IoT Communication

Standards
BLUETOOTH
2ECDE65 Internet of Things
 Non-IP Based WPAN IP-Based WPAN and WLAN
Protocols Protocols

▪ Bluetooth ▪ TCP/IP
▪ Zigbee ▪ WPAN with IP – 6LoWPAN
▪ Z-wave ▪ WPAN with IP – thread™
▪ IEEE 802.11 protocols and
WLAN (Wi-Fi)
Non-IP Based WPAN
Non-IP based WPAN protocols are wireless communication protocols that do not
use the Internet Protocol (IP). IP is a standard set of rules for routing data packets
across networks. Non-IP based WPAN protocols use their own proprietary protocols
to communicate.

Non-IP (Internet Protocol) based WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) protocols
refer to communication standards and technologies used for short-range wireless
connectivity among devices.
WPANs are typically designed for connecting devices within a small, localized area, such
as within a room or between nearby devices. These networks are often used for
purposes like data exchange, control, and automation in scenarios like home
automation, healthcare, industrial automation and more.
 Non IP Based WPAN Advantages
• Lower power consumption: Non-IP based protocols are designed to consume less
power than IP based protocols, which is important for battery-powered devices.
• Simpler: Non-IP based protocols are simpler to implement than IP based
protocols, which can make them easier to develop and deploy.
• More efficient: Non-IP based protocols can be more efficient in terms of bandwidth
and latency than IP based protocols.

Limitations:
• Less flexibility: Non-IP based protocols are less flexible than IP based protocols,
which can limit their applications.
• Less compatibility: Non-IP based protocols are not as widely compatible as IP
based protocols, which can make it difficult to connect devices from different
vendors.
 802.15 standards

802.15.1: Original foundation of the Bluetooth PAN

802.15.2: Coexistence specifications for WPAN and WLAN for Bluetooth
802.15.3: High data rate (55 Mbps+) on WPAN for multimedia
802.15.3a: High-speed PHY enhancements
802.15.3b: High-speed MAC enhancements
802.15.3c: High-Speed (>1 GBps) using mm-wave (millimeter wave) technology
802.15.4: Low data rate, simple design, multi-year battery life specifications (Zigbee)
802.15.4-2011: Rollup (specifications a-c) includes UWB, China, and Japan PHYs
802.15.4-2015: Rollup (specifications (d-p) includes RFID support, medical-band PHY,
low energy, TV white spaces, rail communications
802.15 standards
802.15.5: Mesh networking
802.15.6: Body area networking for medical and entertainment
802.15.7: Visible light communications using structured lighting
802.15.7a: Extends range to UV and near-IR, changed name to optical wireless
802.15.8: Peer Aware Communications (PAC) infrastructure-less peer to peer at
10 Kbps to 55 Mbps
802.15.9: Key Management Protocol (KMP), management standard for key
security
802.15.10: Layer 2 mesh routing, recommend mesh routing for 802.15.4, multi PAN
802.15.12: Upper layer interface, attempts to make 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.1
IEEE 802.15.1 is a wireless communication standard commonly known as
Bluetooth. It specifies the technical specifications for short-range wireless
connections between devices, such as smartphones, headphones,
computers, and IoT devices.
Bluetooth technology enables data transfer, audio streaming, and device
pairing over short distances. It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial,
Scientific, and Medical) band and has evolved over the years to support
various profiles and features, including Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for
power-efficient IoT applications.
Bluetooth is widely used in consumer electronics, automotive systems,
and industrial automation for wireless connectivity.
802.15.2
IEEE 802.15.2 is a standard that provides guidelines and recommended practices
for coexistence among various wireless technologies in the 2.4 GHz ISM
(Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band. It addresses issues related to
interference and coexistence between different wireless technologies, such as
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.15 (Wireless Personal Area Networks), and
Bluetooth, which all operate in the same frequency band.
IEEE 802.15.2 aims to promote efficient and interference-free coexistence
among these wireless technologies, ensuring that they can operate together
harmoniously in shared spectrum environments. This standard helps to minimize
disruptions and optimize performance for wireless communication systems in
crowded radio frequency environments.
802.15.3
IEEE 802.15.3 is a wireless communication standard that defines
specifications for high-rate WPANs (Wireless Personal Area Networks)such
as UWB.
It focuses on providing high-speed data transmission capabilities, typically
for multimedia and entertainment applications within a personal area
network. IEEE 802.15.3 supports data rates up to upto 480 Mbps and is
often associated with technologies like Wireless HDMI (High-Definition
Multimedia Interface) and Wireless USB (Universal Serial Bus).
It enables the wireless transfer of audio and video content between
devices, such as computers, TVs, and audio/video equipment, within a
localized area, like a living room or conference room.
802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard that defines the physical (PHY) and
medium access control (MAC) layers for low-power, short-range
wireless communication.
It is often used as a foundation for creating various wireless
communication protocols and technologies for WPANs (Wireless
Personal Area Networks).
IEEE 802.15.4 is designed for applications that require low data rates,
low power consumption, and reliability in short-range wireless
connections.
Think – Pair - Share
Give examples of IP Based and Non-IP based Protocols

