Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing

Elbow Using Ansys Fluent

SUBMITTED BY:
SHRUTI SINGH - 20113066
UJJWAL KUMAR GUPTA – 20113072
VAIBHAV DEWANGAN - 20113075
SAHIL DAHAT - 20113054

1|P a ge
 1

In this study, we will delve into the fluid flow and heat transfer that takes place
in a mixing elbow. To achieve this, we will be utilizing Ansys Fluent as our primary
tool. This software is well-known for its ability to simulate complex fluid
dynamics and heat transfer phenomena accurately. By analyzing the flow
patterns and temperature distribution within the mixing elbow, we can gain a
better understanding of how these processes interact with each other. The
insights gleaned from this analysis can then be used to optimize the design of
mixing elbows for various applications. Overall, this investigation is crucial in
advancing our knowledge of fluid mechanics and heat transfer, which have
numerous practical uses in industries such as aerospace, automotive
engineering, and chemical processing.

SUBMITTED BY
SAHIL DAHAT -20113054
SHRUTI SINGH – 20113066
UJJWAL KUMAR GUPTA – 20113072
VAIBHAV DEVANGAN - 20113075
 2

problem involving the flow of fluids in a pipe. The fluid that enters through the larger inlet is
cold, while the fluid that enters through the smaller inlet at an elbow in the pipe is warmer
and moving faster than the cold fluid. The dimensions of the pipe are given in millimeters,
and information about how the fluids behave at different temperatures and pressures is
provided using SI units (a standard system of measurement used by scientists). To solve this
problem, we will need to use a mathematical model for turbulent flow (when fluids move
chaotically instead of smoothly) to understand how these two streams of fluid mix together
inside the pipe.
instructions on how to start a project in Ansys Workbench, which is a software used for engineering
simulations.

1. The first step involves opening the program and selecting "Fluid Flow (fluent)" from the toolbox.
The user should then give their project a name. This will allow them to keep track of their work and
easily access it later.

Geometry

2. The second step requires the user to right-click on the geometry section and select "3D" as the
analysis type from the properties option. They will then launch the geometry editor,

3. where we go to xy plane then go to create and select primitives torus and select angle 90
degree.and base 0,-1,0 then extrude the outlet select xz apply 200mm then select the inlet apply 200
yx plane then select xy plane then go to create and select primitives and select cylinder here define
dia 12.5 mm and adjust this at the middle of the torus for that orientation define on base x =137.5mm
axis y=-225mm

4. then go to tool select symmetry select xy plane then generate

Overall, these steps are important for setting up an initial project in Ansys Workbench that focuses on
fluid flow analysis using 3D geometries.

Larger Dia (Main inlet) = 100mm

Smaller Dia (Mixing inlet) =

12.5mm

Outer dia 225 mm

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Save the project and close the geometry window.

Mesh generation

Now instructions for a process called mesh generation. Meshes are used in computer
simulations to break down complex shapes into smaller pieces that can be analyzed more
easily.

Step 3 of this process involves selecting the area where the mesh will be created and then
generating it. Once the mesh has been generated, you can right-click on it to adjust its size

Size- all size element size 6e-3. This means you can make certain parts of the mesh larger or
smaller depending on your needs.
Then relevance center- fine ,smooth -high and select inflation- program control

Overall, these steps are important for creating an accurate simulation that takes into
account all of the complexities involved in analyzing a particular shape or object. However,
without more information about what specific program or software is being used, it's
difficult to provide further details about how this process works exactly.
 4

now simple instruction on what to do in the third step of a process. It says "Create Named
Selection" and then advises the reader to launch the setup.
Named selection
Inlet large
 5

Inlet small
Outlet
Symmetry
Full body- fluid body

To explain this further, it means that there is likely a larger process or task at hand, and this
step involves creating a selection with a specific name (which could be anything relevant to
the task). The second part of the instruction suggests that there is some sort of software or
program involved in completing this task, which needs to be launched before proceeding.
Then select generate mesh it actually provides important information about how to
complete one piece of a larger project efficiently and effectively.
Then go to workbench and update the mesh .
 6

Mesh -sizing

Mesh diagram
7
 8

3.Setup
here set of instructions on how to use a software called Fluent for fluid dynamics simulations.
The steps are numbered from 4 to 11 and describe what buttons to click and settings to
choose in order to successfully run the simulation.

