GEEL 2000 Language Schools

Science Department

Primary (6), Unit (2)

First term

(2023/2024)

1
 Unit 2 Theme 2: Matter & Energy
Concept 2.1: Thermal energy & States of matter
Lesson one
 A hot spring is formed as follows:
1. Ground water is heated by molten rocks which
are found deep in Earth, then water rises to the
surface of Earth and begins to boil.
2. The boiling water in the hot spring changes
into steam which is the gas state of water.

 Thermal energy depends on the movement of particles of matter.
 As in the water of the hot spring:
1. When the water is heated, its particles move faster and transfer thermal
energy between each other in the form of heat.
2. When the thermal energy of particles increases this leads to change in the
temperature and the state of water.
Glassblowing:

Manufacturing of glass depends on changing the glass

from one state to another.
• When the glass (solid state) is heated at very high
temperatures, it changes into molten glass (liquid state)

 Glassblowing
is a process to form different shapes of glassware by using a hollow tube
contains molten glass at one end of its ends

Where:
1.The molten glass could be blown by a person from the open end of the
hollow tube and he could make different shapes of molten glass.
2. Then, the molten glass is cooled forming different shapes of glassware.

2
  Everything around us is made of matter.
 Matter can change from one state into another.
 All matter is made of particles called atoms and molecules.

Atom It is the smallest building unit of matter

Molecule It is a group of atoms bound together

 Some properties of different states of matter:

P.O.C Solids Liquids Gases
Shape Fixed shape and Fixed volume and variable shape and
volume. volume.
& variable shape.
Volume
• Held together • Held together more • Are not held
tightly in their loosely than solids. together much
positions. • Move faster than more loosely
•
Molecules Vibrate around solids and slide over than liquids.
their places. each other. • Move in all
directions.

 Move slowly Move more faster, so Move very fast,

 Have the least they have moderate so they
thermal energy. thermal energy.
have the most
Ex: Ice EX. Ice cubes
• Ex: Water thermal
energy.
• Ex: Steam

Thermal energy It is the movement of particles of an object.

 The transfer of thermal energy is called heat.

3
 Worksheet (1)
Lesson (1)
Put (√) or (x):
1. Matter can be changed from one state to another. ( )

2. Glass can be melted at very low temperatures. ( )

3. Almost all matter contains thermal energy. ( )

4. The movement of particles within an object is used to describe ( )

the thermal energy

5. Substances in gas form have the least thermal energy. ( )

Write the scientific term of each of the following:

1. It is the smallest building unit of ( …………………..)
matter.
2. It is a group of atoms bound together (…………………..)
3. The state of matter at which its
particles have the most thermal energy
( ………………….)
4. The process of shaping a mass of ( …………………..)
molten glass by blowing air into it
through a hollow tube.
5. The state of matter that has variable ( …………………..)
volume and shape.
Give reason:
Particles of steam have higher thermal energy than water
…………………………………………………………………

What happen :
The state of glass when it is heated at very high temperatures.

4
 Lessons (2) and (3)
Kinetic energy

is the energy that molecules and atoms of a substance has due to their motion.

Thermal energy of a substance relates to kinetic energy of its

molecules and atoms (Why?)
*Thermal energy of a substance is the total sum of kinetic energy
of its molecules and atoms.
The molecules of solids are not moving as fast as molecules of
liquids, so solids have less thermal energy than liquids.
Thermal energy (heat) transfers from one substance to another if
they have different temperatures.
Heat flows from a hotter substance to a colder substance.
If you hold ice cubes in your hand that has more thermal energy than the
ice cubes, so the ice cubes will melt (Why?)

 Because heat flows from your hand (hotter substance) to the ice cubes
(colder substance).

Temperature
e
It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules and atoms of a
substance.

When a substance is heated:

1.Thermal energy is transferred to the molecules of the substance.
2.The molecules gain thermal energy and move faster.
3. The total kinetic energy of the molecules increases.
4.The temperature of substance increases.

5
  Changes of State of Matter
When the thermal energy of a matter changes, the matter will change
from one state to another.

