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UD00302 KADAZANDUSUN LEVEL III
Module 3
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© VERONICA P. ATIN
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Pusat Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa,

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Universiti Malaysia Sabah
(For Internal Circulation Only)

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No parts of this module may be reproduced
without the author‟s permission

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 ©Veronica P. Atin 2020

Lesson 1

Pogisusuaian do koubasanan/Cultural differences

Pibababarasan Koiso/Dialog 1

Nokorikot i Holly do mongoi tombului do tambalut dau, i Hana, id Malaysia. Miboboros iyolo
do kokomoi do pisuaian do koubasanan.
(Holly visited her friend, Hana, in Malaysia. They are discussing some cultural differences)

Holly: Disai do lamin do ngoyon to sambayo ka nu dii oi Hana?

(Whose house is it that we are going to visit, Hana?)
Hana: Mongoi kito sambai id lamin di tambalut ku i Siti. Mangariraya iyolo do baino.
(We are going to visit my friend, Siti‟s house. They are having a Hari Raya open
house today)
Holly: Nunu komoyon do mangariraya?
(What is the meaning of having a Hari Raya open house?)
Hana: Mangariraya nopo nga manaandak do korikatan do wulan Syawal, om sabaagi do
tanda do nopupusan no o koinggoritan diolo do puasa‟ do sombulan ontok do wulan
Ramadan.
(To celebrate Hari Raya is to welcome the month of Syawal, and as a symbol that
their suffering during fasting in the month of Ramadan has ended)
Holly: Oh, nokorongou oku nogi do komoyon do wulan Ramadan, nga baino oku nogi
korongou do komoyon do Hari Raya.
(Oh, I‟ve heard about Ramadan, but this is the first time I hear about Hari Raya)
Hana: Hari Raya nopo nga taandakon do tulun ngawi do Silam.
(Hari Raya is celebrated by the Muslims)
Holly: Nunu o garung do rosukon do mongoi pangariraya?
(What clothes should we wear to a Hari Raya open house?)
Hana: Obuli nogi do mananggarung do baju kurung. Nga nung au ko oubas, om
mononsorual do tanaru om t‟shirt nga au nogi kasala‟.
(We can wear baju kurungs. But if you are not used to it, it is not wrong to wear
long pants and a t‟shirt)
Holly: Mogowit oku daa do titahak kumaa diolo. Nunu nangku o osokoyut do owiton?
(I‟d like to bring a gift for them. What (gift) is suitable to bring?)
Hana: Nung mogowit ko do sikulit nga osonong nogi.
(If you want to bring some chocolates, it is ok)
Holly: Haro o nabasa ku id intonit do “kada pogowit do patung do tasu toi ko‟ wogok
sabaagi do titahak kumaa do tulun Malaysia”. Otopot nangku?
(I read in the internet, “do not bring dog or pig toys as gifts to Malaysians”. Is it
true?)
Hana: Otopot, montok do tulun Malayu om Silam. Nga kumaa do bansa toi ko‟ ugama do
suwai nga au kasala ino.
(Yes, that is true for the Malays and Muslims. But to others of different ethnic groups
and religion, there‟s nothing wrong with that)
Holly: Om montok do tulun India, au obuli do mogowit kakamot leather sabaagi do
titahak?
(And for the Indians, it is not possible to bring leather goods as gifts?)

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Hana: Ingkaa nogi o noilaan ku. Iri nopo nga tanda do kapantangan diolo do sapi, tayam
do papantangon diolo.
(That‟s what I‟ve been told too. That is a symbol of their respect to the cow, their
holy animal)
Holly: Nga id suang do lamin, au manangkasut o koinsanai tulun Malaysia. Kosorou oku
noddi do mongidu do kasut soira do sumuang do id lamin do tulun Malaysia do
baino. Ii nopo di timpuun i‟ nga asaru oku do kooling do kaadat-adaton dino.
(But all Malaysians do not wear shoes in the house. I remember to take off my shoes
before entering a Malaysian house now. In the beginning, I often forgot the culture)
Hana: Susuai no doti o topurimanan nu do tumanud do kaadat-adaton dino, sabap id
pomogunan nu aiso i‟ miagal diri.
(You must have felt weird following the culture because in your country there‟s no
such thing)
Holly: Noubas oku noddi do baino. Au nogi gia alasu do au manangkasut id suang!
(I‟m used to it now. In fact, it is less hot if you do not wear shoes inside!)

Activities:
1) Read the dialogue out loud with a friend. Practice pronouncing new words that you
find.
2) List down the new words and their meanings.

Boros do wagu (new words):

Glossary:
a) Sambayo – sambai (visit)
b) Komoyon- komoi (meaning, function)
c) Ngoyon – ongoi (go, place to go to)
d) Korikatan- rikot (arrival)
e) Nopupusan- pupus (end)
f) Mangariraya – hariraya (celebrating hari raya, attending hari raya open houses)
g) Mananggarung- garung- (clothes)
h) Rasuk (clothes)
i) Osokoyut- (suitable/apt)
j) Owiton- owit (take with/bawa)
k) Noilaan- ilo (know)
l) Noubas- ubas (used to/sudah biasa)

3) With a partner, form 5 exchanges (questions/answers) based on the dialogue and

say them out loud.

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Puralan Boros/Grammar

Words used as nouns.

Look at the following words taken from the dialogue:

Ko…an

1. Korikatan (arrival)
2. Koinggoritan (suffering)
3. Kapantangan (respect)
4. Kaadat-adaton (culture/custom)

T-

1. Tombului (visitor) = mongoi tombului (visiting)

2. Tambalut (friend)
3. Tulun (person/people)
4. Tanaru (long object)
5. Titahak (gift)
6. Tasu (dog)

Many words with the circumfix ka…an or ko…an are used as nouns, either objects (physical
nouns) or abstract nouns. Similarly, many words, if added with the prefix t-, act as nouns.

Activity 1/Pinsingumbalan koiso

When do we use ka…an, and when do we use ko…an?

Tips: think about the first syllable sound rules that you have learned in the previous
semesters, as you can see in the examples below.

akan (eat) > mangakan kokot (bite) >mongokot

boli (buy) > momoli luang (hole) > momoluang
dula (spit) > momodula omot (harvest) >mongomot
gusa (chase) > momogusa patai (kill/die) >mamatai
huyas (dismantle) > momohuyas raag (break) >mamaraag
inggorit (suffer) > monginggorit sudai (comb) >monudai
tombir (sew) > monombir ukab (open) >mongukab
wonsoi (make) > momonsoi yopos (wet) >momoyopos

Omot - kaamat-an (irregular sound)

Boli - kobolian
Uhup - kouhupan (tolong)
Igit - koigitan (the feel of something)
Rasam - karasaman

Activity 2/Pinsingumbalan Koduwo:

1) How many words can you form using the words above? Can they be used as
something else apart from nouns? Try listing them down:
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(Answer for Activity 1, pg 3:

When the first syllable of the root word begins /a/ the circumfix is ka…an
When the first syllable of the root word begins with any of the /o/, /i/ and /u/ sounds the
circumfix is ko…an)

Pibabarasan Koduwo/Dialogue 2

Miboro-boros iyo Tan di Azmil do kokomoi do pisuwaian do Malaysia om Indonesia.

(Tan and Azmil are discussing the differences between Malaysia and Indonesia)

Tan: Nokuro tu‟ roitan do Bahasa Melayu o boros Malayu do hiti id Malaysia, om Bahasa
Indonesia do hilo id Indonesia? Okon toi ko‟ miagal o tadon do boros tokou?
(Why is the Malay language in Malaysia called Bahasa Melayu while it is Bahasa
Indonesia in Indonesia? Aren‟t our languages from the same source?)
Azmil: Om miagal i‟ bo daa o tadon do Bahasa Melayu om Bahasa Indonesia, nga
misusuwai matuu komoyon.
(Well, it is true that the origin of Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia are the same
but they may have different functions)
Tan: Bahasa Melayu nopo nga boros do kabansaan do Malaysia. Okon toi ko‟ boros do
kabansaan o Bahasa Indonesia?
(Bahasa Melayu is the national language of Malaysia. Isn‟t Bahasa Indonesia a
national language?)
Azmil: Boros Indonesia nopo nga mantad nogi do boros Malayu, nga misuwai o kowoyo-
woyoon diri do mantad Bahasa Melayu. Ogumu o pisuwaian do koroitan om
tinimungan boros.
(Bahasa Indonesia is also from Malay but the way [it is spoken] is different from
Bahasa Melayu. There are several differences in pronunciation and vocabulary)
Tan: Au oku po songkuro do karati do pisuwaian dino.
(I still haven‟t quite understood the differences)
Azmil: Sabaagi do poomitanan, id Malaysia nopo, om orotian tokou do Bahasa Melayu
nopo nga gunoon do ahal ngaawi do rasmi. Id Indonesia nopo nga gunoon o Bahasa
Indonesia sabaagi do poposompuru‟ do tulun momogun do hilo.
(For example, in Malaysia, we understand Bahasa Melayu as a language used in
official matters. In Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia is used to unite the people there)
Tan: Suai ko‟ boros, nunu po o piagalan do Malaysia om Indonesia?
(Apart from language, what else is similar between Malaysia and Indonesia?)
Azmil: Ogumu o taakanon tokou do miagal, miagal ko’ satay, rendang, rojak, sambal, om
soto.
(We have a lot of food that are similar such as satay, rendang, rojak, sambal, and
soto.)
Tan: Osorou ku do asasaru o Malaysia om Indonesia do miodu om mitondos do
pinanakau o sayau toi ko‟ tuni-union diolo.
(I remember that Malaysia and Indonesia often quarrel and accuse each other of
stealing their dances and music)
Azmil: Otopot. Nga kopio nopo om tuni-union miagal ko’ Angklung, gamelan, nga tuni-
union id Malaysia om Indonesia. Suwai ko’ iri, Sayau Pendet om Barongan nga
piia‟an nogi do Malaysia om Indonesia.
(True. Angklung, gamelan, are musical instruments of both Malaysia and Indonesia.
Apart from that, the dances of Pendet and Barongan are shared by Malaysia and
Indonesia)
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Tan: Au daa apatut do miodu tokou do ahal miagal diti.

(We shouldn‟t argue on things like those)
Azmil: Kosokodung oku dino boros nu. Kawagu po nga, iso i‟ o gamut do pogun Malaysia
om Indonesia. Dadi, apatut daa do misokodung om misompuru tokou do toririmo.
(I agree with what you said. Furthermore, Malaysia and Indonesia have the same
origin. So, it is only right that we support each other and always unite)

Understanding the dialogue.

1) Nunu o uhu/tulu do pibara-barasan dino?

(What is the topic of the dialogue?)

2) Mantad do pibara-barasan diti, tonduai nung mantad i Tan id Malaysia toi ko‟
Indonesia. Nokuro?
(From the dialogue, guess whether Tan is from Malaysia or Indonesia. Why?)

3) Poingkuro o pomusarahan dio Tan di Azmil montok Malaysia om Indonesia? Panahak

do katarangan.
(What is the opinion of Tan and Azmil on Malaysia and Indonesia? Give evidence)

Activity 3/Pinsingumbalan Kotolu:

1. Find the words that:

a) Express opinion
b) Link between two ideas/sentences

2. Practice using the words you found in the dialogue and the expressions in the
following box in giving your own opinion.

Useful expressions:
a) Nunu o topurimanan nu montok do… (what do you think of?)
b) Osorou ku nopo nga…(I think)
c) Doho nopo do kahandaman nga…(In my opinion…) Id kahandaman ku nopo
nga...
d) Uka moti…(I don‟t really know)
e) Kanto (maybe) – Isio kanto i nokito ku dii (Maybe he was the one I saw)
f) Doti (maybe)- Au bo oilaan nung otopot o boros dau. Mongudut i‟ doti (Don‟t
know whether he is telling the truth. Maybe he is lying)
g) Matu (maybe)- Mongoi matu tomu i taragang rasuk (Maybe the person in red is
going to the open market)

Cultural aspect to ponder upon:

‘doti’, ‘kanto’ and ‘matu’ are often used in giving opinion as markers of politeness. Another
word that indicates politeness or wishes is ‘daa’, as in ‘Olingasan daa do toruhai i taki nu’
(Get well soon).
Each of these words are placed in the second position of a sentence, after the verb, but
when an emphatic particle such as ‘no’ is also used, the word will be placed right after the
emphatic particle. ‘Olingasan no daa do5toruhai i taki nu’.
 ©Veronica P. Atin 2020

Lesson 2
Kakadaaton/Taboos

1. Basao‟ o sinuratan id siriba om simbaro o tudio ngaawi do sumusuhut.

Kakadaaton do Momonsoi Walai

Walai nopo do tongoulun do Dusun di gulu-gulu po nga wonsoion do mantad do

poring om kobu. Taap nopo nga waalon do momoguno do kobu, om siliu om limput nopo
nga mantad do poring. Momonsoi nopo do walai, nga mogitatabang o tulun kampung.
Ogumu o kakadaaton do tulun do Dusun soira do momonsoi do walai.
(The houses of the Dusun people in the olden days were made of bamboo and
kobu leaves. The roof was made of kobu leaves and the floor and walls were of
bamboo. When building a house, the villagers would help one another. There were a
lot of taboos when the Dusuns were building houses)
Koiso nopo nga, soira do mongoi paganu do kobu om poring. Kakadaaton nopo do
mongoi paganu do wawaalon dino nga pungit, goduh di komoyon do Tonggoriasau,
tulanut do Guntomou om paus. Haro nopo o kokito di kakadaaton (pungit,
Tonggoriasau toi ko’ Guntomou), nga mositi do muli isio do sondiri. Au obuli isio do
momisunud do wokon. Irad nogi diri, nung haro o korongou do tuni do paus, iduan nopo
i karaja dau, om muli no do au momisunud do wokon.
(Firstly, when they were getting kobu leaves and bamboo. The taboos when
getting the materials were bats, a kind of grasshopper called Tonggoriasau, a type
of snake called Guntomou, and deers. If anyone saw any of the taboos (bats,
Tonggoriasau or Guntomou, the person must go home on his own. He was not allowed
to tell others. Likewise, if anyone heard the sound of a deer, the person should just
leave his chore and go home without telling others).
Koduwo, maso do momonsoi do walai. Songigit-igit do tonsokon o tongoulun
ngawi di mogitatabang. Om pogiilangan diolo do mangakan i taakanon di nonsok do hilo
id pamansaian do walai diri.
(Secondly, during house-building. Those who were working together brought
their own things to cook. Then they would eat the foods that were cooked on the
site, together.)
Kotolu, opongo nopo i walai, nga au obuli do lumabus i paganakan di poingiyon do
id walai diri do turu o tadau. Nung kalabus iyolo, nga mositi do sumunsui do tulokon di
winonsoi mantad do tinata’. Tulun do suai, i okon ko’ paganakan diolo, nga au obuli do
kasalakoi id walai diri do turu nogi tadau. Nung kasalakoi, nga kapanahak isio do sogit
do songinan o manuk.
(Thirdly, when the house was done, the family that lived in the house were
not allowed to go out for seven days. If they had to go out, they needed to walk on a
walkway made of bamboo that had been flattened. Others who were not family were
also not allowed to enter the house for seven days. If they entered, they had to pay
a ‘sogit’ of one chicken.)

