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APWH UNIT 7 Part 2 Cheat Sheet

World Civilizations I (Wake Technical Community College)

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APWH UNIT 7 pt. 2

REFERENCE SHEET

OVERVIEW OF Context: Empty Promises for Colonies

Anti-Colonialism How did WWI renew the desire for independence/decolonization

● Colonies contributed soldiers and resources to war
and Nationalism
● War showed that big European powers not invincible
After WWI ● Many colonies were promised independence for their service in WWI, but at the Paris Peace Conference only white European colonies were granted this

Anti-Colonialism and the Anti-Colonialism in South Asia Nationalism in East Asia Anti-Colonialism in Africa
Mandate System

Mandate system: established through the Indian National Congress: formed in late 19th Keep in mind that Korea, China, and Japan Empty promises of WWI lead to push
League of Nations, determined that century to represent interests of India/discuss had European influence and control, but for independence by European-
colonies and territories of the Central issues with Britain were not formal colonies. educated African leaders. They began
Powers would be taken by the Allies ● After WWI, becomes renewed voice to recognize racial discrimination and
for independence Korea: the impact of the colonizers as they
● France and Britain gain ● March First Movement: series of studied or worked for colonial
Cameroon Massacre at Amritsar: 1919 group of Indian protests involving 2 million governments, and pushed for
● Japan gains German islands in nationalists gathered in a public garden to Koreans after Europe supported decolonization.
Western Pacific protest the jailing of two freedom fighters Japanese expansion in East Asia;
● League of Nations (mostly during a Sikh festival led to death of several thousand ● Jomo Kenyatta: future
France/Britain) mandates also ● Though peaceful, public gatherings Koreans by Japanese. leader of Kenya, studied in
included many areas in the were outlawed by British, armed London
Middle East - Palestine, soldiers shot into the crowd China: ● Leopold Senghor: future
Lebanon, Syria, Iraq ● 379 injured, 1200 wounded ● May Fourth Movement: Chinese leader of Senegal, studied in
○ Leads to Pan- ● Convinced many to fight for protest against Western-Style Paris
Arabism: independence from British government, especially after
movement/ideology Europe supports Japanese Other protests:
calling for Gandhi: encouraged civil disobedience; Indians expansion in East Asia. Led many ● Workers in French West
unification of all to break unjust laws and reveal the injustices of leaders to turn to Marxist Africa staged strikes
North African and the British empire to the international ideology (railway in 1917, general in
Middle Eastern community 1946); protested working
lands ● Known also as Mahatma ● Two parties vie for power: conditions as well as
● Homespun Movement Chinese Communist Party (led colonization, spreads to
Balfour Declaration: 1917 statement by ● Salt March by Mao Zedong) other locations in French
British, said Palestine should be Kuomintang/Nationalist Party West Africa
permanent home for Jews of Europe Two State Solution: proposal focusing on how to (led by Chiang Kai Shek)
● Supporters known as Zionists organize a future independent India; due to
● Led to conflict and mass religious interests proposal for a separate state Japan: expansion leading up to WWII for
migration of European Jews to called Pakistan Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

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British controlled Palestine

