Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(5)/ Vol.
(21): 2013
Experimental and Theoretical Analysis for
Behavior of R.C. Continuous Beams
Strengthened by CFRP Laminates
Abdul Ridah Saleh Ammar Abd Alameer Hussein Barem
Babylon University, Engineering College, Civil Department
Abstract
This research presents an experimental program conducted to study the flexural behavior of
reinforced concrete continuous beams strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets.
The test program consists of nine RC continuous (two-span) beams each span has length 1500mm with
cross section 150x250 mm divided into two groups. The first group has six continuous RC beams with
roller support in the ends. The second group has three continuous RC beams with rigid joint ends
supports ( jointed to columns in the ends ). All the reinforced concrete beam specimens were designed
of the same steel reinforced identically to fail in flexure under static load .The main parameters
including type of end support, location of the CFRP sheets and type of end anchorage for CFRP. The
experimental results showed that the externally strengthened reinforced concrete beams with bonded
CFRP sheets showed significant increases in their ultimate loads. An increase in ultimate load reached
up to (42.1 % for group 1 and 35.18 % for group 2). The CFRP anchor is very effective more than the
U-warp in increasing ultimate load and reduced beams deflection.
Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis is used to investigate the performance of
reinforced concrete continuous beams strengthened with CFRP sheets. The results obtained from the
finite element analysis show very good agreement with the results obtained from the experimental
study with maximum difference in ultimate loads is about (10 %).
اﻟﺧﻼﺻﺔ
ﻗدم ﻫذا اﻟﺑﺣث دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟدراﺳﺔ ﺳﻠوك اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء ﻟﻼﻋﺗﺎب اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة اﻟﻣﻘواة ﺑﺎﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛﺎرﺑون اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرﯾﺔ
ﻣﻠﯾﻣﺗر ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘطﻊ١٥٠٠ اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﻣل ﺗﺳﻌﺔ اﻋﺗﺎب ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة )ﻣن ﻓﺿﺎﺋﯾن( ﻛل ﻓﺿﺎء ﻟﻪ طول.(CFRP)
اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﺗﺔ أﻋﺗﺎب ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ﻣﺳﻧدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﯾﺎت. ﻣﻠﯾﻣﺗر ﻗﺳم إﻟﻰ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺗﯾن٢٥٠ x١٥٠ اﻟﻌرﺿﻲ
اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﻋﺗﺎب ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ﺑﻣﺳﺎﻧد ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﯾﺎت ) ﻣرﺑوط اﻟﻰ.(roller support) ﺑﺎﻟدﺣروﺟﺔ
،اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻣﺎﺛل ﻟﻠﻔﺷل ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء
ِ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻧﻣﺎذج اﻻﻋﺗﺎب اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﺻﻣﻣﺔ ﻟﺣدﯾد.( اﻋﻣدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﯾﺎت
ﻣوﻗﻊ ﺷراﺋﺢ اﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛﺎرﺑون اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣرﯾﺔ وﻧوع اﻻرﺳﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﯾﺎت ﻻﻟﯾﺎف،اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﺿﻣن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﻧﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﯾﺎت
اظﻬرت اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺎن اﻻﻋﺗﺎب اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻘواة ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺎ ﺑﺷراﺋﺢ اﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛﺎرﺑون اﻟﺑوﻟﻣرﯾﺔ اﺑدت زﯾﺎدات ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ.اﻟﻛﺎرﺑون
ِ
ان اﻻرﺳﺎء.( ﻟﻠﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ% ٣٥.١٨ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ و% ٤٢.١) اﻟﺣﻣل اﻻﻗﺻﻰ وﺻﻠت إﻟﻰ اﻟزﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ.اﻻﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﻘﺻوى
اﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ وﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻫطول
ِ ( ﻓﻲ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺣﻣلU-warp) ( ﻓﻌﺎل ﺟداً أﻛﺛر ﻣن اﻟﺗﺛﺑﯾت اﻟﻌرﺿﻲCFRP anchor) ﺑﺎﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛﺎرﺑون اﻟﺑوﻟﻣرﯾﺔ
.اﻻﻋﺗﺎب
اﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﻼﺧطﻲ اﻟﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻻﺑﻌﺎد ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﺻر اﻟﻣﺣدد ﻟﺗﺣري أداء اﻻﻋﺗﺎب اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ﺑﺷراﺋﺢ
اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻣن اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﺻر اﻟﻣﺣدد ﺑﯾﻧت ﺗواﻓق ﺟﯾد ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ. اﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﻛﺎرﺑون اﻟﺑوﻟﻣرﯾﺔ
.(%١٠) اﻻﺧﺗﻼف اﻻﻗﺻﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﻘﺻوى ﯾﺳﺎوي ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ. ﻣن اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ
1. Introduction
Although many in-situ RC beams are continuous construction, there has been
very limited research into the behavior of such beams with external reinforcement. In
addition, most design guidelines were developed for simply supported beams with
external FRP laminates. Ductility is even more important for statically indeterminate
structures, such as continuous beams, as it allows for moment redistribution through
the rotations of plastic hinges. Moment redistribution permits the utilization of the full
capacity of more segments of the beam (1).