Advantages of Non IP based protocols

What is 802.15.3? Where it can be used?

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1I1vxu5qIUM
BLUETOOTH
 Bluetooth Protocol
Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol that allows devices to communicate and exchange
data over short distances using radio waves. It is widely used for connecting various devices, such as
smartphones, headphones, computers, fitness trackers, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices. Here's
an overview of the Bluetooth protocol:
1.Frequency Band: Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band,
which is a globally available unlicensed frequency band used for various wireless technologies.
2.Communication Modes: Bluetooth supports several communication modes, including:
1. Simplex: Data flows in one direction only, such as in Bluetooth headsets where audio is sent
from a phone to a headset.
2. Half-Duplex: Data can flow in both directions but not simultaneously, like in push-to-talk
communication.
3. Full-Duplex: Simultaneous two-way data flow, typical for most Bluetooth applications.
1.Master Slave Configuration: In Bluetooth, devices operate in a master-slave architecture. One
device (the master) controls the connection and can communicate with multiple slave devices
simultaneously. This architecture allows for efficient data exchange and power management.
2.Pairing and Security: Bluetooth connections are secure. Devices establish a pairing process
where they exchange encryption keys during initial setup. This ensures that data exchanged
between devices remains private and secure.
3.Profiles and Services: Bluetooth devices use profiles and services to define their capabilities
and functions. Examples include the Hands-Free Profile (HFP) for phone headsets, Audio/Video
Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) for controlling audio/video devices, and Generic Attribute
Profile (GATT) for IoT applications.
4.Scanning and Discovery: Bluetooth devices can scan for nearby devices and discover services
they offer. This process is used during pairing and connecting.
5.Bluetooth Versions: Bluetooth technology has evolved over the years, with each version
introducing improvements in speed, range, and features. The latest version is Bluetooth 5.2,
which offers faster data transfer, lower power consumption, and improved audio quality.
6. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Bluetooth 4.0 introduced Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), also
known as Bluetooth Smart. BLE is designed for low-power applications and is commonly used
in IoT devices, wearables, and sensor networks.
7. Mesh Networking: Bluetooth Mesh is a protocol extension that allows devices to create a
self-healing mesh network. It's useful for large-scale IoT deployments and lighting control
systems, among other applications.
8. Range: Bluetooth typically offers a range of up to 10 meters (33 feet) for standard
connections, but this can be extended to around 40 meters (130 feet) with Bluetooth 5.0 and
higher versions.
9. Audio Streaming: Bluetooth supports high-quality audio streaming for headphones,
speakers, and audio accessories, with codecs like SBC, AAC, and aptX for improved audio
performance.
10. Dual-Mode: Many modern Bluetooth chips are dual-mode, supporting both traditional
Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), providing flexibility for a wide range of
applications.
Think – Pair - Share
What is ISM band?

What is the range of Bluetooth?

Think of innovative application where Bluetooth can be used.