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Activity 1/Pinsingumbalan Koiso

Simbaro o tudio/ponguhatan ngawi diti:
1. Poingkuro o karalan-ralano do momonsoi do walai di pogulu po?
(What was the way to build a house in the olden days?)

2. Nunu o wonsoion do mantad do kobu?

(What is made of kobu-leaves?)

3. Poring nopo nga maan do pomonsoi do ___________________________________.

(Bamboo is used to make __________________)

4. Sanaraio o kakadaaton do mongongoi do wawaalon do walai.

(List the taboos to gather house-building materials)

5. Nunu o tadat do tonudon do tulun Dusun ontok do momonsoi do walai?

(What is the custom that the Dusun people follow when building a house?)

Activity 2/Pinsingumbalan Koduwo

Tandaai ( √ ) montok do ayat di otopot, om ( X ) do ayat di kasala‟.

1. Kiwa o apat o kakadaaton soira do mongoi paganu do pomonsoi do walai. ( )

2. Pogitatabangan o momonsoi do walai di ontok di pogulu po. ( )
3. Tolu o tadau do paganakan di minomuwalai do au obuli do lumabus soira do opongo
o walai diolo. ( )
4. Obuli do sumuang o tambalut id timpu do limo tadau kalapas do opongo i walai. ( )
5. Sogit nopo do pogontok do wokon di kosuang do walai wagu nga songinan o
kambing. ( )

Activity 3/Pinsingumbalan Kotolu (Speaking Activity)

1. Sunudai o tambalut nu do kakadaaton di kakal po do adaton do bansa nu. Obuli ko

do monimpuun do susui nu do:
“Kakadaaton nopo di kakal po do adaton do bansa ku nga…”
“Tumanud do bansa ku...”

Useful Expressions

1. Sequencing- we use the ordinal number (koiso, koduwo, kotolu…) to show sequence
in a text. We also use linking words like om, irad nogi di, kawagu, etc.
Example:
Nung momonsoi ko do walai nga koiso, maganu do pakakas, om kalapas diri
momolohou do tambalut do momonsoi di walai.
(If you are building a house, first, get the materials, and after that, call up friends to
help build the house)

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Activity 4/Pinsingumbalan Kaapat

Connect each set of sentences using appropriate linking words.

1. Magansak do suup nangko. Oribon i nangko. Pogolokon o waig id pagansakan.

Pasamaion i nangko. Ralatan do tusi.

2. Momoli do rasuk. Andadon do koinsiriba o gatang (sale). Au apagon o gatang. Kaanu

do lobi po do ogumu bolion.

3. Haro o koginawaan. Gompion no kopio. Posonongon no o ginawo dau. Au oiyad o

kogos piginawaan.

Some sequencing words:

Koiso- first
Koduwo- second
Kotolu- third
Pogulu po- to begin with
Kalapas diri- then/after that
Id kopupuson- finally

Some linking words:

Om- and/then
Nogi - in addition/also/too
Sabaagi do poomitanan- as an example
Lolobi po- furthermore/moreover
Suai ko iri- apart from that
Kawagu po- besides
kawagu nga- besides
Dadi (jadi)- so
Sabap diri- because of that
Sabap/tu‟ - because
Nga- but/however
Nung- if/when
Irad nogi di- similarly
Momorutum- unfortunately
Porutumon- unfortunately
Sigog ka- suddenly/all of a sudden
Mooi do- so that
Mulong po/pia/do- although
Sundung tu‟- although
Mantad diri- since then

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Activity 5/Pinsingumbalan Kolimo (More exercises on linking sentences)

Umbalai do momoguno do boros popiromut montok do ayat di milo do piromuton.
Try to use linkers on sentences that can be linked.

Wansaian di Alex o todu dau do tindalam. Noowian isio do gula. Minongoi isio pomoli do
gula id kadai. Aiso o gula id kadai. Pamanau no i Alex do minongoi pokiolos do gula id
tambalut dau. Korubaai di Alex o songulun o molohing do popoboli do gula. Pokianu no i
Alex do songkilo o gula. Onuai isio di molohing do hopod o kilo do gula. Sunudai disio i
molohing do songkilo no o gula do pokionuon dau. Bosuk i molohing! Au nakarati i molohing
do boros di Alex. Kotogod i molohing. Momobog isio di Alex. Panangkus i Alex gisom do
nokorikot id walai do tambalut dau.

Voices Revision

Activity 6/Pinsingumbalan Koonom

Change the following Actor Voice sentences to Undergoer and/or Goal Voice:

1. Magansak i Alex do sada. (Alex is cooking some fish)

2. Magansak i Alex di odu do sada. (Alex is cooking grandmother some fish)
3. Mananom iyahai do bunga. (We plant flowers)
4. Momogusa o tasu do dungau. (A dog chases a cat)
5. Minomobog oku do tulanut. (I beat a snake)

(Answers on page 10. Do not cheat!)

Dialogue1/Pibabarasan koiso

Mogiboboros iyo Wong, Jay di Ain do ahal do kotumbayaan do ontok mogisusuai tinaru id
pomogunan.
(Wong, Jay and Ain are discussing beliefs among the different societies in the world)

Wong: Mogisusuai o kotumbayaan do tongoulun id pomogunan diti. Nopo di tadau

pisasawaan di Lucia, i pinsanku, nga minog iyau do haro o apat o kakamot: wagu,
laid, obulou om oloson.
(People have various beliefs in the world. On Lucia, my cousin‟s wedding, she had to
have four things: new, old, blue and borrowed)
Jay: Nasawo iyau do tulun do Nonggiris tu‟ haro o kotumbayaan do miagal diri?
(Did she marry an Englishman for having that belief?)
Wong: Ooh. Om minamakai iyau do garung do wagu, simbong di pinatahak do tina dahai di
pogulu po, sinsing do kiwatu do tobulou, om golong butia di todu di sawo dau.
(Yes. So she wore a new dress, earrings given by our mom long time ago, a ring
with a blue stone, and a pearl bracelet of her husband‟s grandmother‟s)
Ain: Iri nopo nga kaadat-adaton do tulun Nonggiris di mantad di pogulu po. Otumbayan
iyolo do kososogit o kakamot ngawi dino.

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(That is a custom of the English people since long time ago. They believe that such
things bring good luck)
Jay: Oh, au oku nogi nokoilo. Nunu kotumbayaan di susuwai kopio do norongou dikoyu
mantad id pogun suai?
(Wow, I didn‟t know. What other weird beliefs have you heard of other countries?)
Wong: Norongou ku nopo nga dongtongoulun do Greek. Nung korongou ko do habar do au
osonong, om mada iyolo do oontok ko do tangaraat, dulaan ko diolo do intolu!
(I‟ve heard a Greek‟s one. If you heard a bad news, and they do not want something
bad to happen to you, they would spit on you three times!)
Ain: Atuk oi, mada oku moti iyoho do dulaan! Norongou ku nopo nga otumbayaan o tulun
Itali do isai nopo i korongou do tontiho‟ do dungau nga kaanu do kosogit-sogiton.
(Wow, I wouldn‟t want to be spit on! I‟ve heard a belief of the Italians that whoever
heard a cat sneezing would be lucky)
Jay: Iyoku nopo nga oontok do ampus soira do kotopis do dungau do koontiho! Nga
ogumu nogi o norongou ku do mogisusuai o kotumbayaan di kotompuirak-irak id
Thailand. Ka diolo, nung mingkakat ko id wawayaan do lamin nga sumuang o
tombiruo id lamin nu.
(I get asthma when I get near a sneezing cat! But I‟ve heard hilarious beliefs in
Thailand. They say that if you stand on the doorway, a ghost will enter your house)
Ain: Haro nogi norongou ku do dongThailand di kotompuirak-irak. Nung mintong ko nopo
do tulun do poimbulagoi, nga lumonit moti o mato nu.
(I‟ve also heard hilarious ones of the Thai people. If you look at a naked person,
your eyes would be swollen)
Wong: Okon nopo ko‟ id Thailand o haro kotumbayaan do miagal dino, id Malaysia nga haro
nogi. Ka di Donna, i tambalut ku do Dusun, nga kokito ko nopo do tulun do sumobu,
om kotuton moti o mato nu.
(Not only in Thailand that such belief exists, in Malaysia too. Donna, my Dusun friend
says that if you see a person urinating, a boil would grow on your eye)
Jay: Toi gia?
(Really?)
Ain: Om otumbayaan nogi o tulun Thailand do nung momoros ko do olumis o tanak nga
tanggayan kaka do rogon i tanak. Palis palis.
(The Thai people also believe that if you say a baby is cute, a bad spirit would take it
away. Touch wood)
Wong: Ino nga miagal nogi do dongDusun. Nung momoros ko do olumis toi ko‟ olombon o
tanak do tokoro, nga mositi do boroson nu kawagu o „koburol‟. Au nopo kaka nga
oontok do turol i tanak.
(That is also similar to the Dusun one. If you say that a child is cute or fat, you have
to say ‟koburol‟. If not the child will get „turol‟)
Jay: Nunu o komoyon do oontok do turol?
(What is meant by getting „turol‟?)
Wong: Om sumakit matu dino i tanak sabab do norongou di rogon i boros nu.
(Well, the child would get ill because the bad spirits have heard what you said)
Ain: Sorohon no koti iri. Mongoi tokou id koiyonon do Kadazandusun do minggu do
tobontol. Kada tokou sangkabarasai.
(Remember that. We are going to a Kadazandusun place next week. Don‟t we simply
say things.)

Cultural point to ponder upon:

When a man married someone, you say that he is ‘nakasawo’.

But it is ‘nasawo’ for women.
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Activity 7/Pinsingumbalan Koturu

1. List the new words you find.

Activity 8/Pinsingumbalan Kawalu

2. Form a few questions from the text. Find a partner and ask each other the questions.

Answer for activity 6 on page 9:

1. Onsokon di Alex i sada.
2. Ansakan di Alex i Odu do sada.
3. Tonomon dahai/da o bunga.
4. Gusaon do tasu o dungau.
5. Binobog ku o tulanut.

Lesson 3

Uhu: Tadau Koundarangan (Holidays)

Mogiboboros o apat o mogiaambalut, iyo Chan, Amin, Rina di Doris do mongoi pimpanau
ontok tadau koundarangan somisto koiso 2014/2015.

1.

5 tadau om 4 tuong id Bangkok om Pattaya

Mimpanau id kakadayan Bangkok, om milatan-latan id disan do rahat do Phuket!

2.

4 tadau id Bali om Lot Tanah

Mimpodsu id spa solinaid do 2 jam
3.

5 tadau id Hong Kong

Poposonong do ginawo id Disneyland, Hong Kong

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Dialogue 1/Pibabarasan Koiso

Rina: Toombo tosonong do ngoyon tombuluio?
Chan: Bangkok kangku daa. Ogumu kopio o kolundusan do pogun diti. Haro ngawi
sambayangan do Buddha do tangalawa, haro ngawi tomu do poingampung do id
bawang, kabun bunga ros, om haro ngawi mogisusuwai o tokito do dontotuong!
Amin: Atuk oi! Ogumu mogisusuwai do tokito do dontotuong? Miagal ko‟ nunu?
Doris: Susuwai no tosorou nu kio Amin. Dontotuong nopo nga haro o tomu bunga. Ogumu
o bunga do padagangon do hilo. Bunga okid no o togumu kopio.
Rina: Nokoongoi kou no id Bangkok? Miagal di koilo tomod kou do koiyon-iyonon do pogun
dino.
Chan: Au, nga dongkogulian di pinsan ku do mantad id Bangkok di minggu di nakatalib.
Nopinsusuian oku no dau do ahal do Bangkok.
Rina: Iyoku nga au po bo nokoongoi. Mantad ngawi do intonit o kinoilaan ku diti.
Amin: Miagal do osonong nogi o karangahan ku do pogun dino. Nga intangai tokou po iti
Bali. Id Bali nga ogumu nogi o sambayangan do Buddha. Kawagu po nga ogumu o
disan do rahat di opiilailaan do tulun.
Chan: Otopot! Om ogumu nogi o sumandak do tangalawa id Bali!
Rina: Kii hoi di Chan! Sumandak tangalawa nopo da o hontolon nu. Poingkuro Doris? Okon
ko‟ nokoongoi ko no id Bali di piipiro toun di nakatalib?
Doris: Nokoongoi, nga alaid no gia iri. Di tanak oku po. Au oku kosorou do nunu-nunu suai
ko‟ mintangkus id disan do rahat, om mananggarung do batik di kibunga do
tangalawa. Nga otopot no ma kopio do angalawa o kosumandakan do hilo.
Angalamaya‟ po moti…
Amin: Adidih! Siruba‟ oku no daa do kosumandakan do angalawa om angalamaya. Kanou
no mongoi id Bali!
Chan: Kada po, Amin. Intangai tokou po „ti Disneyland Hong Kong. Asanangan ma iyo Rina
di Doris do Mickey om Minnie Mouse.
Rina: Ba, om otopot no ma. Mantad di pogulu gisom do baino nga asanangan oku do
patung Mickey Mouse.
Doris: Iyoku nga irad nogi ddi! Oporodot tomod iyo Mickey di Minnie do tokito ku.
Chan: Nga mantad do tolu kinoiyonon diti, toombo o au songkuro do apagon? Mositi do
sorohon tokou o kousinan tokou!
Amin: Otopot, Chan. Nung pibondingon tokou, nga Bangkok no kanto o au songkuro do
apagon.
Rina: Oo bo. Omumurah no o tusin do Thailand.
Doris: Kosokodung oku nogi dino boros dikoyu. Nung intangan, nga osonong ngawi
kinoiyonon diti do mangan tombuluio. Nga nung manu tokou do orikot o ginawo do
mimpanau, om Bangkok no kanto o tosonong do tombuluyon.
Amin: Ba, kanou mongoi id Bangkok.

Activity 1/Pinsingumbalan Koiso

List your newfound words. Try to guess their meanings before looking at the
translation.