"Melting" "Freezing"
 Changing matter from solid to Changing matter from liquid to
liquid liquid state.  solid state.
 *On heating a solid matter:  On cooling a liquid matter:
1. 1.The thermal energy of 1. 1.The thermal energy of molecules
2. molecules of solid matter 2. of liquid matter decreases.
3. increases. 2.The force that holds these
4. 2.The force that holds these molecules together increases so;
5. molecules together decreases they vibrate slower.
6. so; they vibrate faster. 3.Molecules start to get close
7. 3.Molecules start to move away together so, the liquid matter
8. from each other, so the solid changes to solid matter
9. matter changes to liquid Example: Water changes to ice.
10. matter.

Example: Ice changes to water.

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 "Evaporation" "Condensation"
 Changing matter from  Changing matter from gas
liquid to gas state. to liquid state.
 On heating a liquid  On cooling a gas matter:
matter: 1. The thermal energy of
1. The thermal energy of molecules of gas matter
molecules of liquid matter decreases.
increases. 2. The force that holds these
2. The force that holds these molecules together
molecules together increases so; they vibrate
decreases so; they vibrate slower.
faster. 3. Molecules start to get close
3. Molecules start to move together so the gas matter
away from each other so changes to liquid matter.
the liquid matter Example: Water vapor
vaporizes into gas matter. changes to water.
Example: Water changes to
water vapor.

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 Worksheet (2) and (3)
Give reason:
1. Ice melts when it is put in a hot cooking pan.
………………………………………………………………
2. Matter may change from one state to another.
………………………………………………………………
3. Evaporation and condensation are two opposite processes.
………………………………………………………
4. Food coloring takes less time to spread out in the hot water than
in cold water.
…………………………………………………………………
What happens if:
1. You hold a piece of frozen chocolate in your hand. (According to
transfer of heat)
……………………………………………………………….
2. You touch a hot cup of tea. (According to transfer of heat).
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………....
3. You heat a piece of butter. (According to change of state).
………………………………………………………………
4. The speed of molecules of a matter when it is heated.
………………………………………………………………

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Write the scientific term of each of the following:
1. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules and
atoms of a substance. (
)
2. It is the change of matter from solid state to liquid state.
( )
3. It is the change of matter from liquid state to gas state.
( )
4. It is the change of matter from gas state to liquid state.
( )
5. It is the change of matter from liquid state to solid state.
( )
Complete the following sentences:
1. Thermal energy transfers from one substance to another if they
have …………………. temperatures.
2. The process in which liquid changes into solid is called……………
and the reverse process is called................
Choose the correct answer:
1. Changing from gas to liquid is called……………
a. Melting b. evaporation c. condensation d. freezing
2. When wax melts, its particles
a. gain thermal energy and speed up.
b. gain thermal energy and slow down.
c. loses thermal energy and speed up.
d. loses thermal energy and slow down.
3. In which state(s) of matter are the molecules away from each
other?
a. Solid. b. Gas. c. Solid & d. Solid &
liquid gas

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4. The state(s) of mater with the greatest amount of energy is / are
……….
a. Solid b. Liquid c. Gas d. Solid &
liquid
5. Water molecules have the lowest kinetic energy when it is in the
form of
a. ice b. water c. water d. steam
drops vapor
6. Changing ice into water followed by changing water into steam
show two different processes which are……….and…….
a. freezing – condensation
b. evaporation – condensation
c. melting – freezing
d. melting – evaporation
7. Objects with more thermal energy have…………. Kinetic
energy
a. More b. less c. the d. no
same

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 Concept (2-1) Lesson (4)

Thermal energy and particle movement:

The following graph shows the different processes that happen when a beaker
of ice cubes was heated until the ice (solid) changes to water (liquid), then
water (liquid) changes to water vapor (gas).

At area (1),
When the ice is heated, the molecules of ice absorb thermal energy and they
move faster due to the increase of their kinetic energy.
At area (2),
By increasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of ice molecules increases
that leads to decrease the force that bonds the molecules of ice together, so
they slide over each other and ice (solid) changes to water (liquid), this
temperature is called "melting point".

