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Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Schools Division of Iloilo
BALASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Balasan, Iloilo
SELF- LEARNING MODULE FOR
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
(VI. FORCES AND NEWTON’S LAWS
OF MOTION)
Grade Level: 12
Specialized Subject for STEM
First Semester (Week 6)
Learning Competencies;
1. define what is a force and recognize its types.
2. Identify action-reaction pairs and draw free-body diagrams
3. Apply Newton’s 1st law to obtain quantitative and qualitative conclusions
about the contact and noncontact forces acting on a body in equilibrium
4. Differentiate the properties of static friction and kinetic friction
5. Apply Newton’s 2nd law and kinematics to obtain quantitative and
qualitative conclusions about the velocity and acceleration of one or more
bodies.
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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before you start answering this module, please set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives
of this kit. Have fun!
1. Use this module with care. Read with understanding the contents of this module and
follow carefully all the instructions indicated in every page of this module.
2. Do not write anything on your module. Write on your notebook the concepts about the
lessons. Writing enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module (write your answer in your answer sheet
– one whole sheet of paper which your teacher facilitator will gather every week). Ask the
teacher if there are concepts which are confusing to you.
4. BE HONEST, answer the questions and activities by yourself, with the help of your
parent/guardian and your subject teacher, but PLEASE DON’T JUST COPY PASTE THE
WORK OF YOUR CLASSMATES – THIS IS FOR YOUR OWN GOOD. Analyze conceptually the
assessment and apply what you have learned.
5. Make your own summary and reflection about the lessons that you have learned in this
module.
PP Parts of the Module
I. INTRODUCTION - This section will give you a background and an overview of the
lesson.
II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES - these are the target objectives that you will be able to
know after completing the lessons in the module.
II.a. Materials – list the needed things if there are any.
III. KEYWORDS- these provide the definitions ofimportant or foreign words which might
not be familiar to you.
IV. REVIEW - this section will measure what learnings and skills have you understand
from theprevious lessons.
V. PRE-ACTIVITY- this is a short activity or questions which will also serve as a
springboard or motivation for the new topic to be discussed.
VI. CONTENT LECTURES (WITH EXERCISES) – these contain the important concepts
which you must learn, with examples and exercises, answer the questions and
exercises with this symbol (copy the title first of the topic/exercise and
answer these in your answer sheet - for you to practice and apply
if you have grasped the lesson.
VII. ASSESSMENT – this will test what you have learned in the lesson. ANSWER THIS
INDEPENDENTLY AND HONESTLY.
VIII. SUMMARY AND REFLECTION – you will be the one who will summarize the lesson.
This will help you to remember what you have learned in this module, write this
in your notebook which your subject teacher will check later.
IX. ENRICHMENT – this is additional task, notes or information that you can use.
X. REFERENCES – list the different books or websites used by your teacher in doing this
module
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VI. FORCES AND NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
OF MOTION
I. INTRODUCTION:
The motion of objects can be described precisely in terms of their distance travelled,
displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration. However what actually makes a body move? Can
we predict the motion of objects? What do you do if you are asked to move a heavy box across the
floor? From our everyday experience, a force is needed.
II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES
At the end of this module you must be able to:
1. define what is a force and recognize its types.
2. Identify action-reaction pairs and draw free-body diagrams
3. Apply Newton’s 1st law to obtain quantitative and qualitative conclusions about
the contact and noncontact forces acting on a body in equilibrium
4. Differentiate the properties of static friction and kinetic friction
5. Apply Newton’s 2nd law and kinematics to obtain quantitative and qualitative
conclusions about the velocity and acceleration of one or more bodies.
Materials needed: glass, 5 peso coin, ½ index card and calculator
III. KEYWORDS
Dyne - the unit used to express force if the mass is in grams (g) and acceleration is in cm/s2.
Free-body diagram- a graphical illustration used to visualize the applied forces,
moments and resulting reactions on a body in a given condition
Friction – a force that works against, and thus impedes all motion.
Inertia – the tendency of an object to persist in its state of rest or of uniform motion in
a straight line.
Non-contact Force— refers to forces that exist between interacting bodies which are
NOT physically in contact with each other. It is also called an Action-at-a-Distance
Forces.
Normal force (N)– the force that acts upward on an object that is always perpendicular
or normal to the surface in contact with the object.
IV. REVIEW
Whenever you are asked, if what is a force,
most of you will answer, it is either a push or pull.
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A force is “a push” or “a pull” exerted on an
object. How about, the types of forces?