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Translation:
Rina: Which one is good to visit?
Chan: I‟d say Bangkok. There are a lot of attractions in the place. There are many beautiful
Buddhist temples, there are floating markets, rose garden, and there are a lot to see
at night!
Amin: Wow! A lot to see at night? Like what?
Doris: You are thinking naughty thoughts, right, Amin. At night there is this flower market-
there are a lot of flowers sold there especially orchids.
Rina: Have you been to Bangkok? It seems that you really know a lot about the place.
Chan: No, but my cousin has just got back from Bangkok last week. She told me a lot of
things about Bangkok.
Rina: Well, I haven‟t been there either. I know all of these from the internet.
Amin: The place sounds good to me. But let‟s look at Bali. There are also a lot of Buddhist
temples in Bali. Also, there are a lot of beaches that are known by many people.
Chan: That‟s true! And there are many beautiful young ladies in Bali!
Rina: Aha Chan! You are only after beautiful young ladies. What do you think, Doris?
Haven‟t you been to Bali a few years ago?
Doris: I have, but that was long time ago. When I was very young. I don‟t remember
anything but running by the beach and wearing batik with beautiful flowers. But it‟s
true that the ladies there are beautiful. Also gentle…
Amin: Oh, how I wish to see beautiful and gentle young ladies. Let‟s go to Bali!
Chan: Wait, Amin. Let‟s have a look at Disneyland Hong Kong. Rina and Doris like Mickey
and Minnie Mouse.
Rina: Yes, that‟s true. From long time ago till now I still like Mickey Mouse toys.
Doris: Me too! Mickey and Minnie are really cute in my eyes.
Chan: But of these three places, which one is cheaper? We have to think of our financial!
Amin: That‟s right, Chan. If we compare them, maybe Bangkok is less expensive.
Rina: True. Thailand‟s currency is lower.
Doris: I agree with you. All the places are wonderful to visit. But if we want to be able to
make the best of our visit, maybe Bangkok is the best place to go.
Amin: Ok, let‟s go to Bangkok.

Activity 2/Pinsingumbalan Koduwo

Pibabarasai dikoyu di tambalut nu o tadau koundarangan di iman-imanon nu.

(With a partner, talk about your dream holiday)

You may start with:

“Siongoi oku id… (I‟d like to go to…)”

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Activity 3/Pinsingumbalan Kotolu

Kabaalan Mambasa (Reading Comprehension)

A. Simbaro ngaawi o tudio id siriba/Answer the questions below:

a) Piro o kinoiyonon do intangan di Rina, Amin, Chan om Doris?

b) Nunu o kasanangan di Chan do id Bangkok?

c) Boros ka di Doris, ontok do totuong id Bangkok

____________________________________________________________________.
d) Isai o nokoumbal do minongoi id Bali?

e) Tumanud di tulun di nokoumbal do minongoi id Bali, nunu o kasanangan dau do hiri?

f) Nokuro tu‟ Bangkok o pinili‟ diolo do ngoyon tombuluyo?

B. Pisudongo‟ o komoyon do boros. Surato o numbur roman id kurungan ().

a) Tumombului ( ) i. Boros-boroson do kasanangan

b) Poingampung ( ) ii. Agayo gatang
c) Angalamaya ( ) iii. Mongoi pimpanau
d) Roroyohon ( ) iv. Poinsakai id waig
e) Mananggarung ( ) v. Ongosonong o kowoyo-woyoon
f) Apagon ( ) vi. Manambasaan

C. Tandaai () nung otopot om (X) nung kasala‟.

a) Au songkuro do agayo o ginawo di Rina do mongoi id Bali. ( )

b) Siongoi tomod i Amin id Bali. ( )
c) Nokoongoi i Chan id Bangkok di pogulu po. ( )
d) Asanangan ngoduwo iyo Rina di Doris do Mickey om Minnie Mouse. ( )
e) Noodsuur iyolo do tumombului id Bangkok sabap do kolumisan do kosumandakan id
Bangkok. ( )

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Sinuatan Koiso (Text 1)

Tombului doid Nami Island

Ontok tadau koundarangan do somisto di nakatalib, nokoongoi oku id Korea miampai di

paganakanku. Au ku piimanan do koongoi id Korea‟, nga nokoontok-ontok do haro o
koombolutan do mogihum do tulun do momogonop do tinimungan diolo do mongoi hilo.
Dadi, nakatanud dii i paganakanku diolo. Minongoi iyahai tombului id piipiro kinoiyonon do
kasasanangan do tutumombului, miagal ko‟ Nami Island, i oilaan do tongoulun sabaagi
kinoiyonon do pinamansayan filem Winter Sonata. Kinoiyonon nopo do Nami Island nga id
Bawang do Han, 1.5 jaam mantad id Seoul.

(Patung Bae Yong Jun om Choi Ji Woo, Winter Sonata) (Totem kayu id Nami Island)

Ontok nopo diri nga musim do salji, om osogit kopio o hilo. Mogot po tu‟ nokoigit iyahai
do rasuk tangakapal. Sinumakai iyahai do feri mantad id Nami Island Ferry gisom id Nami
Island, kiikiro do limo minit. Sundung do osogit om adala’ kopio o salji, nga osonong
tomod o ginawo da tu‟ nokokito do mogisusuai kokitanan di angalawa. Haro o tombolog
tangagayo roitan do Ostrich. Haro nogi o mogisusuai totem kayu do sinupu di kaanu kaka
do popoinsodu do rusod tangaraat. Nounsikou kopio oku do nokotombului do hilo.

Activity 1/Pinsingumbalan Koiso

A) Kabaalan Mimboros/Speaking practice:

Intangai o kinoiyonon ngawi id koukaban ko-16. Pibabarasai dikoyu di

tambalut nu o boros ula kowoyo-woyoo‟ (adjectives) di milo do gunoon
montok do kinoiyonon diti. Umbalai do monusui o kinoyonon diti.

B) Kabaalan Mambasa/Reading Skill

Pomonsoi do limo tudio/ponguhatan mantad diti sinuratan.

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C) Kabaalan mimboros/Speaking Skill- Intangai o gambar id siriba. Susuio o iso

gambar di kasanangan nu

1) Pulou Bohey Dulang, Semporna

Olumis o kokitanan, ogumu o tombolog, haro kulam kowotuan di ongokoro om wasai,. Kaanu do
tumolop id rahat om mintong do mogisusuai kokitanan id dasom rahat di olumis.

2) Melaka

Iso kakadayan di nakalaid id Malaysia. Ogumu o susui do kinoiyonon diti. Mogisusuai o bansa
do tulun. Ogumu taakanon di ongopoto miagal ko’ Binulugu Takano nansak miampai manuk,
Satay Celup om mogisusuai po.

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3) Kundasang
Kinoiyonon di ogumu kolumisan: tugu pomusarahan do sangod, pomiaraan do sapi Desa
Cattle, Nulu Nabalu, Kampung Arnab, Nulu Tinorindak om mogisusuai po.

4) Taman Negara Gunung Mulu

Id somok do Miri, Sarawak. Ogumu o luang do watu. Ogumu o pungit. Oduya’ kumaa do isai-
isai i asanangan do mimpanau id nuluh om gouton.

Activity 2/Pinsingumbalan Koduwo

Look at these words. Guess which ones are adjectives?

Intangai o boros ngawi diti. Tonduai toombo boros ula?

1. Nakatalib
2. Nakatanud
3. Nokokito
4. Nokoongoi
5. Noilaan
6. Kaanu
7. Koongoi
8. Osogit
9. Nounsikou

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Grammar Focus:

Voices and Modes

Modes

There are two modes in KD, “Normal” and “Accidental/Ability”. In levels I and II, you have
learned about the voice system in the Normal mode. There are three voices, AV, UV and GV.
Apart from baing expressed in the normal mode, these voices are also seen in
Accidental/Ability mode. First, we need to understand the concepts of Accidental and Ability.

1) Accidental

Accidental actions are non-intentional actions that happened without the doer‟s control.
They are always in the past tense (n-/no-/na-) and indicated with the affixes ka-/ko-
(Actor Voice), a-, o- (Undergoer Voice) and a-/o-…an (Goal Voice).

The only possibility of accidental actions being in the non-past is when someone is
expressing a hypothetical situation such as in the English sentence: “You might fall” = aratu
ko moti.

1) Ability

Ability actions are action that indicate ability. They are marked in the same manner as
accidental. The only difference is, it is normal to express ability both in the past and non-
past (present and future) tenses. With the past tense marker, a verb form can have the
interpretation „accidental/non-intentional‟ or „ability‟. In such a case, the context of the
speech is important to arrive at the correct interpretation. Consider these two contexts:

Context A

A boy is saying proudly to his brother:

Notipu‟ ku i sukud di aki

(I broke grandfather‟s walking stick) Interpretation: ______________________

Context B

A boy is saying regretfully to his brother:

Notipu‟ ku i sukud di aki

(I broke grandfather‟s walking stick) Interpretation: ________________________

However, verbs in this form in the non-past tense are all Ability.

Now, we need to get familiar with the affixes. As mentioned earlier, they can be expressed
in AV, UV and GV too:

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Verbal Affixes for Accidental/Ability mode:

Voice Past Example

Affix Tense
AV ka-/ko- naka- kaakan
/noko- nakaakan
koboli
nokoboli
UV a-/o- na-/no- aakan
naakan
oboli
noboli
GV a-…-an/ na-…- aakanan
o-…-an an/ naakanan
no-…-an obolian
nobolian

Compare this with the voices in the Normal mode:

Normal Mode Accidental/Ability Mode

M- Mangakan AV Na-ka-/no- Nakaakan
-um- Mangakan i tanak do Akan ko Nakaakan i tanak do
MoN- rasun „eat‟ rasun
/MaN- (The child eats (The child accidentally
poison) Ruba ate poison)
„meet‟
M-in- Minangakan i tanak *Nokoruba oku do
M-in- do rasun tulanut
oN- (The child ate poison) (I accidentally bumped
M-in- into a snake)
aN- Rinumuba oku do
tambalut
(I met up with a
friend)
-on Akanon di tanak i UV Na-a-/no- Naakan di tanak i rasun
-in- rasun o- (The child accidentally
(The child eats the ate the poison)
poison)
Naakan ku o rasun
Akanon ku o rasun (I ate some poison)
(I eat some poison) Ruba „bump
into‟/*noruba‟
*noruba ku i tulanut
*note: this sentence is
not grammatical
though. While perhaps
all root action words
can go with AV, some
words in accidental
mode, can only go with
GV or AV affixes.
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---an Akanan di tulun i GV a---an aakanan di tulun i

n---an tindalam di Amy tindalam di Amy
-in---an (The person ate at (The man/person
Amy‟s cake) accidentally ate Amy‟s
cake)
Nakanan i tindalam
([somebody] ate at Na-a-/no- Naakanan i tindalam
the cake) o-…an ([somebody]
accidentally ate at the
*rubaan ku i tulanut cake)
This sentence is not
grammatical. „ruba‟ Norubaan ku i tulanut
doesn‟t go with GV. (I accidentally bump
into the snake)

More examples:

Voice Form Example

AV Na-ka-/no-ko Akan ‘eat’ /nakaakan
Nakaakan i tanak do rasun
(The child accidentally ate poison)

Ruba ‘bump into’/nokoruba

Nokoruba oku do tulanut
(I accidentally bump into a snake)
UV Na-a-/no-o- Akan ‘eat’/naakan
Naakan di tanak i rasun
(The child accidentally ate the poison)

Ruba ‘bump into’/*noruba’

*noruba ku i tulanut
*note: this sentence is not grammatical though.
While perhaps all root action words can go with AV,
some words in accidental mode, can only go with
GV or AV affixes.

GV Na-a-/no-o- Akan ‘eat’/naakanan

…an Naakanan di tulun i tindalam di Amy
(The man accidentally ate Amy’s cake)

Ruba ‘bump into’/ norubaan

Norubaan ku i tulanut
(I accidentally bump into a snake)

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Activity 3/Pinsingumbalan Kotolu

For each sentence below, use the word in the brackets () to form the correct
accidental/non-intentional action verb based on the focus marked (in bold) in the
sentence.

1. ______________ (idu “let go/let out”) i manuk di Mary mantad id kandang.

(Mary’s chicken accidentally got out of its coop)

2. Ontok di tadau kaamatan di nakatalib ________________ (intutun “get to know”)

i Alex do songulun o sumandak do tolumis.
(Last harvest festival, Alex accidentally got to know a beautiful lady)

3. __________ (posik “wake up”) i Yawakas di tulun di hatus no toun do koodop.

(Yawakas accidentally woke the person who had been sleeping for a hundred
years up)

4. ___________ (awi “finish”) di Amina i taakanon.

(Amina accidentally finished the food)

5. ___________ (bobog “hit with a stick”) di Kantung i Antoni di konihab.

(Kantung accidentally hit Antoni yesterday)

(See answers on page 24)

Activity 4/Pinsingumbalan Kaapat

Read the short texts. Underline the verb forms that indicate accidental actions and circle
the verb forms that indicate ability. Are there any verbs of the same forms that do not
seem to indicate accidental or ability? (Answers may vary. Justify your answer!)

Text Koiso

Agangau oku kopio di minggu di nakatalib. Suai ko‟ mongoi id kalas, nokohompit oku nogi
do piboian modsinding id Kinoiyonon Susumikul UMS Kingfisher. Nakalantoi oku nogi do
sumuang do final, nga au oku nakaanu do nunu-nunu numbur. Koilo oku do suminding, nga
lobi po do osonong o podsisinding di wokon.

Accidental Ability Something Else

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Text Koduwo

Ii nopo di tokoro po i Maria nga siongoi tomod iyau id pomogunan do tulun Nonggiris. Kokito
nopo iyau do gambar do dongmusim bunga, nga olundusan kopio iyau. Maso di Maria do id
sikulan takawas nga tinumanud iyau do monuat do esei Tadau Pibabasan Sompomogunan.
Nakalantoi iyau, om noonuan iyau do tikit kapal tumulud do mongoi id England.
Nounsikahan tomod i Maria do nakaanu do titahak diri. Nokotombului i Maria id kinoiyonon
do kasanangan dau.

Accidental Ability Something Else

Activity 5/Pinsingumbalan Kolimo

Now attempt the following sentences, which are without English translation (Hint:
look at the focused noun phrase (in bold). Determine whether the sentence is in AV,
UV or GV, then use the correct form of verb affixes as given in the table on page 22)

1. ____________ (babak “break” [of fragile objects]) di Henry i soromin mato di

Santhi.
2. Au agayo o tinan di Chong nga _____________ (kakat “carry [of heavy objects])
kasari isio di tong giis kiwinagat do 50kg.

3. _______________ (patai “kill”) di Andy i tasu di aki.