Step 4 instructs the user not to change anything in the "general" tab under "setup", but
instead click on "check" which will provide information about the geometry being simulated.
General
Pressure base(in compressible fluid)
Velocity-absolute,steady
Model

Step 5 directs the user to activate an equation related to energy, using a specific model for
viscosity, while leaving other settings as default.Model- flow turbulent [k-eptional, omega
eptional] and wall treatment -enhance and energy equation -on because of the heat transfer.
Material

In step 6, the user is instructed how to search for water-liquid material within Fluent's
database and then select it before moving on next step, Copy it then close it.
Cell zone
 9

step 7 where they must edit cell zone conditions by selecting "water-liquid".
Boundary conditions

In step 8, boundary conditions are set according to problem definition with velocity
specification being set as components and inlet temperature being set under thermal tab.
Inlet large
velocity=0.4m/s
, temperature=293k
Inlet small
Velocity=1.2m/s
Temp=303k
Solution

Step 9 involves setting solution method parameters such as convergence criteria based on
gradient calculations using green-gauss node along with SIMPLE scheme for pressure
momentum calculation at second order precision level.
In step 10, monitors are adjusted by changing residual equations' absolute criteria value along
with number of iterations before running calculation
Calculation
in step 11 by clicking calculate button after choosing hybrid initialization option.

Overall, these instructions guide users through various steps required when performing fluid
dynamics simulations using Fluent software without requiring any technical language or
complex terminology.
Run simulation
Then explaining how to run a simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software.
In Step 12, the calculation will continue until it reaches a certain level of accuracy, which is
measured by the scaled residual RMS error being below 1e-06. Once this has been achieved,

in Step 13, you should save and close the project before refreshing it to see that both "setup
and solution" and "result" have green ticks.
4.Results
Next, in Step 14, double click on "Results" to start CFD-post. This will allow you to view your
results graphically. You can choose a plane location for analysis and use the XY plane
method before clicking OK.
 10

In Step 15, you can analyze variables such as velocity or pressure by clicking on the contour
button on the toolbar. Change the location to “symmetry”, variable to “velocity” and range
to “local”. To improve resolution change “of contour” value to 100 then search for
appearance option under default legend view tab where scientific precision parameters can
be changed from scientific notation format into fixed numbers. Other variables like
temperature or pressure can also be analyzed here.

Finally in step16 we can analyze vectors by selecting vector button on toolbar with sampling
used an equally speeds with ten thousand points having velocity as its variable before
applying changes made during previous steps. There are other tools available within this
software that may be useful but their functions should be explored independently of these
instructions provided above if desired!

Pressure Contour -
 11

Streamline -

Temperature Contour –
 12

Velocity Contour –

Velocity Vector -
 DRAG COEFFICIENT OF A SPHERE

The drag coefficient of a sphere is determined through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
analysis. In this analysis, the flow around the sphere detaches, creating a rear wake. The
presence of this wake significantly influences the drag coefficient of the sphere, resulting in
typically elevated values ranging from 0.2 to 0.5. The drag coefficient is a crucial parameter
in understanding the aerodynamic behaviour of the sphere in fluid flow, and CFD analysis
provides a computational means to assess and quantify these effects.

Fig. Sphere wake - CFD simulation completed with SimWorks

The drag coefficient of a sphere is significantly influenced by the Reynolds number. As the
Reynolds number increases, the separation region behind the sphere diminishes, leading to a
reduction in the overall drag coefficient. There is a notable phenomenon where the sphere's
drag coefficient exhibits a dip when the flow transitions to full turbulence, typically occurring
at around a Reynolds number of 10,000. This transitional point represents a change in the
flow characteristics, impacting the drag forces acting on the sphere. Understanding the
Reynolds number dependency is essential for predicting and analyzing the aerodynamic
behaviour of spheres in different fluid flow conditions.

The aerodynamic drag experienced by an object is influenced by various factors such as its
shape, dimensions, angle of inclination, and the prevailing flow conditions. The relationship
between these factors and the drag force is expressed by the drag equation.

D = Cd * .5 * rho * V^2 * A
Where D is equal to the drag, rho is the air density, V is the velocity, A is a reference area,
and Cd is the drag coefficient.

STEPS

Determining the drag coefficient of a sphere in ANSYS involves simulating the fluid flow
around the sphere and analyzing the results. Here are the general steps for this process:

I. GEOMETRY CREATION
In the "Geometry" stage of an ANSYS simulation, the focus lies on creating an accurate
representation of the physical system. This involves the definition or importation of 3D
shapes, including solids, surfaces, and points, which collectively constitute the components
of the system. The establishment of coordinate systems aids in defining the orientation and
location of these geometric entities. Named selections are employed to identify specific
regions or entities within the geometry, facilitating the application of boundary conditions
and mesh controls later in the simulation. Boolean operations, such as combining,
subtracting, or intersecting different geometric entities, are often utilized to create complex
shapes or cutouts.
 In ANSYS Workbench, to create a box named "box-1" in the XY plane with type "one
point and diagonal," and specific coordinates and diagonal components, you can use
the following statement:
Geometry: Create Box-1
Name: box-1
Type: One Point and Diagonal
Plane: XY
Point 1:
X Coordinate: -100 mm
Y Coordinate: -30 mm
Z Coordinate: -30 mm
Definition: Coordinates
Diagonal:
X Component: 500 mm
Y Component: 60 mm
Z Component: 60 mm
Definition: Components

This statement specifies the creation of a box named "box-1" in the XY plane, defines the
coordinates for Point 1, and sets the diagonal components according to the provided values
and then click on Generate.