V. PRE-ACTIVITY
Activity 1: Fundamental Forces of Nature
Matching Type: Match column A with Column B, write the letter only.
Column A Column B
1.) Strong Nuclear force a. Force that binds the atoms
2. Weak Nuclear force b. force that binds the solar system
3. Electromagnetic force c. Binds the nucleus
4. Gravitational Force d. the force in radioactive decay
Activity 2: TRY THIS!
Follow this set-up; put the index card on top of the glass and put the coin on top of the
card (make sure that the coin is at the center of the card). Then pull the card quickly and explain
what will happen (5pts).
VI. CONTENT LECTURES with EXERCISES
Definition of Force
- A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with
another object. Forces exist when two or more objects interact (physicsclassroom.com).
- It is a vector quantitative measure of interaction between two bodies. Its standard unit is
𝐦
Newton (N or kg𝐬𝟐 . (Young & Freedman, 2013). Another unit used for force is dyne - the unit used
𝐜𝐦
to express force if the mass is in grams (g) and acceleration is in cm/s2, thus 1 dyne = 1g .
𝐬𝟐
Categories of Force
A. Contact Forces— refer to forces that exist between interacting bodies which are
physically in contact with each other. Some examples of these forces are friction,
tension, spring, normal force, and applied forces.
B. Non-contact Force— refers to
forces that exist between interacting
bodies which are NOT physically in contact
with each other. It is also called an Action-
at-a-Distance Forces. Some examples of
these forces are pull of gravity,
electromagnetic forces, and nuclear
forces.
How about
balanced forces?
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On the other hand, if the forces applied in a body or object are not balanced, then the
object will move in the direction of the greater force.
Weight - the force acting downward due to
an object’s mass and gravity.
W= mg
Recall the difference between mass and
weight, your mass is constant anywhere you go, but
your weight varies depending on your location,
because it is affected by gravity.
Did you know that your weight decreases as
you go to higher altitude? And thus you become
weightless when you go to the outerspace where
you’re not affected by the earth’s gravity anymore.
Normal force(N)– the force that acts upward on an object that is always perpendicular or normal
to the surface in contact with the object.
Friction – a force that works against, and
impedes all motion.
Types of Friction:
Static Friction – friction that prevents an object
from moving.
Kinetic Friction – friction that exists when an
object is in motion. (Ex. Sliding and rolling friction)
Coefficient of friction– a unitless number, ranging
from 0.01 to 0.99, which measures the degree of how a surface affects the motion of
objects in contact with it.
A low value indicates a smooth contact between the object and the surface, meaning less
friction, while a large value is assigned for rougher surfaces.
𝒇
μ=
𝑵
where: μ=coefficient of
friction
𝒇 = frictional force
𝑵 = normal force
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COEFFICIENTS OF FRICTION
Materials Coefficient of Static Friction Coefficient of KInetic Friction
Μs μk
Glass on glass 0.94 0.4
Steel on steel 0.58 0.3
Wood on wood 0.5 0.2
Rubber tire on dry concrete 1.0 0.7
Rubber tire on wet concrete 0.7 0.5
Human joints 0.01 0.01
Copper on glass 0.68 0.53
TENSION – a force that is present in ropes, strings, cables and other similar materials.
In dealing with tension, we will assume the following:
a. The ropes, strings, and cables are considered massless.
b. The tension is the same for the entire rope.
The forces acting on an object can be identified by drawing a free-body diagram (FBD)- a
graphical illustration used to visualize the applied forces, moments and resulting reactions on a
body in a given condition. Here are the steps in drawing a FBD:
1. Represent the object by a dot.
2. Draw all the forces acting on the object using the arrows with their tails starting on the
dot.
3. Label each arrow to indicate the
type of force it represents.
4. If the force acts at an angle, label
the angle with respect to the x-or y-axis.
The net force is the vector sum of
all the forces acting on an object or a
system.
Examples:
1. Draw the free-body diagram for
each item. Then find the net force on each body.
a. An apple with a 1.5-N weight rests on a table that exerts a normal
force of 1.5 N.
N = 1.5 N
W = 1.5N
b. A 100-N box is pulled by a rope with strength of 200 N at an angle of300 across a
surface with a 5-N frictional force. The surface exerts an 80 N normal force.
N= 80 N 200 N
300
W= 100N f= 5N
2. Find the weight of a 5.0 kg cement block.
𝐦
Given: m =5.0 kg g = 9.8
𝐬𝟐
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W=?