4. _______________ (tanom “plant”) dahai do punti i tana diolo.
5. Maso do lumabus, _____________ (oling “forget”) di Arul o kunsi disio id suang
do lamin.

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Answers:
A) Activity 3 (page 21)
1. Nokoidu
2. Nokointutun
3. Nokoposik
4. Naawi
5. Nobobog

(answers to activity 3 and activity 4 on page 21 & 22)

Activity 4 (page 21 & 22)

Text 1
1. Nokohompit (ability)
2. Nakalantoi (ability)
3. Nakaanu (ability)
Text 2
1. Kokito (ability)
2. Nakalantoi (ability)
3. Noonuan (ability)
4. Nakaanu (ability)
5. Nokotombului (accidental)

Activity 5 (page 23)

1. Nababak
2. Nakakakat
3. Napatai
4. Natanaman
5. Noolingan (the question looks like it is a UV but there is no such term as
„nooling‟, thus it should be treated as a GV).

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Lesson 4 (Understanding a folktale)

Reading Text: Kudingking (adapted from Justinus Sabin (2002), Bahagian

Teknologi Pendidikan Sabah)

1) Read the text. In a group of 3 – 4 people, discuss your understanding of the text
without looking at the translation. Use the following glossary to help you.

Glossary

Word Meaning Word Meaning

pinungaranan given the name of pomonsoi make
gado an instrument to catch pataano put in a position that can
prey [animals] possibly catch a prey
tamangai wait for (jaga) nasadapan became evening
tombolog bird suminulung get caught
Uli go home oluyu sad
tindalanon way tondu female
molohing old kopio very
ponguhot ask posunudo tell
Sontob all naantakan experience/things that
happened
nosianan took pity/sympathised suhuo asked (suruh)
sunudai tell (beritahu) korikot arrive at
poinumon give a drink mongoi go
pokisuduon look for firewood ogonop enough
doilo (do hilo) there id location marker (di)
dumo farming place (huma) mongupu pick (petik)
tua’ fruit tawadak pumpkin
pogkowili look behind aiso none
tangaanak children kakanan jar
tangga an instrument from tunguho pour water on/into
bamboo, used for
keeping water
minonuang put water inside paganu pick (ambil)
noruyou withered/dead talun jungle
laaso cut and split (wood only) wongkoso tie
kuminaa going to pilio choose
upuo pick buntuto carry
nokotigog surprised/shocked nokokito saw
poingkakat standing tolikudan behind
uhoto ask (question) simbaro answer
sawo spouse totuong night
lapako split imbulai appear
kakamot things nadadi became
puawang/ rich mindahu go
kiharo-haro
kakal still sinokodung helped
kasanangan wealth kobolingkaangan problem
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I Kudingking

Ii nopo di gulu-gulu po, nga haro o songulun do tanak wagu do pinungaranan

do i Kudingking. I Kudingking nopo kaka nga tulun do mosikin, om poingiyon isio do id iso
kampung id toning do Nulu Kinabalu. Insan tadau, pomonsoi no i Kudingking do gado, om
pataano‟ no disio id tuntu do nunuk. Tamangai no disio i gado gisom do nasadapan. Amu
kopio osonong o nasip di Kudingking, tu‟ aiso o tombolog do suminulung do id
gado disio.

Uli no i Kudingking miampai do turos di toluyu kopio. Id tindalanan do muli,

korubaai no di Kudingking o songulun o tondu do molohing no kopio. Ponguhot no i
molohing di Kudingking, om posunudo no disio i naantakan ngawi do koposion disio.
Nosianan i molohing di Kudingking, om suhuo no dau i Kudingking do mongoi hilo id walai
dau.

Sunudai no dau i Kudingking do, “soira nopo do korikot do hilo id walai ku, nga
poinumon no i tanak ku. Opongo po ri, om mongoi kawagu pokisuduon. Ogonop po i
suduon, om mongoi no kawagu do hilo id dumo. Mongupu‟ no do tuwa di tawadak om
mamanau no. Kada no pogkowili do au ko po korikot do id walai nu”, ka di molohing.

Pamanau no i Kudingking do gisom do nokorikot isio do hilo id walai diri, nga aiso i‟
o tangaanak do nokito dau. Ii nopo i nokito dau, nga piropiro o tinan do kakanan om iso
o tangga do poimponu do waig. Tunguho no di Kudingking i kakanan ngawi, do waig
mantad id suang do tangga. Om kopongo iri, om ongoi no i Kudingking pokisuduon do hilo
id talun. Laaso om wongkoso no disio i kayu, om owito no disio do kuminaa do hilo
id walai di molohing. Panangkus no i Kudingking do kinumaa do hilo id dumo di molohing
dii, om pilio no dau o tuwa do taadak di tolumis kopio. Upuo om buntuto no di
Kudingking i tuwa do tawadak do minuli‟ do hilo id walai dau. Amu isio minogkoili id
tindalanon.

Korikot po i Kudingking do hilo id suang do walai disio, om pogkoili nogi isio.

Nakagagang tomod i Kudingking do nokokito do sumandak do tolumis no kopio, do
poingkakat id tolikudan disio. Uhoto no di Kudingking do isai o sumandak diri. Simbaro no
di sumandak do iyau nopo nga sawo di Kudingking. Totuong diri, lapako no di Kudingking i
tuwa do tawadak. Imbulai no o mogisuai-suai o kakamot mantad do id tuwa dii miagal ko‟
taaakanon, tayam, tamas om ogumu po o suai.

Mantad do tadau diri, nosiliu i Kudingking do songulun o kiharo-haro do id

kampung disio.

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Translation:

Long time ago, there was a young man named Kudingking. Kudingking, hearsay, was a
poor man and he lived in a village near Mount Kinabalu. One day, Kudingking made a trap
and he set it on the tip of a tree. He guarded the trap until darkness came upon him.
Kudinging was really unlucky because no bird got inside his trap.

Kudingking went home with great sadness, reflected on his face. On his way home,
Kudingking bumped into a very old lady. The old lady asked him and Kudingking told [her]
about everything that happened in his life. The old lady took pity on Kudingking and she
asked him to go to her house. She told Kudingking, “when you have arrived at my house,
give my child/children a drink. Also, when that is done, then go find some firewoods. Then,
when that is completed, go to the farm. Pick up a pumpkin and walk on. Don‟t look behind
you until you reach home”, said the old lady.

Kudingking walked on until he reached the house but he did not see any children.
[The things] that he saw were some jars and a bamboo water container full of water.
Kudingking filled all the jars with water from the bamboo water container. And when that
was done, then Kudingking went to fetch firewoods from the jungle. He split and tied the
woods and brought [them] to the old lady‟s house. Kudingking ran to the old lady‟s farm
and he chose a pumpkin that was most beautiful/the most perfect pumpkin. Kudingking
picked up and carried the pumpkin and returned to his house. He didn‟t look back along his
journey.

It was only after Kudingking arrived at his house that he looked back. Kudingking
was very shocked to see a young lady that was very beautiful standing behind him.
Kudingking asked the young lady who she was. The young lady answered that she was
Kudingking‟s wife. That night, Kudingking split the pumpkin. Various things appeared from
the fruit. The things that came out were food, animals, and many more.

Since that day, Kudingking became a person with possession [a rich man] in his
village.

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Activity 1/Pinsingumbalan koiso –

Translate the following Kadazandusun sentences into English/Malay.

1. Linapak di Kudingking i tawadak.

_________________________________________

2. Mamatai i tulun do tulanut.

__________________________________________

3. Natanom di odu o bunga‟.

__________________________________________

4. Olundus o walai do kusai dilo.

__________________________________________

5. Mogihum do suduon i molohing do tondu.

__________________________________________

Activity 2/Pinsingumbalan Koduwo

Find the linking words from the text. Discuss the way they are used.

Activity 3/Pinsingumbalan Kotolu

Is there a similar folktale in your culture? Talk about them.

Activity 4/Pinsingumbalan kaapat

What questions can you ask based on the text? You may use question words or yes-
no type of questions.

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Lesson 5
Kowoyo-woyoon do tulun (Personality)
Pilio‟ o iso tuwa-uwa id siriba:
Pick up a fruit:
Which fruit would you pick if you were handed these:

1. Orin

5. Tintingabai

2. Ipol 6. Tapayas

3. Punti 7. Mangga

4. Piasau 8.Anggur

Kowoyo-woyoonnu
ORIN
Nung orin nopo o tuwa-uwa do kasanangan nu, nga songulun ko di okodou o ginawo. Nunu
nopo o wonsoyon nu nga logo-logoton nu, nga oimuri tomod ko koulun, om au ko orosian do
monoguang do karaja do angawagat. Oimok-imok ko do sumonu, nga atatap tomod o ginawo nu
id piombolutan. Au ko asanangan do pitagadan.
(ORANGE
If orange is your favorite fruit, it speaks of a person who has enduring patience and willpower. You
like to do things slowly, but very thoroughly and are completely undaunted by hard work. You tend
to be shy, but are reliable and trustworthy friend. You avoid conflict at all costs.)

IPOL
Nung ipol o tuwa-uwa do kasanangan nu, nga osonong ko do polombus do tosorou nu. Kaanu ko
do momuruan do puru. Koilo ko do nunu mangan do id kogumuan o situasi. Asanangan ko do
mimpanau. Soira do duwo kou di koupusan nu, nga kolihis ko do ginawo dau.
(APPLE
If apple is your favorite fruit, you are outspoken. You make a good team leader. You can take quick
action in most situations. You enjoy travel immensely. You ooze with charm when you are with
your partner.)

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PUNTI
Songulun ko di alamaya! Tulun nopo di asanangan do punti nga obingginawo, alamaya, om
obingsianan. Asasaru do au alanut o ginawo nu om otuyu kopio ko. Ginowoon nu i koupusan nu
montok do linundus do pomusarahan om koulun-ulunan dau. Sabap do kowoyo-woyoon nu,
poinsonong kasasari o piombolutan om piginawaan nu.
(BANANA
You are a softie! Loving, gentle, and sympathetic by nature is the banana lover. You often lack in
self-confidence and are quite timid by nature. You adore your lover both for their mental and
physical beauty! Because of the way you are, your relationship is always very much in harmony!)

PIASAU
Tulun nopo di asanangan do piasau nga otoronong, kitimbang-rasa om asanangan do
momusorou. Asanangan ko do mambalut do wokon, nga au nu songkoombolutan. Adalaan ko
nogi do asangal do sumonu.
(COCONUT
The coconut lover is a serious, very thoughtful and contemplative person. Though you enjoy
socializing, you are particular about the company you keep. You tend to be stubborn sometimes.)

TINTINGABAI
Osikap ko do momonsoi do koputusan om lobi po do osikap do maganu do tindakan/poburuon.
Apandai ko do monurupu om au ko orosian do ginayo do karaja di toguangon nu. Ika nopo nga
otopot om otulid kumaa do wokon. Alalaid ko do koihum do tambalut nga soira nopo do kaanu
ko do tambalut om sogigisom no o piombolutan dino.
(PINEAPPLE
You are quick to decide and even quicker to act. You have exceptional organizing abilities and are
undaunted by the size of the task at hand. You tend to be sincere and honest in your dealings with
others. Though you are not given to making friends very quickly, but once you do, it is for life)

TAPAYAS
Au ko obinrosian. Momusorou ko do tintod do momonsoi do nunu nopo. Anakal ko om
opuhawang ko, om ogumu o tulun do asanangan dika. Asanangan ko do rumuba’ do tulun
sompogunan om mongoi intong do koiyonon do wagu soira do osimbayan ko.
(PAPAYA
You are truly fearless. You give considerable thought to things you do. You have a sense of humor
that along with your generous nature keeps you in most people's good books. You enjoy meeting
new people and seeing new sights whenever you can.)

MANGGA
Atatap o pomusarahan nu om au ko obingangayan. Soira do asanangan ko om asanangan tomod
ko, nga soira do araatan ko, om araatan ko no tomod. Asanangan ko do kohompit do nunu nopo i
manahak do kopomusarahan.
(MANGO
You are a person who has quite fixed ideas, and influencing you is not an easy task. You tend to be
an extremist with strong likes and dislikes. You enjoy getting involved in something that presents
mental challenge.)

ANGGUR
Osonong ko koulun nga obintogod ko om oruhai nogi do ononos o kototogodnu. Asanangan ko
do nunu nopo i tongolumis, miampai no do tongoulun di tolumis. Kasanangan ko do tulun sabap
no do kosuahonnu.
(GRAPES

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You are a polite person in general, but do have quick flare-ups of temper that cool down just as
quickly. You enjoy beauty in all forms, including beautiful people. You are very popular because of
your warm nature).

State verbs aka adjectives

In KD, the words that act like adjectives and adverbs are actually state verbs (non action
verbs) of the Actor Voice (AV) type. They have the following characteristics:

1. They occur at the beginning of sentences

2. When an „adjective‟ is used, the focus goes to the actor:
a) Osonong ko koulun “you are a nice person” (Notice that „ko‟ is a focus
pronoun)
b) Osonong o ginawo ku (“I am happy”/*”My heart is good”)
c) Osiau i Martin do manangkus. (“Martin runs fasts”)

3. They look very much like the UV or GV verb forms of the accidental/ability mode:
a) Alamaya iyau (“She is gentle”) – focus pronoun (AV structure) but UV verb
form
b) Ababak dau i butul (“She is able to break the bottle”) – UV verb form
c) Olundusan oku di kinoiyonon (“The place is beautiful to me”)- GV verb form

Recall the focus and non-focus pronoun forms as follows:

The KD Pronoun Chart

Topic Focus Topic - Non- Posessive

possesive Focus
I iyoku/ oku doho/dogo ku ku
iyoho
you ika ko dika nu nu
(singular)
you ikoyu ikoyu dokoyu/ diu
(plural) dikoyu (dokoyu/
dikoyu)
he isio isio disio disio/dau
she iyau iyau diyau dau
we kito dato to to
(you and I)
we itokou dotokou/daton/ tokou tokou
(more than two dati
ppl and I)
kita semua
we iyahai iyahai dahai/ dahai/
(some other ppl dagai dagai/ya
and I)
kami
they iyolo iyolo diolo diolo
Pinsingumbalan:

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4. Read the following text:

a) Underline the state verbs (adjectives/adverbs)
b) Circle the accidental/ability verbs, and indicate whether each is an AV, a UV or a GV
c) Justify your answer

Alawa o lamin di Kheng. Nowonsoi di Kheng o lamin dau di toun

2010. Alaid no isio do minonimung do tusin do maan do pomonsoi di
lamin dau, om osonong kopio o ginawo disio tu’ nokowonsoi do lamin
diri. Agayo nogi o lamin disio diri. Haro o hopod o linimput do
modop do id lamin di Kheng. Osikap nogi i momomonsoi do lamin do
minomonsoi di lamin tu’ nokopongo iyolo do lamin dino id timpu do
onom no tulan.

