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IEC 60826
®
Edition 4.0 2017-02

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD

colour
inside

Overhead transmission lines – Design criteria

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION

ICS 29.240.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-3884-4

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–2– IEC 60826:2017 © IEC 2017

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 7
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 9
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 9
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations ................................................................. 9
3.1 Terms and definitions .............................................................................................. 9
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................... 12
4 General ......................................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Objective .............................................................................................................. 15
4.2 System design ...................................................................................................... 15
4.3 System reliability ................................................................................................... 16
5 General design criteria .................................................................................................. 16
5.1 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 16
5.1.1 General ......................................................................................................... 16
5.1.2 Reliability requirements ................................................................................. 17
5.1.3 Security requirements .................................................................................... 19
5.1.4 Safety requirements....................................................................................... 19
5.2 Load-strength requirements .................................................................................. 19
5.2.1 Climatic loads ................................................................................................ 19
5.2.2 Design requirements for the system ............................................................... 20
5.2.3 Design formula for each component ............................................................... 21
6 Loadings........................................................................................................................ 22
6.1 Description ........................................................................................................... 22
6.2 Climatic loads, wind and associated temperatures ................................................ 22
6.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 22
6.2.2 Field of application ........................................................................................ 22
6.2.3 Terrain roughness ......................................................................................... 23
6.2.4 Reference wind speed V R ............................................................................. 23
6.2.5 Assessment of meteorological measurements................................................ 24
6.2.6 Determination from gradient wind velocities ................................................... 25
6.2.7 Combination of wind speed and temperatures ................................................ 25
6.2.8 Number of supports subjected in wind action, effect of length of line ............. 26
6.2.9 Unit action of the wind speed on any line component or element ................... 26
6.2.10 Evaluation of wind loads on line components and elements ........................... 27
6.3 Climatic loads, ice without wind ............................................................................ 34
6.3.1 Description .................................................................................................... 34
6.3.2 Ice data ......................................................................................................... 34
6.3.3 Evaluation of yearly maximum ice load by means of meteorological data
analysis ......................................................................................................... 35
6.3.4 Reference limit ice load ................................................................................. 36
6.3.5 Temperature during icing ............................................................................... 37
6.3.6 Loads on support ........................................................................................... 37
6.4 Climatic loads, combined wind and ice loadings .................................................... 39
6.4.1 General ......................................................................................................... 39
6.4.2 Combined probabilities – Principle proposed ................................................. 39
6.4.3 Determination of ice load ............................................................................... 40
6.4.4 Determination of coincident temperature ........................................................ 40
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IEC 60826:2017 © IEC 2017 –3–

6.4.5 Determination of wind speed associated with icing conditions ........................ 40

6.4.6 Drag coefficients of ice-covered conductors ................................................... 41
6.4.7 Determination of loads on supports ................................................................ 42
6.5 Loads for construction and maintenance (safety loads) ......................................... 43
6.5.1 General ......................................................................................................... 43
6.5.2 Erection of supports ....................................................................................... 43
6.5.3 Construction stringing and sagging ................................................................ 44
6.5.4 Maintenance loads ......................................................................................... 44
6.6 Loads for failure containment (security requirements) ........................................... 45
6.6.1 General ......................................................................................................... 45
6.6.2 Security requirements .................................................................................... 45
6.6.3 Security related loads – Torsional, longitudinal and additional security
measures....................................................................................................... 45
7 Strength of components and limit states ........................................................................ 47
7.1 General ................................................................................................................. 47
7.2 General formulas for the strength of components .................................................. 47
7.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 47
7.2.2 Values of strength factor Φ N .......................................................................... 48
7.2.3 General basis for strength coordination ......................................................... 49
7.2.4 Strength factor Φ S related to the coordination of strength .............................. 50
7.2.5 Methods for calculating strength coordination factors Φ S ............................... 50
7.3 Data related to the calculation of components ....................................................... 51
7.3.1 Limit states for line components .................................................................... 51
7.3.2 Strength data of line components .................................................................. 54
7.3.3 Support design strength ................................................................................. 55
7.3.4 Foundation design strength ........................................................................... 56
7.3.5 Conductor and ground wire design criteria ..................................................... 56
7.3.6 Insulator string design criteria ........................................................................ 56
Annex A (informative) Technical information – Strength of line components ........................ 58
A.1 Calculation of characteristic strength .................................................................... 58
Annex B (informative) Formulas of curves and figures ......................................................... 60
B.1 General ................................................................................................................. 60
B.2 Formula for G c – Figure 4 ..................................................................................... 60
B.3 Formula for G L – Figure 5 ..................................................................................... 60
B.4 Formula for G t – Figure 6 ...................................................................................... 60
B.5 Formula for C xt – Figure 8 (flat-sided members) ................................................... 60
B.6 Formula for C xt – Figure 9 (round-sided members) ............................................... 61
B.7 Formulas for C xtc – Figure 10 ............................................................................... 61
Annex C (informative) Atmospheric icing .............................................................................. 62
C.1 General ................................................................................................................. 62
C.2 Precipitation icing ................................................................................................. 62
C.2.1 Freezing rain ................................................................................................. 62
C.2.2 Wet snow....................................................................................................... 62
C.3 Dry ice .................................................................................................................. 63
C.4 In-cloud icing ........................................................................................................ 63
C.5 Physical properties of ice ...................................................................................... 64
C.6 Meteorological parameters controlling ice accretion .............................................. 64
C.7 Terrain influences ................................................................................................. 65
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C.7.1 In-cloud icing ................................................................................................. 65

