ARCH.

3221: WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

Instructor: Engidayehu Ch.

Chair of ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCE

Ethiopian institute of Architecture, Building Construction
and City Development
Addis Ababa University
 Course Content
Water Supply Waste Water
 Introduction Disposal
 Water Demands  Introduction

 Water supply source  Waste Water

 Water Treatments
Drainages
 Septic Tank and Soak
 Design of water supply

for a building away pits

 Storm Water drainage
 Water distribution system
in a buildings
 Water Storages
2
 Pipe Size determinations
 Chapter One
Introductions
Fundamentals of Building Services
 Supply of heat and air, water, light and acoustics of
the internal environment
and
 Control of the impact of the external
environmental on a building to make it fit for living.
Objectives
 Proper service provision

 Ensure comfort and safety in use

 Efficiency and Sustainability

 Summary

 Building Services installed are part of the building

elements like walls, floors, ceilings, shafts, etc.

 So requires conscious design decision and detailing

 Sustainable building design starts with proper service

provision with harmonious coexistence i.e. energy
efficiency, water conservation, waste
management, natural ventilation, Daylighting,
ease of maintenance, and recycling.
WATER AND MANKIND: BASIC NEEDS

• AIR

• WATER

• FOOD

• SHELTER
WATER DEMANDS: QUANTITY OF WATER

• how much is available??

 WATER DEMANDS: QUANTITY OF WATER

Ice mass

Ground Water

Permafrost:-permanently
frozen land( Polar Region)

Surface &
atmospheric water
WATER DEMANDS: QUANTITY OF WATER
 WATER DEMANDS: DESIGN OF A SYSTEM

 How much is available / needed?

 WATER DEMANDS: DESIGN OF A SYSTEM

Water Demand
► In the design of any water supply projects it is necessary

to estimate the amount of water that is required.

This involves The determination
 Population data
 Per capita water consumption
 Time / forecasting
 WATER DEMANDS: LITER PER CAPITA PER DAY

Q = population x Per capita water consumption

(Average daily
demand)

Q day-average = total daily water consumption

(Average daily
demand)
population
Categories of Water Demands

 Domestic water use

 Public or civic use
 Commercial and Industrial use
 Unaccounted for water/Losses and wastes
 Fire demand
 WATER CONSUMPTION: DOMESTIC USE

Domestic use in Ethiopia in design

 Rural 25 lit/cap/day
 Urban areas 80 lit/cap/ day

Consumption Living standard

25 lit/cap/day Lower class(public distribution)
80 lit/cap/day Middle class(without elevated tank)
130 lit/cap/day Higher class (with elevated tank)
 Domestic water demand
 This includes water furnished to houses for sanitary, cooking,
drinking, washing, batching, and other domestic uses
 A minimum rate of 80-120 lpcd should be allowed for
domestic need. ……. (75 to 380 )
 The breakup of water requirements per day for a town per
head basis may be assumed as;
i. Drinking 2-5 litres
ii. Cooking, washing utensils 10-15 litres
iii. Bathing, washing cloths 40-60 litres
iv. Flushing water closets 18-25 litres
v. Other needs 10-15 litres
Total 80-120 litres
 WATER CONSUMPTION: PUBLIC / CIVIC USE:

day-schools 2 lit/cap/day
boarding-school 100 lit/cap/day
Hospitals 200-500 lit/cap/day
streets and public parks 1-2 lit/m2/day

On an average it accounts for 5-15% of the total municipal

water demand/Domestic Use.
 WATER CONSUMPTION: COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL USE:

Restaurants 70 lit/seat/day
Hotels 100 lit/bed/day
Textile 250 m3/ ton
Dairy farm 4.5 lit/lit of milk
Abattoir( ‘Kera’) 30 lit/kg of live weight
Tannery 50-2500 lit/m2 of skin

Typical water demand of Commercial and industrials demand

accounts an average of 25-45 % of the total municipal water
demand.
 WATER CONSUMPTION: UNACCOUNTED FOR WATER

