This document discusses various mechanical systems used in buildings, focusing on vertical transportation systems like elevators and escalators. It provides details on:
1) The major components of electric and hydraulic elevators, including the car, guide rails, machine room, and control panel.
2) Other vertical transportation systems like dumbwaiters and conveyor belts.
3) The major parts of escalators including the truss, sprocket assemblies, and handrails.
4) Additional mechanical systems like HVAC and guidelines for escalator inclination angles.
This document discusses various mechanical systems used in buildings, focusing on vertical transportation systems like elevators and escalators. It provides details on:
1) The major components of electric and hydraulic elevators, including the car, guide rails, machine room, and control panel.
2) Other vertical transportation systems like dumbwaiters and conveyor belts.
3) The major parts of escalators including the truss, sprocket assemblies, and handrails.
4) Additional mechanical systems like HVAC and guidelines for escalator inclination angles.
This document discusses various mechanical systems used in buildings, focusing on vertical transportation systems like elevators and escalators. It provides details on:
1) The major components of electric and hydraulic elevators, including the car, guide rails, machine room, and control panel.
2) Other vertical transportation systems like dumbwaiters and conveyor belts.
3) The major parts of escalators including the truss, sprocket assemblies, and handrails.
4) Additional mechanical systems like HVAC and guidelines for escalator inclination angles.
This document discusses various mechanical systems used in buildings, focusing on vertical transportation systems like elevators and escalators. It provides details on:
1) The major components of electric and hydraulic elevators, including the car, guide rails, machine room, and control panel.
2) Other vertical transportation systems like dumbwaiters and conveyor belts.
3) The major parts of escalators including the truss, sprocket assemblies, and handrails.
4) Additional mechanical systems like HVAC and guidelines for escalator inclination angles.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL EQUIPMENTS OF BUILDING ELECTRIC ELEVATOR OTHER PARTS References: PSME Handbook, National Building Code Rule 10 Graphics Standards, Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching 1) Control Panel – electrical panel; controller 2) Motor Generators (Motor Control); Generator Field Control A.) VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSPORTATION 1. ELEVATOR (Electric & Hydraulic) – Dumbwaiter, Freight Elevator Governs acceleration, speed, retardation, stopping of elevator Electric Elevator – cable; tall buildings / DC motor operated 3) Guide Shoes / Guide Rail Hydraulic Elevator – plunger; antennaeic / movable rod; 4) Compensating Chain – welded-link chain for hoist rope weight compensation Up to 5-10 Storeys 5) Buffer – stops descending car or counterweights 2. ESCALATORS (Crisscross, Parallel) beyond normal limit of travel; placed at the pit 3. CONVEYORS (Moving Ramp, Moving Walk) Spring Buffer (Plunger) or Oil Buffer (usually for electric elevator)