C.7.2 Precipitation icing .......................................................................................... 65
C.8 Guidelines for the implementation of an ice observation program .......................... 65
C.9 Ice data ................................................................................................................ 67
C.9.1 Influence of height and conductor diameter.................................................... 67
C.9.2 The effect of icing on structures ..................................................................... 67
C.10 Combined wind and ice loadings ........................................................................... 67
C.10.1 Combined probabilities .................................................................................. 67
C.10.2 Drag coefficients of ice-covered conductors ................................................... 68
Annex D (informative) Application of statistical distribution functions to load and
strength of overhead lines ..................................................................................................... 69
Annex E (informative) Effect of span variation on load-strength relationship –
Calculation of span use factor ............................................................................................... 71
E.1 General ................................................................................................................. 71
E.2 Effect of use factor on load reduction and its calculation ....................................... 72
Annex F (normative) Conductor tension limits ...................................................................... 73
F.1 General ................................................................................................................. 73
F.2 Limits for lines with short spans ............................................................................ 74
F.3 Recommended conductor limit tensions ................................................................ 74
F.3.1 Initial tension limit .......................................................................................... 74
F.3.2 Maximum final tension limit ............................................................................ 75
F.4 Benefits from reducing conductor tensions ............................................................ 75
Annex G (informative) Methods of calculation for wind speed up effects due to local
topography............................................................................................................................ 76
G.1 Application ............................................................................................................ 76
G.2 Notes on application ............................................................................................. 77
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 79

Figure 1 – Diagram of a transmission line ............................................................................. 16

Figure 2 – Transmission line design methodology ................................................................. 17
Figure 3 – Relationship between meteorological wind velocities at a height of 10 m
depending on terrain category and on averaging period ........................................................ 25
Figure 4 – Combined wind factor G c for conductors for various terrain categories and
heights above ground ........................................................................................................... 28
Figure 5 – Span factor G L ..................................................................................................... 28
Figure 6 – Combined wind factor G t applicable to supports and insulator strings ................... 30
Figure 7 – Definition of the angle of incidence of wind .......................................................... 31
Figure 8 – Drag coefficient C xt for lattice supports made of flat sided members .................... 32
Figure 9 – Drag coefficient C xt for lattice supports made of rounded members...................... 32
Figure 10 – Drag coefficient C xtc of cylindrical elements having a large diameter ................. 33
Figure 11 – Factor K d related to the conductor diameter ....................................................... 36
Figure 12 – Factor K h related to the conductor height ........................................................... 37
a) Single circuit support ........................................................................................................ 38
b) Double circuit support ....................................................................................................... 38
Figure 13 – Typical support types ......................................................................................... 38
Figure 14 – Equivalent cylindrical shape of ice deposit ......................................................... 42
Figure 15 – Simulated longitudinal conductor load (case of a single circuit support) ............. 46
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IEC 60826:2017 © IEC 2017 –5–

Figure 16 – Diagram of limit states of line components ......................................................... 47

Figure C.1 – Type of accreted in-cloud icing as a function of wind speed and
temperature .......................................................................................................................... 64
Figure C.2 – Strategy flow chart for utilizing meteorological data, icing models and
field measurements of ice loads ............................................................................................ 66
Figure G.1 – Diagram of typical topographical cross-section ................................................. 77

Table 1 – Reliability levels for transmission lines .................................................................. 18