Includes the water lost in leakage

 lose due to defective pipe joints

 lose due to cracked pipes
 lose due to loose valves and fittings

In municipal supply systems this may be 15%-25%

of of the daily demands.
 WATER CONSUMPTION: FIRE DEMANDS

FIRE DEMANDS:- The quantity of water required for fighting a fire

out-break
In the design of water distribution systems the demand for fire
fighting must be considered
 Population
 Contents of buildings
 Density of buildings
 resistance to fire of buildings
 Fire Demands In Building

Insurance Service Office (ISO)

 More recently, the fire flow requirements for a community
have been established by the Insurance Service Office (ISO)
 The required fire flow depends upon the size of the area, type

of construction and exposure of buildings within and

surrounding the block or group of complex
F = 320C (A)0.5
Where; F = the required flow of water in m3/day,
C = Coefficient related to the type of construction
A = total floor area in m2 excluding the basement of the
building.
C values for different types of construction
Type of construction C-Value
Wood-frame 1.5
Ordinary 1.0
Non-Combustible 0.8
Fire-resistive 0.6

As a general rule, after all corrections, the fire flow shall not be
less than 1.9m3/min and shall not be greater than 45.4m3/min.
The fire flow should be available from 2 to 10 hrs.
Required duration for fire flow (ISO)

m3/min 7.6 11.3 15.1 18.9 22.7 26.5 30.2 34.0 37.8
Duration(h) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 A Four storey wooden-frame building has each floor area of
509m2. Determine the fire flow, duration of fire and the
capacity ( volume) of tank required to insure the building
against fire. Using ISO formula
 Solution: C for wooden construction is 1.5

 Area occupied by four story building:

4*509m2 = 2036m2
F= 320*1.5*(2036)0.5 = 21,659m3/d = 15.0m3/min
The duration from
4hrs
 Factors Affecting Water Consumption
 The annual average demand for water, i.e. per capita
demand, considerably varies for different towns/cities
 These variations is due to water consumption depends
upon various factors
The following are the common factors which affect the rate
of demand of water

 Climatic conditions:
Hot / cold weather

 Characteristics of population:
Higher vs. lower class 22
Factors Affecting Water Consumption

 Size of the city:

 Cost of water / metering:
 Industry and commerce:
 Water pressure:
 System of sanitation
 Quality of water
 VARIATION IN WATER DEMANDS

 Demand varies from season to season and day to day. Even in

a day there is variation in demand from hour to hour.
Some of the general observations of municipal water demands are
 Working days have higher demand than holidays
 Hot and dry days have more demand than wet and cold days
 Maximum demand months are summer seasons
 Within a day, there are two peak demands: one in the morning, as the
days activity starts, and the other in the evening
 The minimum water demand normally occurs around 4:00am

Use of these variation

 Hourly demand ---------- design of distribution system
 Daily demand ------------- design of pumping and treatment units
 Seasonal demand---------- design of impounding reservoir
SOURCES OF WATER FOR WATER SUPPLY

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

STORAGE
PRECIPITATION

RUNOFF
CONDENSATION

EVAPORATION
AND
TRANSPIRATION
 SOURCE OF WATER
 Basically The source of all water is rainfall. The water enters
the ground is known as ground water and the part which
flows over the land is termed a surface water
Therefore sources of water supply schemes can be classified as

 Surface water:
 Rivers Lakes Pond Sea water Impounding

reservoirs
 Ground water sources
 Springs

 Wells
 Factors Governing the Selection of Source of Water

Important factors generally considered in the selection of a

particular source are;-
i) The Quantity of Available Water
 The quantity of water available at the source must be

sufficient to meet the various demands during the

entire design period of the scheme
ii) The Quality of Available Water
 The impurities present in the water should be as less

as possible,
 should be removed easily and economically by normal

treatment methods.
 Selection of Source of Water
iii) Distance of the Source of Supply
 The source of water must be situated as near the city as
possible.
iv) General Topography of the Intervening Area
 The area or land b/n the source and the city should not

be highly uneven
 i.e. it should not contain deep valleys or high

mountains and ridges.