Many researchers reported that the use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer
(CFRP) has very significant in upgrading the weakness structure. The effects of
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concrete compressive strength, anchorage depth, size of anchor hole, and width of
CFRP sheet per anchor on the tensile capacity of anchors are studies (2, 3). Peeling
failure was the dominant mode of failure for all the strengthened beams tested. The
beam strengthened with both top and bottom CFRP plates produced the highest load
capacity. The load and moment capacities were increased by up to 55% and 57%
respectively (4). The ductility of all strengthened beams was reduced compared with
that of the respective unstrengthened control beam and found out that increasing the
CFRP sheet length to cover the entire negative or positive moment zones did not
prevent peeling failure of the CFRP laminate(5). The continuity tests found that
beams without continuous reinforcement can reach catenary action (depending on
design details) and a CFRP retrofit, if designed correctly (placed in locations that do
not cause rebar fracture before catenary), may be able to reduce vulnerability to
progressive collapse(6). FRP application at positive and negative moment’s zones
generally reduces the redistribution ratio by approximately 20% (one sheet) up to 50%
(four sheets) (7). The test results showed that the use of GFRP sheet in strengthening
of continuous beam reduced loss in ductility and moment redistribution but did not
significantly increase the ultimate strength of them. The use of end anchorage in
strengthened continuous beams increased the ultimate strength and moment
redistribution. The moment enhancement ratio of the strengthened continuous beams
was significantly higher than the ultimate load enhancement ratio in the same beam
(8). Resheq (9) studied sixteen RC continuous beams, which were strengthened at
some locations with CFRP laminates and carefully designed to fail in flexure, the
results show that the use of CFRP laminate as external strengthening has a significant
increases in their ultimate loads.
2. Experimental program
2.1 Description of Specimens
Nine beams divided into two groups. The first group has six continuous RC
beams with roller support in the ends consist of two span with length 1500mm for
each span and rectangular cross sectional dimensions of 250 mm overall depth and
150 mm width . The flexural reinforcement of the beams consisted of 2Ø12 mm bars
at the top and 2Ø10 mm bars at the bottom and Ø10mm diameter closed stirrups
spaced at 100mm along the beam length and the steel bar had a 90º hook of length
(12xØ=120mm) at each ends to provide sufficient anchorage. Concrete cover of 25
mm was adopted. The second group has Three RC continuous beams with rigid joint
ends supports consist of two spans have length 1500mm for each span with
rectangular cross sectional dimensions of 250 mm height by150 mm width and two
columns in the ends have length of 750mm with square cross section dimensions of
(300 x 300) mm). To provide rigid joint ends used six bolts in each column for
tightening it to the steel column. The flexural reinforcement of the beams consisted of
2Ø12 mm bars at the top and 2Ø10 mm bars at the bottom and Ø10mm diameter
closed stirrups spaced at 100mm along the beam length and the steel bar had a 90º
hook of length 250mm at each ends to provide sufficient anchorage. The steel
reinforcement of the columns consisted of 6Ø16mm bars for each column and
Ø10mm diameter ties spaced at 100mm along the column length. Concrete cover of
25 mm was adopted.
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2.2 CFRP Strengthening System
Strengthening system chosen carefully according to some considerations,
mainly, crack pattern around moment’s regions, practical applied in the actual and
economic. The six continuous reinforced concrete beams of first group including, the
first (P) serve as a pilot to ensuring flexural failure, the second (B1) was kept without
strengthening as a control beam for comparison and four beams are strengthened with
externally bonded CFRP sheets and all the external anchorages (B2, B3, B4, B5) used
in this study were made from CFRP sheets at the end of longitudinal CFRP sheet as
described in tabel 1 and shown in Figure 1. The three continuous reinforced concrete
beams of second group including, the first one was kept without strengthening as a
control beam for comparison (BF1) and two beams (BF2, BF3) are strengthening
with externally bonded CFRP sheets and all the external anchorages used in this study
were made from CFRP U-shape the end of longitudinal CFRP sheet as described in
tabel 1 and shown in Figure 1.