Poingiyon i Kheng id lamin disio miampai do molohing dau di

nokopinsin no. Asanangan i tina disio do momutanom-tanom om
notongkop dau do minananom do bunga id posorili di lamin.
Natanaman ngawi dau do kinotuan o sompitak o tana id dohuri do
lamin diri.

Tapa nopo di Kheng nga otorodok/opinogot do momiara do tayam.

Om nawansaian disio do kulam id dohuri do lamin, do pinoiyanan
disio do sada om putik. Nawansaian nogi disio do kandang do manuk
id suang do kabun do tina di Kheng.

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(Revision 1)

Revision 2

The KD pronoun system

A) Analyze the following sentences. Are the pronouns used correctly?

1. Mongoi iyoku pimpanau hilo id 1borneo do suab. (do…akan datang)…(di…telah

berlalu)
2. Mangakan dahai do manuk ginuring.
3. Oku no i minanakau do kasut nu.
4. Ilo nopo lamin do tagayo nga diolo.
5. Iyolo dilo lamin do tagayo.
6. Dika o sanganu dilo lamin tagayo.
7. Bolion isio ilo bunga.
8. Isio o momoli dilo bunga.
9. Au dau koilo do moboros do Sina.
10. Sina nopo nga boros dika.
11. Pomogunan tokou nopo nga Malaysia.
12. Dahai o sanganu do Malaysia.
13. Kano tonomo dato iti lado!
14. Okon moti ko‟ dato diti!

B) Which pronoun(s) do you use in each of the following sentences?

1. Momonsoi ___________ do lamin.

(They are building a house)
2. Wonsoion ___________ i lamin.
(They are building the house)
3. Iti nopo nga lamin ___________.
(This is their house)
4. Hombo ngoyon __________?
(Where is he going?)
5. Toombo tama _______? Ilo kirasuk do taragang toi ko kirasuk do tosilou?
(Which one is your father? The one in the red shirt or the one in the yellow one?)
6. Au ___________ asanangan do mangakan do toonsom.
(We do not like eating sour food)
7. Ansakon __________ i sada‟ di binoli ___________.
(We (you and I) will cook the fish that they bought)
8. Nakalantoi ______________ do piboian modsinding di konihab.
(He won in the singing competition)
9. ____________ no id ginawo ___________ do toririmo.
(You are in my heart forever)
10. Alawa tomod o linukis di tanak __________.
(Her child‟s painting is very beautiful)

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C) Fill up the blank cell with the correct form of pronoun.

Topic Focus Topic -possesive Non-Focus Posessive

i iyoku/iyoho oku doho/dogo ku

you ika dika nu nu

(singular)

you ikoyu ikoyu dokoyu/dikoyu diu

(plural) (dokoyu/dikoyu)

he isio disio disio/dau

she iyau diyau dau

we (you kito dato to to

and i)

we (more itokou dotokou/daton/dati tokou tokou

than two
ppl and i)

kita
semua

we (some iyahai dahai/dagai dahai/dagai/ya

other ppl
and i)

kami

they iyolo iyolo diolo diolo

Topic Pronoun

A topic pronoun is the form that is used when the pronoun is the “topic” of a sentence. The
pronoun is always followed by a linker or focus marker e.g “nopo nga”, “o” or “i”.

Examples:

1) Iyoku nopo nga tulun Malaysia.

(I am a Malaysian)
2) Isio o tama ku.
(He is my father)
3) Iyolo o tambalut ku.
(They are my friends)

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Focus Pronoun

This is the form of pronoun that is used in place of a main focus in AV, UV and GV. This
form is m ostly prominent in AV and GV sentences. In other words, the pronouns of this
category are „in focus‟.

Examples:

1) Mangakan oku do punti. (AV)

(I am eating a banana)
2) Pataion di Ali isio. (UV)
(Ali kills him)
3) Bolian di Ali isio do rasuk.
(Ali buys him a shirt)

Non-Focus Pronoun

A non-Focus pronoun is the form that is used for secondary focus in sentences (not „in-
focus‟ element/noun phrase). This form is mostly used in UV and GV.
Examples:

1) Mamatai oku disio.

(I am killing him) [AV]
2) Tombiran dau i Yana do rasuk.
(She is sewing Yana a blouse) [GV]
3) Sudaion diolo o tobuk di odu.
(They comb grandmother‟s hair) [UV]

Topic-Possesive Pronoun

The pronoun is the topic (in the beginning) of a sentence and used as a possessive (to show
ownership/belonging).

Examples:

1) Dau diti rasuk.

(This is (a blouse of hers) her blouse)
2) Doho di tindalam di takanon nu.
(It‟s my cake (cake of mine) your‟re eating)
3) Dagai dilo lamin.
(That‟s (the house of us) our house)

Possesive Pronoun

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The form that is used to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things belonging to a

person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things). This
form comes after the possession/noun.

Examples:

1) Walai nu i taragang.
(Your house is the red one)
2) Iti nopo nga tanak dau.
(This is her child)
3) Aragang o rasuk diolo.
(Their shirts are red)

D. Give the correct form of pronoun for the underlined noun phrase in each
sentence.

Example:

Magansak i Mary. (iyau)

1. Tombiran di Siti i Hana do rasuk. (___________)

2. Minomoli i Jack di korita. (___________)

3. Binoli di Jack o korita. (___________)

4. Minomogusa i tama di dungau. (___________)

5. Ginusa do tasu o tanak. (___________)

Grammar Focus: (Revision/Soroho kawagu)

Three Voices with Accidental and ability actions

You have learned that there are three voices in KD: Actor Voice (when the focus of meaning
in the sentence is on the actor), Undergoer Voice (when the focus in the sentence is the
person/object going through the action, and Goal Voice (when the focus in the sentence is
on the end product of the sentence).

When we want to indicate accidental or ability action we use different affixes, although
these affixes are still identifiable in terms of voices:

Voice Non-past form Past form

Actor Voice Ka-/ko- Naka-/noko-
Nakasawo i Jimmy Palikat
di Sonia.
Undergoer Voice a-/o- Na-/no-
Nasawo i Sonia di Jimmy
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Palikat.
Goal Voice a-/o-…an Na-/no-…an
Nobolian di Jimmy i Sonia
do sinsing.

Examples:
No-ko-rongou (AV)
N-o-rongou (UV)
P-in-a-rangah-an (GV)

E. Podolino id Nonggiris/Malayu (translate into English/Malay)

1. Notipu‟ ku o longon dau. (root- tipu (breaking something that is long))

___________________________________________________________
2. Kababak i Hamid dilo butul. (root- babak (break a fragile object)
___________________________________________________________
3. Nababak i butul.
___________________________________________________________
4. Koboli i Guna dilo korita do tapagon. (root- boli)
___________________________________________________________
5. Kaala‟ i Harry di Ron. (root- ala‟ (beat/mengalahkan))
___________________________________________________________
6. Nosuangan no i kantung.(root- suang – fill up)
___________________________________________________________
7. Natanaman no i tana.(root-tanom)
___________________________________________________________
8. Koobus iyau di tobusan di tagayo. (root- obus (blow balloon)
___________________________________________________________
9. Aansakan di Zatul i Linda. (root- ansak)
___________________________________________________________
10. Noonuan di tama i tanak do tusin. (root- anu (give))
___________________________________________________________
11. Katahak i ama di tanak do tusin. (root- tahak (to give))

____________________________________________________________

12. Oonuan i tanak kusai di tama do tusin. (root- anu (give)

_____________________________________________________________

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F. The following is a list of some words with ka-/ko-…an. What do they mean?

Word Meaning Sentence

kopolobusan Babaino diti, kopolobusan
nopo do parai nga soginumu
3.8 metrik tan.
koporintaan Mositi do monuduk o
koporintaan do poingkuro
papalabus do lobi po ginumu
o parai.
korikatan Tinuntung diolo i tagung do
sabaagi tanda do korikatan di
montiri.
kopoindalanan Mositi do minsinggilo o
manananom do parai
poingkuro o kopoindalanan do
pointopot do mananom do
parai.
kopongukaban Kopongukaban do Taandakon
Tadau Kaamatan nopo nga id
timpuun do wulan Kolimo.

G. How many other affixes are used in each words apart from ka-/ko-…an?

H. Now look at the following vocabulary. Can you tell the meaning of the words?

Word Sentence Meaning

tolidas Iyoku nopo nga tulun tolidas.
Minguyat oku do tikid tadau.
toruol “Nunu toruol nu oi inan?” ka di
dokutur do minonguhot di
molohing tondu.
toilaan Aiso toilaan ku. Au oku
nokosikul.
tanom Tanom nopo di odu nga parai
om kinotuan.
tudio Komoyon nopo do tudio nga
ponguhatan.

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Lesson 6
Kolidasan (Health)
Pibabarasan Koiso/Dialogue 1
Wani: Mogkuro ko Tania?
(What are you doing Tania?)
Tania: Mongoi oku pinguyat. Kano mongoi.
(I am going to exercise. Let‟s go)
Wani: Minguyat do hombo?
(Exercise? Where?)
Tania: Hilo id Kompleks Likas. Id pintongkusan. Ogumu o tulun do mongoi pintangkus do
hilo do tikid tadau.
(At Likas Complex. At the jogging track. A lot of people go jogging there every day)
Wani: Oh. Asasaru ko do mintangkus do hilo? Isai kasari koruhang nu do mintangkus?
(I see. Do you often jog there? Who do you normally jog with?)
Tania: Monikid tadau oku do mintangkus do hilo. Au nogi atatap o koruhang ku do
mintangkus. I Tan no do sumonu. I Arul no do sumonu. Baino nopo nga nakabatos i
Suhana do tumanud doho do mongoi.
(I jog there every day. My companions differ. Sometimes it is Tan. Sometimes it is
Arul. Today I Suhana has promised to join me)
Wani: Om mongoi oku nogi tanud dika do baino diti. Alalaid oku no do au nokopinguyat.
(Well I might as well join you today. I haven‟t exercised for quite some time)
Tania: Ba, osonong no kopio ino. Kano mongoi!
(Right, that‟s great. Let‟s go!)

Pibabarasan Koduwo/Dialogue 2

Sazwan: Siakan oku tomod do KFC, Hiew.

(I really feel like eating KFC, Hiew)
Hiew: Atuk, nakaakan ko no do pizza di kosodop. Kada no koti do mangakan do taakanon
do miagal diri do tikid tadau.
(Oh no, you have eaten pizza last night. Don‟t eat such food every day)
Sazwan: Koilo oku nogi do au olidas o taakanon do irad diri. Nga siakan oku no. Opuunan oku
moti do au kaakan do KFC baino.
(I know those food are not healthy. But I really feel like eating them. Something bad
(kempunan) will happen to me if I don‟t get to eat KFC today)
Hiew: Ha ha. Ino no no kododoot nu. Au bo opuunan do au kaakan do KFC baino. Mangan
nopo boroso “tapun” bo.
(Ha ha. You are just gluttonous. Nothing bad will happen to you if you don‟t get to
eat KFC today. Just say “tapun”).
Sazwan: Odoi dogo! Tapun. Nga au bo daa kokukuro do mangakan do taakanon miagal diri do
sorokuri-kuri.
(Oh dear! “Tapun”. But actually it is ok to eat a little bit of such food)
Hiew: Okuri ka nu? Au ko moti kopuriman do manansam do tolu purok do manuk ginuring!
(A little bit you said? You won‟t even realize that you‟ll wolf down three pieces of
fried chicken)
Sazwan: Hmmm…ba, ba, ba…Mangakan oku do kinotuan do baino. Om suab. Om suab dino.
(Hmmm…ok, ok, ok. I‟ll eat vegetables today. And tomorrow. And the day after
tomorrow.)
Hiew: Nah, iri no tosonong oi tambalut ku. Taakanon nopo di ogumu tumau nga au awasi
montok dotokou!
(There, that‟s a good one my friend. Foods that are rich in oil are not good for us!)
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Grammar Focus:

The auxiliaries (helping verbs) „mongoi‟ [root: ongoi] and „mangan‟/‟maan‟

Mongoi and mangan are two most common auxiliaries in KD.

(You would remember that in English there are many auxiliaries or modal verbs such as can,
do, will, shall etc)

Use of KD auxiliaries:

1. Mongoi
a) Mongoi is an AV auxiliary that is used with a main verb.
b) When mongoi is used, the main verb is either in the basic form (root) or begins
with a prefix piN- (ping-, pin-, pim- etc)
i) Mongoi akan. (Go eat) [notice that here it is used as a command/imperative]
ii) Mongoi kito pingguyat do suab. (We will go exercise tomorrow)
iii) Mongoi isio paganu do paha‟. (Heis going to get some honey)

c) The past tense marking will go to the auxiliary, not the main verb:
i) Minongoi iyolo pingguyat di konihab. (They went exercise yesterday)

2. Mangan
a) Mangan is a UV/GV auxiliary that is used with a main verb.
b) When mangan is used, the main verb is always affixed with the non-tensed UV
marker –o, or the non-tense GV marker –ai.
(If you have difficulty recalling the forms,- the normal UV marker is –on, while the
normal GV marker is –an)
c) As with mongoi, the past tense marking will go to the auxiliary, not the main verb:
i) Minangan di Anne tanamai do bunga o posorili do lamin dau konihab
(Anne planted flowers around her house yesterday)

Pinsingumbalan/Activities:

1. Intangai o boros panamba id duwo pibabarasan id sawat/Identify the auxiliaries in

the two dialogues above.