B.) (HVAC) HEATING, VENTILATING, & AIR CONDITIONING 6) Governor – mechanical speed control mechanism 1. (WACU) WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING UNIT 7) Secondary Sheave – pulley on a gearless machine 2. SPLIT & MULTI-SPLIT TYPE 8) Safety – large clamp; anchors the car to the building 3. CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING ELISHA OTIS – Inventor of the SAFETY ELEVATOR 9) Limit Switches ELEVATORS – hoisting mechanism 10) Operating Device Two Types: ELECTRIC ELEVATOR – cable; tall buildings/DC motor operated HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR – plunger; (antennaeic/movable rod) HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR MAJOR PARTS 1. Car/Cab ELECTRIC ELEVATOR TRACTION MACHINES 2. Plunger – inside movable part of a hydraulic jack 1. Gearless Traction Machine – spun and worm; high-rise buildings 3. Spring Buffer – elev. w/ speed less than 200 fpm 2. Geared Traction Machine – gear and worm; mid-rise buildings 4. Guide Shoes – guide car along rails 5. Guide Rails ELECTRIC ELEVATOR MAJOR PARTS (DK Ching Reference) 6. Shaft / Hoistway 1. Car/Cab – load carrying unit 7. Elevator Machine Room 8. Elevator Pit 2. Cable – rope; 4 - 6 in no. (NBCP Local Reference) 9. Control System 3. Drive Machine – power unit 4. Counterweights – balances the weight / 40% of capacity load (NBCP) HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR OTHER PARTS 5. Guide Rail – bracket 1. Floor Stop & Limit Switch 6. Shaft / Hoistway – hatchway / hatch; sheer wall 2. Creepage & Leveling Car Switch 7. Penthouse – machine room above hoistway, at rooftop / topmost part 3. Car Gate Switch 8. Elevator Pit – from sill level of the lowest landing; 0.60m NBCP 4. Gate Valve 9. Control Equipment – electrical panel 5. Controller 6. Motor & Pump with Tank
Page 1 of 5 BUILDING UTILITIES MECHANICAL SYSTEMS MACHINE ROOM-LESS ELEVATOR – permanent magnet synchronous gearless ESCALATOR (assembled on site) drive unit is installed inside of the shaft MAJOR PARTS 1. TRUSS – welded steel frame; roughing-in for installation DUMBWAITER – Used for Light Cargo ; 1.2m in height (0.6 x 0.6 x 1.2) 2. SPROCKET ASSEMBLIES – wheels that drive / turn the steps (Usually used for Restaurants, Mall, and Hotel Kitchens) 3. DRIVING MACHINES – at upper part to pull than push Electric hydraulic or electric cable 4. BALLUSTRADE ASSEMBLY – tempered glass component Capacity up to 500 lbs 5. HANDRAILS Platform up to 9 square feet 6. ENDLESS BELT ASSIGNMENT Self-Maintained controls, call & send Stainless steel cab OTHER PARTS Cab in use light 1. Tracks Minimum frame constructions (frame requires anchoring) utilizes less floor 2. Emergency Brake space 3. Controller 4. Emergency Stop Button Safety Features 5. Key Operated Control Switches Falling platform safety device Side thrust rollers ARRANGEMENT
Over travel safety stops 1. Crisscross (more efficient; space saving)
Slack cable limit switch (cable unit) 2. Parallel (cons: takes space at stairwell)
Commercial Term: FREIGHT ELEVATOR – Cargo Lift ; for heavy / bulky cargo lift MOVING WALK – Walkalator bigger than dumbwaiter MOVING RAMP – Travelator Can be a service elevator for Hospital (for stretchers, food delivery, etc.)
Note: CONVEYOR Brushes are pitched downward (e.g. Bucket Conveyor to transport books – library from floor to floor) to discourage the retention of liquids and other contaminants along ESCALATOR the brush surface RULE OF THUMB: Angle of Inclination of an Escalator not for cleaning shoes!
Shall not exceed 30 degrees (NBCP, Sec. 1302)
32 “ wide – 90 ft. / min. (Normal) 48 “ wide – 120 ft. / min. (Rush Hours)
Page 2 of 5 BUILDING UTILITIES MECHANICAL SYSTEMS WACU and SPLIT TYPE AIR CONDITION PARTS OF A SPLIT TYPE AIR CONDITIONER (1 UNIT OUTSIDE: 1 UNIT INSIDE) TYPES OF AC: INSIDE UNIT 1. AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) 1) (WACU) Window Air Conditioning Unit CEILING MOUNTED Thru the wall; on top of a wall / 2.10m CASSETTE TYPE FREE STANDING (PACKAGED TYPE) 2) Split Type / Multi-Split – Floor mounted (Cassette / Ceiling Type; Wall-Mounted Type; Freestanding / Floor-Mounted Type) WALL MOUNTED
