Chapter review 4

1 a

= P ( B ∩ B)
b P(both blue)
3 2
= ×
7 6
1
=
7

c P(one of each colour) = P (Y ∩ B ) + P ( B ∩ Y )

4 3 3 4
=× + ×
7 6 7 6
12 4
= =
21 7

7 7 3 7 7 5
2 a P(RRB or RRG) =  × ×  +  × × 
 15 15 15   15 15 15 
392
=
3375

b P(RBG) + P(RGB) + P(BGR) + P(BRG) + P(GBR) + P(GRB)

7 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 7  3 7 5 5 3 7 5 7 3
=  × × + × × + × × + × × + × × + × × 
 15 15 15   15 15 15   15 15 15   15 15 15   15 15 15   15 15 15 

 7 × 3 × 5  630 14
=6×  =
3  =
 15  3375 75

3 a P(HHH) = 0.341 × 0.341 × 0.341 = 0.0397 (to 3 s.f.)

b P(NNN) = 0.659 × 0.659 × 0.659 = 0.286 (to 3 s.f.)

c P(at least one H) = 1 − P(NNN) = 1 − 0.28619118 = 0.714 (to 3 s.f.)

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 8 + 13 + 19 + 30 + 26 + 32 128 64
4 a P(Year 11) = = =
250 250 125

7 + 8 + 15 + 13 + 18 + 19 80 8
b P(s < 35) = = =
250 250 25

15 + 18 33
c P(Year 10 with score between 25 and 34) = =
250 250

d Using interpolation:
40 − 37
Number of students passing = × (25 + 30) + 30 + 26 + 27 + 32
40 − 35
3 
=  × 55  + 30 + 26 + 27 + 32 = 148
5 
148 74
P(pass) = =
250 125

The assumption is that the marks between 35 and 40 are uniformly distributed.

0.5 × 50 + 0.5 × 30 + 2 × 2 44 22
5 a P(mass > 3) = = =
1× 6 + 0.5 × 50 + 0.5 × 30 + 2 × 2 50 25

(1× 6) + (0.5 × 50) + 0.5 × (0.5 × 30) 38.5

b P(mass < 3.75) = = = 0.77
50 50

6 a

30 1
b i P(None) = =
150 5

30 + 40 + 18 + 35 123 41
ii P(No more than one) = = =
150 150 50

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7 a P(A and B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A or B or both) = 13 + 14 − 12 = 1
12

P(A and not B) = 13 − 121 =1

4

P(B and not A) = 1

4 − 121 =1
6

b P(A and B) = 1
12

P(A) × P(B) = 13 × 14 = 1
12

As P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B), A and B are independent events.

8 a Cricket and swimming do not overlap so are mutually exclusive.

13
b P(C and F) =
38

21 22 462 231
P(C) × P(F) = × = =
38 38 1444 722

As P(C and F) ≠ P(C) × P(F), the events 'likes cricket' and 'likes football' are not independent.

9 a

b P(J and K) = 0.05

P(J) × P(K) = 0.3 × 0.25 = 0.075

As P(J and K) ≠ P(J) × P(K), the events J and K are not independent.

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10 a P(Phone and Tablet) = 0.85 + 0.6 – (1 − 0.05) = 0.5 = 50%

c P(only P) = 0.35

d P(P and T) = 0.5

P(P) × P(T) = 0.85 × 0.6 = 0.51

As P(P and T) ≠ P(P) × P(T), the events P and T are not independent.

11 x = 1 − (0.3 + 0.4 + 0.15) = 0.15

P(A and B) = x = 0.15

P(A) × P(B) = 0.45 × 0.55 = 0.2475

As P(A and B) ≠ P(A) × P(B), the events A and B are not independent.

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12 a

b i P(D1D2D3) = 54 × 32 × 12 =154

ii Where D means a diamond and Dʹ means no diamond,

P (exactly one diamond) = P(D, Dʹ, Dʹ) + P(Dʹ, D, Dʹ) + P(Dʹ, Dʹ, D)

= ( 54 × 13 × 12 ) + ( 15 × 23 × 12 ) + ( 15 × 13 × 12 ) =307
c P(at least two diamonds) = 1 – P(at most one diamond) = 1 – (P(none) + P(exactly one diamond))

=1– ( 15 × 13 × 12 + 307 ) = 1 − 154 = 1511

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 13 a

b i P(B and faulty) = 0.5 × 0.03 = 0.015

ii P(faulty) = 0.16 × 0.04 + 0.5 × 0.03 + 0.34 × 0.07 = 0.0452

14 a

P( B ∩ A) 0.2
c P( B|A)
= = = 0.5
P( A) 0.4

P( A′ ∩ B) P( B) − P( A ∩ B) 0.15
d P( A=
′|B) = = = 0.429 (3 s.f.)
P( B) P( B) 0.35

15 a Work out each region of the Venn diagram from the information provided in the question.

