4/29/2023

Microgrids
Concept, Purpose, and Applications
Lecture - 03

Eng. Lidula Nilakshi W.A., PhD

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moatuwa

13Es c

DOI

Microgrid Standards
Lecture 3

1
Sn ØÜÜÜ 4/29/2023

Why Standards are Important

• Ensuring Safety: Standards help ensure the safety of power systems by setting minimum requirements for equipment
and systems, such as the design, construction, installation, and operation of power and
lines, transformers, and other electrical components.
• Interoperability: Standards enable different power system components and devices from different manufacturers to
work together efficiently and effectively. They promote interoperability and cornpatibility,facilitating the integration
of renewable energy sources and improving the reliability and resilience of the power grid.
• Efficiency: Standards help optimize the efficiency of power systems by establishing guidelines for energy
management and conservation, reducing energy waste and minimizing losses during transmi%ion and distribution.
• Reliability: Standards help maintain the reliability of power systems by establishing guidelines for power quality, grid
stability, and system protection. They also help ensure that power systems can handle sudden disturbances and
outages, minimizing downtime and disruptions.
• International Trade: Standards facilitate international trade by harmonizing technical requirements and promoting
common standards, helping to reduce barriers to trade and promoting global cooperation and interoperability
• Innovation: Standards can promote innovation by creating a common language and framework for technology
development, encouraging collaboration among stakeholders, and fostering the adoption of new technologies and
approaches to power system design and management.
• Regulation: Standards can be used as a basis for regulations, codes, and guidelines that govern power systems,
ensuring consistency and accountability in the industry and providing a framework for compliance and enforcement

Eng. Lidu'a Nitakshi W.A,. PhD Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

Key Standards Used in AC Microgrids

PV array

IEEE 37.118
DC
Synchronization between AC
IEEE 1547
the grid and microgrid
EN 50160
Fusebox or Source. Asan Development Bark. •yar.dtook
Relays forpowerqualityana connectvty.• 2CZ2
AC loads availableat
Voltage
measurement
IEEE07.95
Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources
• IEEE Std 15477"-2018: IEEE Standard for Interconnection and
with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces
Interconnections
• IEEE Std C37.95 TM-2014: IEEE Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer
by public electricity networks
• EN 50160:2010/A2: Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied
Data Transfer for Power Systems
• IEEE Std C37.118.2 tM-2011 - IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor
'dA. Vcatuwa
_
 4/29/2023

AC IEEE Crfterl) 2nd reaurements for 1347v; Ccr&mance test

DC DERS with the
2 Application guide
Key andc:rtrol
Standards 13<74C)" , openncn.It-d 'nt. nor of
5476 W eccnnectjon guidehres pcwg curte r.
Used in AC than 10
•Mth ;econdarr
1347.6
Microgrids 1347 7 0';mbutior. imput stud'e5 for Inter-onre.<Von Of ERs
1347.8Peanmended pndce fa est.b0shingmet-cds ard
procedures
Voltage characteristics of electncity sup-flied by and rdatjve hr a r,umo.erof
publk distribution networks oheroneno LV and MV
Limits fcr power freque—cy.vc•tagev.tätlcns.
vdtage. voltage trounce, flicker, It'd mars •ugnajling
IEC 61000 General conditions or rules necessary for achjevfr•g Safety functjcn ard ICtegnty
electromagnetic compatibility
levels
Emissionard irnnurtty Amts
Measurement and testi technjgues
IrszlZt•cn t;cn—et±dsEd
IEEE07.95 Protective relaying of utility-cotsuner EstaNshmenzcf cot-sum?sedce recuirenerz rd
interconnections me&cd3
Protection system desen considera%zns
Smjrte. AsaanOevek»ment Bank. •yan@ook on m.a•ogdds ;ower rd
Eng. Lidula Nitakshi WA, PhD
connedMty.•ny 2020 (ontnel available at
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa . OOC (ig:g

IEEE Criteria
CERs Nth the
tSß72

13474 Ed
13-47.5
thx' 10

Key Standards Used DC

132-3-1
in DC Microgrids Sus.a•t
QCT)
up 400V

teM•S

Stydy< QC V" h
conzruc.cn)