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 Melting point
It is the temperature at which a matter changes from solid
state to liquid state.
Example:
- Ice has a melting point of zero degree (0°C).

At area (3)
By increasing the temperature, the force that holds the molecules together

becomes more weak and they spread in all directions, so water (liquid)

changes to water vapor (gas ) and this temperature is called "boiling point".

Boiling point :

It is the temperature at which a matter changes from liquid state to gas state.
Examples:
- Water has a boiling point of 100°C.
-Mercury has a boiling point of 357°C

 Note :
 The melting point and boiling point are physical properties of matter.

12
 Thermal expansion
The matter behave differently when they are heated or cooled .

Contraction of matter Expansion of matter

When we cool a matter, the spaces - When we heat a matter, the

between its molecules decrease and the spaces between its molecules
molecules come close together (contract) increase and the molecules
spread out (expand)

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Some examples of the contraction and expansion
of some matter:
1- Thermometer :
- Some thermometers contain alcohol (liquid) mixed with color.
- When the thermometer is placed

In hot substance In cold substance

the temperature of alcohol the temperature of alcohol

decreases
increases

the spaces between its

the spaces between its
molecules decrease
molecules increase

the molecules of alcohol

so the molecules of alcohol
come close together and
spread out and expand
contract

giving high level of

giving low level of
temperature in the
temperature in the
thermometer.
thermometer.

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 2- Jars:
 Sometimes it is hard to open the lid of the jar
 When you pour hot water on the lid of the jar, it opens easily,
where:
 The lid of the jar is made of metal.
When hot water is poured on the metal lid

the temperature of the metal lid increases

the spaces between its molecules increase

the molecules of metal lid spread out and expand

So it can be easily opened.

3- Bridges:
 Bridges are made up of steel (metal) and concrete.
- When bridges are exposed to hot weather, the temperature of

metal increases and the spaces between its molecules increase,

so the molecules of metal spread out and expand.

- So, engineers use expansion joints to keep bridges safe from

buckling (bending) when they expand at high temperatures.

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 Worksheet (4)
Question (1) : Choose the correct answer :
1. On a very hot summer morning, water on the ground may turn into
water vapor this change is called.….........
a. melting. b. evaporation. c. freezing. d. condensation
2. Some thermometers contain a colored alcohol, what happens to
alcohol when the thermometer is placed in hot water?
a. Alcohol contracts. b. Alcohol evaporates.
c. Alcohol changes its color. d. Alcohol expands
3. When the temperature of a rod of iron is increased,.....................
a. its length increases.
b. its length decreases to its half.
c. its length doesn't change.
d. its length decreases to its quarter.
4. When the temperature of alcohol inside thermometers increases, its
volume.....................
a. increases causing its contraction.
b. decreases causing its expansion.
c. decreases causing its contraction.
d. increases causing its expansion.
5. As a result of heat flow through metals, they.................
a. expand. b. contract.
c. get smaller. d. are not affected.
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Question (2) : Write the scientific term of each of the following :

1. A device used to measure the temperature . (....................................)

2. The increase in the volume of a material as its temperature increases .

(.............................................)

3. The decrease is the volume of a material as its temperature decreases.

(................................................)

Question (3) : Give reasons for :

1. Engineers use expansion points in the designing of bridges.

..........................................................................................................................

2. Pouring hot water over a metal lid of a glass jar makes it easier to open

the jar.

.............................................................................................................................

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 Concept (2-1), Lesson (5)
Making a thermometer
Tools

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Steps:
1- Add three drops of the red dye

in the plastic bottle.

2-Put the straw in the bottle and fix it

by using the clay as shown then
measure the height of red liquid in
the straw at room temperature .

3-Place the plastic bottle into a bowl

of hot water and measure the height
of the red liquid in the straw.
Observation
The height of the red liquid in the
straw increases when the bottle is
placed into the hot water.

4-Place the plastic bottle into a bowl

of cold water and measure the height
of the red liquid in the straw .
Observation
The height of the red liquid in the
straw decreases when the plastic
bottle is placed into the cold water .