OVERVIEW OF Causes/Path to War Conducting

WWII : Causes, Major Causes/Factors of WWII Key Characteristics

methods, effects
Treaty of Versailles: ● Total War: mobilizing all levels of one’s society to contribute to the war effort
● GERMANY: Guilt Clause, heavy reparations, limitations on ○ Economics: restructuring of economy to a wartime economy (ex. Changes in factory
military, and removal of land led to extreme resentment production)
● OTHERS: many other countries like Italy felt the TOV did ○ Society: women working jobs previously held by men, increased production of propaganda
not reward them fairly for their part in WWI and led to to increase nationalism
resentment ○ Rationing: saving food/resources for soldiers
○ Political: temporary changes to law (ex. Sedition Acts)
Great Depression: led to economic downturn around the world, which ○ Conscription: drafting of citizens for fighting
meant many people began looking for new leadership (ex. Mussolini in
Italy, Hitler in Germany) ● Blitzkrieg: German fighting style in Western Europe, also called lightning war. Characterized by swift
attack and destruction through use of tanks, ground troops, and airplanes.
Rise of Nazism: due to the embarrassment of the TOV and hardship of
the Great Depression, many called for the end of the Weimar Republic ● Island Hopping: strategy used by Allied forces in the Pacific to attack islands where Japan was weak
and the rise of a new party promising to fix these issues and skip those where they were strong; attacking from island to island using navy and airforce to get
● Hitler promised to fix the economy, reclaim lost territory, to Japan’s mainland itself
strengthen military, and bring back national pride
● His policies also led to extreme manipulation and control of
his people, such as outlawing political parties, creating secret
police, and advancing oppressive views and policies against
Jews (anti-Semitism) Key People, Alliances, Pacts
● Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan (also USSR but they switch sides)
New Alliances: strengthen Germany’s (and the Axis’) position ○ Rome-Berlin Axis (Italy and Germany’s military pact)
○ Rome-Berlin Axis (military pact between Italy and ○ Anti-Comintern Pact (Japan and Germany military pact)
Germany) ○ German-Soview Nonaggression Pact (USSR and German pact - of lies! Ends when
○ Anti-Comintern Pact (military alliance between Japan and Germany invades USSR)
Germany)
○ German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (alliance between USSR ● Allies: Britain, France (also US and USSR later), China
and Germany) ○ Destroyers for Bases Agreement: when neutral, the US supported the British by giving
them 50 destroyers in return for 8 British air and naval bases
Expansion and Militarism ○ Lend-Lease Act: though still not entering into the war, the US lends war materials to
● Hitler begins rebuilding his military and stations them in the Britain
Rhineland, takes Austria, Sudetenland (after appeasement), ○ Atlantic Charter: Britain and the US goals for a post-war world including self-government,
Czechoslovakia abandonment of use of force, disarmament of aggressor nations
● Japan has also been aggressively expanding its military, ● Key People:
especially in the Pacific ○ Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Emperor Hirohito
○ Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Dwight Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur
Appeasement: Hitler is able to conquer a large amount of territory
unchecked due to the Munich Agreement, where Britain and France
allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in return for promising to
stop expansion efforts Key Battles (Pacific = Blue, European = Yellow)

● Invasion of Poland: immediate cause of the declaration of ● 1940 Battle of Britain: Britain withstood months of air raids conducted by Germany’s Luftwaffe (air
war; Hitler invades Poland in 1939 and WWII begins force); Germany’s goal was to weaken Britain by first targeting military bases, then focusing on cities

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like London. This would then allow them to invade the island, if successful.

○ Result: Point for Britain! Winston Churchill calls it Britains “finest hour” as they withstand
the attacks; focus on cities allows military bases to rebuild; radar and British air force able
to destroy German planes and postpone a German invasion

● 1941 Siege of Leningrad: Germany attacks the USSR to create Lebensraum (living space for
Germany) and eliminate the Bolsheviks. Successful at first in taking Russian territory until winter
sets in (never invade Russia in the winter unless you’re the Mongols) and the Soviets defend
Leningrad for three years against German forces.
○ Result: Point for USSR! USSR switches to the Allies. Sadly the three years of fighting led to
the deaths of a million Soviet men, women, and children, however.

● 1941 Pearl Harbor: Japan launches a surprise attack on the US naval base (located in Hawaii). The US
at this point was still technically isolationist, yet had enacted economic sanctions on Japan for
aggressive expansion in the Pacific (where the US had interest, especially in Philippines). Japan
thought that a surprise attack would 1) keep the US out of the war by destroying the will and means
to fight, 2) lead to the US eliminating sanctions.
○ Result: The US declared war on Japan, Germany then declares war on the US.

● 1942 Battle of El Alamein: British defeat German Erwin Rommel in Egypt.