 Selection of Source of Water
v) Elevation of the Source of Supply
 The source of water must be on a high contour than the

city or town to be supplied with water

 To make the gravity flow possible.
 When the water is available at lower levels than the
average city level
 Pumping has to be resorted
CHAPTER TWO
FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

30
31
32
 IMPURITIES IN A WATER

SUSPENDED IMPURITIES
DISSOLVED IMPURITIES
COLLOIDAL IMPURITIES

Physical Impurities
Chemical Impurities
Biological Impurities

33
34
 DISSOLVED IMPURITIES

 Salt, Gases and Organic and Inorganic

Compounds , Iron Oxide and Manganese, O2
& CO2 ,H2S
COLLOIDAL IMPURITIES
in finely divided state ( neither suspension
nor in solution, but in between)
• expressed their quantity by color test
• mostly affect color of water
35
 THE OBJECTIVES TREATMENT PROCESS

 To remove color and dissolved gases

 To remove objectionable taste and odor
 To kill dangerous bacteria

In the purification process

 No absolute purification, only those impurities which
are not good for health

 Harmless or useful impurities are not removed

 Degree of treatment depends upon the end-user or the

36
 Degree of purification depends upon:

 Domestic use:
 Civic use:
 Trade or business use(Commercial Supply)
 Commercial or industries use:

37
38
39
 WATER STORAGE AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Distribution System
 Water is distributed to consumers in several different ways,

as local conditions or other considerations may dictate.

These methods are:
 Gravity Distribution

 Distribution by means of pumps with storage

(Pumping + Gravity )
 Use of Pumps with out storage ( Direct Pumping)

40
1) Gravity Distribution.
 This is possible when the source of supply is a lake or
impounding reservoir at some elevation above the city
so that sufficient pressure can be maintained in the
mains for domestic and fire service.
 Is the most reliable method
2) Distribution by means of pumps with storage.
 In this method the excess water pumped during
periods of low consumption is stored in elevated tanks
or reservoirs.
 During periods of high consumption the stored water is
drawn.
 Allows fairly uniform rates of pumping and hence is
economical, for the pumps may be operated at their
rate capacity
3) Use of Pumps with out storage.
 In this method the pumps force water directly in to the
mains with no other outlet than the water actually
consumed.
 It is the least desirable system, for a power failure
would mean complete interruption in water supply.
44
IS THERE A NEED FOR STORAGE SYSTEM?

WHY?

45
 Service Reservoirs/Storage )
Functions
A service reservoir has four main functions:
1) To balance the fluctuating demand from the distribution
system, permitting the source to give steady or differently
phased output.
2) Provide a supply during a failure or shutdown of treatment
plant, pumps or main leading to the reservoir.
3) To give a suitable pressure for the distribution system and
reduce pressure fluctuations therein.
4) To provide a reserve of water to meet fire and other
emergency demands.
DIRECT SYSTEM

 Sufficient pressure
 She water supply fittings in a building
 The roof tank of the building

47
 PUMPED OR INDIRECT SYSTEM

Not enough sufficient pressure

 so water is stored in ground level or
underground reservoir
 basically, consists of reservoirs, pump (or
pump house), pump sets( duplicate) pumping main, roof
tank(if needed)
 2 to 3 days storage capacity, but can vary depending on
reliability of source, but a min. of one-day is always
provided
 mostly underground reservoirs are preferred 48
49
Storage capacity

50
 Storage capacity
Cold water storage for a day, based on sanitary appliances:

N.B: storage capacity of tank above 5000 liters should preferably

divided into two or more compartment to avoid interruption 51
 Examples

1. Calculate the size of an underground reservoir for a

multistory building, having 50 occupants?
 Assume a storage capacity for dwelling house = 100 lit /

capita/ day
 then, total storage required = 50 x 100 = 5000 lit/day

 Therefore, for 3 days storage = 5000 x 3 = 15,000 liters

= 15 m3
2. Calculate the capacity and size of roof tank, if the building is
having 5 water closets, 10 wash basin, 5 sinks and 5 shower?
Ans. 4700 liters or 4.7 m3
52
 Exercise

1. Determine the capacity of reservoir required for hospital that

serves 280 person per day

2. Determine the capacity of reservoir required for Hotel having

Restaurant Seat 62, bed rooms 30, bar seat 32.