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Conclusions :
In a bowl of hot water ,
. The temperature of red liquid increases , so the molecules
of red liquid spread out and the spaces between them
increase.
. This leads to the expansion of the molecules of
red liquid and increase in the height of red liquid in the straw. .
In a bowl of cold water ,
. The temperature of red liquid decreases , so the molecules of red
liquid come close together and the spaces between them decrease .
. This leads to the contraction of the molecules of red liquid and
decrease in the height of red liquid in the straw .

Increasing Thermal Energy

when a matter is heated

The molecules of a matter move faster

The kinetic energy increases

the temperature of a matter increases

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 Worksheet ( 5)
Question (1) : Put (✓) or (×):

1. When the temperature of solids increases, their volume decrease. ( )

2. Substances change from liquid state into gas state during evaporation
process. ( )
3. Expansion and contraction of matter occur due to changes in
temperature. ( )
4. Expansion and contraction are two opposite processes. ( )
5. When a liquid is cooled, it may change into gas. ( )
Question 2 :Complete the following sentences using the words below :
(expand- contract - faster-slower- increase -decrease- near to-away from -
thermometer)
1. Cooling causes matter to.............and causes particles to move...........
2. When a liquid is freezed, the spaces between its molecules
.................... causing their movement..................... each other.
3. Heating causes matter to…...............and causes particles to move............
4. When a liquid is heated, the spaces between its molecules
....................... causing their movement......................each other
5. Expansion and contraction of liquids explain how a...........works
Question 3 : Give reason
1-matter expands when it's thermal energy increase.
.............................................................................................................
2- The size of a balloon decreases if it is subjected to a cold weather.

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 Concept (2-1), Lesson (6)
,Engineers use some techniques to protect bridges and railroad
tracks from expansion or contraction in different conditions of
weather
Examples:
Expansion joints Railroad tracks
In bridges In railroad tracks
When the temperature - Railroad tracks are made of
increases in hot weather or iron.
decreases in cold weather, the
- Engineers leave small spaces
metal that made up bridges
between the railroad tracks to
expands and contracts.
allow these tracks to expand in hot
weather without being bent.
Importance Importance
to keep bridges safe over time to avoid train accidents.

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 Worksheet (6)
Question (1) : Choose the correct answer:
1- Metallic parts of bridge....................in different temperatures.
a) expand only. b) contract only
c) expand and contract. d) never expand or contract
2- When the kinetic energy of liquids decrease, they may .................
a) expand. b) contract. c) evaporate. d) disappear
3- Railroad tracks are made up of .................................
a) glass. b) coal. c) plastic. d) iron
4- Engineers leave ............................. between railroad tracks
a) small spaces. b) very large spaces c)
large spaces d) no spaces

Question (2): Put (✓) or (×)

1. Engineers use expansion joints to keep bridges safe.( )

2. Temperature increases in hot weather causing contraction of materiats.
( )
3. Railroad tracks are made up of iron.( )
4. No spaces are left between railroad tracks.( )
5. Without leaving spaces between railroad tracks, train accidents may
occur. ( )

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Question (3): Give reason for
1- Expansion joints are designed in bridges.
.......................................................................................................
2- Small spaces are left between the railroad tracks.
.......................................................................................................
Question (4): Write the scientific term .
1- Joints allow expansion and contraction of some parts of bridges during
temperature changes. (................................................)

2- Decrease the volume of substance as a result of decreasing its

temperature. (........................................)

3- It is the state that doesn't have fixed shape or volume. (........................)

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 Unit (2) Concept 2.2 Lesson (1)

* There are two types of materials according to their ability

to transfer thermal energy:
1- Thermal conductors: (Good conductors of heat).
They are materials that allow thermal energy to transfer through.
Example: Metal such as iron.
2-Thermal insulator: (Bad conductors of heat).
They are materials that resist the transfer of thermal energy.
Example: plastic

*Electric iron:
-Iron: is a thermal conductor that transfers the
heat of the electric iron to the cloth in order to
ironing it.
-Plastic: is a thermal insulator that doesn't
allow heat to transfer through, so you can hold
it without feeling the hotness on the electric
iron.
*Heat transfers from the hotter object to the cooler object that
causes the molecules in object with lower temperature will start to
move faster while the molecules on the object with higher
temperature will move slower.
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*Thermal energy relates to the total sum of the kinetic energy of
molecules and atoms of substance, so any substance has thermal
energy even the cold substance as they have molecules that always
move.