Geometry: Create Sphere 1

Name: Sphere 1

Concept: Primitives

Primitive Type: Sphere

Specification:

Base Plane: XY Plane

Operation: Frozen

Origin Definition:

Type: Coordinates
 FD3 (X Coordinate): 0 mm

FD4 (Y Coordinate): 0 mm

FD5 (Z Coordinate): 0 mm

Size:

FD6 (Radius): 15 mm

Thin Surface: No

This statement specifies the creation of a sphere named "Sphere 1" using the primitive
concept in ANSYS Design Modeler. It provides details such as the base plane (XY Plane),
operation (Frozen), origin coordinates, radius, and whether it is a thin surface (in this case, set
to "No") then click on Generate.

We have two solids, for example, a box named "box-1" and a sphere named "Sphere 1," and
you want to perform a Boolean operation (e.g., union, subtraction, intersection) between them,
in our case, it is subtract.

Geometry: Named Selections

Selections:

Named Selection 1:

Name: Inlet

Geometry: Faces

Named Selection 2:

Name: Outlet

Geometry: Faces

Named Selection 3:

Name: Sphere

Geometry: Bodies

Operation:

Hide Unselected Faces: Yes

 Click on Generate.

The geometry is thoroughly inspected to ensure its accuracy, and any unnecessary features
are removed to prepare for the subsequent meshing stage. Once the geometry is finalized, it is
saved in a format compatible with ANSYS.

II. MESH
The primary objective is to discretize the geometric model into smaller elements, a process
essential for numerical simulation. The selection of an appropriate meshing method, such
as tetrahedral or hexahedral elements, is crucial and depends on the nature of the
simulation. Mesh controls are then defined to specify element sizes, inflation layers for
boundary layers, and other parameters influencing mesh quality. Physics preferences are
set to indicate the type of analysis, whether structural, fluid, or thermal. Relevance and
smoothing settings are adjusted to control mesh density and improve overall quality.
Transition and span angle parameters are set to manage the transition between different
mesh sizes and the angular resolution of the mesh. Shape checking, especially important in
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, ensures that the mesh meets predefined
quality criteria. Global mesh settings, such as the global element size and minimum edge
length, further influence the overall mesh. The actual mesh is generated based on these
settings, and its quality is inspected to ensure accuracy in representing the original
geometry.

Mesh Method: Tetrahedral

Mesh Order: First Order

Mesh: Sizing Controls

Global Element Size: 5 mm

Minimum Edge Length: 60 mm

Mesh: Physics Preference = Mechanical

Mesh: Relevance = 0

Relevance Center = Fine

Mesh: Smoothing = Medium

 Mesh: Transition = Slow

Mesh: Span Angle = Coarse

Mesh: Shape Checking = CFD

Number of Retries: 4

The finalized mesh is then exported for subsequent use in the simulation workflow. The
iterative process of verification and validation may occur, involving checks against the
original geometry and validation of mesh quality to ensure reliable simulation results.

III. SETUP AND SOLUTION

The setup of a simulation involves configuring various parameters to define the physics
and conditions of the problem.
1) Setup:
 General:
Type: Pressure-Based
Velocity Formulation: Absolute
Time: Steady
Models:

Turbulence Model: Viscous k-ɛ 2-equation

Other turbulence model parameters are set to default values.
Cell Zone Conditions:
Type: Fluid (Assuming this is for the entire domain)
Default settings for other cell zone conditions.
Material:
Fluid: Air
Density: 1.185 kg/m3
Viscosity: 1.7894×10-5 kg/m-s
Boundary Conditions:
Inlet Zone:
Type: Velocity Inlet
Velocity Magnitude: 10 m/s
Solver:
Implicit (assuming default settings)
2) Run Calculation:
Set the number of iterations to 100.
3) Calculate:
Click on the "Calculate" button to initiate the solution process.