Table 1 Description of the tested beams
Beam’s
CFRP Locations Type of Anchorage
Symbol
B1 Nil Nil
At top face of beam at the negative zone and bottom face
B2 U-warp
of beam at the positive zones.
At side face of beam at the negative zone and bottom face
B3 U-warp
of beam at the positive zones.
At top face of beam at the negative zone and bottom face
B4 CFRP anchor
of beam at the positive zones.
At side face of beam at the negative zone and bottom face
B5 CFRP anchor
of beam at the positive zones.
BF1 Nil Nil
On top face of beam at the negative zones and bottom face
BF2 U-warp
of beam at the positive zones.
On side face of beam at the negative zones and bottom
BF3 U-warp
face of beam at the positive zones.
Two CFRP anchors in each end of longitudinal CFRP sheet have 250mm length of
the anchor with 100mm of the anchor inserted into a 10mm.-diameter-hole drilled into
concrete and the rest of the anchor was spread out in a fan shape on the CFRP sheet, 100mm
width and 0.131mm thickness.
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Figure 1 Detail and Geometry of Specimens (All Dimensions in meter)
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2.3 Material Properties
Normal weight concrete was used to cast the specimens. The 28-day concrete
compressive strength was 28 MPa and the splitting (tensile) strength was 2.5 MPa.
The longitudinal steel reinforcement deformed has a 520 and 580 MPa yield stresses
for Ø10mm and Ø12mm respectively. A CFRP sheet has a tensile strength of 4.3 GPa,
an modulus of elasticity of 238 GPa, the elongation at break of 1.8% and the thickness
of 0.131 mm [Sika, 2005] (10).
2.4 Test Setup
Tests were carried out using (1500 kN) hydraulic testing machine as shown in
Figure 2. A convenient test frame was available in the structures laboratory at the
University of Babylon. The main characteristics of the structural behavior of the beam
specimens were detected at every stage of loading during testing. At each test, the first
crack and the failure load were recorded. A dial gauge of 0.01 mm accuracy was used
at the mid – span in order to calculate the deflection for each stage of loading. Demec
point's arrangements for 200 mm mechanical extensometer were fixed at the center of
mid span, at the middle support of beam and CFRP strain was measured at critical
location in order to measure the strains through the beam section. The specimens were
placed on the supports of the testing machine, at the first the specimens loaded by 5
kN to seat the support and the load system, then reduce to zero. The load increment
was 5 kN along the test.
Figure 2 Test Setup
3. Experimental results
All specimens were used to investigate the enhancement in flexural behavior of
strengthened beams that was designed to fail by flexural mode.
In specimen (Pilot) the test of this beam is conducted for proof testing system
and to ensure it for smooth running and testing as well as to check that shear failure
will not occur.