2. Pinsingumbalai/try:
Ka di Sazwan om: “Mongoi kito akan do id KFC”

Umbalai do monoodo do ayat miampai momoguno do „mangan‟ toi ko „mongoi‟

momoguno do boros id siriba. Pomoguno do boros ponugku soira oporlu.
Try to form sentences using „mangan‟ or „mongoi‟ with the words below. Use other
prefixes where appropriate.

podsu/(bathe) pupuk/(wash hair)

pupu‟/(wash clothes) ridis/(cut fruit into wedges)

tagad/(to fell trees) popot/(cut meat into chunks)

inum/(drink) boli/(buy) babak/(break)

tombir/(sew) wonsoi/(make/do) boros/(say)
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Culture Specific Verbs

1. Wash verbs

Oug- wash (general)

Oug- wash hands
Illagup- wash face
Pupuk- wash hair
Pupu‟- wash clothes
Lihung- wash dishes/objects that are about the same size as dishes
Podsu- wash body
Isu- wash dirt/scrub

2. Carry verbs

Kakat- lift
Buntut- lift and carry with both hands/arms
Babo- piggyback/carry a big object on the back using a carrier or a sling
Antayang- carry together (involves two or more people)
Saan- carry on the shoulder
Gantai- carry with one hand

3. Cut verbs

Putul- cut long object

Popot- cut hard object into chunks (e.g meat with bone)
Pigis- cut meat
Sinsib- cut meat
Ridis- cut fruits or relatively soft things
Patod- break (as in chocolate, biscuit etc)
Langod- cut hard long object into shorter ones (e.g firewoods)
Orib- cut vegetables
Totok- cut randomly into pieces
Babar- crush ( as in garlic)
Putut- break long object (putus)
Tagad- to fell (trees or houses)
Kinis- to tear (paper, piece of cloth etc)
Purok- cut into bite size pieces

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Let‟s learn medical vocabulary:

Vocabulary
Word Kadazandusun Word Meaning
part of speech (used as:)

abnormal au onurmal not normal for the human body

adj state verb
ache toruol pain that won't go away
noun/verb noun
acute adalaan quick to become severe/bad
adj state verb
ambulance ombiulon emergency vehicle that rushes
noun state verb people to a hospital

amnesia atagakan do tosorou a condition that causes people to

noun lose their memory

amputation noun putulon o gakod permanent removal of a limb

amputate verb

anaemia noun okurangan do raha occurs when the body doesn't have
anaemic adj enough red blood cells

antibiotics antibiotik medication that kills bacteria and

noun cures infections

appointment batos a scheduled meeting with a medical

noun professional

arthritis momulonit o langaban a disease that causes the joints to

noun become swollen and crippled

asthma (attack) ampus/opusakan a condition that causes a blockage

noun of the airway and makes it difficult
for a person to breathe

bacteria baktiria a disease-causing organism

noun

bedsore bongkuangon wounds that develop on a patient's

noun body from lying in one place for too
long

benign amu kikinso not harmful (not cancerous)

adj

blood count ginumu do siil do raha the amount of red and white blood
noun cells a person has

blood donor manahak do raha a person who gives blood to a blood

noun bank or other person

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blood pressure linogod do raha the rate at which blood flows

noun through the body (high/low)

brace pangangkap a device that holds injured body

noun parts in place

breech patiu position of an unborn baby in which

adj the feet are down and the head is
up

broken otipu a bone that is divided in two or

adj more pieces as a result of an injury

bruise noun minggitom injured body tissue that is visible

bruised adj underneath the skin

caesarean putungan procedure that involves removing a

section, c-section baby from its mother through an
noun incision in the woman's lower
abdomen

cancer kinso disease caused by the

noun stomach cancer- botukon uncontrollable growth of cells
oesteophorisis- sombution

cast pangangkap a hard bandage that is wrapped

noun around a broken bone to keep it in
place

chapel, chapeline sambayangan a place where loved ones can go to

noun pray for a patient's recovery;
a priest who visits patients in the
hospital

chickenpox tubir a virus commonly contracted by

noun children, characterized by itchy
spots all over the body

critical condition ouruan requiring immediate and constant

noun medical attention

crutches sukud objects that people with injured legs

noun or feet use to help them walk

cyst sumuni a sac in the body-tissue filled with

noun fluid (sometimes diseased)

deaf bosukon unable to hear

adj

deficiency amu osukupan a lack of something necessary for

noun one's health

dehydrated otuuhan do waig in need of water

adj

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dementia alali‟ loss of mental capacity

noun

diabetes ogumu toomis do id raha type of disease typically involving

noun insulin deficiency

diagnosis toruol do noilaan/nokito medical explanation of an illness or

noun condition

discomfort araat o topurimanan experiencing pain

noun

disease toruol a medical disorder that is harmful to

noun a person's health

dislocated alakas when a bone is temporarily

adj separated from its joint

emergency ouruan a medical problem that needs

noun immediate attention

er (emergency linimput touruan the hospital room used for treating

room) patients with immediate and life-
noun threatening injuries

external soibau (poisison dot id on the outside

adj soibau)

family history mantad do komolohingan medical background of a person's

noun family members

fatal kapatai causing death

adj

fever noun lumasu higher than normal body

feverish adj temperature

flu (influenza) longohon many types of respiratory or

noun intestinal infections passed on
through a virus

fracture noun nababak broken or cracked bone

fractured adj

germ kuman a micro-organism, especially one

noun that causes disease

genetic mantad do komolohingan a medical condition or physical

adj feature that is passed on in the
family

growth sumuni a ball of tissue that grows bigger

noun than normal, either on or under the
skin

heart attack oruol o tundu-undu instance in which blood stops

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noun pumping through the heart

hives kombob/kayakap bumps that appear on the surface

noun of the skin during an allergic
reaction

illness noun toruol general term for any condition that

ill adj makes a person feel sick for a
certain period of time

immune system sistem do tinan the parts of the body that fight
noun diseases, infections, and viruses

immunizationnoun sungkit/jarum an injection that protects against a

immunize verb specific disease

incision sininsib cut in the body made during

noun surgery

inconclusive au otutunan kopio unclear

adj

infant tanak young baby

noun tokoro/baragang/kosususu
(newborn)

infection noun orolihan/koroliu diseased area of the body (viral or

infected adj bacterial)

inflamed momulonit appearance (red and swollen) of an

adj injured body part

injury otogu damage to the body

noun abaangan (injury on the
head)

internal id suang under the skin, inside the organs

adj

itchy akatol feeling discomfort on the skin's

adj surface

iv waig pomoruhang a tube that pumps liquids and

noun medication into a patient's body

lab results koputusan/kootusan do tests that come back from a

noun makmal laboratory and help doctors make a
diagnosis

lab (laboratory) poniisan/pogintangan do place where samples of blood/urine

noun tongoruo-ruol etc. are taken for testing

life support misin do pamasi a machine that keeps patients alive

noun by helping them breathe

life-threatening kapatai when injuries and conditions are

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adj extremely serious

light-headed mituong o tokito/bolihon feeling of dizziness and being off-

adj balance, caused by lack of oxygen
in the brain

malignant expected to grow and get much

adj worse (especially related to
cancerous cells)

medical school sikul do pongusapan place where someone trains to be a

(med. school) doctor
noun

newborn kosususu an infant that is less than three

noun months old

numb apatai tonsi no feeling in a certain body part

adj

or (operating pamaralagan the place where major surgeries

room) and operations take place
noun

operation noun mamaralag a medical procedure that involves

operate on verb going inside a person's body in an
attempt to fix a problem

pain toruol strong discomfort in certain areas of

noun the body

pain killer, pain poningkod do toruol type of medicine that takes away
reliever some or all of the discomfort of an
noun illness or injury

paralyzed olumpuh, napatai tinan unable to move certain areas of the

adj body

patient susumakit/tulun sumakit a person staying in a hospital or

noun medical facility

pharmacist manahak do tubat a person who fills a doctor's

noun prescription and gives people advice
about medication

pharmacy, pongonuan do a place where people go to buy

drugstore tubat/pomoian do tubat medication and other medical
noun supplies

physician dokutur doctor

noun

poison noun kawanit a substance that is very dangerous

poisonous adj if it enters the human body

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prenatal maso monontiyan of the time period leading up to

adj giving birth

prescriptionnoun pongubat the correct amount and type of

prescribe verb medication needed to cure an
illness or relieve symptoms

privacy noun songulun being alone; personal (eg test

private adj results)

residency dokutur do minsingilo part of a doctor's training that takes

resident place in the hospital;
noun a student working under a doctor

routine check-up maso pogintangan di a doctor's appointment to check a

noun nabatos person's general health

seizure bolintuongon sudden violent movements or

noun unconsciousness caused by
electrical signal malfunction in the
brain

shock kotigoo‟ body not getting enough blood flow

noun

side effects „kesan sampingan‟ other symptoms that might occur as

noun a result of a certain medication or
procedure

sore oruol painful

adj

spasm gagaran (limbs) the uncontrollable tightening of a

noun mimbirig (head) muscle

specialist aralom o toilaan a doctor that is an expert in a

noun certain kind of medicine

sprain osiduol an injury (less serious than a break)

noun/verb to a joint (ankle, wrist, knee etc)

stable condition osonong/ino-ino a patient is stable if their medical

noun condition is no longer changing
rapidly

sting oruol, opodi sharp, temporary pain

noun/verb

stress noun oinggorit worry that causes muscles to

stressed adj tighten and blood pressure to rise

swelling noun lumonit ligaments (parts that hold the joints

swollen adj together) growing bigger and
rounder after an injury to a joint

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symptoms tanda pain or physical changes that occur

noun because of an illness or disease

temperature kasawaton do kolosuon amount of heat measured in a

noun body; higher than normal
temperature

transplant pawaliu do tundu-tundu, moving of an organ from one

noun lusou2 (kidney), mato, human to another
tangkayau (liver)

umbilical cord pusod the lifeline from the mother to the

noun fetus (when cut at birth this forms
the belly button)

unconscious ahadan alive, but appearing to be asleep

adj and unaware of the surroundings

urine sample sobu a small amount of the body's liquid

noun waste that is tested for different
medical reasons

vein tuhat the thin tubes that transport blood

noun around the body and back to the
heart

visiting hours maso do pogolimbuhawan time of day when friends and family
noun are allowed to visit patients in
hospital

vomit tilob/mongilob/koilob discharge of a person stomach

noun/verb contents through the mouth

ward waad a section of a hospital or health

noun facility where patients stay

wheelchair susurungon a chair on wheels used for

noun transporting patients from place to
place

wound noun notogu injury to body ("flesh wound"

wounded adj means not deep)

Belch koontihob

Internal body parts:

Intestine/colon tinai‟ heart tundu-undu‟

Liver tangkayau internal guang
appendix tompok do tinai‟ paru-paru topos
Fat lunok bile tompodu
Kidney lusou-lusou stomach lituko

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Activity 1/Pinsingumbalan koiso:

In your group, try to translate the following medical complaints:

1. Mongoi oku daa pokiintong do totud ku do alaid no do topurimanan ku‟d toruol. Haro
no matu do hopod o toun, nga sontoun nogi do adalaan kopio. Tubat nopo do
akanon ku do baino nga tubat do akawas o raha‟.

2. Oinggolou nopo o tulu ku. Oruol ngawi o mato om tolingo ku soira do oingalahan oku
do tulu. Osonong-sonong no o topurimanan ku do koilob, toi ko‟ koodop. Om
osonong-sonong no kawagu o topurimanan ku do pisokon o lampung om au haro o
kagangau.

3. Iti nopo ponontiyanon ku nga koduwo no. Nopo dii minaganak oku do tiggulu nga
noinggorit tomod oku. Tolu nohopod o jam ku do norualan mantad do noukab o
totuban om gisom do nakaanak. Orosian oku noddi do maganak do koduwo.

4. Mokiubat oku daa diti notogu do hiti id lapap ku. Iti nopo diti nga nosulu do paku.
Iyoku nopo nga pakaraja do momonsoi do walai. Nokoulok oku do paku do togoron.
Lumonit dii „ti lapapku. Au i‟ daa oruol nga lumonit.

5. Nawanit oku matuu diti oi dokutur. Minggilob oku mantad dii konihab po. Tinumanud
oku daa do tambalut do minooi id karamaian. Nokopogirolot-rolot kanto taakanon do
naakan ku dii. Nokoinum-inum oku nogi do tokuri‟.

6. Au oku dii kapanau diti. Minongoi oku daa id tumoh di konihab. Notohuban oku do
karabou id tanga ralan. Karabou do nosukod. Osonong-sonong oku do mamanau om
tohubai tomod oku. Koikum-ikum no daa do otohuban do karabou nga kuroyon po.

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Lesson 7
Kinaantakan di noumbalan/ An Unforgettable Experience

Tips in talking about personal experiences:

1) Relate your experience using some special words such as “I remember…”, (osorou
ku, ohondom ku), “I feel/I felt…” (kopuriman oku, opurimananku, Nopurimananku)
etc.
2) Make use of your sensory experience in describing the story. For example, in
describing a sad story you will want to talk about „feeling‟, maybe „smell‟ or „taste‟ of
things.
3) Tell your story using appropriate tense. If you are writing an essay, most probably
you will need to use the past marker N- or –in- e.g- minimpanau oku
4) If you are writing a dialogue, you might need to use the combination of past and
non-past tenses; past when relating that particular experience in the past, and non-
past, when you are back to the present discussion.
5) In a journal style writing, using non-past tense verbs most of the time is acceptable.

You may create your experience in the form of a dialogue, journal or short essay. In the
following, you will read a story about an unforgettable experience.

Beside each underlined word, the meaning is given in slash brackets. This is to help you
understand the story. It might be a bit long, but the one you create later will not have to be
that long.

Read/Basao

Kinaantakan di Au ku Oolingan

Tadau kotolu, 07.07.2005. Jaam kolimo do minsosodop. Magab-agab [in a hurry]

oku do muli mantad id upis. Gumanggarau [worried] kopio o ginawo ku tu‟ mituong [getting
darker] tomod o tawan, om lumogod [getting stronger] nogi o ribut. Okito ku do
santangkus-tangkus nogi ngawi o tongoulun do lumabus mantad id upis.

Jaam kolimo om hopod o minit. Korikot oku id korita. Tinumimpuun no do rumasam.

Posilingo [throw] ku i juli ku do id tirikohon id sampaping ku. Kinamai [try] ku no do monitat
[from Eng „start”] i korita. “Atuk! Nokuro ti”, kangku. Au dii ositat o korita ku. Pinsingumbalai
[mingumbal/pingumbal-try and try again] ku kawagu. Kakal i‟ do au ositat. Labus oku
mantad id korita. Kopurimanai [realize] ku nogi do poingapui o sumbu [light is on] do korita
ku. “Odoi dogo! Naawi‟ [finished] no doti botiri diti”, kangku [I said].

Jaam kolimo om duo nohopod o minit. Kosorou oku do monolipaun di mikanik ku.
Kuoto‟ [grope] ku id suang do juli. Ai! Aiso i talipoun ku! “Kumukuro [so how? –
exasperation] diti?”, ka do ginawo ku. “Tiit” ka do norongou ku. Kowili [look around] oku om
kokito ku i Jon do nokoirikau nogi id suang do korita disio. Giakai [shout at] ku no isio. “Jon,
au ositat o korita ku!”. Rikot no i Jon do minongoi amung [join] doho. Kinamai [try] disio do
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minonitat, om kakal i‟ do au milo [cannot]. Suhuo oku no di Jon do mongulok [step

on/press] do tuulokon tumau[oil pedal] di korita, om mangai no disio surungo mantad id
dohuri. “Suur” ka do nokokohur [car sound] i korita. Ounsikou no o ginawo ku do
kinosokodungan [help] di Jon.