Condenser or (ACCU) Air Cooled Condensing Unit OUTSIDE UNIT 2. AIR COOLED CONDENSING UNIT (ACCU) Evaporator (AHU) Air Handling Unit PARTS OF A MULTI- SPLIT TYPE AIR CONDITIONER 3) Centralized (1 UNIT OUTSIDE: SEVERAL UNITS INSIDE) Mechanical Room – Chiller INSIDE UNIT 1. AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU) AHU Room / (FCU) Fan Coil Unit / Ducts CEILING MOUNTED Roof Deck – Cooling tower CASSETTE TYPE FREE STANDING (PACKAGED TYPE) – Floor mounted PASSIVE COOLING – natural ventilation / 2.70m – floor to ceiling height WALL MOUNTED ACTIVE COOLING – artificial ventilation / 2.40m – floor to ceiling height FAN COIL UNIT (if TDL exceeds 3.00m)
OUTSIDE UNIT 2. TONNER
PARTS OF A WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER More efficient Back-to-back; Maximum total develop length of Copper Tubing from outside unit to inside unit is not more than 3 meters INSIDE PARTS 1. EVAPORATOR COIL (DISCHARGE LINE) 2. BLOWER OUTSIDE PARTS 1. CONDENSER COIL (LIQUID LINE) 2. FAN 3. EXPANSION VALVE 4. COMPRESSOR 5. REFRIGERANT (FREON)
HOW WACU WORKS
Turn on WACU > Exhaust Fan Speeds Up > Hot air passes through the Condenser Coil with Hot Refrigerant or Liquid Freon > Liquid Freon turns into a gaseous state > to Compressor > Hot gas to Expansion Valve to cool gas > > gas to Evaporator Coil > to Blower > Turn off WACU > gas Freon returns to Liquid State > Repeat Cycle (Refrigeration Cycle)
Page 3 of 5 BUILDING UTILITIES MECHANICAL SYSTEMS VAV, CAV and CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING Variable Air Volume (VAV) vs. Constant Air Volume (CAV) Requires the Following: Mechanical Room – at bottom where chiller / condenser is located Variable Air Volume (VAV) Constant Air Volume (CAV) Roof Deck with Cooling Tower – heat removal device placed at rooftop
EACH Room temperature has & Room temperature cannot be controlled CAC How it Works: is controlled by a thermostat Thermostat is at mechanism Cooling Tower (Needs High-Pressure Air) > located at higher elevation > one room is independent of the Constant Air Volume Liquid Freon turns to gaseous state (becomes cooled gas) via Chiller (large condenser) other Multi-Split / Split-Type ACU > AHUs collects and distributes the cooled gas to each room via duct system to Ceiling Ducting, tubing Ductwork Register (or vents) > Indoor heat (hot air) goes is exhausted by Wall Register > Cooling Tower from rooftop collects and removes the indoor heat > Cycle repeats Tonner (outside unit) Cooling Tower (roof deck) Cassette, Ceiling Mounted, Flue Pipe – duct pipe that vents, or exhausts, gases from inside the building to the outside Air Handling Units, (FCU) Fan Coil Wall Mounted, Floor Mounted Removes and ventilates harmful byproducts of the combusted, or burned, fuel from Units, Ceiling Registers, Wall Registers (inside unit) inside building Used for smaller establishments Used on larger facility FLUE for KITCHEN and COMFORT ROOMS Hot air rises > Hood with fan (e.g. Kitchen) or Exhaust Fan (e.g. Restrooms) > exhausts the hot air and smoke to outside
AIR CURTAIN – placed on top of a door and acts as a barrier from pollution, insects and keeps cool air inside the establishment being served
Page 4 of 5 BUILDING UTILITIES MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ASSIGNMENT No. 1 ELEVATORS 1. Components of an Electric Elevator RESEARCH No. 2 Structural Components and Installation of an Escalator
2. Components of a Hydraulic Elevator ASSIGNMENT No. 4: VAV, CAV and CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING
Difference between Variable Air Volume (VAV) and Constant Air Volume (CAV)
3. Types of Elevator Traction Machines
How does Centralized Conditioning Works?
RESEARCH No. 1 RESEARCH No. 4
Elevator System of High-Rise Building (Burj Khalifa, Dubai) Type of Air Conditioning applicable for Hotels and Hospitals