● 1942 Battle of Stalingrad: USSR defeated German Sixth Army (the ‘pride of their military’) at a
counteroffensive; Allies are now ahead of the Axis

● 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea: US Navy prevents Japanese fleet invading New Guinea and Solomon
Islands, preventing invasion of Australia in the future

● 1942 Battle of Midway Island: Allied forces stop the advance of the Japanese in the Pacific, pushing
them back towards the mai island

● 1944 D-Day: 150,000 Allied forces launch an amphibious invasion of the French coast from England.
With high cost/casualty, they land on the beaches of Normandy as well as paratroop behind the
enemy line; they establish a base and begin the campaign to liberate France from German control.

● 1944 Battle of the Bulge: Fought in the Ardennes Forest across France, Belgium, Luxembourg; Hitler’s
last push (he refuses to surrender), Allied victory allowing western forces to approach Berlin

● 1943 Battle of Kursk: largest tank battle of WWII, USSR defends then attacks, allows eastern forces to
begin pushing toward Berlin

EFFECTS

End of War:

Victory in Europe
○ Hitler commits suicide, Mussolini is illed by Italian resistance members
○ VE Day: May 8, 1945 is the official end of WWII in Europe when Germany surrenders to the Allies

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Victory in the Pacific

● Though war in Europe has concluded, it rages on in the Pacific. The Allies have taken Okinawa and Iwo Jima and weakened Japan through island hopping, yet Japan refuses to
surrender...defeat in battle is seen as more honorable than defeat by giving up.
● President Truman has four decisions, and decides on utilizing the new technology brought about by the Manhattan Project - the atomic bomb
○ Option 1: land invasion - Truman believes the Japanese citizens will fight to the death, causing more casualties of Allied and Japanese forces
○ Option 2: continued firebombing of the island - Truman believes that firebombing will not work and only create more destruction/death
○ Option 3: demonstrate the might of new nuclear technology - Truman believes that this option is too risky; the US only has two weapons and if one fails the US will
look weak (and only have one left)
○ Option 4: use atomic weapon: he chooses this option
● The US drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima; three days later a second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki
● VJ Day: Victory Over Japan Day, September 2, 1945, Japan gives unconditional surrender

Post-War Decisions:

Big Three (Britain, US, USSR) meet to discuss the post-war world at three conferences
● Tehran Conference 1943: Planning on how to end the war, Allies agree the USSR will focus on freeing Eastern Europe, Britain and US focus on Western Europe. In return,
USSR will get some Polish territory and Poland will get some German territory.

● Yalta Conference 1945: Germany is close to defeat, so Allies discuss what should happen once Germany surrenders.
○ US (FDR) wanted free, democratic elections in Eastern Europe and was asking the USSR to join the war against Japan.
○ USSR (Stalin) wants control of Eastern Europe as a buffer zone (in case a new aggressor rises in Europe), also wanted control of islands claimed by Japan, ports
controlled by China, part ownership in Manchurian Railroad
○ Ends with vague promises for free elections and help with Japan.

● Potsdam Conference 1945: final meeting among leaders. US (Truman) insists on free elections in Eastern Europe, but USSR troops are already occupying the region and
USSR/communism takes hold of Eastern Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania. This will lead to rising tension and ultimately the Cold War.

General Impacts:
● Massive Destruction in Europe leads to the US and USSR to rise as superpowers
● Socially, women gain more influence and rights in various regions due to their various roles in WWII
● Germany split into 4 regions
● Colonies begin once again pushing for self-determination
● Genocide is now acknowledged, word first used in 1944
● Tensions mount and ultimately lead to the start of the Cold War between the US and USSR

OVERVIEW OF GENOCIDE/ETHNINC VIOLENCE OTHER ATROCITIES/EVENTS

Mass Atrocities Armenian Genocide (1915-1917): 1918 Influenza

● Considered the first genocide of the 20th century ● Also at times referred to as the Spanish Flu, was a major pandemic
Timeline and
● Ottoman government blamed its ethnic minority for their loss during WWI. They forcibly (disease prevalent over large area or the world)
Impact from deported and executed those they blamed; many died of starvation, disease, and exposure to ● 20 million people around the world died
WWI to post the elements.
WWII ● 600,000-1.5 million Armenians were killed in Turkey Shellshock
● During the Holocaust, Hitler referred to the Armenian Genocide in his own plans, saying ● Along with devastation to cities and infrastructure, both World Wars