Frequency Hopping
Frequency hopping is a technique used in wireless communication to
enhance the security and reliability of data transmission. It involves
rapidly switching the carrier frequency of a wireless signal within a
defined frequency band. This process is performed in a predictable
and synchronized manner between the transmitter and receiver.
 Working Principle of FH
1. Frequency hopping is typically implemented within a specific frequency band allocated for
communication. In the case of Bluetooth, for example, it operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific,
and Medical) band.
2. Within the chosen frequency band, multiple frequency channels are available for communication. These
channels are spaced apart at predetermined intervals.
3. A frequency hopping sequence is defined, which specifies the order in which the transmitter and receiver
will switch between the available frequency channels. This sequence is typically pseudorandom and is
generated using an algorithm known to both the transmitter and receiver.
4. The transmitter and receiver synchronize their frequency hopping sequences, ensuring that they switch
frequencies at the same time and in the same order. This synchronization is crucial for successful
communication.
5. When data needs to be transmitted, it is divided into small packets. Each packet is transmitted on a
specific frequency channel according to the hopping sequence. The transmitter and receiver switch channels
together, allowing them to stay in sync during the entire transmission.
Advantages of Frequency Hopping
1. One of the primary benefits of frequency hopping is security. Since the frequency
channel used for communication changes rapidly and according to a known pattern, it
becomes challenging for unauthorized parties to intercept or jam the signal.
2. Frequency hopping can help mitigate interference from other wireless devices
operating in the same frequency band. By switching channels, the system can avoid
using frequencies that are experiencing interference.
3. Frequency hopping can improve the robustness of wireless communication. If there is
interference or fading on one channel, the system can quickly switch to another,
potentially clearer channel.
4. This technique enhances the reliability of data transmission because even if some
packets are lost due to interference on a specific channel, the system can retransmit
those packets on a different channel.
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is one of the key techniques used in
Bluetooth wireless communication to enable secure and reliable data
transmission. FHSS is a method of modulation that involves rapidly switching the
carrier frequency of the transmitted signal over a wide frequency band.
In FHSS, the Bluetooth transmitter hops between 79 frequencies in a pseudo-
random sequence 1600 times per second. The receiver also hops between the
same frequencies in the same sequence. This way, if one frequency is blocked by
interference, the data can be transmitted on another frequency.
The FHSS technique used by Bluetooth is called adaptive frequency hopping
(AFH). AFH dynamically adjusts the hopping sequence to avoid frequencies that
are experiencing interference. This helps to ensure that the Bluetooth
connection is reliable and secure.
 Bluetooth Characteristics

• Unlicensed 2.4GHz radio band

• ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) band - Available worldwide
• Also used by Microwave ovens, 802.11, HomeRF…
• Gross data rate of 1 Mbit/s
• Basic 10m range extended to 100m with amplifiers
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
• Fast frequency hopping
• 1600 (or 3200) hops/s
• 79 frequencies
• 1 MHz spacing
• 220 μs switching time
Frequency Hopping
Think – Pair- Share
What is frequency hopping?

Discuss the advantages of frequency hopping.

