Copyright © 2016 Pearson 11- 1

Section 1: The Challenge of Entrepreneurship

The Foundations
of Entrepreneurship

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❖ Define the role of the entrepreneur in
business in the United States and around the
world.
❖ Describe the entrepreneurial profile.
❖ Describe the benefits of entrepreneurship.
❖ Describe the drawbacks of entrepreneurship.
❖ Explain the forces that are driving the growth
of entrepreneurship.

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 (continued)

❖ Explain the cultural diversity of

entrepreneurship.
❖ Describe the important role that small
businesses play in our nation’s economy.
❖ Put failure into the proper perspective.
❖ Explain how an entrepreneur can avoid
becoming another failure statistic.

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Entrepreneurship
The process of designing, launching and running a
new business, which typically begins as a small
business, such as a startup company, offering a product,
process or service for sale or hire

Creativity:
Something new and somehow valuable is formed.
The created item may be intangible such as an
idea, a scientific theory, ….

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❖Every month U.S. entrepreneurs launch
514,000 new businesses (One reason the U.S.
economy has been so successful over time ).
❖Entrepreneurial spirit - the most significant
economic development in recent history.
❖GEM study: 12.7% (one in eight people) of adult
population in the United States is actively
involved in trying to start a new business.

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❖The Total Entrepreneurial Activity Index (TEA index) is the
sum of the number of persons starting a business (starting
entrepreneurs) and the number of owners of businesses that
were established less than 3.5 years before the reference date
(young entrepreneurs), as a percentage of the labor force.

❖The TEA is an index for the degree of new entrepreneurship

by country and is calculated as the percentage of people who
undertake such activities in comparison to the labor force
(population aged 18-64 years)

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❖Factor-driven economy:
Countries compete primarily on the use of
unskilled labor and natural resources and
companies compete on the basis of price as they
buy and sell basic products or commodities.

Examples: Egypt, Algeria, Palestine, Pakistan

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❖Efficiency-driven economy:
Growth is based on the development of more
efficient production processes and increased
product quality.
Examples: Croatia, Brazil, China, Russia, Tunisia

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❖Innovation-driven economy:

Companies compete by producing and delivering

new and different products and services by using
the most sophisticated processes.
Examples: USA, United Kingdom, Japan,
Republic of Korea.

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❖Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study:
❖Men are twice as likely to start a business as
women.
❖Entrepreneurs are most likely to launch
businesses when they are between the ages of
35 and 44.
❖Most people see entrepreneurial activity as a
good career choice.

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❖Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
(GEM):
➢A global study conducted by a consortium of
universities
➢It aims to analyze the level of
entrepreneurship occurring in a wide basket of
countries.
➢It measures entrepreneurship through both
surveys and interviews to field experts ,
conducted by the teams of each country.

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❖Entrepreneur:
❖One who creates a new business in the face of
risk and uncertainty for the purpose of
achieving profit and growth by identifying
opportunities and assembling the necessary
resources to capitalize on them.

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❖ Desire for ❖ High level of energy
responsibility ❖ Future orientation
❖ Preference for ❖ Opportunity
moderate levels of entrepreneurs
risk: risk eliminators
❖ Necessity
❖ Self-reliance entrepreneurs
❖ Confidence in their ❖ Serial entrepreneurs
ability to succeed
❖ Skilled at organizing
❖ Determination
❖ Value achievement over
❖ Desire for immediate
money
feedback

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✓Opportunity entrepreneurs: start
businesses because they spot an opportunity in
the marketplace.
✓ Necessity entrepreneurs: start businesses
because they cannot find work any other way.
✓Serial entrepreneurs: repeatedly start
businesses and grow them to a sustainable size
before striking out again.

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❖ Entrepreneurs tend to exhibit:
❖ A high degree of commitment
❖ Tolerance for ambiguity (‫)غموض‬
❖ Creativity
❖ Flexibility
❖ Resourcefulness
Bootstrapping is a strategy that involves conserving
money and cutting costs during start-up so that
entrepreneurs can pour every available dollar into their
businesses
❖ A willingness to work hard
❖ Tenacity (‫)االصرار والعناد‬ 1 - 19
 ‫الشغف‬

‫المرونة‬
‫االستباقية‬
‫متصلب الرأي‬

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❖ One characteristic of entrepreneurs stands
out: diversity!

❖ Anyone – regardless of age, race, gender,

color, national origin, or any other
characteristic – can become an
entrepreneur (although not everyone
should).

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❖ The opportunity to:
❖ Create your own destiny (‫)المستقبل‬.
❖ Make a difference.
❖ Reach your full potential.
❖ Reap (‫ )يجني‬impressive profits.
❖ Contribute to society and to be recognized
for your efforts.
❖ Do what you enjoy and to have fun at it.