*Properties of heat:

1-Heat is an essential component of life on earth.

2-Heat flows from a hotter object to a cooler object.

3-Heat cannot be lost but it is only transferred.

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 Concept 2.2 Worksheet (1)
1-Write the scientific term of the following:
1-They are materials that allow thermal energy to transfer through.
(……………………………………)
2-They are materials that resist the transfer of thermal energy.
(………………………..……………)
3-Thermal insulator material used to make the handle of an electric
iron. (…………………………………..…)
2-Complete the following sentences:
1-Molecules of warmer matter move ……………… than molecules of
cooler matter.
2-There are 2 types of materials according to their ability to transfer
thermal energy which are ………………..and …………………
materials.
3- Thermal energy relates to the total of sum of the
……………………energy of substance’s atoms and ………………….
4- Heat transfers from objects with………………temperature to
object with……………….temperature.
3- Give reasons for:
1-The lower part of an electric iron is made of iron.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
2-You feel heat when you touch a metal spoon placed in a hot cup of tea.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

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 Concept 2.2 Lesson 2
*Heat: is the transferring of thermal energy from
hotter matter to cooler one.

*Thermal equilibrium: when there is a temperature

difference between two objects and the temperature flows
from the hotter object to the cooler until both objects
reach the same temperature.

Note: The measuring unit of heat is called calorie.

-If you hit a piece of metal several times by a
hammer, the piece becomes warm.

Experiment shows how thermal energy flows and how thermal

equilibrium takes place:
*Tools:
Empty beaker- Beaker contains 100 ml. of hot water with temperature
60°C- Beaker contains 100 ml. of cold water with temerature 10°C-
Thermometer - Spoon,
*Steps:
1- Record the temperature of water in beaker 1 (60°C) and the temperature
of water in beaker 2(10°C) in a table.
2- Calculate the averge temperatute of water in the 2 beakers by using the
rule:
28
 =

3-Pour the 2 amount of water in the empty

beaker then use the spoon to mix them.
4-Wait for 3 minutes and measure the final
temperature and record it in the table.
5-Compare the final temperature of water
to the average temperature of water that you
have calculated before.
Temperature of hot water 60°C

Temperature of cold water 10°C

Average temperature of water 60 + 10

= 35°C
2
Final temperature of water after mixing 33°C

*Observation:
The final temperature of water (33°C) almost equals the average temperature of
water (35°C) that you have calculated before.
*Conclusion:
When 2 substances with different temperature come in contact with each other,
thermal energy transfers from the hotter object to the cooler object until thermal
equilibrium happens and they reach the same teperature.

When 2 substances with different temperature come in contact with each other,
thermal energy transfers from the hotter object to the cooler object until thermal
equilibrium happens and they reach the same teperature.

29
Notes:
1- When mixing (2 substances was different to temperature, their
final temperature at the thermal equilibrium almost equals their
average temperature, so the final temperature of them is between
the temperature of the hotter substance and the temperature of the
cooler substance.
2-In some cases the final temperature when mixing 2 substances with
different temperature is less than their average temperature as there is
some thermal energy transfers to the air or the container.
3-After mixing 2 substances with different temperature, the motion of
their molecules changes:
-The molecules of the hotter substance become slower after mixing.

What happens if:

A hot food is left on a table
for sometimes.
It gets cold.
Give reason:
When a hot food is left on a table for sometimes, it gets
cold.
Because The heat flows from the hot food to the cooler air
around it.