IECSG4 LVOC nczm tc V

Sourw 'san DevelopmentBank. •Handbookon mjcroondsfor

power quality•n' onneamty.• July 2020 Ionone),available at

Eng. liclula u.A.. PhD

Professor, Department of fngjneerjng, Of Moatuwa

3
 4/29/2023

IEEE 1547

Eng. Ljdula Nilakshi W.A.. PhD 7

Professor. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatu•.va

IEEE 1547
• The IEEE 1547 family of standards provides the
critical foundation for interconnecting DERS to IEEE Standard for Interconnection
and Interoperability of Distributed
electric utility distribution grids. Energy Resources with Associated
Electric Power Systems Interfaces

• It establishes criteria and requirements for

interconnecting DERs with electric power
systems (EPS). IEEE Sur-darts 21

• It provides requirements relevant to the

performance, operation, testing, safety, and
maintenance of interconnected systems.

Smace-
eleclncpoucr ILFE Stu 1—138.
Eng. Liduia NUakShi PhD
Prciessor. Depacment of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa
 4/29/2023

scope of the IEEE 1547

Cornmunication
interface
1
I DER Pcwe'Interface Area EPS

1 scope of IEEE std 1547 1

• The performance requirements of this standard apply to interconnection

of either a single DER unit based on that unit's rating or multiple DER
units within a single Local EPS ("DER system"), based on the aggregate
rating of all the DER units that are within the Local EPS
• IEEE 1547 applies only to the CC r local DER interface, in general, and
that is typically at the main p of utility service.
Eng. Udula Nilakshi WA, PhD
9
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

New Definitions from IEEE Std 1547-2018

• Point of DER connection (POC): "The point Are.
where a DER unit is electrically connected
in a local EPS and meets the requirements
of this standard exclusive of any load
present in the respective part of the local
EPS."

• Supplemental DER device: "Any

equipment that is used to obtain
compliance with some or all of the
interconnection requirements of this
standard."

Department of Electrical University of Moatuwo

5
 4/29/2023

State of Development of IEEE 1547

April 2018
Full revisionof the
2003 IEEE 1547 standard
IEEE-1547 first approved and
published published.

O O O
2014
IEEE 1547a (Amendent 1)
published,adding three important
provisions: voltage ride-through,
frequency ride-through, and active
voltage response

The original terminology in the IEEE 1547 standard, "distributed resources," was
changed in the 2018 revision to "distributed energy resources."The acronym was
changed from DR to DER, which reduced confusion with demand response

Source: Horowitz,Kelsey. Zac Peterson, Michael Coddington. Fei Ding, Ben Sigrin. Danish
Saleem, Sara E. Baldwin. et al 2019. An Overview or Oistnbuted Energy Resource (DER)
Eng. Lidula Nilakshiw.A., PhD Interconnection:Current Practices and Emerging So/ufions. Golden. CO, Natjonai Renewable
Professor, Department Of Electrical Engineering, University Of Moatuwa Energy Laboratory, NRELfTP-6A20-72102 httpsJtwww.nre'gov/docsffy190stif72102pdt'.1

Changes in IEEE 1547-2018

• The 2018 standard includes substantial changes from the original 2003
standard
*DER size limitations—Elimination of the 10-MW cap on the standard's applicability. It
now covers any generation connected to distribution systems, and any reference to
power is in volt-amps (a utility industry standard is kVA or MVA, rather than kW or

*Reactive power support—Requirements for DER to have leading and lagging reactive
power capability, and several reactive control functionalities to be employed when
coordinated with the local utility (and assuming the DER has the capability, such as with
smart inverters). This reactive power capability will primarily be leveraged to support
the local voltage conditions on the utility system, and it must be carefully coordinated
with the utility while meeting all jurisdictional rules.
Eng. %'i12ksniW.A., PhD
professor,Department of Electncai Engineerlng, univerzity oi Moatuwa
 4/29/2023

Changes in IEE 1547-2018

*Ride-through requirements—Mandatory voltage and frequency disturbance ride-
through capabilities that vary depending on the type of technology. Three categories (P
Ill) are described in the standard depending on the technology and the location of the
DER (some island systems may require category Ill, for example). Because of this
capability, DERS can provide additional support to the bulk power grid during abnormal
voltage or frequency conditions. Ride-through requirements and their necessity for
supporting system stability and reliability are also discussed. These updates are
considered a key part of the revision from the 2003 standard.