How many frequencies are used in Bluetooth transmitter for

hopping?
 Bluetooth Network

Bluetooth device has a unique 48-bit address, presented in the form of a 12-digit hexadecimal value.
Piconet and Scatternet
Two or more Bluetooth devices can be In a scatternet, devices may participate in multiple
connected point to point or point to piconets simultaneously, allowing them to communicate
multipoint. with devices in different piconets.
In a piconet, one device acts as the Devices that participate in multiple piconets often take on
master, and the other devices are slaves. the role of both master and slave in different piconets.
The master device initiates and controls Scatternets enable more complex Bluetooth network
the communication within the piconet. topologies where devices can relay information between
different piconets.
For example, if you have a smartphone
(master) connected to a Bluetooth For example, imagine a scenario where your smartphone
headset (slave), you have a simple is connected to a Bluetooth headset (piconet 1) while also
piconet. connected to a Bluetooth keyboard and a Bluetooth
speaker (piconet 2).
 Bluetooth Connection Procedure
• Inquiry -- One device sends out the inquiry request, and any device listening for such a
request will respond with its address, and possibly its name and other information.
• Paging (Connecting) -- Paging is the process of forming a connection between two
Bluetooth devices. Before this connection can be initiated, each device needs to know
the address of the other.
• Connection -- After a device has completed the paging process, it enters the
connection state. While connected, a device can either be actively participating or it can
be put into a low power sleep mode.
• Active Mode -- This is the regular connected mode, where the device is actively transmitting or
receiving data.
• Sniff Mode -- This is a power-saving mode, where the device is less active. It'll sleep and only listen for
transmissions at a set interval (e.g. every 100ms).
• Hold Mode -- Hold mode is a temporary, power-saving mode where a device sleeps for a defined
period and then returns back to active mode when that interval has passed.
• Park Mode -- Park is the deepest of sleep modes. A master can command a slave to "park", and that
slave will become inactive until the master tells it to wake back up.
Ref:- https://lynxbee.com/understanding-bluetooth-basics-pairing-and-handshaking-process/
Inquiry Procedure
Inquiry procedure in Bluetooth is a process by 3. Response from slaves: The inquiry response
which a master device (such as a smartphone packet includes information about the slave
or computer) searches for and discovers device, such as its BD_ADDR and class of
nearby slave devices (such as Bluetooth device (CoD), which describes the type of
headsets, keyboards, or other peripherals) device it is (e.g., headset, keyboard, phone).
that are available for connection.
4. Device Discovery: Master maintains a list of
1. Initiation of Inquiry: The master device discovered devices along with their
enters an "inquiry mode" and starts sending information.
out inquiry packets to discover other devices.
5. Pairing: Pairing involves exchanging
2. Inquiry Packets: These packets contain encryption keys to ensure secure
information about the master device, such as communication between the devices.
its Bluetooth address (BD_ADDR) and its
inquiry access code.
Paging Procedure
The paging procedure is a fundamental 3. Slave’s Response: The page response
process in Bluetooth communication that acknowledges the page request and confirms
allows a master device to establish a that the slave is available for connection.
connection with a specific slave device. It's
used when devices are already paired, and the 4. Link Establishment: During this phase, they
master needs to reconnect with the slave. negotiate parameters such as the Bluetooth
version, data rate, and other settings.
1. Initialization: Master initiates paging Synchronization with FHSS.
procedure when it wants to reconnect with
paired slave which is not connected with any 5. Data Exchange: Data is sent in packets, and
other device. error-checking mechanisms ensure data
integrity.
2. Page Request: Master sends page request
to specific BD_ADDR of slave. Page request
include timing information for synchronisation
Connection
1. Data Exchange: After the link is established, the devices can begin exchanging data.
2. Connection Maintenance: Both devices continuously monitor the quality of the
Bluetooth connection. They adjust parameters and may retransmit data to maintain a
stable and reliable connection, especially in the presence of interference or signal
degradation.
3. Connection Termination: Either the master or the slave device can initiate the
termination of the connection when it's no longer needed.
4. Idle Mode or Power Saving Mode: When there's no active data exchange, Bluetooth
devices can enter idle mode to conserve power. They remain connected but reduce
their power consumption. Devices can quickly wake up from idle mode when data needs
to be exchanged again.
 Bluetooth
Connection
Procedure
Think – Pair - Share
1. If you have Bluetooth in Mobile Phone. An Image is to be printed
with Printer and at the same time music is also available in Headset.
It an example of ______________.
2. What is encryption key? Where it can be used?
3. Which parameters are important during link establishment?
4. Explain different connection modes in Bluetooth.
Bluetooth Versions
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), often referred to as Bluetooth Smart, is
a wireless communication technology that was introduced as part of
the Bluetooth 4.0 specification.
It is designed to provide low-power, energy-efficient communication
between devices over short distances.
BLE is ideal for applications that require extended battery life, such
as fitness trackers, smartwatches, medical devices, and various
Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
 Features of BLE
1. Low Power Consumption: Shorter data packets and minimize the active radio time. Battery life
can be extended with very high energy efficiency.
2. Short Range Communication: Upto 30 meters. Suitable for many IoT devices and wearable
devices.
3. Reduced data rate: Small bursts of data are transmitted intermittently. (200 kbps)
4. Advertising and Scanning: Advertising is often used for device discovery and initial connection
setup.
5. Security: BLE includes security features such as encryption and pairing to protect data
transmissions.
6. Interoperability: BLE is designed to be compatible with classic Bluetooth (BR/EDR), allowing
devices to support both BLE and classic Bluetooth communication for greater versatility.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or Bluetooth smart
 Protocol Stack for Bluetooth
Application Layer: Interaction with specific users. Hands free Profile (HFP) or
Advanced audio distribution profile (A2DP)
Bluetooth Stack Layer: It handles device discovery, pairing, and connection
management.
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): L2CAP is responsible for
establishing logical channels for data communication between devices.
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): SDP allows Bluetooth devices to discover
and advertise the services they offer (e.g. Printing, audio streaming, file
transfer etc.)
RFCOMM (Radio Frequency Communication): RFCOMM is a protocol that emulates the
serial port over Bluetooth.