30
 Concept 2.2 Worksheet (2)
1-Put (√) or (x):
1-The temperature of the hotter substance increases after it is mixed
with cooler substance. ( )
2-After mixing 2 substances with different temperature the molecules
movement of the cooler substance becomes slowe. ( )
3-Thermal equilibrium means that the objects in contact reach the same
temperature. ( )
4-When mixing 2 substances with different temperature, thier average
temperature is lower than their final temperature. ( )
5-When you add some cool water to hot tea, the molecules of tea will
move slower. ( )
6-Heat is measured in calorie. ( )
2-Give reasons for:
1-Heat transfer stops after a while between 2 mixed substances with
different temperature.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
2-Sometimes the final temperature of a mixing of 2 substances with
different temperature is less than their average temperature.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
3-After mixing 2 substances with different temperatures, the molecules
of the hotter substance moves slower.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..

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3-What happens to …?
1-Molecules movement of a hotter substance after mixing it with a cooler
substance.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
2-The temperature of a piece of metal when you hit it several times with
a hammer.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
3-The kinetic energy of molecules of a matter when it becomes warmer.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
4- Complete the following sentences:
1-Molecules of cooler substance move…………………… after mixing

it with hotter substance.

2-When you mixing two substances with different temperatures, their final

temperature at thermal equilibrium almost…………………….. their

average temperature.

3-The final temperature of two mixed substances with different

temperatures is between the temperature of the…………………….

substance and the temperature of the…………………… substance.

5- Choose the correct answer:

32
1-The average temperature is almost ……………. the final temperature
of the mixture of two substances with different temperatures at the
thermal equilibrium.
a-more than b- less than c- equal to d-double.
2-If you pour a cup of water with temperature 30°C to another cup of
water with temperature 80°C the final temperature of the mixture may
be……...
a-80°C b-30°C c-50°C d-110°C
3-The final temperature of two mixed substances with different
temperatures is less than that of the…………… substance and the
greater than that of the ………………...substance.
a-hotter-cooler b-cooler-hotter
c-bigger-smaller d-smaller-bigger
4-After mixing the two substances with different temperatures the
molecules of the cooler substance…………………..
a-will move faster b-will not be affected
c-will move slower d-will stop moving
5-On heating a substance, the…………….. of its molecules………………..
a-kinetic energy- decreases b- kinetic energy- increases
c- temperature- decreases d- movement- decreases.

Concept 2.2 Lesson (3)

Conduction, convection and radiation
33
 Heat can transfer by 3 different
Conduction

ways
Convection

Radiation

1-Conduction: heat transfers by

conduction when objects with different
temperature touch each other.
Example:
When you have fever, you put cooling pads
to transfer the heat from your body to the
cooling pads by direct contact.
Heat transfers by conduction in solids only.

2-Convection: heat transfers by convection

through liquids or gases.
Example: -During heating the noodles in water,
the noodles that are close to the bottom of the
pot and near the heat source get hot and raise to
the surface, then cold noodles at the surface
moves down to the bottom of the pot.
-The movement of noodels up and down shows
the movement of
water in the pot during heating, where:
* Hot water at the bottom of the pot moves up.
34
* Cold water at the surface of the pot moves down.
* The continous movement of water up and down causes the transfer
of heat through water by a way of convection.
3-Radiation: heat transfers by
radiation through gases and space.
Example: -When your hand gets close
to a fire, you feel warm because the air
between the fire and your hand allows
the thermal energy of fire to transfer to
your hand.
-In sunny days you feel the heat of the sun although there is a space
between the sun and Earth, the thermal energy of the sun transfers
to Earth through the space by radiation.

*The speed of heat transfer between objects

increases when:
1-The differences in temperature between objects increases.
2-Surface area of objects increases.
3-Time of contact between objects increases.

Notes:
35
1- Meteorologists (scientists who study
weather) must understand convection and
*Materials are classified according to the rate
of transferring heat into:
1-Thermal conductors: they are materials that allow thermal
energy to transfer through.
or they are materials that allow heat to travel freely through them.
Examples: metals such as copper, iron and aluminium.
2-Thermal insulators: they are materials that resist the transfer of
thermal energy.
Or they are materials that slow down the heat transfer.
Examples: air, plastic, wood and glass.
Note: Thermal insulators cannot prevented the transfer of heat completely,
but they slow down the heat transfer through them.
Examples:
1-If you have pour hot water into a metal bowl and a plastic bowl, you
will observe:
36
The metal bowl is hot. -The plastic bowl is just warm.