In the ANSYS Fluent simulation setup described, the problem is configured for a pressure-
based solver with steady-state conditions. The chosen turbulence model is the Viscous k-ɛ 2-
equation model. The fluid domain is specified as air with a density of 1.185 kg/m3 and a
viscosity of 1.7894 x 10-5 kg/m-s. The simulation domain has a general fluid cell zone
condition, and a specific boundary condition is set at the inlet with a velocity magnitude of 10
m/s. The solver is set to implicit, and the calculation is run for 100 iterations, followed by
clicking on the "Calculate" button to initiate the solution process. This setup establishes the
 foundational parameters for simulating the fluid flow with the provided conditions and
properties.

IV. RESULTS
 In the post-processing environment, go to the "Display" panel.
 Under "Contours," select "Plane" as the contour type.
 Specify the plane orientation (e.g., XY, YZ, XZ) and location.
 Under "Contours," select the variable for which you want to visualize the contour
(e.g., Velocity Magnitude, Pressure). In our case, it is velocity.
 Set the range and number of contours as needed. Its value is already in default.
 Click on the "Display" button to show the contour plot on the selected plane.
 If you specifically want to visualize a wake diagram, ensure that you have selected
appropriate variables related to the wake formation, such as velocity components or
turbulence quantities.
 You may use additional options such as vectors or streamline plots to enhance the
wake visualization.
 For calculation of drag coefficient, do the following steps:

 In the Fluent interface, go to the "Solution" menu, and select "Expressions...".

 In the Expressions panel, click on "New..." to create a new expression.
 Give the expression a meaningful name (e.g., DragCoefficient).
 In the "Expression" field, enter the formula for drag coefficient.

 The exact expression for the values in this simulation will be

(2*force_x()@sphere)/(1.185*10*10*2*3.14*0.03*0.03)

The value of Drag Coefficient we get by the simulation is 0.0554067.

Since from the already available result for drag over sphere, the value of CD for V=10 m/s is
0.0627.

Thus, the error % in our CD is 13.16%.

 A lab report on
AIRFOIL ANALYSIS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH
SHRUTI SINGH - 20113066
UJJWAL KUMAR GUPTA – 20113072
VAIBHAV DEWANGAN - 20113075
SAHIL DAHAT - 20113054

PRE-ANALYSIS & START-UP:

1. Boundary Conditions Planning:
 Consider the boundary conditions before setting up the simulation.
 Plan to use a C-Mesh for simulating an airfoil in a stream.
 Define the inlet velocity at a 6-degree angle of attack, with a total magnitude of 1.
 Set the gauge pressure at the inlet to be 0.
 Assume a gauge pressure of 0 at the outlet.
 Treat the airfoil as a wall.

2. Open ANSYS Workbench:

 Launch ANSYS Workbench by going to Start > ANSYS > Workbench.
 The start-up screen will appear.

3. Toolbox Window:
 Examine the Toolbox Window on the left side of the start-up window.
 Identify and load FLUENT for the simulation by dragging and dropping it into the
Project Schematic.

4. Loading FLUENT:
 Drag and drop the Fluid Flow (FLUENT) box into the Project Schematic.
 This action prepares ANSYS for setting up a FLUENT simulation.

5. Geometry Creation:
 With FLUENT loaded into the Project Schematic, proceed to create the geometry for
the simulation.

GEOMETRY: -
1. Launch Design Modeler:
 Right-click and select Properties.
 In the Properties of Schematic A2: Geometry Window, choose Analysis Type > 3D.
 Double-click to launch the Design Modeler.
 When prompted, select Meters as the unit of measurement.
2. Airfoil Geometry:
 Go to Menu Bar > Concept > 3D Curve.
 In the Details View window, click Coordinates File, browse to the downloaded
geometry file, and click to create the curve.
 Create a surface from the curve: Concepts > Surfaces from Edges > Click on the
curve > Edges > Apply.

3. C-Mesh Domain:
 Create a coordinate system at the tail of the airfoil: Click > Type > From Coordinates
> FD11, Point X = 1 > Click to generate.
 Select the new coordinate system, then click to create a new sketch.
 Create an arc for the C-Mesh domain using the Sketching tab.
 Create the right side of the C-Mesh domain by adding a rectangle and eliminating
unnecessary lines.
 Dimension the C-Mesh domain: Assign a value of 12.5 to the arc and the vertical and
horizontal dimensions.
 Create a surface from the sketch: Concept > Surface From Sketches > Click on the
sketch > Base Objects > Apply > Operation > Add Frozen.

4. Surface Between Boundary and Airfoil:

 Create a surface between the C-Mesh domain and the airfoil: Create > Boolean >
Operation > Subtract > Select the large C-Mesh domain surface as Target Bodies and
the airfoil as Tool Body > Click Generate

5. Create Quadrants:
 Select Plane 4 in the Tree Outline Window and click .
 Open the sketching menu, select , and draw a line on the vertical axis that
intersects the entire C-Mesh.
 Trim away excess lines beyond the C-Mesh to create a vertical line.
 Go to Concepts > Lines from Sketches > Select the line > Base Objects > Apply >
Generate.
 Repeat the process for a horizontal line bisecting the geometry.
 Project the lines onto the surface: Tools > Projection > Select Edges (Ctrl + select on
the vertical line) > Apply > Select Target (C-Mesh surface) > Apply.
 Repeat the projection process for the left and right lines.
 Suppress the line bodies by right-clicking in the tree.