Jaam kolimo om duo nohopod om limo. Asapou [heavy] nodi tomod o rasam.
Sundung do poingapui o sumbu do korita, nga ahawor [blurry] podi tokito [vision] ku. Kiikiro
do hopod o minit ku do papamanau [driving], korikot oku no id Ralan Menggatal-Tuaran.
Osonong no da o ginawo ku tu‟ oruhai [not long/very soon] nodi om korikot oku nondo
[rougly means “will be”] id walai.

Jaam kolimo om apat nohopod. Tumimpuun oku nodi do osuaian [feel

strange/suspicious] tu‟ au minsud [not moving] o korita id doguang ku. “Nokuro i ma ti?”
ka‟d [short form of “ka do”] ginawo ku. “Lumiud! Lumiud!”[Flood] Tigog ka [suddenly] do
norongou ku tongoulun do songgiak-giak [shouting]. Intangai ku id soborong do ralan, nga
ogumu no o tulun do tinumimung [gather]. Niduanan [left behind] tomod diolo o korita diolo
id disan do ralan. Haro nogi o tulun do minongoi pomoros doho do lumabus mantad id
korita tu‟ aralom [deep] nogi i liud ka disio. Nga mada [don‟t want] tomod o ginawo ku do
mongidu [to leave] di korita.

Jaam koonom om satanga. Kakal oku po do au nokoinsud mantad di sajaam di

nakatalib. Mingkotod [beating] podi o ginawo ku do gumangarau. Osorou ku dii do
monolipaun do walai nga porutumon [unfortunately], au ku nogi dii noowit i talipaun.

Jaam koturu. Kakal oku po do au nokoinsud. Jaam kawalu. Tumodu‟ [going to stop]
nodi i rasam. Opurimanan ku do mumbal nodi do minsud o korita id doguang ku. Jaam
kosiam. Nokorikot oku nodi id sumbu trafik, id simpangan kumaa id walai ku. Osusuaian
[quite puzzled] oku tu‟ songingundorong [being in the state of not moving] ngawi o korita
do ongokoro‟ [small ones] id disan do ralan. Okito ku do iri no [only] i korita di tangagayo
[big ones] o kobulun [dare] do sumoborong di liud. Posonsogo‟ [force] ku o ginawo tu‟
sirikot [feels like reaching] oku nodi id walai. “Brrummm” ka di korita ku, pinosiau ku do
miagal do mutusikal. “Kei hoi!” Osonong nodi topurimanan ku tu‟ nokorikot oku nodi id walai
kalapas do tolu om satanga‟ jaam id tindalanon [journey].

Kosuabon [next day], 08.07.2005. Amu dii apasi o injin do korita ku. Aiso nodi ralan
nga momolohou [call] do mikanik do rumikot id walai. Poingkuro po nga kakal po do
osonong o nasip ku do tosorou ku, tu‟ okon [not] ko‟ iyoho o nokuro-kuro [affected
negatively]. Iti no o kinaantakan di au ku oolingan.

Activity 1/Pinsingumbalan Koiso

After reading and discussing the story in the classroom, try writing your own unforgettable
experience. A happy memory, sad one, hilarious one...anything goes! Present the story to
the class and submit a copy to your teacher.

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Part 2 Negation (Supplemented by Slides)

You have learned to relate your own experience to other people. We will look at the
text again and discuss negation in the Kadazandusun language. Negation in simplest term
means „NOT‟. In grammar, a negative sentence contains one word or element that denies or
inverts the meaning of that sentence. Consider the English examples in the following:

1) John is tall vs 2) John is NOT tall.

The statement in 2) denies the meaning in statement 1).

For the purpose of our current lesson, we will discuss four „negative words‟ in KD; au or
amu, okon, and mada. Au and amu are similar in meaning.

A) Au/Amu-

1) Kakal oku po do au nokoinsud mantad di sajaam di nakatalib.

I still haven‟t moved since an hour ago.

2) Kinamai [try] disio do minonitat om kakal i do au milo [cannot].

He tried to start [the car] and still it couldn‟t [be started].

3) Au oku koongoi do suab.

I can‟t go tomorrow.

4) Au oku minongoi konihab.

I didn‟t go yesterday.

5) Au oku doti mongoi do suab.

I might not go tomorrow.

Au or amu connotes „no‟, and „not‟ depending on the sentence. In examples 1) – 5) above
you can see the various usages of „au‟. Whether the meaning is „have not‟, „could not‟, „did
not‟, „might not‟ or any other „not‟ expression, depends on the words in the sentence and
the context.

In 1) it means „have not‟ because of the word „noko-„ that indicates completed action and
„kakal oku po‟ (I still...) that shows ongoing action.

1) Kakal oku po do au nokoinsud mantad di sajaam di nakatalib.

I still haven‟t moved since an hour ago.

In 2) it means „couldn‟t‟ because the word „minonitat‟ refers to past action.

2) Kinamai [try] disio do minonitat om kakal i do au milo [cannot].

He tried to start [the car] and still it couldn‟t [be started].

In 3) the words ko + ongoi means „able to go‟ (the prefix ka-/ko- means able to) and „suab‟
indicate a non-past situation, so „au koongoi‟ is interpreted as „can‟t go‟.

3) Au oku koongoi do suab.

I can‟t go tomorrow.
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In 4), „au‟ means „didn‟t‟ because the word „minongoi‟ is a past action and „konihab‟ marks
time in the past.

4) Au oku minongoi konihab.

I didn‟t go yesterday.

In 5) „au‟ means „might not‟ because the word dati [similar to „doti‟] means „maybe‟ that
show probability.

5) Au oku dati mongoi do suab.

I might not go tomorrow.

As a conclusion, „au‟ is a multi-purpose negative in Kadazandusun.

Activity 2/Pinsingumbalan Koduwo

Translate the following Kadazandusun sentences into English/Malay. Make sure you get the
correct negative meaning. Pay attention to the underlined words.

1. Au i Jon asanangan do magansak.

____________________________________________________

2. Alaid oku no do minagandad di Ann nga amu po iyau nokorikot.

____________________________________________________

3. Au doti rumasam do tadau minggu.

____________________________________________________

4. Agangau tomod iyahai nga amu oposikan i tanak mantad do todop dau.
_______________________________________________________

(Answer on page 54)

Additional sentences:

1) Au oku siakan do daging.

(I don‟t feel like eating meat.)

2) Au oku asanangan disio.

(I do not like him.)

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(Answer for Activity 2, page 53)

1. Jon does not like to cook.

2. I have waited for Ann for a long time but she hasn‟t come.
3. It might not rain on Sunday.
4. We are so noisy but the child is not awaken from his sleep.)

Take note that for the following phrases, specific negative words are used:

1. Not there/not here (refering to person/living things) – aino [from au hino]

2. Not there/not here (refering to object/non-living) - aiso

E.g “Aino isio do hiti” (He is not here)

“Aiso mangan ku do suab” (I‟m not doing anything tomorrow”.

B) Okon-

Okon means „not‟ or in Malay „bukan‟. This word is more limited in its uses compared to
au/amu. Often, it is followed by emphasizing word like „ko‟ and „no‟.

1) Osonong o nasip ku do tosorou ku tu okon [not] ko iyoho o nokuro-kuro.

I think I am lucky because it was not me that experienced negative consequences.

2) Okon ko i Jon o tama‟ ku.

Jon is not my father.

3) Okon ko iyau o sumandak ku.

She is not my girlfriend.

B) Mada‟-

Mada‟ means „do not want‟.

1) Mada oku do roitan do gobulan.

I don‟t want to be called lazy.

2) Mada i Jim do tumongkiad di tanak dau.

Jim doesn‟t want to separate with his child.

(In cases like 2) mada may also be translated as „refuse‟)

The difference of „mada‟ with „au‟/‟amu‟ and „okon‟ is „mada can be used as a „verb‟ and can
take a past tense marker.

1) Minada i Jim do tumongkiad di tanak dau.

Jame did not want to separate with his child.

However, we can‟t say „nakamada‟.

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The similarity of „mada‟, „au‟/‟amu‟ and „okon‟ is, all of them can be used to answer certain
yes-no questions.

Examples:

1. Tanak ko bo di Jon? (Are you Jon‟s child?) - okon

2. Mumang ko? (Do you want) - mada
3. Muhang i Jim di Siti? (Is Jim attracted to Siti?/Does Jim want Siti?) – amu or mada
isio
4. Mongoi ko sikul do suab? (are you going to school tomorrow?) – amu

The following table shows the uses of these words in Yes-No Question.

Type of Y-N Question Expected Negative Answer

1. starts with a noun okon

2. starts with „muhang‟/mumang‟ [want] mada

3. starts with a verb amu/au

(action)/adverb/adjective

(olundus, oruhai, osiau)

Activity 3/Pinsingumbalan Kotolu

Fill in the blanks with „au‟/‟amu‟, „mada‟ or „okon.

“Kaino [let‟s] mongoi tomu”, ka di ina. 1) “_______” kangku. Sumarat [feels

goosebumps raising] oku do kosorou do tomu tu‟ ogumu kopio tulun. Mantad di tokoro oku
po, 2) ______ oku asanangan do mimpanau do minsalag [going through, passing by] do
tongoulun. 3) ________ ko‟ au oku siintong do linundus do kinotuan om tuwa-uwa id tomu,
nga 4) _________ oku kosonsog [able to force] do mongoi. “Korikot moti i todu nu do
mongoi padagang do kinotuan. 5) _______ ko toi siruba dau?”, ka kawagu di ina. “Odoi,
kada oku sansagai, ina. Koilo ko do 6) ________ oku asanangan do ogumu tulun”, kangku
do suminimbar. Koirak i ina. “Ba, nunu pokibolian [ask to buy] nu? Mumang ko do tupolo
[durian]?” “Atuk, 7) _________!. Oongid kopio [too strong-smelling]”, kangku. Koilo i ina do
8) ______ ko‟ asanangan oku (8.au oku asanangan) do mangakan do tupolo, nga
mogkoringau [joking] nopo iyau. “Bolian oku do mangga nga 9) _______ ko‟ mangga di
noonsok”, kangku. “Sorohon no do 10) ______ oku do tuwa-uwa di tongoomis kio”, kangku
kawagu.

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Activity 4/Pinsingumbalan kaapat

Use „amu‟, „okon‟ or „mada‟ to answer each of the following questions.

0. Asanangan ko nangku di Siti Nurhaliza? – Au/Amu

1. Asanangan ko do mimbuul?
2. Mumang ko do monorikohon diti pitimbungakan [meeting]?
3. Magansak kito do baino?
4. I Wong bo o sanganu dilo korita?
5. Siakan ko do punti?
6. Alaid ko no do magandad doho?
7. Pulis bo i tama nu?
8. Muhang ko „lo [shortform of „dilo‟] tanak wagu?
9. Mimbuul ko do suab?
10. Mangga bo ino „kanon [shortform of akanon] nu?

Activity 5/Pinsingumbalan kolimo

Write your own negative sentences:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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(Answer for Activity 3: 1.mada, 2.au, 3.okon, 4.au, 5.au, 6.au, 7.mada, 8.okon,9.okon,
10.mada)

(Answer for Activity 4: 1.amu,2.mada,3.amu,4.okon,5.amu,6.amu,7.okon,8.mada, 9.amu,

10. okon)

Lesson 8
Tulun do Mororobuat/The Farming People (Farmers)

This time we are going to:

1) look at the prefix poN-/paN-, [also appear in the forms of pama- and pomo-] that
carries the meaning of instrument marker.
For example: root- akan [eat] ―› pangakan = an instrument used for eating
“Nunu pangakan ku diti?” [what do I use to eat this?]

Note that this is different from the causative „po-/pa-...-on/-an‟ affixes. “paakanan” (GV)
does not mean „with an instrument‟ but it means „to feed to someone/some animals”.

2) look at the words and sentence structures used in describing processes

3) learn about rice planting seasons [fields] which is an important part of life of the KD
people in general
4) and finally you are also going to translate an English text of describing processes into
KD

Let‟s start with some revision of things you have done in the past.

Activity 1 /Pinsingumbalan Koiso [Revision]

A) Give the correct affix to each of the following root words to show Actor Voice and
Undergoer Voice/Goal Voice. The first one has been done for you.

Root AV UV/GV
tutud [burn] monutud *tutudon/tutudan
ansak [cook]
lihung [wash]
boli [buy]
tanom [plant]
surat [write]
tutuk [pound]
tombir [sew]
wonsoi [make]
lukis [paint/draw]

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Answer for Activity 1 (A):

Root Actor Voice Goal Voice

tutud [burn] monutud tutudan
ansak [cook] magansak ansakan
lihung [wash] momolihung lihungan
boli [buy] momoli bolian
tanom [plant] mananom tanaman
surat [write] monurat suratan
tutuk [pound] monutuk tutukan
tombir [sew] monombir tombiran
wonsoi [make] momonsoi wansaian
lukis [paint/draw] momolukis lukisan

Pinsiingumbalan Koduwo/Activity 2

Read the following dialogues with a partner and discuss difficult words with your teacher.
Change roles with your partner for part 2.

Part 1

Ati: Mogkuro ko oi odu?