The flexural failure was the final failure mod at load 185 kN. In specimen
(B1) the first observed crack occurred at load about (35 kN) in mid support region. As
the load is increased, flexural cracks increased in number, width and depth. When the
load was increased further, flexural failure in tension was the mode failure by yielding
of main steel reinforcement. The failure load was recorded when a rapid increasing in
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the deflection readings occurred obviously which means yielding the main
reinforcement in the beam specimens. The beam reached an ultimate load of (190 kN)
at center of left span as shown in Figure3a. In specimen (B2) is strengthened with
one strips of CFRP sheet of 75mm at center of bottom and top faces along the positive
and negative moments respectively with U-warp CFRP anchor in the end of each
strip. In this beam, the first observed crack occurred at load about 45 kN in mid
support region. As the load was increased, flexural cracks increased in number and
width, further flexure-shear cracks appeared at load about 150kN. The failure was
rupture of CFRP sheet at top layer in negative moment when the load reach about 235
kN with an increase in ultimate load of about (23.68%) with respect to control beam
(B1) as shown in Figure 3b. In specimen (B3) is strengthened with one strips of
CFRP sheet of 75mm width at center of bottom face for each positive moment and
two strips of CFRP sheet of 75mm width glued on the side faces at level of
reinforcement negative moment with U-warp CFRP anchor in the end of each strip. In
this beam, the first observed crack at load about 50 kN in center of left span. As the
load was increased, flexural cracks increased in number and width, further flexure-
shear cracks appeared at load about 120kN.The failure was rupture in CFRP sheet at
the center of left span when the load reach about 250 kN with an increase in ultimate
load of about (31.57%) with respect to control beam specimen (B1) as shown in
Figure 3c. In specimen (B4) is strengthened with one strips of CFRP sheet of 75mm
at center of bottom and top faces along the positive and negative moments
respectively with CFRP fan anchor in the end of each layer. In this beam, the first
observed crack at load about 60 kN in mid support region. As the load was increased
flexural cracks increased in number and width, further flexure-shear cracks appeared
at load about 165kN. The failure was rupture in CFRP sheet at top layer in negative
moment when load reach about 255kN with an increase in ultimate load of about
(34.21%) with respect to control beam (B1) as shown in Figure 3d. In specimen (B5)
is strengthened with one strips of CFRP sheet of 75mm width at center of bottom face
for each positive moment and two strips of CFRP sheet of 75mm width glued on the
side faces at level of reinforcement negative moment with CFRP fan anchor in the end
of each strip. In this beam, the first observed crack occurred at load about 60 kN in
mid support region. As the load was increased, flexural cracks increased in number
and width, further flexure-shear cracks appeared at load about 135kN. The failure was
rupture in CFRP sheet at center of left span in positive moment when the load reach
about 270kN with an increase in ultimate load of about (42.1%) with respect to
control beam specimen (B1) as shown in Figure 3e. In specimen (BF1) the first
observed crack occurred at load about 55 kN in mid support region. As the load
developed the cracks were propagate at the positive moment zones. The flexural
tensile failure flowed by concrete crash was occurred at load about 270 kN at mid-
support section as shown in Figure 3f. In specimen (BF2) is strengthened with one
strips of CFRP sheet of 75mm at center of bottom and top faces along the positive and
negative moments respectively with U-warp CFRP anchor in the end of each layer.In
this beam, the first observed crack at load about 70 kN in mid support region. As the
load was increased, flexural cracks increased in number and width, further flexure-
shear cracks appeared at load about 160kN. The failure was rupture in CFRP sheet at
top layer for mid-support in negative moment when load reach about 330 kN with an
increase in ultimate load about (22.22%) with respect to control beam (BF1) as shown
in Figure 3g. In specimen (BF3) is strengthened with one strips of CFRP sheet of
75mm width at center of bottom face for each positive moment and two strips of
CFRP sheet of 75mm width glued on the side faces at level of reinforcement for each
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negative moment with U-warp CFRP anchor in the end of each strip. In this beam, the
first observed crack at load about 60 kN in mid support region. As the load was
increased, flexural cracks increased in number and width, further flexure-shear cracks
appeared at load about 200kN. The failure was rupture in CFRP sheet at side strip for
mid-support in negative moment when load reach about 365 kN with an increase in
ultimate load about (35.18%) with respect to control beam (BF1) as shown in Figure
3h. Figure 4 shows summary and comparison of load-deflection curves.
Figure 3 Mode of Failure
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first span in group two second span in group two
Figure 4 Load-Deflection Curve For All Tested Beams
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4. Analytical Results
In this section, comparisons between the results from the ANSYS finite
element analysis and the experimental results that explore the adequacy of elements
type, material modeling, real constants and convergence criteria are adequate to model
the response of the reinforced concrete continuous beams strengthening by CFRP.
Package software [ANSYS, 2004] (11) was adopted in analysis the tested model. A
three dimension SOLID65 element was used to represent the concrete element
because it has the capability of crack and crash also, cure the situation of material
nonlinearity while LINK8 element and SHELL41 element were used to represent
longitudinal reinforcement and carbon fiber respectively (11).
4.3 Finite element results
A comparison between the ultimate loads and ultimate deflections of the tested
beams with numerical ultimate loads and ultimate deflections from finite element
analysis is shown in Table 2. The table shows, a good agreement between the
theoretical and experimental results.