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“who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?” had a significant effect on the soldiers who fought in them.
● In WWI especially, a group suffered such great hardship that they could
Holodomor in the Ukraine (1932-1933): not return home and resume their ‘normal’ lives after the war. This
● Stalin’s collectivization plan led to strong resistance by peasants, who hid or destroyed their group, called the Lost Generation was first a term for American
crops or livestock expatriates living in Paris and then applied to any who fought in and
● This led to massive famine, especially in the Ukraine where the government took much of suffered devastation from WWI.
their crops to feed industrial workers; many in the Ukraine remember this as an artificial
famine due to the fact that if they refused collectivization, the government themselves “Asia for Asiatics”
destroyed their crops and livestock and wouldn’t let them import more food ● Even before WWII, Japan committed atrocities against those it
● 7-10 million died conquered in East Asia
○ Rape of Nanking (or Nanjing, 1937): 100,000 Chinese soldiers
Holocaust: and civilians killed
● Systematic removal and elimination of those seen as unfit to live in Hitler’s Third Reich; ● Asia for Asiatics was a program where Japan forced conquered peoples
included opponents, people with disabilities, homosexuals, Poles, Roma, and especially into labor programs (ex. Service in the military, service in work
those of Jewish heritage industries, or on farms). They also forced women to be ‘comfort women’
○ 6 million Jews died, 5 million other of persecuted groups died or prostitutes during the war for Japanese soldiers.
● Steps taken that led to genocide: ○ 1 million died in Vietnam alone, countless prisoners of war
○ Nuremberg Laws: oppressive set of laws that banned Jews from certain and others forced into harsh working conditions also died
professions (like journalism, politics, medicine) and took away citizenship from
Jewish Germans Firebombing
○ Ghettos: walled sections of cities where Jews were relocated until usually being ● In WWII it is estimated that the total dead numbers 40-50 million
moved to concentration camps; conditions were terrible as they lacked food,
medicine ● While chemical warfare, the use of improved offensive weapons (like
○ Concentration Camps: also known as death camps, first used as labor camps and machine guns), and outdated strategies led to massive death during
transitioned to killing with enactment of Final Solution; examples are Auschwitz, WWI, WWII saw new technologies that led to massive casualty:
Treblinka, and Dachau
○ Final Solution: plan to kill all Jews in Europe as well as other persecuted groups; ○ Firebombing (used by both sides, ex. Hamburg 1943 and
led to use of gas chambers at death camps as well as mobile killing squads Dresden 1945, and Tokyo) creates massive damage through
through Europe initiating fire rather than contained blasts

Rwanda (1993): ○ Atomic weapons: new technology that led to severe casualty
● Due to ethnic conflict due to lingering resentment from Belgian colonization, the minority on the Island of Japan, radiation, and eventually the Cold
ethnic Tutsis were murdered by the Hutus War
○ 500,000-1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed
● UN peacekeepers and individual nations failed to help hald the genocide or evacuate
Rwandans

Sudan: (2003)
● After two rebel groups in Darfur (a region in western Sudan) of non-Arabs went against the
Sudanese government, the Sudanese government responded with the Janjaweed (evil men
on horseback). The Sudanese forces and Janjaweed attacked villages in Darfur, destroying
hundreds of them and killing more than 200,000 non-Arab Muslim Africans
○ 1 million people were displaced and became refugees
○ Event hough the International Criminal Court charged the Sudanese president
with war crimes the genocide continued

Sources: Other than my own brain and wit, the following contributed to the success of these review guides!
● Freeman, Benjamin (2020). AP World: Modern. Freeman-Pedia. https://www.freeman-pedia.com/apworldmodern

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STUDENTS - these review sheets are for review, not for use during your exam.
● Janis, J. et al. (2020). AMSCO Advanced Placement World History: Modern. Perfection Learning.
● Tripp, Caitlin (2020). AP World New Units Graphics. https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Caitlin-Tripp
● Memes and images taken from the internet are for educational purposes and not for profit.

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