6. Finalization:
 Save the project.
  Close the Design Modeler as the geometry is ready for mesh creation.

MESH: -
1. Mapped Face Meshing:
 Click on Mesh in the Outline window to open the Meshing Toolbar.
 In the Meshing Toolbar, choose Mesh Control > Mapped Face Meshing.
 Use the face selection filter to select all four faces by holding the right mouse button
and dragging over the quadrants.
 In the Details View Window, select Geometry > Apply.

2. Edge Sizing:
 Apply edge sizing controls: Mesh Control > Sizing.
 Click the edge selection filter and select the four edges as shown in the figure.
 In the Details View Window, select Geometry > Apply.
 Choose Type > Number of Divisions, set the Number of Divisions to 50, and select
Behavior > Hard.
 Apply bias to the edge sizing: Bias >------ — - -, Bias Factor: 150.
 Create a new edge sizing with the same parameters for the remaining straight edges
with Bias > - - — -----. .
 Create a third edge sizing for the rounded edges, set Number of Divisions to 100, and
select Behavior > Hard.
3. Mesh Generation:
 Click Mesh > Generate to create the mesh.
 Ensure that the element sizes decrease towards the airfoil for better resolution in
complex flow areas.

4. Named Selections:
 Identify the edges for inlet, outlet, and airfoil based on the planned boundary
conditions.
 In the Outline window, select geometry for better visibility.
 Use the edge selection tool to choose the two vertical edges on the far right as outlets.
 Right-click, select Create Named Selections, and name the edges as "outlet."
 Select the edges corresponding to the inlet, right-click, and create a named selection
named "inlet."
 Choose the two edges making up the airfoil, right-click, and create a named selection
named "airfoil."
PHYSICS SET UP: -
1. Launch Fluent:
 Close the meshing window to return to the Project Outline window.
 Click to load the mesh into FLUENT.
 Double click Setup to open the Fluent Launcher Window.
 Check the box for Double Precision.
 Under Processing Options, select Parallel and set the Number of Processes to 2.

2. Select Solver:
 Click OK to launch Fluent.
 Under Problem Setup > General, select Density-Based as the solver.
3. Models and Materials:
 Under Problem Setup > Models, go to Viscous-Laminar and press Edit.
 In the Viscous Model Menu Window, select Inviscid and press OK.
 Specify fluid characteristics by going to Problem Setup > Materials > (double click)
Air.
 Set density to Constant and enter 1 kg/m^3. Click Change/Create to set the density.

4. Boundary Conditions - Inlet:

 Set boundary conditions by selecting Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions.
 Look under Zones and select Inlet.
 Ensure the boundary condition type is velocity-inlet.
 Click Edit to open the Velocity-Inlet Window.
 Select Velocity Specification Method > Components.
 Specify X-Velocity as 0.9945 m/s and Y-Velocity as 0.1045 m/s for a 6-degree angle
of attack.
 Press OK to confirm the velocity specifications.

5. Boundary Conditions - Outlet:

 Under Zones, select Outlet.
 Ensure the boundary condition type is pressure-outlet.
 Click Edit and confirm that Gauge Pressure is defaulted to 0.

6. Boundary Conditions - Airfoil:

 Under Zones, select airfoil.
 Confirm that the boundary condition type is defaulted to Wall.
 7. Reference Values:
 Acknowledge reference values by going to Problem Setup > Reference Values.
 In the Reference Values Window, select Compute From > Inlet.
 Verify that the reference values match the previously set values.

8. Finalize Setup:
 The setup is complete. Proceed to the solution phase.

NUMERICAL SOLUTION:
1. Solution Methods:
 Navigate to Solution > Solution Methods.
 Ensure that under Flow, the selection is Second Order Upwind.

2. Monitors:
 Go to Solution > Monitors.
 Under Residuals, Statistic, and Force Monitors, select Residuals - Print, Plot, and
press Edit.
 In the Residual Monitors Window, change all Absolute Criteria to 1e-6.
 3. Initial Guess:
 Set up the solution parameters by going to Solution > Solution Initialization.
 In the Solution Initialization Window, select Compute From > Inlet.
 Confirm that the values match those inputted in Step 5.
 Initialize the solution by clicking Initialize.