3. Calculate the size of roof tank required for an apartment

building having 32 sink, 34 water closet, 50 wash basin and
36 showers

53
 THE SUPPLY SYSTEMS:
DISTRIBUTION IN A BUILDING

Distribution System Using Direct Supply :

 Water is supplied to all the fixtures at all floor levels, of a

building directly from the city main
 Only successful when the water supply is available at
adequate pressure around-the-clock
 the minimum pressure available will always limit the
number of floors (or storey) to which water can be supplied
 Convenient and Economical to users, as it avoids the
necessity of storage tanks, pumping sets, etc.

54
55
 Distribution System using Overhead
Tank/Underground Tank

 municipal mains is sufficient to make the water reach up to

3—4 stories or higher
• but only for a limited period in a day that might be early
mornings and late evenings
• To meet the water requirement during non-supply /
insufficient supply hours, water is stored in overhead
tanks
 When low/ insufficient municipality water pressure
Underground Tank + pump

56
57
58
 PIPE SIZING IN WATER
DISRIBUTION FOR A BUILDING

 Pipe has to be determine in order to provide sufficient rate

of delivery of water without wasteful over-sizing
 For small buildings, it is possible to size water supple pipes on
the basis of practical experience, but for big buildings it
should be determine based on designs and standards
 Since it is rare to use all appliances simultaneously, max.
demand is much lesser than simultaneous demand
 Simultaneous design flow rate is modified using probability
equation

59
60
 Example

Determine the design flow rate of water supply pipe line in a

building, feeding 3 Nos. Water closet, 3 Nos. Wash basin,
3Nosh Shower and 2 Nos. Sink
The flow rate of water through pipes
depends on:-
 The length of the pipe
 Diameter of the pipe
 Pipe roughness
 The pressure in a pipes
 Head loss (Major and Minor )

61
Exercise:- Determine the design flow rate of pipe AB

62
 Determination of Pipe Sizes

 The size of the pipe is determined by considering the

discharge through the pipe and permissible velocity of the
flow in the pipe.
Q = A*V Where, Q = discharge (m3/s) Demand
V = permissible velocity (0.6 to 1.50m/s)
A = Cross sectional area of pipe (m2)
The size of the pipe used in the water distribution system can
be determined the following formulas:
1. Darcy –Weisbach formula; h f 
2
fLV
2 gD

2. Hazen-Williams formula; Q  0.278CD 2.63

S 0.54
,S 
hf
L
 PLUMBER’S CHART

 Plumber’s chart is used to assess the approximate estimation of

sizes of water supply pipes in buildings.
 With sufficient capacity of water stored in roof tank, it can also be
used for single and double story buildings
S.No. Sanitary fixtures Number of fixtures
Pipe sizes in mm
1 2 4 8 12 16 24
1 Water closets 15 20 25 32 40 40 50
2 Urinals 15 20 25 32 32 32 40
3 Wash Basins 15 15 20 25 25 32 32
4 Bath Tub 20 25 32 40 50 50 65
5 Shower(tap) 15 20 32 40 50 50 65
6 Sink 20 25 32 40 40 50 50

Size of pipe in mm 15 20 25 32 40 50 60
No. of equivalent 15 mm 1 1.8 3.7 5.9 12 23 42
diameter pipe
64
Example:- Using plumber’s chart, calculate the diameter of
cold water pipes as shown in the Fig below.

65
Solutions
 pipe AB is feeding all fixtures. So the diameter of that
pipe shall be sufficiently big

From Plumber’s chart, For Value 10.1 , 40mm diameter pipe Required

66
 From Plumber’s chart, For Value 4.8 , 32mm diameter pipe Required

From Plumber’s chart, For Value 3 , 25mm diameter pipe Required

67
 From Plumber’s chart, For Value 2 , 20mm diameter pipe Required

From Plumber’s chart, For Value 3.8 , 25mm diameter pipe Required

From Plumber’s chart, For Value 2.8 , 25mm diameter pipe Required
68
 Assignment

In your group of Max. Four, Select a G+2 or G+ 3 residential

building
 Term Paper on Sanitary fixtures (water closet, sink, wash

basin, bathtub, Steam and sauna ………etc. )

(Detail Description, Sanitary Drawings and Standards)
 For selected G+2 or G+3 residential building

