CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
STUDY OF DIFFUSION
OF SOLIDS IN
LIQUIDS
DONE BY :
VIGNESH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi,
No.1930304)
Tiruvannam
alai
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Register No.
:.........................................
This is tocertify thatthe bonafide project work in
.......................................... done by ..................................................................... of
class................ Section...................
VIGNESH
of INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
during
the year 202
3-2024.
Signature ofSubject Teacher Signature ofPrincipal
Designation: PGT School Seal
Submitted for All India Senior Secondary
PracticalExaminationheld in 202
3-2024, at
VIGNESH INTER
NATIONAL SCHOOL
, on ..................
....
(Signature of Internal Examiner
) (Signature ofExternal Examiner)
Tiruvannamala
i - 606603
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would want to convey our gratitude to who
has every one assisted us in finishing our assignment
successfully.
First and first, we want to thank our school and
teachers rom the bottom of our heart for giving us such a
wonderful opportunity to develop a project and learn more
about this fascinating subject.
Secondly, we want to express our gratitude to
our institution's Principal, Mrs. Thenmozhi for providing us
with the inspiration and amazing support we needed to finish
the project.
Thirdly, we would like to thank Mr. R.
Sakthivel, our computer science teacher, who guided us
through every step of the project's preparation.
Finally, we'd want to thank everyone who has
helped us along the way, including our teachers, parents, and
friends, whose support has made this effort possible.
CONTENT
Aim
Introduction
Properties of solutions
Objective
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Result
Bibliography
AIM
Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids
INTRODUCTION
When substances are brought in contact with each
other they intermix, this property is known as
Diffusion
This property of diffusion takes place very rapidly
whereas solids do not show this process of diffusion
with each other. But what we can observe in case of
solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes
place at a very slow rate .If a solid is kept in contact
with an excess of solvent in which it is soluble, some
portion of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this
process is known as dissolution of a solid in liquid and
this process has taken place due to the diffusion of
solid particles into liquid .A solution is a homogenous
mixture of substances with variable composition .The
substance present in the major proportion is called the
solvent, whereas the substance present in the minor
proportion is called the solute. It is possible to have
solutions composed of several solutes. The process of
a solute dissolving in a solute is called dissolution.
Many common mixtures (like concrete) are ²the
component sand properties of such mixtures are not
distributed uniformly throughout their structures.
Conversely, solutions are said to be homogeneous
because they have uniform composition and
properties. Solutions are intimate and random
homogeneous mixtures of atomic-size chemical
species, ions, or molecules.In addition to their
observed homogeneity, true solutions also have certain
other characteristics. For example, components of a
solution never separatespontaneously, even when a
significant density difference exists between
thecomponents. Solutions also pass through the finest
filters unchanged.Molecules of solute are in constant
random motion due to the collision betweenmolecules
of solute and that of the solvent. It is this physical
interaction between solute-solvent particles that leads
to diffusion.
The components of a solution distribute
themselves in a completely randommanner, given
sufficient time. For example, a lump of sugar dropped
into aglass of water dissolves, and eventually
molecules of sugar can be foundrandomly distributed
throughout the water, even though no mechanical
stirringhas been employed. This phenomenon, called
diffusion, is similar to the processof diffusion that
occurs with gases. The molecules of sugar (as well as
those of water) must be in constant motion in the
solution. In the case of liquid solutions,the sugar
molecules do not move very far before they encounter
other molecules; diffusion in a liquid is therefore less
rapid than diffusion in a gas.In general, three major
factors²pressure, temperature, and the nature of the
solute and solvent²influence the solubility of a solute in
a solvent. Not all these factors are equally important
in a specific instance.
Pressure:
Changes in pressure have little effect on the
solubility of solid or liquid solutes in a liquid solvent,
but pressure has a much greater influence on the
solubility of a gaseous solute. A commonly observed
phenomenon that supports this is the effervescence
that occurs when the cap of a bottle of ordinary soda
water is removed. Soda water contains carbon dioxide
gas dissolved in water under pressure; when the cap is
removed, the pressure of the gas on the liquid is
decreased to atmospheric pressure. Since carbon
dioxide gas leaves the solution at this lower pressure,
it follows that the solubility of carbon dioxide in water
is dependent upon the pressure of the carbon dioxide
above the liquid. The results of this simple observation
are summarized in Henry's Law, which states that at
any specified temperature, the extent to which a gas
dissolves in a liquid is directly dependent upon the
pressure of the gas.
Temperature:
In general, a change in temperature affects the
solubility of gaseous solutes differently than it does the
solubility of solid solutes, because the solubility of a
gas in a liquid solvent decreases with increasing
temperature .With relatively few exceptions, the
solubility of solids in liquids increases with an
increase in temperature. In some instances, the
increase in solubility is very large; for example, the
solubility of potassium nitrate in water at 25°C is
about31 grams of KNO3 per 100 grams of water and
about 83 grams of KNO3 per 100 grams of water at
50°C (122°F). On the other hand, the solubility of
some solutes, such as ordinary table salt, shows very
little dependence on temperature. Often this difference
in solubility can be used as an advantage In the
preparation, isolation, or purification of substances by
the process of crystallization. In general, it is not
possible to arrive at any reliable generalization
concerning the influence of temperature upon the
solubility of liquids in liquids. In some cases the
solubility increases with an increase in
temperaturee,some cases it decreases, and in other
there is very effect.