*Bulk system support—Primary frequency-response functionality to allow DERS to help

mitigate frequency disturbances on the bulk power system, similar to bulk power
generator requirements.

Eng. Lidula Nilakshi WA, PhD

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

Changes in IEEE 1547-2018

*Protection coordination—Clarification for the need to coordinate DERS with feeder
reclosing to prevent reclosing into unintentional island conditions or phase differences
*Power quality—Updated power-quality requirementsthat address the power-
electronic technology (smart inverters) available with many types of DERs. The power-
quality clause in the standard includes significantly greater detail and updated
references to power-quality standards.
*Interoperability requirements—lnteroperability requirements that will allow DERS to
be integrated into distribution systems with automated controls and updated switching
and reclosing schemes.
*Testing and modeling—Testing that will characterize short-circuit current
characteristics of inverters and other technologies. This will also improve modeling
programs that seek improved DER models for various applications.

Eng. Udula Nilakshi w-A., PhD

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

7
 4/29/202)

Changes in IEEE 1547-2018

to
*Secondary network distribution systems—Greater capability to interconnect
"area
secondary network distribution systems (networks). Both "spot networks" and
networks" are now addressed in Clause 9 of the standard.
*Function prioritization—Capability to specify the priority of various DER functions.
*Open phases—Capability to detect open-phase conditions for DER systems.
*Default and adjustability—DER control and trip settings with both default settings and
a wide range of adjustability for many technologies.
*Communication standards—Communications interfaces with a standardized, non-
proprietary design.
*Anti-island prevention—lmproved anti-islanding detection. However, the detection
and trip time of 2 seconds (or less) remains as in the original standard.

Eng. Lidula Nilakshi w.A.. PhD 15

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

IEEE 1547 Evolution of Grid Support Functions

IEEE 1547- Shall NOT actively regulate voltage

2003 Shall trip on abnormal voltage/frequency

IEEE 1547a- May actively regulate voltage

2014 May ride through abnormal voltage/frequency
(Amendment 1) May provide frequency response (frequency-droop)

Shall be capable of actively regulating voltage

IEEE 1547- Shall ride through abnormal voltage/frequency
2018 Shall be capable of frequencyresponse
May provide inertial response

Eng. esc
Professor. Deparment of Electrical Engineering, university of Moatuwa

8
 4/29/2023

IEEE 1547-2018

Eng. Lidula Nilakshi WA, PhD

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

IEEE 1547-2018 Document Outline (Clauses)

1. Overview
2. Normative references
3. Definitions and acronyms
4. General specifications and requirements
5. Reactive power, voltage/power control
6. Response to area electric power system (EPS) abnormal conditions
7. Power quality
8. Islanding
9. Distribution secondary grid and spot networks
10. Interoperability
11. Test and verification
12. Seven new annexes (informative)

Eng. Lidula Uilal"hi 'N.A.. PhD Prcfezscr. Department of Electrical Engineering. University oi Mcatuwa

9
IEEE 1547-2018 Active Voltage Regulation Requirements
Mandatory Voltage Regulation Capabilities
Performance Categories
Constant Reactive Active Power.
Constant Voltage-Reactive Voltage-Active
Power Mode Reactive Power Power Mode
(Grid support under normal grid conditions) Power Factor Power Mode
("reactive power Mode ("volt-watt")
Mode ("volt-VAR")
priority") ("watt-VAR")
Meets minimumperformance
capabilities needed for area EPS Not
Category voltage regulation
Not
requirea required
Reasonably attainable by alt
state-of-the-art OER technologies
Meets atl requirements in
Category A plus:
Supplemental capabilities for high
Category DER penetration, where the DER
B power output is subject to
frequent large variations
Attainable by most smart
inverters