 Capacity of tanker required based on sanitary appliances

 Pipe work diagrams labeled properly and dimensioned

 Pipe sizing showing all the steps and procedures

Submission date:- June 10,201969

 CHAPTER FOUR
WASTE WATER DRAINAGE IN A BUILDING
Waste water drainage system in a Building Consists:-
• Stack:
• Branch drain/ Discharge pipe:
• Horizontal drain(Sewer):
Stack:-
 It is a vertical waste water pipe passing through different

floors of building for collecting and conveying waster water

from branch drains
 All branch drains are directly connected to the stack

 Stack also acts as a ventilating pipe for air movement

70
 Table 4.1 Fixture unit rating

Fixtures Discharge Fixture unit

pipe Ø in mm rate
Wash basin DN:40 1
Water closet DN:100 7
Sink DN:40-50 1-3
Bath(spray) DN:40 4
Shower DN:40-50 2
Floor Waste gully DN:50-100 3
Trough (laundry) DN:40-50 5

Urinal
a wall hangs DN:50-65 1
b Stall/ trough DN:65-80 1

Bathroom group in single room(Wash basin, Bath

,Shower, and W.C.) - 7
72
Table 4.2 Max No. of discharge units allowed in stack

Diameter of pipe(stack) Max. discharge units Max. discharge units

in mm allowed per stack allowed per stack For
For 3 or less floors 4 or More floors

DN:40 6 16

DN:50 15 36

DN:65 18 56

DN:80 40 80

DN:100 195 500

DN:125 450 1000

DN:150 750 2400

DN:225 3850 7000 73

 Example 1

Find the diameter of vertical stack in a 10 story building

with the following number of sanitary appliances?
water closet ---- 40
wash basin ---- 60
Sink ---- 40
Urinal ---- 20
Ans. Fixture discharge unit loading(Table 4.1)
W.C. = 40 x 7 = 280
W.B. = 60 x 1 = 60
Sink = 40 x 3 = 120
Urinal = 20 x 1 = 20
Total = 480

From table 4.2 it is seen that 100mm is sufficient. 74

Single stack system
 Most economical system by eliminating a separate ventilating
stack
 Can be used in flats and dwelling houses, up to 5 floors
 Sanitary appliances are grouped close to the stack
 Bend at the foot of a stack shall be 200mm radius or
more

75
 Horizontal connection of appliance is prohibited from the
foot of stack for a distance of 1m height and 2m
horizontal to avoid clogging

76
  Stack diameter shall not be in any circumstances less than
the diameter of the branch drain pipes
Since stacks serve as ventilating
pipe, the outlet
• shall be covered with wire
mesh or cage with sufficient
airflow
• a min. of 0.5m above the
roof to avoid smell nuisance
• a min. of 3m horizontal
distance away from any
type of opening 77
 Branch Drain/ Discharge Pipe
• At the ground level preferably
connected directly to
external manhole, while
other connected to the stack
• Drain size is computed based on
the number of fixture unit
discharging in it.

• Min. diameter of fixture

discharge pipe is 40mm
water seal trap shall be provided
for each discharge pipe to avoid bad
smell nuisance

79
Min. gradients of discharge pipe and relative max. fixture unit
loadings
Diameter of Min. Grade % No. of fixture unit that
discharge pipe in can be connected
mm
DN:40 2.5(1/40) 4
DN:50 2.5(1/40) 8
DN:65 2.5(1/40) 21
DN:80 1.65(1/60.6) 16
DN:100 1.65(1/60.6) 115
DN:125 1.25(1/80) 254
DN:150 1.00(1/100) 509

80
 Horizontal Drain(sewer):
Horizontal Drains is pipe connecting stack to external
manholes and manhole-to-manhole

Min. diameter a horizontal

drain depends on
discharge of different
sanitary appliances,
during peak demand
period
81
 Design of horizontal drains