Telephony Control Protocol (TCS-BIN): TCS-BIN provides call control and signalling for
telephony-related Bluetooth profiles, such as the Hands-Free Profile (HFP) used for
hands-free calling in cars.

Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol (AVDTP): AVDTP is responsible for streaming

audio and video content between Bluetooth devices. It enables protocols like A2DP for
high-quality stereo audio streaming.

Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol (AVCTP): AVCTP is used for controlling audio and
video playback between devices. It provides commands for functions like play, pause,
stop, and volume control in A2DP and other audio/video profiles.
Baseband Layer: The Baseband layer is responsible for the physical radio
communication. It handles tasks like modulation, error correction, and frequency
hopping. It also manages the connection establishment and maintenance, including
the handling of packet transmission and reception

Link Manager Protocol (LMP): LMP is responsible for link setup and management. It
handles functions such as device authentication, encryption key exchange, and
power control.
Host Controller Interface (HCI): HCI is a standard interface between the Host stack
(software) and the Controller stack (hardware). It allows the Host to send
commands to the Bluetooth hardware, control the radio, and retrieve status and
event information.
Physical Layer: The Physical Layer encompasses the actual hardware components,
including the Bluetooth radio and antenna. It deals with the transmission and
reception of radio signals, modulation, and other aspects of wireless communication.
Protocol Stack of Bluetooth LE
• Host Layer: The Host Layer is responsible for managing higher-level protocol
functions and application interactions. It includes the Generic Attribute
Profile (GATT) and the Generic Access Profile (GAP). GATT defines how data is
organized and exchanged between devices, while GAP defines how devices
discover, connect, and authenticate with each other. Application-specific
profiles and services reside in this layer. For example, the Heart Rate Profile or
the Battery Service can be defined here for specific applications.

• Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): L2CAP operates just
below the Host Layer and is responsible for segmenting, reassembling, and
managing the flow of data between devices. It supports multiple protocol
multiplexing and segmentation and reassembly (SAR) for larger data packets.
• Attribute Protocol (ATT): ATT is responsible for defining the structure of data and
how it is stored and exchanged between Bluetooth LE devices. It uses a client-
server model, where the client reads, writes, and requests data from the server.

• Link Layer: The Link Layer is responsible for establishing and maintaining the
physical connection between Bluetooth LE devices. It manages the radio and
handles error correction, data encryption, and security. This layer includes
functions like advertising, scanning, and connection establishment.

• Physical Layer (PHY): The Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the stack and deals
with the actual radio communication. It defines how data is transmitted over the
airwaves and specifies the modulation, frequencies, and transmission rates used
by Bluetooth LE.
 HCI layer provides communication between the host and controller through a
standardized interface
L2CAP layer provides data encapsulation services to the upper layers, allowing for logical
end-to-end communication of data
Security Manager layer defines the methods for pairing and key distribution, and
provides functions for the other layers of the protocol stack to securely connect and
exchange data with another device
Generic Access Profile (GAP) layer handles device discovery and connection-related
services for the device
Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) layer is a service framework that defines the sub-
procedures for using ATT.

ATT layer allows a device to expose certain pieces of data or attributes, to another
device.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OfOwD8f2VI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHqtiCMe4NA
 Generic Access Profile GAP
❑Broadcasting: No connection
• Broadcaster: A device that broadcasts public advertising data packets,
such as how long a button has been pressed.
• Observer: A devices that listens to the data in the advertising packets
sent by the broadcaster. No connection happens between the
broadcaster and observer.
❑Connecting: Explicitly connect and handshake to transfer data.
• Peripheral: A device that advertises its presence so central devices can
establish a connection. After connecting, peripherals no longer
broadcast data to other central devices and stay connected to the
device that accepted connection request.
• Central: A device that initiates a connection with a peripheral device by
first listening to the advertising packets. A central device can connect
to many other peripheral devices.
 Generic Attribute Profile

https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/gatt
Bluetooth 5
Bluetooth 5 brings several improvements that enhance data transfer
speeds, range, power efficiency, and overall performance, making it
a compelling choice for various wireless communication applications.
Its ability to support a wide range of use cases, from consumer
electronics to industrial IoT, has solidified its position as a versatile
and widely adopted wireless technology.
 Three PHY modes of Bluetooth 5
Three PHY modes in Bluetooth 5 give developers the flexibility to choose the best trade-off
between data rate, power consumption, and range for their specific application needs. The
availability of multiple PHY options allows Bluetooth devices to adapt to a wide range of use
cases, from low-power sensors with modest data requirements to high-data-rate audio streaming
and more robust connections in challenging environments.