Eng. Lidula NUakshiW.R. PhD 19

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

Ass•cnmeri
Fer'or Csie;21iee

No

meet Cat E7

Example Decision Yee

Tree for Normal

Performance
Category g;-tgcte
Vcr. Of
No

Assignment
Yee

'JduIJ 'N.A.. PhD

Proiesscc Ceparment oi Engineering. university of Moatuwa

11
 4/29/2023

IEEE 1547-2018 Active Voltage Regulation

• The DER shall provide voltage regulation capability by changes of reactive
power.
• The approval of the Area EPS Operator shall be required for the DER to
actively participate in voltage regulation.
• The area EPS operator shall specify the required voltage regulation control
modes and the corresponding parameter settings.
• Modifications of the settings and mode selected by the EPS operator shall be
implemented by the DER operator.

Eng. Udula Nilakshiw.A., PhD

21
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

New Grid Support Requirements during Abnormal Grid

Conditions
• Required
*Voltage ride-through
*Frequency ride-through
• Ride-through: *Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF)
*Voltage phase angle change
—ability to withstand *Frequency droop
voltage or frequency • Frequency response is the capability to modulate power output
disturbances as a function of frequency.
• Mandatory capability for categories Il and Ill under high-
frequency conditions
• mandatory for categories Il and Ill under low-frequency
conditions
• optional for Category 1
• Other allowed capabilities
*Inertial response
• Inertial response is capability for DERS to modulate active
power in proportion to the rate of change of frequency
*Dynamic voltage support
Dynamic voltage support provides rapid power exchanges
during voltage excursions
Depar:ment of Electrocal ingjneering, University of Moatuwa

11
 4/29/2Q

IEEE 1547-20 8 Ride-Through Requirements

Performance Categories Mandatory Ride-Through Capabilities
Rate-of-
(Griå AJpport under abnormal griå Voltage Change-of- Voltage Ph*'C Frequency
Frequency Inertial
Ride-through Ride-Through Frequency Angle Change Droop Volt.'"
Response Support
(ROCOF) Ride-Through (freq-power)
Ride-Throuch
Essential bulk system needs
Category Attainable by all state-of-the-art DER Low freq. permitted permitted
technologtes
optional
(S 1--tz/s)
Full coordination With ail bulk system
power system stability/refiabllity
needs
Category
Coordinated Mth existing reliability Permitted Permitted
standards to avoid tripping for a
wider range of disturbances (than (2.0
Category 1)
Designed for all bulk system needs
and distribution 5€stem
Category reliabil;ty/power
qua needs
Coordinated with existing Permitted Permitted
requirements for very high DER levels p.o Hz/s)
Eng. Lidula Nilakshi W.A., PhD Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering, University of Moatuwa 23

Category t. Il. and

66.0 HI

mav ride-through
shall tri

DER default response 62.0

to abnormal •Mardatoryoperatiom

frequencies and 610

frequency ride- Continuous Operation Capability

N/f Sl.l)

through requirements S9S

for DER of abnormal Leeend

range of af allowaue
Settings
may tnp zones

operating Sts
Mandatory Operation
Capability
o deföult value and
ride-thrcugh .•mes

descnEiN
performance: 57
s
shall trip zones

Category l, Category S7.o

may ride-through
57.0

may trip
Il, and Category Ill 56.5
shall trip

0.01 SO,OHI

Icumulat'vv and

Eng. liduja NilakShi W.A.. PhD

Professor. Department of Electrical Engineering, univer,jty of Moatuwa

12
 4/29/2023

DER response to abnormal voltages and voltage ride-

through requirement for DER of abnormal operating
performance Category l, Category Il, and Category Ill

Eng. Lidula Nilakshi w.A., PhD 25

professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

DERa lication u ose

Cornbined Waste
Renewable
Retailseu beatand fuel
DER geoerarion energ
recovery
c
Engineor
rurbtnednven Category CatepryI Caesor•j•
CategoryI CategoryI 1