4. Solve:
 Once the solution is initialized, go to Solution > Run Calculation.
 Change Number of Iterations to 3000.
 Double click Calculate to start the solution.
 Wait for Fluent to converge and output the solution.

5. Post-Solution Analysis:
 After Fluent completes the calculation, review the results for convergence and
accuracy.
 Utilize post-processing tools as needed for further analysis and visualization.

NUMERICAL RESULTS: -
1. Velocity Vectors:
 Go to Results > Graphics and Animations.
 In the Graphics and Animations Window, select Vectors and click Set Up.
 Set Vectors of > Velocity, Color by > Velocity, and Velocity Magnitude.
 Press Display to visualize the velocity vectors.
2. Pressure Contours:
 Go to Results > Graphics and Animations.
 In the Graphics and Animations Window, select Contours.
 Click Set Up... to open the Contours Menu.
 Check Filled and select Contours Of > Pressure and Static Pressure.
 Press Display to view pressure contours.
3. Streamlines:
 Keep the Contours window open.
 Change Contours Of to Velocity and the box below to Stream Function.
 Set Levels to 100, uncheck Auto Range, and set Min(kg/s) to 13.11 and Max(kg/s) to
14.16.
 Press Display to visualize streamlines.

4. Pressure Coefficient:
 Click on Results > Plots to open the Plots Window.
 Under Plots, select XY Plot and click Set Up.
 Change Y-Axis Function > Pressure and the second box to Pressure Coefficient.
 Set X-Axis Function > Direction Vector and select the airfoil under Surfaces.
 Press Plot to display data, and if needed, check Write to File to save as
Pressure_Coefficient.txt.

5. Coefficients of Lift and Drag:

 Click Results > Reports to open the Reports Window.
 Under Reports, select Forces and click Set Up.
 In the Force Reports window, set Direction Vector for drag (X > .9945, Y > .1045)
and click Print.
 Change Direction Vector for lift (X > -.1045, Y > .9945) and click Print.
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION: -
1. Verification:
Mesh Refinement:
 Open the mesh and increase the Number of Divisions for Edge Sizing and Edge
Sizing 2 to 100.
 Click Mesh in the Outline window and verify in the Details window that the number
of elements is now 40000.
 Reset Setup and click in the project schematic.
 Open the solver, input the same solver and boundary conditions, and change the
number of iterations to 5000.
 Calculate force coefficients and graph the pressure coefficient.

2. Validation:
Comparison to Experimental Data:
 Compare lift and drag coefficients from the simulation to experimental data.
 Note that the drag coefficient from the inviscid model is theoretically zero.
 Validate the simulation results against experimental data for lift and drag coefficients.
Lift and Drag Coefficients:
 Experimental Lift Coefficient: 0.6315
 Experimental Drag Coefficient: 0.0122
 CFD Lift Coefficient: 0.6670
 CFD Drag Coefficient: 0.0063
Graphical Comparison:
 Examine the graph displaying the Coefficient of Pressure along the airfoil for both
experimental data and CFD simulation.
 Visualize and assess the match between CFD and experimental data.
 Acknowledge inaccuracies arising from assumptions, such as assuming inviscid flow.

Conclusion:
 Despite some inaccuracies and assumptions, the CFD simulation shows a reasonably
good match with the experimental data.
 Mesh refinement and increased iterations contribute to the verification process.
 Validation against experimental data provides confidence in the reliability of the CFD
simulation results
 SHRUTI SINGH Roll no. - 20113066 VII Semester
UJJWAL KUMAR GUPTA Roll no. - 20113072 VII Semester
VAIBHAV DEWANGAN Roll no. - 20113075 VII Semester
SAHIL DAHAT Roll no. - 20113054 VII Semester

Aim: Analysis of Flow Over Flat Plate With Rough Surface

A. Geometry Creation-
1. Create a new project in Ansys Workbench
2. Select Design Modeler Option and Select XY plane.
3. Create or import the geometry of the flat plate.Ensure that the dimensions
and units are accurate.
4. Go sketching & draw a rectangle from origin.
5. Go to dimension and give H1=20mm and V1 = 10mm
6.Then go to concept->surface from sketch, go to details and
select sketch and generate to save the geometry model.

B. Mesh Generation-
1. Open mesh and generate auto mesh by clicking generate mesh.
2. Select face meshing, go to details and select face and then click generate mesh.
3. Generate a high-quality mesh. Consider using a structured mesh near the wall and
a finer mesh in regions with expected flow gradients.
4. Pay attention to the region around the roughness elements to capture the
details of the flow.
5. Select sizing->go to details, select edges of upper and bottom edge of rectangle
including the cavity, in definition change size of elements to number of divisions and
number of divisions to 200, change behavior from soft to hard and generate.
 6. Again, select sizing and go to details->select left and right edges of rectangle, change
size of elements to number of divisions and number of divisions to 200 then generate mesh.