Bluetooth 5's PHY modes are backward compatible with earlier versions of Bluetooth, which
ensures that Bluetooth 5 devices can communicate with devices using older Bluetooth standards,
such as Bluetooth 4.2 or 4.0. This backward compatibility allows for a smooth transition to the
new PHY modes while maintaining interoperability with existing Bluetooth devices.
 3 PHY Modes
LE 1M PHY (Low Energy 1 Mbps LE 2M PHY (Low Energy 2 Mbps LE Coded PHY
PHY) PHY)
Data Rate: 1 Mbps Data Rate: 2 Mbps Variable data rate
This PHY mode is suitable for low- The LE 2M PHY mode offers higher The LE Coded PHY modes are
power, short-range data transfer speeds compared to designed for scenarios where
communication, such as the 1M PHY while still being power- extended range or robustness
connecting sensors, wearables, efficient. against interference is essential.
and other battery-operated It is useful for applications that These modes provide slower data
devices. require faster data transmission, rates but increased signal range and
It offers a balance between data such as audio streaming or firmware improved resistance to interference.
rate and power consumption, updates for IoT devices. They are particularly valuable in
making it ideal for applications applications like Bluetooth-based
that prioritize energy efficiency. asset tracking or outdoor IoT
deployments.
Extended Range in Bluetooth 5
Bluetooth 5 offers significantly improved range compared to previous versions.
The LE Coded PHY mode, in particular, can achieve up to four times the range of
Bluetooth 4.2, making it ideal for applications that require communication over
longer distances, such as IoT devices in large spaces or outdoor environments.
The range can be increased by Higher transmitting power, improved receiver
sensitivity and reduced interference with other signals of same frequency
Improved Coexistence: Bluetooth 5 includes features and mechanisms to reduce
interference and improve coexistence with other wireless technologies operating in the
same frequency band, such as Wi-Fi. This results in more reliable and robust Bluetooth
connections, even in congested wireless environments.

Enhanced Indoor Positioning and Navigation: The increased range and improved accuracy
of Bluetooth 5, combined with its ability to provide direction-finding capabilities, make it
suitable for indoor positioning and navigation applications. This can be used for asset
tracking, wayfinding in indoor spaces, and location-based services.

Lower Power Consumption: Bluetooth Low Energy (LE), introduced in previous versions,
continues to be a core feature of Bluetooth 5. It remains highly power-efficient, making it
suitable for battery-operated devices. This low power consumption extends battery life,
which is crucial for wearables, IoT sensors, and other mobile devices.
Multi-device Connectivity: Bluetooth 5 enables more efficient multi-device
connectivity, allowing a single device to connect and communicate with
multiple Bluetooth peripherals simultaneously. This is beneficial for scenarios
like audio streaming to multiple headphones or managing connections to
multiple IoT sensors.

Improved Security: Bluetooth 5 introduced enhancements to security features,

such as the ability to encrypt data with higher levels of security. These
improvements help protect sensitive information transmitted over Bluetooth
connections.