Example Abnormal erator

Windtu-btnes
(all es)
Il
Category CategoryIl

Performance Category/ 3 Invertes

sourcedby
solarPV
CategoryIle
Category

Assignment Grid 4 Inverters

sourcedby fiJe1 Categoo•I
cells
CategoryI Category I Categery

Synchronous Category Cae•gocy

hvdrogeuerators
Otherinverter Category Category
Category
licanous
7 Inverters Categom
sour ed by Category

8 Other
synchronous CategoryI Categon• Category'
uerators
9 Other auducuon Category Categoo• Caregcr•,• Caregao•
generators Categoo•Il

table unended to cbu•cten.ze DER uasta.lledfot express 01

•Merchautgenerouon
exportungpower, and usuotlutendedto n.npb,' FERC-junsd"twual •thet regulatory
appliesto cnUcalbackupgeueranoo Area EPS tot th• oi penc.±.xmug Li
geu•ranogor ±ose
backupgenerauon alsoused
purposesapply.
'Category shouldbe wheteOER penetrationou dambuaoufeedereve«is VALLE TO BE
a usmbuuoo exceeds
SPECIFIEDBY AOLR) oc ou the dastnbunonsystem suppued
VALUEro BE AC,IRL
Enc Lidula NilaLshi WA. PhD
Professor, Oepanmcnt of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

13
 4/29/2023

Islanding Definitions
• Intentional island: An electrical island
that is capable of being energized by
one or more local electric power
systems
• Characteristics:
*Possesses generation (DER(s)) and load
(load cannot be only energy storage)
—Possesses the ability to disconnect from
and to parallel with the area EPS
*Includes at least one local EPS
intentionally planned.
É•
• Varieties of intentional islands:
*Local EPS island is totally within the
boundary of a local EPS (facility island).
*Area EPS island includes parts of the area
EPS (e.g. circuit island).
Eng. LidutaNilakshi WA.. PhD Professor, Departmentof Electrical Engineering, Universityof Moatuwa 27

Transitioning to an Island
• Two ways to transition to an islanded condition:
• Scheduled:
—+Scheduled intentional islands are formed through DER operator or Area EPS operator manual action or other
operating dispatch means (e.g., Energy Management System or Automatic Generator Control action) that trigger the
transition from being in parallel and synchronizedwith the Area EPS, to operation as an islanded system.
—+Reasons for forming a scheduled intentional island can include enhanced reliability, economic dispatch decisions for
self-supply or import/export of power with or through the Area EPS, or pre-emptive Area EPS operator action to
island ahead of inclement weather.

• Unscheduled:
—+Formed through automatic action due to local detection of abnormal conditions at the interface(s) with the area EPS
—+Conditions for unscheduled transition to islanded operation include:
Whenever any of the exception conditions described in 6.4.2.1 and 6.5.2.1 are met,
If any of the trip conditions described in Clause 6 are met (i.e., where Clause 6 would allow or mandate tripping, the
intentional island may transition to intentional island mode),

- If the conditions of 8.1 are met (i.e., the DER detects an island and the DER ceases to energize the Area EPS under S.l), the
intentional island may enter intentional island mode instead of ceasing to energize the Area EPS, provided that the intentional
island does not energize any part of the Area EPS that is outside the defined intentional island).
Eng. LJdulo Nilafr%hiWA. Professor. Oenrtrnem Electric.l Engineering, Vnw•rsitv of Moatuwa

14
 4/29/2023

ER Categories for Intentional Islands

• Intentional island-capable: Applies to DER that can disable or modify its
islanding detection function, and adjust settings as described in 8.2.7

• Black start-capable: Applies to intentional island-capable DER that can also

energize an EPS that contains no other energy sources

• Isochronous-capable: Applies to DER that can independently regulate voltage

and frequency to fixed set points

• Uncategorized: A DER not designed for intentional island operation may be

allowed to participate in the intentional island if certain system criteria are met.
Otherwise, it shall cease to energize the Area EPSduring intentional island
mode, as if it were an unintentional island.
Eng. Lidula Nilakshi WA.. PhD Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, university of Moatuwa 29

Synchronization Parameter Limits for Synchronous

Interconnection to an EPS, or an Energized Local EPS
to an Energized Area EPS

Aggregate rating of DER Frequency difference Voltage difference Phase angle difference
units (kVA
0—500 0.3 10
> 500—1500 15
> 1 500 0.1 3 10

Eng. Lidula W.A.,PhD

Professor. Department of Electrical Engineering, university of Moatuwa

15
 4/29/2023

Paralleling Device

• Used for isolation of a DER unit that continues to produce voltage

after isolation from the Area EPS

• DER paralleling-device shall be capable of withstandin 220% of the

DER rated voltage across the paralleling device for an i Ite
duration

eng. Nilakshl W'.A„ PhD

Professor. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuw.