C. Setup
1. Open Fluent. Go to general->units and change temperature unit K->0C
2. Select model and click on axisymmetric.
3. Double click on energy and check the energy on. Then double click on viscous and select k-epsilon model.
4. Select materials, select air as fluid and aluminum as solid wall.
5. Boundary conditions: Double click on inlet and give inlet velocity 5m/s and thermal temperature 30 0C
6. Right click on Outlet and make sure it is selected pressure outlet otherwise change it to pressure outlet.
7. Define the roughness elements and their properties. Right click on centerline -> type->axis

D. Solution

1. Double click on method and change scheme from coupled to simple and change pressure, momentum, energy, turbulent dissipation rate, turbulent kinetic
energy to second order.
2. Then double click on initialization ->select standard initialization & compute from inlet and initialize.
3. Double click on run calculation, change number of iterations to 100 and run calculation.

E. Post Processing

1. Open Result Tab. Click on the contour icon, change name to pressure contour and enter.
2. Similarly create velocity contour, temperature contour.
3. Click on the vector icon, change name to velocity vector. It will generate a velocity vector.
4. Similarly, we can find out the velocity profile.
5. We can find different profiles at different coordinates.
6. Click on the location icon and click on line , change name to line 1 and enter. Then click on the Chart icon and name temperature profile and enter. In details
of temperature profile go to data series and select location line. Go to X axis and set variable to temperature and go to Y axis and set variable to Y and then apply.
It will create a temperature profile .
7.Click on the location icon and click on the line , change name to H wall and enter. In the details of H wall and apply. Then click on the Chart icon and name
Wall Shear and enter. In details of Wall shear go to the data series and select location H wall ,go to X axis and set variable to X and go to Y axis and set variable
to Wall shear and then apply. It will create a Wall shear profile.

Vaibhav Sawant - 20113057 Suchit Kukna - 20113068

Shreyash Amrutam - 20113060 Sudhanshu Khamble - 20113069
Data used- Data used-
1. Length of Plate = 20mm, Breadth of Plate = 10mm and 1. Length of pipe = 20mm, Diameter = 10mm and
2. Setup- 2. Setup-
● 2D space = Axisymmetric ● 2D space = Axisymmetric
● Model = Energy and k-epsilon ● Model = Energy and k-epsilon
● Fluid = Air, Solid = Aluminum ● Fluid = Air, Solid = Aluminum
3. Boundary conditions- 3. Boundary conditions-
● Centreline = Type->Axis ● Centreline = Type->Axis
● Inlet Velocity - 5m/s ● Inlet Velocity - 5m/s
● Roughness factor = 0.7 ● Roughness factor = 0.7
● Outlet = Type->Pressure outlet ● Outlet = Type->Pressure outlet
● Pressure = 14.829985 Pa ● Pressure = 14.829985 Pa
● Velocity Magnitude = 4.8777616 m/s ● Velocity Magnitude = 4.8777616 m/s
4. Method = Scheme->Simple 4. Method = Scheme->Simple
5. Initialization = Standard
5.Initialization = Standard
Pressure Contour
Static Pressure Contour
Velocity Vector
Wall Shear
Skin Friction Coefficient Scaled Residues
 SHRUTI SINGH Roll no. - 20113066 VII Semester
UJJWAL KUMAR GUPTA Roll no. - 20113072 VII Semester
VAIBHAV DEWANGAN Roll no. - 20113075 VII Semester
SAHIL DAHAT Roll no. - 20113054 VII Semester

Aim: Analysis of Flow of Fluid through pipe with heated and cooling section

A. Geometry Creation-
1. Open design Modeler. Select XY plane.
2. Go to sketching & draw rectangle from origin.
3. Go to modify and select split. Click two points on upper side
of rectangle and same for the bottom side. It will create 3
sections in upper and bottom line.
4. Go to constraints and select equal length and click middle
section of upper and bottom side rectangle.
5. Go to dimension and give H1=100mm, H2=100mm,
H3=100mm AND V4=10mm.
6. Then go to concept->surface from sketch, go to details and select sketch and generate.

B. Mesh Generation-
1. Open mesh and generate auto mesh by clicking generate mesh.
2. Select face meshing, go to details and select face and then click generate mesh.
3. Select sizing->go to details, select edges of upper and bottom edge of rectangle (6 Edges), in definition change size of elements to number of divisions and
number of divisions to 100, change behaviour from soft to hard and generate.
4. Again select sizing and go to details->select left and right edges of rectangle, change size of elements to number of divisions and number of divisions to 50.
 Then go to bias type and select appropriate bias because we need fine mesh at wall to analyze the temperature , pressure and velocity variation with temperature
change. Set bias factor 150. Then click on reverse bias-> select right edge of rectangle ang apply. Then generate mesh.