Backward Compatibility: Bluetooth 5 maintains backward compatibility with

earlier Bluetooth versions, ensuring that devices using older Bluetooth
standards (such as Bluetooth 4.2 or 4.0) can still communicate with Bluetooth 5
devices. This ensures a smooth transition to the new standard
Applications
The combination of higher data rates, extended range, and improved
performance makes Bluetooth 5 suitable for a broader range of
applications: Including audio streaming, IoT, healthcare, automotive,
industrial automation, and more. This versatility opens up new
possibilities for innovation and connectivity.
 Bluetooth Beacon
A Bluetooth Beacon, often simply referred to as a "beacon," is a small
wireless device that uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology to
broadcast signals to nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices, such as
smartphones and tablets.
These signals are typically short-range and contain information that can be
used for various purposes, including proximity marketing, location-based
services, and asset tracking.
Bluetooth Beacons have become popular in a wide range of applications
and industries due to their simplicity, low cost, and versatility.
 Features of Bluetooth Beacon
1. BLE
Technology: Bluetooth Beacons use Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE or Bluetooth Smart) to
communicate with other devices.
2. Unique Identifier: Each Bluetooth Beacon is assigned a unique identifier, often in the
form of a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID), Major, and Minor values. These identifiers
help distinguish one beacon from another and enable devices to determine their proximity
to specific beacons.
3. Broadcasting: Beacons continuously broadcast packets of data, which can be received by
nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices. These packets typically include the unique identifier and
additional information, such as sensor data or URLs.
4. Range: Bluetooth Beacon range can vary but typically extends from a few meters to
around 100 meters, depending on factors like transmit power and the receiver's sensitivity.
Beacon Types: There are various beacon protocols, with Apple's iBeacon and
the open Eddystone format being two of the most commonly used standards.
These protocols define the format and content of the data packets
transmitted by the beacons.

Battery-Powered: Bluetooth Beacons are often battery-powered, which

makes them easy to deploy without the need for wiring or infrastructure
changes. Battery life can vary depending on the beacon's configuration and
usage.

Security: Security features, such as rotation of broadcasted identifiers and

encryption, are important considerations when using Bluetooth Beacons to
protect against unauthorized access and data interception.
 Applications
•Proximity Marketing: Retailers and marketers use beacons to deliver location-based content,
promotions, and advertisements to customers when they are in close proximity to a beacon.
•Indoor Navigation: Beacons can be used for indoor navigation and wayfinding in places like shopping
malls, airports, and museums.
•Asset Tracking: Businesses use beacons to track the location of assets, such as inventory, equipment,
and vehicles.
•Attendance and Access Control: Beacons are used to automate attendance tracking and access control
systems in educational institutions, events, and workplaces.
•Personalized Experiences: They enable personalized experiences in apps, such as tailoring content
based on the user's location.
 Eddystone by Google
Bluetooth Beacon iBeacon by Apple
Beaconing is Bluetooth devices in LE mode to advertise on some periodic basis.

Beacon Technology
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=2YorsgulwdU
 Beacons for
social distancing

https://www.bluepyc.com/application/blueye-ble-social-distancing-solution-covid/
Beacon for Indoor position & Tracking
 Calculating Battery life _ A case study

Assume an iBeacon is advertised every 500 ms and the packet length is 31 bytes. The device
uses a CR2032 coin cell battery rated at 220mAh at 3.7V. The beacon electronics consume
49uA at 3V. Use 0.7 factor or battery power decay. Find life of the battery.

Power consumption = 49uA x 3V = 0.147mW

Bytes per second = 31 x (1 second/500 ms) x 3 channels = 186 bytes/second
Bits per second = 186 bytes/second x 8 = 1488 bits/second
Energy per bit = 0.147 mW / (1488 bits/second) = 0.098 uJ/bit
Energy used for each advertisement = 0.098 uJ/bit x 31 bytes x 8 bits/byte = 24.30 uJ/advertisement
Energy stored in battery: 220mAh x 3.7V x 3.6 seconds = 2930 J
Life of battery = (2930 J x (1,000,000 uJ/J)) / ((24.30 uJ/advertisement) x (1 advertisement / 0.5 seconds)) x 0.7
= 42,201,646 seconds = 488 days = 1.3 years
 Bluetooth Mesh

BLE – One to one communication

Bluetooth beacon – One to many
Bluetooth Mesh – Many to Many

Mesh – The devices are able to relay messages

to other devices so that the end-to-end
communication range is extended far beyond
the radio range of each individual node