Exemptions for Emergency Systems

• DER systems designated by authority having jurisdiction as emergency,
legally required, or critical operations power systems providing backup
power to hospitals, fire stations or other emergency facilities as defined by
applicable industry code, shall be exempt from the following:
*Voltage disturbance ride-through requirements specified in 6.4.2
*Frequency disturbance ride-through requirements specified in 6.5.2
*Interoperability, information exchange, information models, and protocols specified in
Clause 10
*Intentional islanding requirements specified in 8.2
and may cease to energize the Area EPS or may separate from the Area EPS without limitations

W.A..
Electric.' oi Moatuw.

16
 4/29/2023

IEEE 1547.X Family of Standards

IEEE Std 15471M(2003 an 2014 Amendment 1):
Standard for interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems
IEEE Std 1547"'-2018 (full version): IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed
Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces
IEEE Std 1547.17M-(2005 and 2015 Amendment 1): Standard for conformance tests procedures for equipment interconnecting Distributed
Resources with Electric Power Systems
IEEE Std 1546.1(full version): Draft Standard for conformance tests procedures for equipment interconnecting Distributed
Energy Resources with Electric Power Systems and Associated Interfaces
IEEE Std 1547.2w (2008): Application guide for IEEE 1547 standard for interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
IEEE Std 1547.3'" (2007): Guide for monitoring information exchange, and control of Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
IEEE Std 1547.4'N (2011): Guide for design, operation, and integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with Electric Power Systems
IEEE Std 1547.5"': Draft Interconnection guidelines for electric power sources greater than 10 MVA {Withdrawn December 2011}
stribution
IEEE Std 1547.6'" (2011): Recommended practice for interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systemsdi
secondary networks
IEEE Std 1547.7"' (2013): Guide to conducting distribution impact studies for Distributed Resource interconnection
Supplemental Support for
IEEE Std 1547.8'": Draft 8, Recommended Practice for Establishing Methods and Procedures that Provide
Implementation Strategies for Expanded Use of IEEE Standard 1547
Distributed Energy Resources with
IEEE Std 1?7.9'" P022): IEEE Guide for Using IEEE Std 1547f" for Interconnection of energy storage
Engineering, University of Moatuwa

Standards for Microgrid Control

t
Eng. uvdujaNi.å\'N PFC
Profez;or. Department Electrical Envneenne, Unjverzjty Meatuwa

17
 4/29/2023
( 2-01

Standards for Microgrid Control

• IEE td 2030.7 -2017: IEEE Standard for the Specification of Microgrid

Contro ers
*This standard specifies the core-level functions which any microgrid control
system shall implement, and their minimum requirements

• IEEE Std 2030.8TM-2018:IEEE Standard for the Testing of Microgrid

Controllers

Eng. Lidula Nilakshi w-A., PhD

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

Definitions
distribution management system DMS : A collection of applications designed to monitor and
r e Icien y and reliably.

microgrid control system: system that includes the control functions that define the microgrid as
self, operate autonomously, and connect to and disconnect from the
main distribution grid for the exchange of power and the supply of ancillary services; it includes the
functions of the microgrid energy management system (M EMS); it is the microgrid controller if
implemented in the form of a centralized system.

int of interconnection (POI : he electrical point at which the microgrid connects to, or
Isconnects rom, e IS ribution grid.
The term point of interconnection (POI) is adopted in this standard instead of the commonly used point of
common coupling (PCC)

• seamless transition: The connection and disconnection of a microgrid to and from the larger grid
accomplished without voltage and frequency transients that exceed the specifications of the
microgrid design and the interconnection requirements.