Sol’n: W = mg
𝐦
= 5.0 kg (9.8 )
𝐬𝟐
𝐦
W = 49 kg 𝟐or 49 N
𝐬
3. If a force of 160 N is needed to push an 800 N cargo on the floor, what is the
coefficient of friction?
Given: f = 160 N N = 800 N
μ =?
𝒇
Sol’n: μ =
𝑵
𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝑵
= 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑵
μ = 0.2
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EXERCISES on Weight, FBD and Friction:
Answer the following problems. Show your solution (write the given, unknown, formula
and encircle your final answer with unit).
𝒎
1. Find the mass of 980- N object. Where: 1 N = 1 kg .
𝒔𝟐
2. A 1-kg wooden block rests on a horizontal wooden surface. What is the maximum
friction needed to overcome and make this block move? Where μ = 0.5 (wood on wood).
(*Note: find the W first of the block).
3. As Peter is taking a bath, the soap falls out of the soap dish and he steps on it with a
force of 400 N. If Peter slides forward and the frictional force between the soap and the tiled floor
is 80 N, what is the coefficient of friction between these two surfaces.
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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
The relation between motion and force was first discovered by Sir Isaac Newton. His
discoveries are summarized in his three laws of motion.
FIRST LAW OF MOTION: LAW OF INERTIA
Although Newton was the first to
formulate laws regarding motion and
forces, these laws were clearly anticipated
by Galileo. In fact, Newton’s first law of
motion is just a restatement of Galileo’s conclusion on his analysis of motion.
Newton’s first law of motion may be stated as; “Every object continues to remain at rest or
in uniform motion in a straight line unless a force acts on it to change its state”.
What happens when you’re sitting in a vehicle and it
suddenly starts?
How about if you’re riding a bus and the driver
suddenly steps on the brake?
The tendency of an object to persist in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line
is called inertia. It is because of this property that the following are observed:
1.) A passenger tends to move
forward when the car suddenly stops.
2. A bullet fired from a gun
continues its motion if not for the
resistance of air and the pull of gravity.
3. A moving car remains in
uniform motion and is retarded by the
force applied on the brakes.
SECOND LAW: LAW OF ACCELERATION
Based on ordinary experience,
you can tell how a force exerted on a
body affects its motion. A force may speed up the motion or slow it down depending on the
direction of the body. The force produces a change in the velocity. Therefore, force causes a body
to accelerate, this is what the second law of motion is all about.
“The acceleration of the body is directly proportional and is in the same direction as the
net force applied to it and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body”.
It can be written mathematically as,
𝑭
a∝ 𝒎
𝒏𝒆𝒕
or
To say that one quantity is proportional to another is to make a precise mathematical
statement. Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force, this part of the law says that if the
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force is doubled, then the acceleration is also doubled; if it is tripled, then acceleration is also
tripled, and so on. In symbols if F causes a, then 2F will cause 2a; 3F will cause 3a and 1/2F will
cause ½ a, (as long as the mass is constant).
Note that force and acceleration are vector quantities, they always have the same
direction.
On the other hand, acceleration is inversely proportional to mass, this means that if the
force is constant, an increase in mass will produce a corresponding decrease in acceleration and
𝒎
vice versa. Therefore, 2m will have an acceleration of a/2, and will have an acceleration of 4a.
𝟒
THIRD LAW OF MOTION: LAW OF INTERACTION
Newton’s third law of motion is stated as: “For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction”. The mathematical expression of this law is;
𝑭𝑨 = −𝑭𝑩
Or 𝑭𝟏 = −𝑭𝟐
The negative sign indicates an opposite direction.
This law shows that forces always occur in pairs, consider yourself carrying a heavy basket,
when you carry a basket on your arm, you are exerting an upward force on it. How do you know
that the basket is also exerting a force on your arm?
Examine your arm after laying the heavy basket down, you will notice that there is a slight
dent on that part of your arm where the basket handle had previously hung
from. The slight deformation your arm for a short period is an evidence that the
basket exerted a force on it.
Another example is, when a rocket engine burns its fuel, gases are
produced. The gases exert a force to which the rocket reacts with an equal
force. It is the reaction force of the gases on the rocket that drives the rocket
forward.
A Physics professor once said, ‘’when someone punched you, don’t do the
same because the force exerted by his fist on you, is just the same force that your face exerted on
his fist’’. Then why it hurts?
It’s just because we have more nerve endings in our face than in our hands, and just
believe with the law of karma.
EXAMPLES ON THE LAW OF MOTION.