https://www.novelbits.io/bluetooth-mesh-tutorial-part-2/
Bluetooth Mesh
•Bluetooth Mesh is a networking technology that extends the
capabilities of traditional Bluetooth wireless communication to
create large-scale, reliable, and scalable wireless networks.
•It is designed for applications where multiple devices need to
communicate and cooperate over a mesh topology, such as smart
homes, industrial automation, building automation, and outdoor
lighting systems.
•Bluetooth Mesh was introduced as part of the Bluetooth 5.0
specification and has been further developed in subsequent
versions.
 Features
Low Power Nodes Battery Powered devices with limited processing
Friend Nodes Assist LPN for message relaying, extension of coverage and conserving
power
Proxy Nodes Acting as a bridge. Establish connection between Bluetooth mesh
nodes and internet
Publish-Subscribe Some nodes publish the data and the other nodes subscribe to receive
model the data. This will efficiently distribute the information to specific
group of devices
Scalability Small scale to large scale deployment of network
Configuration and Managed by softwares and administrators to set up the network, assign
Management the roles to nodes andupdate the firmware overt the air (OTA)
 Bluetooth Mesh – Role of Nodes
Relay: A node that supports relay is termed a relay node and can retransmit messages received.
Proxy: Allows for Bluetooth LE devices that do not support Bluetooth mesh natively to interact with nodes on the mesh.
Low power: Some nodes on the mesh need to obtain extremely low levels of power consumption. That type of device cannot be
placed in a listening mode. The node enters a role termed the low power node (LPN), which pairs it with a friend node. The
LPN enters a deep sleep state and polls the associated friend for any messages that may have arrived while it was sleeping.
Friend: The friend node is associated with the LPN but is not necessarily power constrained like an LPN. A friend may use a
dedicated circuit or wall power. The friend's duty is to store and buffer messages destined for the LPN until the LPN.
 Bluetooth Mesh – Publish-Subscribe

• The act of sending a message is known as publishing.

• Nodes are configured to select messages sent to specific addresses for processing, and this is known
as subscribing.

Group or
virtual address

Ease of adding or
removing nodes
without
reconfiguring
entire mesh
Bluetooth Mesh – Type of Nodes
Provisioning is a secure procedure which results in an unprovisioned device
possessing a series of encryption keys and being known to the Provisioner device.

Nodes: These are Bluetooth devices that have been previously

provisioned and are members of a mesh.
Unprovisioned devices: These are devices with the potential to join a
mesh fabric that is not yet part of a mesh and has not been provisioned.
Elements: A node with multiple constituent parts. Each part can be
independently controlled and addressed. An example could be a
Bluetooth node with temperature, humidity, and lumens sensors. This
would be a single node (sensor) with three elements.
Mesh gateway: A node that can translate messages between the mesh
and a non-Bluetooth technology.
 Bluetooth Mesh – Provisioning
• An unprovisioned device broadcasts a mesh beacon
advertising packet.
• The provisioner sends an invitation to the device.
• The provisioner and device exchange public keys.
• The unprovisioned device outputs a random number to the
user. The user enters the digits (or identity) into the
provisioner and a cryptographic exchange starts to complete
the authentication phase.
• A session key is derived by each of the two devices from the
private key and the exchanged public keys.
• The device changes state from an unprovisioned device to a
node and is now in possession of the NetKey, a unicast
address, and a mesh security parameter called the IV index
PDU: Protocol Data Units
Models: Implements behaviors, states, and bindings on one or more model specifications.
Foundation models: Configuration and management of the mesh network.
Access layer: Defines format of application data, encryption process, and data verification.
Upper transport layer: Manages the authentication, encryption, and decryption of data
passing to and from the access layer. Transports control messages such as friendships and
heartbeats.
Lower transport layer: Performs segmentation and reassembly (SAR) of fragmented PDUs if
necessary.
Network layer: Manages the various address types and supports many bearers.
Bearer layer: Defines how mesh PDUs are handled.

Two types of PDUs are supported: advertising bearer and GATT bearer.
The advertising bearer handles the transmission and reception of mesh PDUs, while the
GATT bearer provides a proxy for devices that don't support the advertising bearer.
BLE: The complete Bluetooth LE specification.
 Bluetooth Mesh Topology

• Based on Flooding network concept

• Flooding delivers the message based on
routing table
• No central manager requires ( compared to
Wi-Fi)
• Tree based routing needs central controller
• Adaptive routing table - Proactive and
reactive routing tables (Similar to WSN)
• Issues: bandwidth waste, congestion,
duplication
• Time to live field in every packet
Think – Pair - Share
• Explain various types of Nodes in Bluetooth Mesh

•Discuss the advantages of Publish – Subscribe Model

•Explain the flooding network concept.