not 0"FGDD $ P
not %ก verbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, adjectives ) ก&G# 60
)2. no and not 657% ! ! 5*$ noun 1> ก+5 5
*There is no coffee in the pot., (*5.5 +. &9.)
*This is not coffee., (*5.%.)
3. $ no longer !" no more
no 5%C.ก more )9' longer % +5 5 *5.5ก2.*& )9'8' &/ Adverb
*I no longer read the afternoon paper.,
*He had no more had money.,
4#5 2#56! + long %ก have long been + ........ 55 &/ ก 9.
)2. no longer *5.55 &/ &G# 60
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4. $ without
6! + without &/ ;4 58ก6! + ก# +9 adjective +9 having no (*5.5)
EXERCISE 20
Focus : Completing structure problems involving negative words ( Note : ALL the
items in this exercise focus on negative words. )
Directions : For Sentence Completion items, mark the answer choice N (A), (B), (C),
or (D) N which correctly completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, circle the
underlined portion of the sentence that would not be considered correct.
1. Early carpenters, having _____ nails, had to use wooden pegs to secure their
constructions.
(A) no (B) not
(C) without (D) neither
2. Old Faithful is the most famous but _____ the most powerful geyser in Yellowstone
National Park.
(A) none of (B) no
(C) nothing (D) not
3. Joseph Priestly, the discoverer of oxygen, had little or not interest in science until
A B C
he met Benjamin Franklin in Paris.
D
4. Mobile homes were _____ counted as permanent houses until the 1960 census.
(A) not (B) nor
(C) no (D) none
5. Most solo musicians play _____ sheet music in front of them.
(A) without (B) not having
(C) lacking (D) and no
6. Desertification is the creation of deserts where _____ had existed before.
(A) never (B) no one
(C) none (D) not one
7. A peanut is not actually a nut but a legume alike peas and beans.
A B C D
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8. Glass snakes are actually legless lizards, _____ snakes.
(A) no (B) not
(C) nor (D) none
9. Twenty N four carat gold is no 100 percent gold because pure gold is too soft to be
A B C D
used in jewelry.
10. There is _____ truth to the old expression *Lightning never strikes the same place twice.,
(A) without (B) none
(C) no (D) not
11. _____ single person can be said to have invented the automobile.
(A) There was not a (B) Nor a
(C) Not one of (D) No
12. A serious study of physics is impossible _____ some knowledge of mathematics.
(A) not with (B) no
(C) not having (D) without
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REVIEW TEST 4: STRUCTURE
Directions: For Sentence Completion items, select the answer choice-(A),(B),(C),or (D)-
that correctly completes the sentence. For Error Identification items, select the answer
choice-(A),(B),(C), or (D)-that corresponds to the underlined portion of the sentence that
would not be considered correct.
1. one of Canada4s greatest engineering projects, is a
twenty-seven mile long waterway between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
(A) Because the Welland Ship Canal is
(B) The Welland Ship Canal is
(C) That the Welland Ship Canal is
(D) The Welland Ship Canal,
2. Pikes, named for explorer Zebulon Pike, is Colorado4s most famous but not its
A B C
most highest mountain.
D
3. Oceanography is not a single science and rather a group of disciplines with a
A B C
common focus.
D
4. The art of landscape architecture is that of architecture itself.
(A) almost as old as
(B) as almost old
(C) almost as old than
(D) old as almost
5. The term forgetting refers to the loss, whether temporary and long-term, of material
A B
that has previously been learned.
C D
6. Early astronomers believed that the fainter a star,
(A) it was farther away
(B) the farther away was it
(C) That it was farther away
(D) the father away it was
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7. Released in 1915 , .
(A) D. W. Griffith made an epic film about the Civil War, Birth of a Nation
(B) the Civil War was the subject of D.W. Griffith4s epic film, Birth of a Nation
(C) D.W. Griffith4s epic film Birth of a Nation was about the Civil War
(D) the subject of D.W. Griffith4s epic film Birth of a Nation was the Civil War
8. One way pumpkins and watermelons are like is that both grow on vines trailing along
A B C
the surface of the ground.
D
9. the reptiles alive today is capable of flight.
(A) No
(B) None of
(C) Not one
(D) Not
10. When the female oriole is absent from the nest, the male oriole serves like a sentinel.
A B C D
11. Elfego Baca, legendary Mexican-American folk hero, was a lawman in
New Mexico in the late 1880s
(A) a
(B) who ,as a
(C) was a
(D) and he was a
12. Until the 1940s, a historian4s own era was no regarded as a proper field of study.
A B C D
13. An operetta has some of the same musical elements as an opera and is
A B
much lighter in both subject and style.
C D
14. Properly administered , .
(A) the symptoms of many mental illnesses can be treated with drugs
(B) drugs can be used to treat the symptoms of many mental illnesses
(C) doctors can use drugs to treat symptoms of many mental illnesses
(D) many of the symptoms of mental illness can be treated with drugs
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&.ก ' TOEIC GAT O-NET Smart One & English for University Examination
15. Early explorers in Utah named the cliffs they encountered *reefs, because they
A B
thought these cliffs looked alike coral formations.