The nature of solute and solvent:
Crystalline substances consist of a regular
arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions; in the latter
case, the forces that holdthe crystal together are
electrostatic in nature. For an ionic crystal to dissolve
inwater, the water molecules must be able to shield the
charges of the positive andnegative ions from each
other. The attractive forces between the ions in
solutionare less than those in the solid state because of
the solvent molecules; hence, theions behave more or
less independently in solution. In general, the
relativesolubilities of ionic substances are a measure
of the magnitude of theelectrostatic forces that hold
the crystals together.
Properties of Solutions
Pure liquids have a set of characteristic physical
properties (melting point, vapour pressure at a given
temperature, etc.). Solutions in a solvent exhibitthese
same properties, but the values differ from those of the
pure solvent because of the presence of the solute.
Moreover, the change observed in these properties in
going from the pure solvent to a solution is dependent
only uponthe number of solute molecules; these
properties are called colligative properties. The
properties of a solvent that show a predictable change
upon theaddition of a solute are melting point, boiling
point, vapour pressure, andosmotic pressure.
Melting and boiling points.
Solutions exhibit higher boiling points and lower
melting points than the parent solvent. The increase in
boiling point anddecrease in melting point is
dependent upon the number of solute particles inthe
solution. The greater the number of solute particles
(i.e., the concentration),the greater will be the boiling
point elevation and melting point depression.
Acommon application of this effect in some parts of the
world is in the use of antifreeze solutions in the
cooling systems of automobiles in cold
climates."Antifreeze" compounds are usually organic
liquids that are miscible with water so that large
freezing point effects can be attained.
Vapor pressure:
All liquids exhibit a vapor pressure, the magnitude of
whichdepends on the temperature of the liquid. For
example, water boils at 100°C,which means that at
100°C the vapor pressure of water is equal to
theatmospheric pressure allowing bubbles of gaseous
water (steam) to escape fromthe liquid state. However,
the vapor pressure of a solution (at any temperature)is
less than that of the solvent. Thus, boiling water ceases
to boil upon theaddition of salt because the salt
solution has a lower vapour pressure than purewater.
OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate that rate of diffusion depends upon the
following factors:-
Temperature: As temperature increases, the kinetic
energy of the particlesincreases. Thus, the speed of
particles also increases, which in turn increases
therate of diffusion.
Size of the particle: As the size of particle increases,
rate of diffusion decreases. This is because the
particles become less mobile in the solvent.
Mass of the particle:As the mass of the particle
increases, the rate of diffusion decreases; as the
particle becomes less mobile.
EXPERIMENT 1
To study diffusion when copper sulphate is brought in
contact with water (liquid)
REQUIREMENTS:
Copper sulphate crystals, 100ml beaker.
PROCEDURE:
Take about 2g of copper sulphate crystals in 100ml
beaker.
Add about 50ml of water and allow it to stand for few
minutes.
Note the development of blue colour in water.
Allow to stand further till it is observed that all copper
sulphatedisappears.
Note the blue colour change in water.
CONCLUSION:
When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium
permanganate are brought incontact with liquids such
as water, intermixing of substances, i.e.diffusion takes
place.
EXPERIMENT 2
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of
diffusion of solids in liquids
REQUIREMENTS:
Copper sulphate crystals, 200ml beaker, watch
glass, wire gauge, burner, tripodstand, thermometer
and stop watch.
PROCEDURE:
Take 5g of copper sulphate each in three beakers.
Pour 100ml of distilled water slowly in one of the
beakers.
Cover this beaker with a watch glass.
Pour 100ml of cold water in a second beaker slowly.
Place a third beaker containing 100ml of water on a
tripod stand for heating.
Observe the diffusion process which begins in all the
beakers.
Record the time taken for the dissolution of copper
sulphate in all thethree cases.
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl.no Temp of water Time taken
1 25 degree 15 min
2 10 degree 20 min
3 70 degree 10 min
CONCLUSION:
The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in
the order as given below:
Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1
Thus, the rate of diffusion varies directly with
temperature.
EXPERIMENT 3
To study the effect of size of particles on the rate of
diffusion of solids in liquids
REQUIREMENTS:
Graduated 100ml measuring cylinders, copper
sulphate crystals of different sizes, stop watch
PROCEDURE:
Add 50ml of water to each of the three cylinders.
Take 5g each of big size, medium size, small size
crystals of copper sulphate and add them separately in
three cylinders.
Allow to stand for some time.
Note the time taken for blue colour to reach any fixed
mark in each of the cylinders and note the
observations.
OBSERVATION:
Sl.no Crystal size Time taken
1 Big 20 min
2 Medium 15 min
3 small 10 min
RESULT
When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium
permanganate are brought in contact with liquid such
as water, intermixing of the substances, i.e. diffusion
takes place.
The rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.
Small particles undergo diffusion more quickly than
bigger particles.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chemistry (Part I) Textbook for Class XII; National
Council of Educational Research and Training