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❖ Uncertainty of income
The entrepreneur is the last one to be paid,
as employees must be paid first
❖ Risk of losing your entire investment
❖ Long hours and hard work
❖ Lower quality of life until the business gets
established
❖ High levels of stress

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 (continued from 1-16)

❖ Uncertainty of income
❖ Risk of losing your entire investment
❖ Long hours and hard work
❖ Lower quality of life until the business gets
established
❖ High levels of stress
❖ Complete responsibility
❖ Discouragement

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✓ Some of the most significant factors that have
led to this age of entrepreneurship include:
❖ Entrepreneurs as heroes (as model to follow)
❖ Entrepreneurial education
Universities and colleges should include it in
course study

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❖ Demographic and economic factors
✓ Many people start their business in age of 24-
44.
✓ Economic growth that spanned most of the 80s
created significant amount of wealth among
people of this age group and many business
opportunities

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❖ Shift to a service economy
In US service sector (low start-up cost) produce
80% of the jobs and 64% of GDP (Gross
Domestic Product)
GDP:
a monetary measure of the market value of all final
goods and services produced in a period
(quarterly or yearly). Used to determine the
economic performance of a whole country or
region, and to make international comparisons.
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❖ Technology advancements
Technology has changed the ways to do business,
such as computers, voice mail, e-commerce,
fax,…..

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❖ Independent lifestyle

❖ The Internet (www), cloud computing, and

mobile marketing

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Cloud computing:

Internet-based subscription or pay-per-use

software services that allow business owners to
use a variety of business applications, from
database management and inventory control to
customer relationship management and
accounting

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 (continued from 1-19)

❖ Entrepreneurs as heroes
❖ Entrepreneurial education
❖ Demographic and economic factors
❖ Shift to a service economy
❖ Technology advancements
❖ Independent lifestyle
❖ The Internet, cloud computing, and mobile
marketing
❖ International opportunities

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❖Young entrepreneurs
❖Women entrepreneurs

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 (continued from 1-22)

❖Young entrepreneurs
❖Women entrepreneurs
❖Minority-owned enterprises

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 (continued from 1-24)

❖Young entrepreneurs
❖Women entrepreneurs
❖Minority-owned enterprises
❖Immigrant entrepreneurs
❖Part-time entrepreneurs

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 (continued)

❖Home-based businesses
❖Family businesses
❖Copreneurs
entrepreneurial couples who work together as co-
owners of their businesses.
❖Corporate castoffs
❖Corporate dropouts
❖Retiring baby boomers
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❖Corporate castoffs:
Those individuals who are unemployed and are
highly educated and skilled, and had corporate
executive jobs.

❖Corporate dropouts:
Executives who leave the corporate to pursue their
own dreams and aspirations by starting their
own businesses.

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❖Retiring baby boomers
Baby boomer is a group of people who were born
between 1946 and 1964.
Labeled so because during this period of time ,
there was a statistically significant increase in
the number of births that occurred.
During the 22-year period , 76.4 million people
were born (one quarter of US population)

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❖ Small businesses (employs less than 100
people).
Capital: in Jordan defined that business with a
capital less than 25-30JD
❖ Make up 99.7% of the 27.8 million businesses
in the United States
❖ Employ 49.2% of the nation’s private sector
workforce
❖ Create more jobs than big businesses
❖ Created 64% of net new jobs over the last
decade
❖ 5% of small companies create 67% of net
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❖Gazelles are small companies that are growing
at 20 percent or more per year with at least
$100,000 in annual sales; they create 70 percent
of net new jobs in the economy

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 (continued from 1-29)
❖Small businesses:
❖Produce 46% of the nation’s private GDP.
❖Account for 47% of business sales.
❖Create 16 times more patents per employees
than large companies.
❖Zipper, light bulb, FM radio, laser, air
conditioning, escalator, personal computer,
automatic transmission, and many more!

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❖Entrepreneurs are not paralyzed by the
prospect of failure.
❖Failure: a natural part of the creative process.
❖Successful entrepreneurs learn to fail
intelligently.

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❖Know your business in depth
❖Build a viable business model – and test it
❖Develop a solid business plan
❖Understand financial statements
❖Manage financial resources
❖Learn to manage people effectively
❖Set your business apart from the competition
❖Maintain a positive attitude

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❖The Ten Deadly Mistakes of Entrepreneurship:
1. Management mistakes
2. Lack of experience
3. Poor financial control
4. Weak marketing efforts
5. Failure to develop a strategic plan

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6. Uncontrolled growth
7. Poor location
8. Improper inventory control
9. Incorrect pricing
10. Inability to make the “entrepreneurial
transition”

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❖Entrepreneurs:
❖Are an important part of the free enterprise
system
❖Are a diverse and talented group of people
❖Represent a cross-section of society as a
whole
❖Are able to enhance the profitability of
their businesses through acquiring
additional knowledge and experience

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