Table 2 – Default γ T factors for adjustment of climatic loads in relation to return period
T versus 50 years ................................................................................................................. 20
Table 3 – Design requirements for the system ...................................................................... 21
Table 4 – Classification of terrain categories ......................................................................... 23
Table 5 – Factors describing wind action depending on terrain category ............................... 24
Table 6 – Correction factor τ of dynamic reference wind pressure q 0 due to altitude
and temperatures .................................................................................................................. 27
Table 7 – Drag coefficient of polygonal pole sections ............................................................ 34
Table 8 – Drag coefficient of structures having a triangular section ....................................... 34
Table 9 – Statistical parameters of ice loads ......................................................................... 36
Table 10 – Non-uniform ice loading conditions ...................................................................... 39
Table 11 – Return period of combined ice and wind load ...................................................... 40
Table 12 – Drag coefficients of ice-covered conductors ........................................................ 41
Table 13 – Additional security measures ............................................................................... 47
Table 14 – Number of supports subjected to maximum load intensity during any single
occurrence of a climatic event ............................................................................................... 48
Table 15 – Strength factor Φ N related to the number N of components or elements
subjected to the critical load intensity.................................................................................... 49
Table 16 – Values of Φ S2 ..................................................................................................... 50
Table 17 – Typical strength coordination of line components ................................................ 50
Table 18 – Damage and failure limits of supports .................................................................. 52
Table 19 – Damage and failure limits of foundations ............................................................. 53
Table 20 – Damage and failure limits of conductors and ground wires .................................. 53
Table 21 – Damage and failure limit of interface components ................................................ 54
Table 22 – Default values for strength coefficients of variation (COV).................................... 55
Table 23 – u factors for log-normal distribution function for e = 10 % ..................................... 55
Table 24 – Value of quality factor Φ Q for lattice towers ......................................................... 56
Table A.1 – Values of u e associated to exclusion limits ......................................................... 59
Table C.1 – Physical properties of ice ................................................................................... 64
Table C.2 – Meteorological parameters controlling ice accretion ........................................... 64
Table C.3 – Approximate values of ice weights on lattice structures ...................................... 67
Table C.4 – Combined wind and ice loading conditions ......................................................... 68
Table C.5 – Drag coefficients and density of ice-covered conductors .................................... 68
Table D.1 – Parameters C 1 and C 2 of Gumbel distribution .................................................... 69

Table D.2 – Ratios of x / x for a Gumbel distribution function, T return period in years
of loading event, n number of years with observations, v x coefficient of variation .................. 70
Table E.1 – Use factor coefficient γ u ..................................................................................... 72
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Table F.1 – Variation of conductor sag with catenary parameter C ........................................ 74

Table F.2 – Conductor tensioning – recommended catenary parameter limits ....................... 75
Table G. 1 – Values of µ and γ .............................................................................................. 77
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IEC 60826:2017 © IEC 2017 –7–

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES – DESIGN CRITERIA

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International Standard IEC 60826 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 11:
Overhead lines.

This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2003. It constitutes a
technical revision.

The main technical changes with regard to the previous edition are as follows:

This standard has been further simplified by removing many informative annexes and
theoretical details that can now be found in CIGRE Technical Brochure 178 and referred to as
needed in the text of the standard. Many revisions have also been made that reflect the users
experience in the application of this standard, together with information about amplification of
wind speed due to escarpments. The annexes dealing with icing data have also been updated
using new work by CIGRE.
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The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting

11/251/FDIS 11/252/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.

This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be

• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.
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IEC 60826:2017 © IEC 2017 –9–

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES – DESIGN CRITERIA

1 Scope

This International Standard specifies the loading and strength requirements of overhead lines
derived from reliability-based design principles. These requirements apply to lines 45 kV and
above, but can also be applied to lines with a lower nominal voltage.

This document also provides a framework for the preparation of national standards dealing
with overhead transmission lines, using reliability concepts and employing probabilistic or
semi-probabilistic methods. These national standards will need to establish the local climatic
data for the use and application of this standard, in addition to other data that are country-
specific.

Although the design criteria in this standard apply to new lines, many concepts can be used to
address the design and reliability requirements for refurbishment, upgrading and uprating of
existing lines.

This document does not cover the detailed design of line components such as supports,
foundations, conductors or insulators strings.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.

IEC 60652, Loading tests on overhead line structures

IEC 61089, Round wire concentric lay overhead electrical stranded conductors

IEC 61773, Overhead lines – Testing of foundations for structures

IEC 61774, Overhead lines – Meteorological data for assessing climatic loads

IEC 61284, Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittings

3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations

For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
apply.

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.1.1
characteristic strength
guaranteed strength, minimum strength, minimum failing load
Rc
strength value guaranteed in appropriate standards

Note 1 to entry: This value usually corresponds to an exclusion limit, from 2 % to 5 %, with 10 % being an upper
practical (and conservative) limit.