1. Explain why is a jeepney of mass 2000 kg is more difficult to stop than a tricycle of mass
1000 kg when both are traveling at the same initial speed?
Answer. The jeepney with a mass of 2000kg is more difficult to stop than a tricycle
of mass 1000 kg even they have the same speed, because the jeepney has heavier mass
which means it has also a greater inertia or the tendency of an object to persist in its state
of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, thus its more difficult to stop than the
tricycle in accordance to the first law of motion.
2.An upward force of 600 N acts on a 35-kg wooden box. What is the acceleration of the
wooden box?
Given: m= 35kg F = 600 N
a=?
Sol’n: F = ma
𝑭
a=
𝒎
𝐦
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑵 𝒐𝒓 𝐤𝐠
𝐬𝟐 𝐦
= a= 17.14
𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝐬𝟐
10
𝒎
3. A 50-kg box is pushed along the floor from rest and acquired a speed of 10 𝒔 in 20 s.
Find the magnitude of the net force applied to the box.
Given: m= 50kg t= 20s
𝒎
v = 10 a and F= ?
𝒔
𝒗
Sol’n: a = F = ma
𝒕
𝒎
𝟏𝟎 m
𝒔
= = 50kg (0.5 )
𝟐𝟎𝒔 s2
𝐦 𝐦
a = 0.5 𝐬 𝟐 F = 25 kg 𝐬𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟓 𝐍
EXERCISES ON THE LAWS OF MOTION.
A. Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the role of inertia in the following situation:
A car that still moves for a short period even after the brakes have been applied.
2. Seatbelts are required in cars and jeepneys to protect the passengers and drivers.
Explain how can a seatbelt protect the passenger or driver of the vehicle.
B. Problem Solving: show your solution (write the given, unknown formula and encircle
your final answer with unit).
3. A constant net force of 200 N is exerted to accelerate a cart from rest to a velocity of
𝒎
40 𝒔 in 10 s. What is the mass of the cart?
.
VII. ASSESSMENT
I. Answer the following questions:
1. A girl who was standing on the aisle of a bus is holding a book. The book fell when
the bus suddenly moved forward. Where will the book land with respect to the girl’s
position? Explain.
II. Problem Solving, show your solution (write the given, unknown formula and encircle your
final answer with unit).
1.If a 70 kg box is acted upon by an unbalanced force of 161 N (West), what is its
acceleration?
m
2. A force of 1.6 N acts on a body producing an acceleration of 56 . What is the mass of
s2
the body?
III. Give an example of a situation where the Laws of motion can be observed or applied.
(One example for each law).
IX. SUMMARY/ GENERALIZATION
What have you learned and realized from the lessons of this module?
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X. ENRICHMENT
Did you know that. . .
APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Newton’s three laws of motion are considered part of the fundamental laws of science. The
laws have found many applications in daily life, particularly in modern technology.
The first law is the basis of designing safety devices such as
headrests and seatbelts. Cars are equipped with headrests to prevent
whiplash injuries during rear-end collisions. Seatbelts are designed to
hold a person steady in a seat of a car, airplane or other vehicles when
the vehicle suddenly stops. Automatic inflating or air bags also help
reduce danger to passengers by preventing them from being slammed
right into the windshield.
The structural design of race cars is based on Newton’s
second law. Race cars are designed such that their mass is reduced
which, by Newton’s second law, is directly proportional to the net
force but inversely proportional to the acceleration of the car.
The operation of rocket engines is based on the third law of motion. The action force is
provided by the burned fuel ejected from the combustion chamber. The downward force or thrust
produces an equal but opposite upward force (the reaction). If the force is strong enough to
overcome the force of gravity, the rocket is accelerated upward.
XI. REFERENCES:
Arevalo, R. L. (2017), DIWA Senior High School Series: General Physics 1.
University Press of First Asia.
Navaza, D. C. & Valdes, B. J. (2001). Physics. 2nd ed. Phoenix Publishing House.
Padua, A. L. & Crisostomo, R. M. (2005). Practical and Explorational Physics.
Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Pancer, R. O. (2014). Competency-Based Learning Plans in Physics (Vol. 1).
Santos, G.N. C. & Danac, A.C. (2006). i – Physics. Rex Book Store, Inc.
Sotto, R. L. (2005). Physics. SIBS Publishing House, Inc.
www.physicsclassroom.com › Physics Tutorial › 1-D Kinematics
Prepared by:
MYLA B. BALBERONA Checked by:
Subject Teacher
MR. RAUL O. PANCER
HT-II, Science Department