Eng. Lidula Nilakshi w.A..

M00tuwa
Professor, Department cf Electrical Engineering, University o'

18
 4/29/2023

Microgrid Control System

• Microgrid Control System should have both real-time control and energy
management functions that operate in the following situations:
*Operation in grid-connected and islanded modes
*Automatic transition from grid-connected to islanded mode by providing a managed
transition to islanded mode for microgrid loads during abnormal bulk power system
conditions and planned interruptions of the system
*Resynchronization and reconnection from islanded mode to grid-connected mode
*Energy management to optimize both real and reactive power generation and
consumption
*Ancillary services provision, support of the grid, and participation in the energy
market and/or utility system operation, as applicable

Eng. Udula NilakshiW.A, PhD

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

General Considerations and Requirements

• The operator of the distribution grid to which a microgrid interconnects has
requirementswhich shall be met for the point of interconnection (POI) of the
microgrid
—anti-islanding,
*low- or high-voltage and/or frequency ride-through,
—power quality,
—operationalrequirements regarding real and reactive power import and export
The microgrid as an entity and the microgrid control system shall satisfy these requirements
• Microgridshall present itself to the grid to which it is connected as a single
controllable entity
The control system is the system which achieves this goal

Eng. Liduia Nilakshi W.X. PhD

Professor,Department of Electrical Engineering, university OfMoatuwa

19
 Simplified icrogrid Control Flow Diagram
• SSI —Steady State Grid Connected
Ti —Grid to Island (Planned) • SS2 —Stable Island

—Reconnect to Grid
SS2— • Tl —Transitionfrom Grid
Steady State SteadyState Connected to Steady State Island
Grid Connected Islanded
(Planned)
• T2 —Grid Connected to Steady
yes T4 —Black Start State Island (Unplanned)
72 —Grid to Island
(Unplanned) • T3 —SteadyState Island reconnect
No Blackout to Grid
Success?
• T4 —Black Start into Steady State
Island

Douglas R Danley. "Defininga Microgridusing IEEE 2030.7. Business & Technology

Eng. L'dula Nilakshi W,A-, PhD Surveillance2019.NRECE, Amenca•sElectncCooperatjves.
39
Professor.Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa

Distribution grid

Higher level functions —Supervisory / DMS / DSO level

Operator interface CommunicationsISCADA
Gridfrnarket Optimal dispatch

Microgrid control Microgrid Core level functions —Microgrid I POI level

con trol Transition Dispatch
system functional system (Connect/disconnect) (including simple rules)

framework Lower level functions —DER / Load f Devices level

Voltage/frequency control Device specific Lncticns
Real[reactive power control

Microgrid assets, devices and components

2n;. W.R. *rcfeucr, Department ci Ziec:riC31Engineering. universitv 01Mootuwa

20
 4/29/2023

Relationship between Transition and Dispatch Functions

Higher Level Functions, interface. OMS. Opt/rriter,

Grid Request' Microv id Status GridPequ«t'

l'Iona (.mstroints
Reconnect edits
'uto O/ock"tort PO/
Mode
Transition Function Dispatch function Dispatch
Rule

Cmnection
Stotu•,

Dispatch Order Device Status

Lawer Level Functions, Device and Asset Controls. Instrumentation

Eng. Lldui. w.A., PhD

41
Professor, Department of Electrical (ngineerine, University of Moatuwa

Standards for DC Microgrids

of MO'tvw•

21
 4/29/2023

Standards for DC Microgrids

• IEEE Std 2030.1C-2021: IEEE Standard for DC Microgrids for Rural and
Remote Electricity Access
*This standard covers the architecture of a dc microgrid for rural and remote
applications with a nominal distribution voltage of 48 V.
defines voltage and power quality metrics for power supplied to loads attached
to such a microgrid.
*This standard focuses on the power distribution portion of a microgrid and
addresses sources only in the way that they are attached to the grid.
does not impose either minimum or maximum current limits.

Eng. Lidula Nilakshi w.A.. PhD

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Moatuwa 43

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