A. Design of horizontal drains by discharge unit method

• Factors which are to be considered in designing
horizontal drains:
• No. and type of sanitary appliances
• Possible peak frequency of use of appliances
• Average duration of discharge of appliances
• Volume of discharges from appliances
 When the no. and type sanitary appliances are know,
the diameter and gradient of horizontal drain can be found
 Waste water drain is designed for flowing half full or ¾
full.(usu. ½ full) 82
 Max. fixture units allowed in horizontal drain for a full flow
(EBCS 9 1995: T.5.6 P.99)

Grade % DN:50* DN:65 DN:80 DN:100 DN:125 DN:150 DN:200 DN:300

5 3 60 215 515 1450 2920 11900 26900
3.35 2 36 140 345 1040 2200 9490 21800
2.5 1 25 100 255 815 1790 8060 18700
2 X x 76 205 665 1510 7090 16600
1.65 X X 61 165 560 1310 6370 15000
1.45 X X 50 140 485 1160 5810 13900
1.25 X X 42 120 425 1040 5360 12900
1.1 X X X X 380 935 4970 12100
1 X X X X 340 855 4500 11400
0.85 X X X X X 725 3850 10300
0.65 X X X X X 595 3250 9090
0.5 X X X X X X X 7720
0.4 x X x X x X x 6780
Note: “x” indicate s that the above combination is not permitted
83
 Example 2
A five story building having 10 water closets, 10 washbasins, 5
sinks, and 5 showers, in each floor. Calculate the diameter of
the horizontal drain(sewer) with a gradient of 1.25%?
Ans. Fixture discharge unit
loading(Table 4.1)

W.C. = 5 x 10 x 7 = 350
W.B. = 5 x 10 x 1 = 50
Sink = 5 x 5 x 3 = 75
shower = 5 x 5 x 2 = 50
Total = 525
Since foul water drain(sewer) is to run half full, total
loading unit = 2 x 525 = 1050
From EBCS table; 150 mm pipe is sufficient. 84
B. Design of horizontal drains by using Manning's formula
• Generally used for fixing the diameter and slope of
horizontal drains(sewers)

V = 0.003968 * D2/3 * S1/2

N Where
• Usually the min. self-cleaning velocity N = 0.013
D = diameter
of a waste water drain is taken as S = slope
0.6m/sec
• With the use of Manning’s formula and
fixing V = 0.60 m/sec different dim. of
drains can be found out 85
 Example 3

 Determine the size of waste water drain having self cleaning

velocity of 0.75m/sec. to run it with a slope of 0.76%. Using
Manning Formula

86
 Chapter 5.
SEPTIC TANK, SOAK AWAY PITS AND
DISPERSION TRENCH

SEPTIC TANK
Septic Tank is used for domestic sewage of a small
community or an individual House
It removes Removal suspended particles and Organic matters
• Detention time is in between 1 day to 2.5 days
• De-slugging is usually once a year
Septic tank can be constructed either R.C.C or in Bricks
• Single chamber septic tank is usually used if the tank is less than 4m
length
• If the length is more than 4m, a double chamber is used with a 1st
chamber(inlet chamber) of 2/3 the length and 2nd chamber is 1/3.
87
• depth is usually more than 1.5m to 2m

• In the inlet chamber a baffle wall is provided at a distance

of 1/5 the length to prevent disturbance to the sedimentation
zone

• The floor is to be slopped(1/40) towards the manhole

opening, so as to facilitate de-slugging

• An Air vent of 50mm diameter Pipe for escape of gases

with the height of 2.5m to 3m to avoid smell nuisance
88
The outlet shall be 5 to 7cm below the inlet to avoid
flooding of inlet

89
• Various equations are used to find out the capacity of septic tank but
here only two methods of design will be discussed:
• Rate of water supply method
• Fixture discharge method
Rate of water supply method
Total capacity of septic tank = volume of sediment + volume of
sludge
• volume of sediment = t x p x q m3 and
 1000

• volume of sludge = s x d x p m3
 1000
90
 Example

Calculate the dimensions of a septic tank to serve 150 people?