(What are you doing, grandmother?)
Odu: Mongulud oku diti kakamot, oi Ati.
(I am putting away these tools, Ati)
Ati: Kakamot do nunu ti Odu?
(What tools are these, grandmother?)
Odu: Iti nopo nga kakamot do morobuat
(These are farming tools).
Ati: Oo. Dangol nangku ti?
(Is this machette?)
Odu: Okon. Ino nopo nga gagamas. Pongidu do sakot.
(No that is gagamas. To remove grass).
Ati: Toombo dangol?
(Which one is a machette?)
Odu: Iti o dangol. Dangol nopo nga atarom ko gagamas. Panarab toi ko‟ pomompod di
tongokodou.
(This is a machette. A machette is sharper than a gagamas. It is used to cut plants
or to cut off hard things)
Ati: Obuli oku nangku do mumbal?
(Can I give it a try?)
Odu: Obuli bo. Mongoi kito id ranahon do suab om poumbalonku ika. Ii nopo di gulu-gulu
po nga mororobuat ngaawi o tulun tokou. Sumandak nopo do miagal dika nga roitan
do gobulan nung au koilo do manandangol.
(Sure. We‟ll go to the rice-field tomorrow and I‟ll let you try it. In the olden days, our
people were all farmers. A young lady like you would be considered lazy if you don‟t
know how to use a machette)
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Ati: Gobulan oku di nangku diti oi Odu? Om nunu ti miagal do bosi toomod do anaru-
naru?
(So, am I lazy, grandmother? What is this long thing that looks like a metal?)
Odu: Au nodi bo gobulan do baino tu songinsikul ngaawi tulun. Iti nopo nga roitan do
tatanom. Pananom do parai id ranahon. Potodokon om iduon, om posuangon nondo
i rinolok do id suang di noluangan.
(Well, you are not lazy because everyone gets educated nowadays. This is called the
tatanom. To plant paddy in the field. Jab it in, and take it out, then put the rice-
seedling in the hole that was made)
Ati: Haro po kakamot do suai Odu?
(Is there any other tool, grandmother?
Odu: Haro. Iti nopo nga linggaman. Pongomot do parai.
(There is. This is linggaman. To harvest the paddy)
Ati: Susuwai nogi o kokitanan diti. Miagal do kapaltarabang kio.
(It looks funny. Like an aeroplane, right.)
Odu: Oo‟. Sondiri di aki nu do minwonsoi diti linggaman ngawi. Om iti nopo nga gogorib.
Pomogorib do guas do parai nung mada do mongomot do soroiso-iso.
(Yes. Your grandfather made this linggaman on his own. And this is called gogorib.
To cut down each bunch of paddy if you don‟t want to harvest one by one)
Ati: Miagal do „C‟ o kokitanan dino. Obuli oku nangku do mumbal dino do suab?
(It looks like a „C‟. Can I try using it tomorrow?)
Odu: {Koirak}. Ati, Ati...okon bogia ko‟ dongmongomot do baino. Aiso po o parai do
tomoton.
(Ati, Ati…it is not the harvesting season. There‟s no paddy to harvest)
Ati: {koirak}. Ala, siou no odu. Iti no o komulakan do baino, au nodi koilo do mananom
do parai. Tudukai oku gia do poingkuro do mananom do parai.
(Oops, sorry grandmother. This is today‟s youth, not knowing how to grow rice. Will
you teach me how to grow rice?)

Part 2

Odu: Pogulu po, om mongimbadas om mamaragus. Mongimbadas nopo nga momonsoi

do binatang [rice-field plots separator] maan do tulokon [to step on] do mamanau id
ranahon. Mamaragus nopo nga momoguno do karabou do mongidu do sakot id
ranahon. Ii nopo i karabou nga gunoon do mamagayat do ragus. Maamaso do
mongimbadas om mamaragus om porolok [planting rice seeds] nogi. Porolok nopo
nga pobibit do parai do kiikiro do sombulan. Soira do kosuni i rinolok [seedling], om
okunamaan [at the same time] do opongo [finished] o sibor [plots] id ranahon, om
obuli nodi do tonomon i rinolok.

Ati: Soira dii do momoguno do dangol, oi Odu?

Odu: Maso do mamaragus, om manarab [to cut down] nogi. Komoyon [meaning] nopo do
manarab nga mongidu di tangakayu [bushes/plants] toi ko sakot di tongokodou
[hard/stubborn] di songinsuni [growing] id ranahon. Dangol no o gunoon do
manarab.
Ati: Dadi, maso nopo do mananom nga momoguno do tatanom. Om katanom nopoddi
[after], nunu dii maan?

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Odu: Katanom nopoddi om magandad di do monilau [„flowering‟/‟blossoming‟] o parai.

Maso nopo dii nga gumamas [weeding] nogi. Gumamas nopo nga mongidu do sakot
di sumuni id kaparaian [amidst the rice].
Ati: O‟. Momoguno do gagamas, toi Odu? Gumamas ko dii do baino diti?
Odu: O‟. Baino nopo nga donggumamas [weeding season] nogi. Au no alaid do mantad
diti om monilau nodi iti parai. Kiikiro do sombulan toi ko‟ duwo tulan om monsok
[getting ripe] nodii ti parai. Tamangan nondo [then] i parai di nongoonsok do
mantad do tombolog [bird]. Timpu nopo diti nga roitan do momuhau [keeping birds
away].
Ati: Nunu o gunoon do momuhau?
Odu: Pomuhau nopo nga tagarangon [fan-like objects that make sounds to scare birds
away], tompukili-kili [flags to scare birds away] om kior [ropes that are fixed all over
the rice field and the main rope is tied in a little hut. When birds come, someone
pulls the main rope, producing vibrations or sounds that will scare the birds away].
Maamaso nopo do momuhau nga poirikau/poingirikau i tulun di momuhau id sulap
[hut] do mogintong [look after] di kior.
Ati: Alaid nangku do momuhau?
Odu: Kiikiro do sombulan nogi. Om oonsok nopondo ngaawi i parai om mongomot nodii.
Ati: Pongomot nopo nga linggaman om gogorib, toi Odu?
Odu: Otopot no ino. Mongoi kito id ranahon do suab om pokitonon ku ika do gamason [the
plot of land that is being weeded] ku. Soira orikot o timpu do momuhau om
mongomot, om poumbalon ku ika kio....

Pinsingumbalan Kotolu/Activity 3 [an aspect of KD culture]

Identify the rice-planting seasons based on Part 2 of the dialogue. How many seasons are
there? Are you familiar with any of them? Can you imagine the tools used in each season.

Pinsingumbalan Kaapat/Activity 4
Identify words from the dialogue that means „used as an instrument‟. You can easily spot
them from their forms, ie., with the instrument marker prefixes.

Pinsingumbalan Kolimo/Activity 5
Now it is your turn to make sentences using the following words:

1. pomolihung [an instrument used to wash]

_______________________________________________________

2. poiyanan [an instrument used to place/contain]

_______________________________________________________

3. pagansak [an instrument used to cook something]

_______________________________________________________

4. pongimuhau [an instrument used to sweep]

_______________________________________________________

5. ponginum [an instrument used to drink]

_______________________________________________________

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(Answer for Activity 4, pg 60

pongidu/ panarab/ pomompod / pananom /pongomot / pomogorib)

Pinsingumbalan Koonom/Activity 6

Listed in the following are some seasons [weather] that are common all over the world and
words associated with them. Try finding the KD equivalents, if any. Discuss with your
teacher.

1. drought 11. moon

2. rainy 12. star
3. cold 13. tide
4. windy 14. ebb
5. hot 15. wind
6. flood 16. rain
7. thunder 17. muddy
8. storm 18. fresh air
9. dark 19. fruit season
10. bright 20. fish season

Before you do the last activity, it might be good to briefly consider the words used in a
process-description text, and the common structure it has.

Words use:

1. Pogulu po [first]
2. Koduwo [second]
3. kalapas diri [after that]
4. sumusuhut [following]
5. ko + verb [e.g kosuni] nopodi [after something]
6. ko + verb nopondo [after something/then]
7. Nondo (short form of no dino) [a word used to indicate that an action is completed
or will be completed] (e.g mongoi oku nondo sikul = then I go to school)
8. om [and/and then]

(Tips: think of a connecting word in English or Malay. The same word can be used in KD
most of the time)

Sentence structure:

Most of the time, we use sentences that begin with a noun, some of them look like a
verb, followed by nopo nga to explain something.
e.g-

1) Mamaragus nopo nga momoguno do karabou do mongidu do sakot id ranahon.

2) I nopo i karabou nga gunoon do mamagayat do ragus.

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Lesson 9

Kaadat-adaton do apatai (Death Customs)

Pibabarasan koiso
Ravi: Siou no dika, Hani. Nokorongou oku nogi do minidu pogun o todu nu.
Hani: Pounsikou, Ravi. Molohing no tomod i todu ku dii. Okon ko‟ au olunggui o ginawoku
nga au nogi oinggorit iyau do toruol dau do nakapamanau iyau.
Tan: Piro o umur di todu nu, Hani?
Hani: Hatus om duwo toun om duwo tulan ontok di noiduan do ginawo iyau.
Linda: Atuk! Om kounsikahan tomod do nokorikot do solinaid diri o timpu do hiti id
pomogunan.
Hani: Otopot no kopio. Ontok di kinapataian dau, haro o turu tanak, tolu nohopod o
monongodu, om hopod o tanak do monongodu dau.
Ravi: Soira do linobong i tinan dau?
Hani: Onom no tadau. Muli oku kawagu id kampung do baino tu‟ suab nopo nga
sumambayang ikoi do koturu tadau.
Tan: Oh. Impiro kou do sumambayang?
Hani: Asaru-asaru i‟ moti. Koinsan nopo nga ontok do tadau kinapataion. Koduwo, ontok
do lobongon. Om sumambayang nogi do monikid tadau o paganakan di nongotiagak
gisom do tadau koturu.
Linda: Okon ko‟ haro nogi sambayang kaapat nohopod om kahatus o tadau?
Hani: Ooh. Au oku nogi koilo om nunu komoyon do sambayang kaapat nohopod om
kahatus o tadau. Nga boros ka di tina ku, sambayang tadau koturu nopo kaka nga
kopotongkiadan.
Tan: Komoyon nopo dino nga au kou nodi kokito do todu dikoyu do sogigisom?
Hani: Iri nogi matu. Nga haro nogi kaka komoyon do suai. Alapon i koduduwo di
nongotiagak do muli do mongongoi do kakamot ngawi dau. Om suhuon nondo kaka
do mongoi id pogun wagu dau om au nodi obuli do gumuli id pomogunan di
songimpasi.
Ravi: Poingkuro kou do koilo do nokorikot i koduduwo?
Hani: Posodion dahai o piring tokoro do suangan do tauh. Soira do rumikot i koduduwo om
manahak kaka iyau do tanda miagal ko‟ garit id tauh dino.
Linda: Nunu po kawagu o kaadaton do suai soira id kosusaan do haro minidu pogun?
Hani: Au obuli do pouni do tuni-union toi ko‟ mokinongou do rodiu/tv gisom do olobong i
tongotiagak. Au nogi obuli do modop ngawi tulun id walai do au po olobong i
tongotiagak. Roitan ino do modtudau.
Tan: Nokorongou oku nogi dau haro o tadat mongotomou om magauh. Nunu ma o
komoyon diri?
Hani: Mongotomou nopo kaka nga pasawit do roun totomou id walai, mongoi do
popoinsodu do rusod ngawi do tangaaraat. Orosian matu kaka o rusod tangaraat do
roun totomou. Magauh nopo nga momolopot do tauh id roun totomou om posowiton
ino id wawayaan, toi ko‟ id posorili do liwan do walai. Otumbayaan koi do ino nga
kaanu nogi kaka do popoinsodu do rusod tangaraat mantad id kinoiyonon diri.

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Linda: Nokorongou oku nogi dino. Nung korikot o rusod tangaraat nga kalasu om kaanu do
mogowit do tongoruo-ruol kumaa do tulun di songimpasi.
Hani: Otopot no ino, Linda. Iri no kanto do mamantang koi do kaadat-adaton ngawi di. Ba,
pamanau oku po. Oiduan oku moti do baas.
T, R & L: Hino ko no Hani.

Translation:

Ravi: Condolences, Hani. I just heard that your grandmother passed away.
Hani: Thanks, Ravi. My grandmother was very old. It‟s not that I‟m not sad, but she‟s better off
having left.
Tan: How old was your grandmother, Hani?
Hani: A hundred and two months on the day she passed on.
Linda: Wow, it‟s a joy that she had reached that long living in this world.
Hani: That‟s very true. When she died she had seven children, thirty grandchildren and ten great
grandchildren.
Ravi: When was her body (she) buried?
Hani: Six days ago. I am going back to my hometown again today because tomorrow we are
having her seventh day prayer.
Tan: I see. How many times do you have to pray?
Hani: Quite often. The first time is on the day of death. Secondly during the funeral. Then the
family will pray every day until the seventh day.
Linda: Aren‟t there also prayers on fortieth and hundreth day?
Hani: Yes. I‟m not sure of the purpose of the fortieth and hundreth days prayers. Nut according to
my mom, the seventh day prayer is to say good bye.
Tan: That means you are never going to ever see your grandmother again?
Hani: Maybe. But there are also other meanings. The spirit of the dead is invited to come home and
get all her belongings. Then she will be asked to move on to her new world and never to
come back among the livings.
Ravi: How would you know that the spirit has come back?
Hani: We prepare a small plate filled with ash. When the spirit comes, she will give a sign like a
scratch on the ash.
Linda: What other mourning customs do you have?
Hani: We can‟t play music and turn on the radio/tv until after the body has been buried. Also,
somebody has to keep vigil (stay awake) all the time at the house of the dead until the body
has been buried. That‟s called modtudau.
Tan: I also heard about mongotomou and magauh customs. What do they mean?
Hani: Mongotomou is to hang green leaves all over the house to ward off bad spirits. Bad spirits are
said to be scared of green leaves. Magauh means wrapping ashes in green leaves and
hanging them outside the house. We believe that it is also able to ward off evil spirits from
the place.
Linda: I heard about that too. If the evil spirits came, that is said to cause heat and make the livings
ill.
Hani: That‟s true, Linda. Maybe that‟s why we respect these customs. Ok, I have to go. I might
miss the bus.
T, R & L: Bye Hani.

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Grammar focus:
Kaka, matu and kanto

When you want to include a piece of information in your sentence that you did not
see/know the fact first hand but heard it from other people, you use kaka. This is almost
similar to the Malay „kononnya‟.

Matu and kanto are interchangeable and they mean „maybe‟. The words show a certain
degree of doubt, but they also imply that you do believe the sentence to a certain extent.
Matu is often pronounced with a long u at the end, matuu.

Activity/Pinsingumbalan:

1) Intangai o ayat di momoguno do „kaka‟ om „matu‟ id pibabarasan/Identify the

sentences that have kaka and matu in the dialogue.
2) Try to insert kaka or matu or kanto in the following sentences.
a) Minagansak i Gan do suup.
b) Oobusan di Lorna i toobusan.
c) Wansayan disio i taki dau do sulap.
d) Napanakahan i susumikul di poingiyon id Kingfisher.
e) Mongoi i Teddy intong do mimbuul.
f) Naala do Manchester United o Chelsea.
g) Boros ka di Umi, iyau nopo nga tanak do raja.
h) Otopot o boros do tulun; osodu id mato, osodu nogi id ginawo.
i) Hilo id Likas o sikulan do tanak di tamanonku.
j) Tanak i Penny di Rahman.
k) Osuaian i tutumombului do koilo iyahai do Nonggiris.
l) Mantad di konihab do norualan i aki do tiyan.
m) Mantad po di songkonihab do kukulan isio.
n) Magandad do baas i Sue.
o) Nakaanu do numbur koiso i Fred id piboian mipadsa‟.

3) From the use of kaka, matu and kanto above, can you formulate a rule of their
position/s in sentences?

4) Boroso o kaadat-adaton do tapatai di mangan po adato do bansa nu.

Discuss about some death customs practiced by your community.

5) Surato o iso esei kiikiro do 100-150 patod boros kokomoi do uhu diti.
Write a 100-150 word essay about this topic.

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