C D
16. Neither humans or dogs can hear as well as cats.
A B C D
17. popular child4s toy since 1905, the teddy bear was named after
President Theodore Roosevelt.
(A) It has been a
(B) A
(C) Once a
(D) First it became a
18. Just like microscopes have provided access to the world of small objects, high-speed
A B C
cameras have provided access to the world of short-duration events.
D
19. plant has a nervous system, and most respond very slowly
to stimuli in their environments.
(A) Not a
(B) Never a
(C) No
(D) None
20. Gold topaz is much rare than either white or blue topaz.
A B C D
21. Vermont is the only state in New England an Atlantic coastline.
(A) without
(B) not with
(C) which not having
(D) doesn4t have
22. The Colorado beetle is a beautiful insect, it causes a great deal of
damage to food crops.
(A) but
(B) what
(C) or
(D) which
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23. Jupiter4s moons can be easily seen through binoculars or a small
telescope.
(A) either
(B) if
(C) whether
(D) or
24. The Kennedy-Nixon race of 1960 was the most closest U.S. presidential election of
A B C
the twentieth century.
D
25. a river on land, an ocean current does not flow in a straight line.
(A) Alike
(B) Likewise
(C) Like
(D) Likely
147 - www.kamonenglish.com ก
&.ก ' TOEIC GAT O-NET Smart One & English for University Examination
REVIEW TEST 5
Structure
Time: 20 Minutes
This section tests your ability to recognize both correct and incorrect English structures.
Directions: There are two types of items in this section. One type involves a sentence that
is missing a word or phrase. Four words or phrases appear below the sentence.
You must choose the one that best completes the sentence.
Example
Large natural lakes are found in the state of South Carolina.
(A) There are no
(B) Not the
(C) It is not
(D) No
The correct answer is (D).This sentence should properly read, ,No large natural lakes are
found in the state of South Carolina.,
The other type of item involves a sentence in which four words or phrases have been
underlined. You must identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for
the sentence to be considered correct.
Example:
When painting a fresco, an artist is applied paint directly to the damp plaster of a wall.
A B C D
The correct answer is (B). This sentence should read, ,When painting a fresco, an artist
applies paint directly to the damp plaster of a wall,
As soon as you understand the directions, begin work on this section. There are 25
questions.
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1. team sports require cooperation .
(A) of all
(B) They are all
(C) All
(D) Why are all
2. Ceramics can be harder, light, and more resistant to heat than metals.
A B C D
3. Not everyone realizes that the most largest organ of the human body is the skin.
A B C D
4. Clifford Holland, civil engineer, was in charge of the construction of
the first tunnel under the Hudson River.
(A) He was a
(B) a
(C) Being a
(D) who was, as a
5. Mold is extremely destruction to books in a library.
A B C D
6. A tapestry consists of a foundation weave, called the warp, which across are
A B
passed different colored threads, called the weft, forming decorative patterns.
C D
7. Perhaps human4s first important musical influence were the songs of birds.
A B C D
8. Frontier surgeon Ephraim MacDonald had to perform operations anesthesia.
(A) no
(B) not having
(C) without
(D) there wasn4t
9. , her teaching, and her writing, Martinez helped preserve the
traditions and customs of her native Puerto Rico.
(A) Through her research
(B) Her research
(C) By researching
(D) Her doing research
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&.ก ' TOEIC GAT O-NET Smart One & English for University Examination
10. The techniques of science and magic are quite different, but their basic aims to
A B
understand and control nature they are very similar.
C D
11. It was in a cave near Magdalena, New Mexico, when the oldest known eras of
A B C
cultivated corn were discovered.
D
12. Most modern barns are both insulated ventilated, and equipped with electricity.
A B C D
13. Sharks can detect minute electrical discharges coming from its prey.
A B C D
14. A dark nebula consists of a cloud of interstellar dust enough dense to obscure the
A B C
stars beyond it.
D
15. The various parts of the body require so different surgical skills that many surgical
A B C D
specialties have developed.
16. One reason birds have been so successful is because of their able to escape from
A B C
danger quickly.
D
17. A major concern among archaeologists today is the preservation of archaeological
sites, are threatened by development.
(A) of which many
(B) many of them
(C) many of which
(D) which many
18. parrots are native to tropical regions is untrue.
(A) That all
(B) All
(C) Why all
(D) Since all
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19. Chemical engineering is based on the principles of physics, chemists, and
A B C
mathematics.
D
20. Ballet performers must be believable actors and actresses as well as experts dancers.
A B C D
21. young, chimpanzees are easily trained.
(A) When are
(B) When
(C) They are
(D) When are they
22. Chemical compounds with barium, cobalt, and strontium are responsible to many of
A B C
the vivid colors in fireworks.
D
23. Rarely seen far from water.
(A) spotted turtles
(B) spotted turtles are
(C) have spotted turtles
(D) are spotted turtles
24. The higher the temperature of a molecule,
(A) the more energy it has
(B) than it has more energy
(C) more energy has it
(D) it has more energy
25. The work of the early American woodcarver had many artistic qualities, but these
A B
craftsmen probably did not think of them as artists.
C D
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