Table 2 Experimental and Theoretical Ultimate Load and Deflection
Failure Load Ultimate
Beam Exp./ANSYS Exp./ANSYS
(kN) Deflection(mm)
Symbol
Exp. ANSYS Exp. ANSYS
B1 190 205 0.927 6.85 7.38 0.928
B2 235 247.5 0.95 7.91 8.04 0.98
B3 250 262.5 0.952 9.95 9.63 1.03
B4 255 247.5 1.03 8.5 8.04 1.06
B5 270 262.5 1.028 10.49 9.63 1.09
BF1 270 300 0.9 3.7 2.34 1.58
BF2 330 360 0.916 5.22 4.26 1.23
BF3 365 385 0.948 5.16 3.45 1.5
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Figure 5 Comparisons between the Experimental and Numerical Load Deflection
Results
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5 Parametric Studies
The main objective of this section is to investigate the effect of several
important parameters on the behavior of concrete beams. These parameters include
width of CFRP sheet and longitudinal reinforcement.
5. 1 Effect of Longitudinal Reinforcement
In order to study the influence of longitudinal reinforcement on the behavior
and ultimate load of the tested beam, use the control beam (B1) in this study. The
selected value of reinforcement area was 158 mm2 instead of reinforcement area in the
experimental work, which was 226 mm2 in the top section for negative moment zone.
Figure 6 Shown reinforcement details for the beam specimen.
Figure 6 Shown reinforcement details
Figure 7 show that the magnitude of the reinforcement ratio affects the load-
deflection curve and the ultimate load. In this study shows that the position of failure
beams change from positive moment zone, which was in control beam (B1) to
negative moment zone. The ultimate load for this model is (170 kN) less than control
beam (B1) about (35kN) cause from decrease area of steel reinforcement in negative
moment zone.
Figure 7 effect of longitudinal reinforcement ratio on Load-deflection curve
5. 2 Effect of CFRP Sheet Width
In order to investigate the effect of the CFRP sheet width on the behavior of
strengthened beam, used model of beam with side strengthened (B3, B5). The selected
value of CFRP width was (37.5 mm) instead of (75 mm) in the each side of the beam
in negative moment zone.
Figure 8 shows the effect of CFRP sheet width on the load-deflection curve
of strengthened beam. In this study shows that reduced the CERP width in the side to
half (which equivalent to quantity of CFRP in top face for negative moment) change
1565
the position of failure beams from positive moment zone to negative moment zone.
The ultimate load for this model is (227.5 kN) less than side strengthened beam and
top strengthened beam about (35 kN) and (20 kN) respectively.
Figure 8 Effect of CFRP sheet width on the Load-Deflection curve
6. Conclusions
1. The externally strengthened reinforced concrete beams with bonded CFRP sheets
showed significant increases in their ultimate loads. An increase in ultimate load
reached up to (42.1 % for group 1 and 35.18 % for group 2).
2. An increase in cracking load was observed when using CFRP sheets. This increase
is about to 71.42 % for group 1 and 40 % for groups 2 for reinforced concrete
beam externally strengthened with CFRP sheets.
3. The reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP sheets showed a lower
deflection at corresponding loads than those of unstrengthened beam about (38% -
53%) due to the presence of CFRP sheets.
4. The external anchorages (CFRP anchors) are very effective in increasing the
interaction between the CFRP and the concrete section and improving the
structural behavior of the strengthened beams (increasing stiffness of the
beam).The CFRP anchors better than the U-warp because the CFRP anchors
spread in the same direction of main longitudinal CFRP sheet in spite of The
quantity of CFRP anchors less than quantity of U-warp shape (increased 8.5% in
ultimate loads).
5. The side strengthened of negative moment in the ends of the beam is very
effective (increase the ultimate load and reduced beam deflection) more than the
top strengthened of negative moment in the ends of the beam because the side
strengthened in the same direction of longitudinal reinforcement steel (increased
10.6% in ultimate loads).
6. Rigid joint end support was more capacity in ultimate loads and more stiffness
than roller end support.
7. The general behavior of the finite element models represented by the load-
deflection curve plots at mid-span show good agreement with the experimental
tested beams, the maximum difference in ultimate loads is about (10 %).
8. The parametric study with respect to decreasing the diameter of main steel
reinforcement in the top for control beam (B1) shows that this effect has a
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Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(5)/ Vol.(21): 2013
significant effect on the load–deflection behavior of reinforced concrete
beam(reduced ultimate load).
9. The width of the CFRP sheet affects the overall load-deflection behavior of the
strengthened concrete beams. A 50% decrease in the CFRP sheet width caused a
decrease of (35KN) in the ultimate load capacity of the strengthened concrete by
using F.E.M.
10. From parametric study with respect to decreasing width of the CFRP sheet shows
that the top strengthened better than side strengthened (increased 8.8% in ultimate
loads).
Reference
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