5. Name selection-

Select left edge of rectangle and right click on mouse, go to name selection and give Inlet.
Similarly select right edge and give name Outlet. Select Bottom edges of rectangle and name Centerline. Select left section of upper edge of rectangle and
name Wall, similarly select middle section and name heated wall and right section to cooling wall. Then generate mesh.
C. Setup
1. Open Fluent. Go to general->units and change temperature unit K->0C
2. Select model and click on axisymmetric.
3. Double click on energy and check the energy on. Then double click on viscous and select k-epsilon model.
4. Select materials, select air as fluid and aluminum as solid wall.
5. Boundary conditions: Double click on inlet and give inlet velocity 20m/s and thermal temperature 30 0C
6. Right click on Outlet and make sure it is selected pressure outlet otherwise change it to pressure outlet.
7. Right click on centerline -> type->axis
8. Select cooling wall-> Temperature ->give temperature 200C
9. Select Heated wall-> Temperature ->give temperature 800C

D. Solution

1. Double click on method and change scheme from coupled to simple and change pressure, momentum, energy, turbulent dissipation rate, turbulent kinetic
energy to second order.

2. Then double click on initialization ->select standard initialization & compute from inlet and initialize.

3. Double click on run calculation, change number of iterations to 500 and run calculation.
E. Post Processing

1. Open Result Tab. Click on contour icon, change name to pressure contour and enter. Go to details and select location to periodic1 and variable to pressure
and number of contours to 200. And then apply. It will show pressure contour.

2. similarly create velocity contour, temperature contour.

3. Click on vector icon, change name to velocity vector ->location- Periodic1 & sampling -vertex, change symbol to 0.05 and apply. It will generate velocity
vector.

4. Click on location icon and click on line , change name to line 1 and enter. In details of line 1 give co-ordinate P1(0.25,0,0) and P2(0.25,0.01,0) and apply. Then
click on Chart icon and name temperature profile and enter. In details of temperature profile go to data series and select location line 1 ,go to X axis and set
variable to temperature and go to Y axis and set variable to Y and then apply. It will create temperature profile .

5. Similarly, we can find out velocity profile.

6. Click on location icon and click on line , change name to H wall and enter. In details of H wall give co-ordinate P1(0,0.01,0) and P2(0.3,0.01,0) and apply.
Then click on Chart icon and name Wall Shear and enter. In details of Wall shear go to data series and select location H wall ,go to X axis and set variable
to X and go to Y axis and set variable to Wall shear and then apply. It will create Wall shear profile.
7. Click on Chart icon and name Wall Temperature and enter. In details of Wall temperature go to data series and select location H wall ,go to X axis and set
variable to X and go to Y axis and set variable to Wall temperature and then apply. It will create Wall Temperature profile.
8. Click on location icon and click on line , change name to centerline and enter. In details of centerline give co-ordinate P1(0,0,0) and P2(0.3,0,0) and apply.
Then click on Chart icon and name Graph of Temperature along Centerline and enter. In details of Graph of Temperature along Centerline go to data
series and select location centerline ,go to X axis and set variable to X and go to Y axis and set variable to Temperature and then apply. It will create Wall
shear profile.
9. we can find different profiles at different co-ordinates.
 Mahendra Kumar Behra - 20113034 Gagan Chaudhary
Data used- Data used-
1. Length of pipe=300mm, Diameter=20mm 1. Length of pipe=300mm, Diameter=20mm
100mm – Normal wall+100mm- Heated wall+100mm-Cooling Wall 100mm – Normal wall+100mm- Heated wall+100mm-Cooling Wall
2. Setup- 2. Setup-
 2D space = Axisymmetric  2D space = Axisymmetric
 Model = Energy and k-epsilon  Model = Energy and k-omega
 Fluid = Air, Solid = Aluminum  Fluid = Air, Solid = Aluminum
3. Boundary conditions- 3. Boundary conditions-
 Centreline = Type->Axis  Centreline = Type->Axis
 Inlet = Velocity-20m/s and Temperature-300C  Inlet = Velocity-20m/s and Temperature-300C
 Outlet = Type->Pressure outlet  Outlet = Type->Pressure outlet
 Heated wall Temperature = 800C  Heated wall Temperature = 800C
 Cooling wall temperature = 200C  Cooling wall temperature = 200C
4. Method = Scheme->Simple 4. Method = Scheme->Coupled
5. Initialization = Standard 5. Initialization = Hybrid
Temperature Contour
Velocity Contour
Pressure contour
Velocity vector