First, as J and L are mutually exclusive, J ∩ L =∅ therefore P( J ∩ L) =

0

As K and L are independent

Find the outer region by subtracting the sum of all the other regions from 1

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15 b i

ii

P( J ∩ K ) 0.1
iii P( J |K ) = = = 0.222 (3 s.f.)
P( K ) 0.45

P( K ∩ ( J ′ ∩ L′)) 0.2825
iv P( K |J ′ ∩ L′) = = 0.471 (3 s.f.)
=
P( J ′ ∩ L′) 0.6

16 a

d There are 6 students that study just French and wear glasses ( ) and 9 students that
study just Spanish and wear glasses ( ), so the required probability is

e There are 26 students studying one language (from part a). Of these, 15 wear glasses (from part d).

17 a

b i

ii There are two different ways to obtain balls that are different colours:
 6 9   9 6  2 × 9 18
P( RG ) + P(GR) =
 × + ×  = = =0.514 (3 s.f.)
 15 14   15 14  5 × 7 35

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17 c There are 4 different outcomes:

d The only way for this to occur is to draw a green ball each time. The corresponding probability is:

18 a Either Ty or Chimene must win both sets. Therefore the required probability is:

0.7 × 0.8 0.56

b P(Ty wins|match over in two sets)
= = = 0.757 (3 s.f.)
0.74 0.74

c The three ways that Ty can win the match are: wins first set, wins second set; wins first set, loses
second set, wins tiebreaker; loses first set, wins second set, wins tiebreaker.
P(Ty wins match) = (0.7 × 0.8) + (0.7 × 0.2 × 0.55) + (0.3 × 0.4 × 0.55)
=0.56 + 0.077 + 0.066 =0.703

19 a There are 20 kittens with neither black nor white paws (75 – 26 – 14 – 15 = 20).

b There are 41 kittens with some black paws (26 + 15 = 41).

c This is selection without replacement (since the first kitten chosen is not put back).

d There are 29 kittens with some white paws (14 + 15 = 29).

20 a Using the fact that A and B are independent:

b Use the addition formula to find

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20 c As A and C are mutually exclusive

Find the outer region by subtracting the sum of all the other regions from 1

d i

ii The required region must be contained within A, and not include B (the condition on C is
irrelevant since A and C are mutually exclusive). Therefore,

21 a It may be that neither team scores in the match, and it is a 0–0 draw.

b
So

c From the question . Using the multiplication formula gives

Now find the required probability

P( A wins ∩ B scores first) 0.105 0.105
P( B scores first|A wins) = = = = 0.179 (3 s.f.)
P( A wins) 0.48 + 0.105 0.585

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Challenge

1 The probability that a wife is retired is 0.4.

Given that she is retired, the probability that her husband is also retired is 0.8.

Hence the probability that both are retired is 0.4 × 0.8 = 0.32.

The probability that a husband is retired is 0.7.

From this data you can deduce the following Venn diagram of the probabilities:

Let H = husband retired, Hʹ = husband not retired, W = wife retired, Wʹ = wife not retired.

The permutations where only one husband and only one wife is retired are:

Couple 1 Probability Couple 2 Probability Combined probability

H Wʹ 0.38 Hʹ W 0.08 0.38 × 0.08

Hʹ W 0.08 H Wʹ 0.38 0.08 × 0.38

HW 0.32 Hʹ Wʹ 0.22 0.32 × 0.22

Hʹ Wʹ 0.22 HW 0.32 0.22 × 0.32

P(only one husband and only one wife is retired) = (0.38 × 0.08 + 0.32 × 0.22) × 2 = 0.2016

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Challenge

2 a Let
As P( A ∩ B )  P ( B ) ⇒ k  0.2
A and B could be mutually exclusive, meaning , so 0  k  2

Now, P( A ∩ B′) = P( A) − P( A ∩ B), so p = 0.6 − k ⇒ 0.4  p  0.6

b Use the fact that

So

Consider the range of

P( A ∩ C )  P( A) ⇒ P( A ∩ C )  0.6

By the multiplication formula

= P( A ∪ C ) P( A) + P(C ) − P( A ∩ C )
So P( A ∩ C ) = P( A) + P(C ) − P( A ∪ C ) = 1.3 − P( A ∪ C )
As P( A ∪ C )  1 ⇒ P( A ∩ C )  0.3

So 0.3  P( A ∩ C )  0.6 and as this gives the result that

0.3 − 0.1  P( A ∩ B′ ∩ C )  0.6 − 0.1, so 0.2  q  0.5

) kx, =
3 a P ( X= x= x 1, 2,3, 4,5
x 1 2 3 4 5
P(X = x) k 2k 3k 4k 5k
1
The sum of the probabilities is 1, therefore, 15k = 1 so k =
15

5k
b P ( X= 5 | X > 2 )=
12k
5
=
12

P ( odd ∩ prime )
c P ( X is odd | X is prime ) =
P ( prime )
8
= 15
10
15
8 4
= =
10 5

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