Water is supplied at the rate of 100 liter/day. De-sludging is
expected once a year.
 Ans:
 Volume of sediment = t x p x q m3
1000
 Where,
 t= 1.5 day

 p= population, 150

 q= rate of water supply 100 l/c/d

 So,
 Volume of sediment = 1.5 x 150 x 1000 = 22.5 m3
91
1000
 Volume of sludge = s x d x p m3
 1000
 Where,
 s= sludge production 0.15 lit/capita/day

 d= de-sledging period in days, 365 days

 p= population, 150

 So,
 Volume of sludge = 0.15 x 365 x 150 m3 = 8.2 m3
1000
 Then,

 Total volume of septic tank = 22.5 + 8.2 = 30.7m3

92
 Adopting a depth of 1.15 m (effective depth)
 Surface area = 30.7 = 26.69 m2
 1.15
 Length width ratio of septic tank = 2: 1
 2B * B = 26.9 m2
 2B2 = 26.9 m2
 B2= 26.9 = 13.34 m2
 2
 B= 3.65m
 Length= 2B= 2 x 3.65 = 7.3m
 So, Size of septic tank = 7.3 m x 3.65m x 1.40m
 (effective depth
93
 + free board=0.25m)
 Since length is more than 4m, septic tank is to be divided into two
compartments:

 Inlet compartment length = 2 length

 (1st compartment) 3

 = 2 x 7.3 = 4.87m
 3

 2nd compartment length = 7.3 - 4.87 = 2.43m

 Distance to baffle wall = 1 L = 1 x 7.5 = 1.5m

94
 5 5
 Chapter 6.
TORM WATER DRAINAGE IN BUILDINGS

Where,
Q= runoff in m3/sec
A= area drained in m2
C= impermeability factor
95
I= rainfall intensity in mm/hour
Example 1
Determine the rainfall run off from a building having a roof area
72m2. The rainfall intensity in the area is 60mm/hour.
NB:-impermeability coefficient for roof is 1

96
Example 2
 Calculate the runoff discharge size of storm sewer, and

gradient of a storm sewer, to be laid for conveying rain

water from an asphalt covered car park, measuring 80m x
20m? (Impermeability factor = 0.9; Rainfall intensity = 60mm/hour ; Velocity
of flow in sewer = 1.2m/sec & Manning’s roughness co-efficient = 0.013)

97
98
99
ROOF

100
 FLAT ROOF
• Flat roof is generally given a slope of 1/60(1.7%) towards
the long sides.

• Flow from flat roof is calculated according to the plan area.

• Rectangular gutter is generally provided for conveying

rain water from flat roof.

101
 SLOPING ROOF
• Unlike flat +roof, wind acts on falling water drops and allows
more water to fall on the sloping roof.
• So, an allowance of 1 unit is taken for every 2 units of decent.

102


103
 GUTTERS
Can be classified into :
1. Eve gutters
2. Valley gutters

104
GUTTER

There are different types of gutters :

Table 6.1 capacity of gutter (level gutter) ½ round

Size mm Capacity of ½ round gutter
75 0.4 lit/sec
100 0.8 lit/sec
125 1.5 lit/sec
150 2.3 lit/sec 105
 Table 6.2 Sizing of down pipe
½ round gutter in (mm) Down pipe diameter(mm)
75 60
100 65
125 75
150 100

THINGS TO NOTE

• Usually a free board of 2/5th of diameter of a gutter is

given, but not more than 75mm

• a slope between 1/350 to 1/600 is given for gutter

(Usually 1/600)

• the down pipe diameter must not be less than

60mm.

106
107
 Size mm Capacity of ½ round
gutter
75 0.4 lit/sec

100 0.8 lit/sec

• Suppose 100 mm Ø gutter (1/2 round);
125 1.5 lit/sec
runoff = 0.8 lit/sec (table 6.1) 150 2.3 lit/sec

Then the length up to which this gutter can carry rain water

= 0.8 = 4.8m say 5m

0.166
Note: Eve gutter with a slope of 1/600 can carry 40% more rain water

• Therefore, the gutter can take from both sides 5m distances

without causing flooding or over flowing over the gutter.
• So to find the number of downpipes we divide the gutter length
with 2 X 5 m.

108
 • To compute the Required down pipe size we refer table 6.2,
size of down pipes required for a 100 mm ½ round gutter is
65 mm as shown in the figure below.

½ round gutter in (mm) Down pipe diameter(mm)

75 60
100 65
125 75
150 100
109
Thank you!