*Because:
-Metal is a thermal conductor (allows thermal energy to transfer
through).
-Plastic is a thermal insulator (slows down the transfer of thermal
energy).
2-If you touch a metal doorknob, you may feel that it's cooler than the
wooden door it is on. Because your body always generates the thermal
energy, where:

1-Thermal energy transfers fast from your hand to the metal doorknob,
which is a thermal conductor.

2-Thermal energy transfers slowly from your hand to the wooden door,
which is a thermal insulator.

Concept 2.2 Worksheet (3)

1-Choose the correct answer:
37
1-Heat is transferred through solids by…………….
a- radiation only b- conduction an convection
c-conduction only c- radiation and convection
2-Heat is transferred by radiation through……………
a-solids only b-solids and liquids
c-liquids only c-gases and space
3-Meteorologists are scientists who study……………….
a-weather b-water
c-rocks c-cells
4-Heat transfers from an electric heater to your body
by……………when you stand near by it.
a-radiation only b-radiation and conduction
c-conduction c-conduction and convection
5-All the following materials are considered thermal conductors, expect..
a-copper b-iron
c-wood c-aluminum
2-Write the scientific term of each of the following:
1-The way by which the heat is transferred through solids only. ( )
2- The way by which the heat is transferred through liquids and
gases. ( )
3-The way by which the heat is transferred through gases and space. ( )
4- They are materials that slow down the heat transfers through them.
( )
5-they are scientists who study the weather. ( )
3-Cross out the odd word:
1-Conduction- Convection- Friction- Radiation (…………………)

2-Plastic- Copper- Iron- Aluminum (…………………)

38
4-Give reasons for:
1-Glass and wood are bad conductors of heat.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
2-Aluminum and copper are good conductors of heat.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
5-complete the following sentences:
1-Heat can transfers by three different methods which are…………….. ,
…………….. and ……………..

2-When you boil water in a pot, the molecules of…………….. water at

the bottom of the pot move up and the ……………..of cooler water at

the surface of the pot move. ……………..

3-The speed of heat transfer between object…………….. when the

surface area of objects increases.

4- Plastic is a thermal…………….. conductor of heat, while copper is a

thermal ……………..conductor of heat.

Concept 2.2 Lesson (4)

Heat transfers in different materials

39
-If we place three temperature measuring devices along the handle of a boot
during heating we will see three different temperatures, so the length of the
handle is very important.
Examples:
-If you place a pen with 18cm. The handle is made of plastic on a stove and
then used to measure the temperature out at three places on the handle. The
result can be as follows:

Matter of Length of Time Temperature Temperature Temperature

Handle Handle(cm) heated(min) near middle of end of
pan(°C) handle (°C) handle(°C)
Plastic 18 10 54 24 23

-If you use a pen with a 36cm handle made of plastic, the measurements
can be as follows:
Matter of Length of Time Temperature Temperature Temperature
Handle Handle(cm) heated(min) near middle of end of
pan(°C) handle (°C) handle(°C)
Plastic 36 10 54 23 22

-When you change the matter of the handle using a wooden handle with.
36cm length The measurements can be as follows:
Matter of Length of Time Temperature Temperature Temperature
Handle Handle heated near pan middle of end of
(min) (°C) handle (°C) handle(°C)
(cm)
Wood 36 10 60 25 24

Conclusion:
* The measurements of temperature differ from

40
 one place to another along the handle of the
pan.
* The handle is warmer closer to the pan and it is
cooler as we go far away from the pan, because the heat travels
very slowly along the handle that is made of a thermal insulating
material.
*The wooden handle warms up faster than the plastic handle.
-Law of conservation of mass :
The mass of a substance does not change when this
substance changes from one state into another.
•When you put a bowl of ice cubes on the stove,
the ice cubes changes into liquid water.
• The mass of the ice cubes before heating
equals the mass of water after heating.
•If you put a plastic cup of juice in a freezer,
it freezes, but its mass doesn't change before
and after freezing.

Give reason:
•There are some cases that the mass of a substance before the change

does not equal the mass of the same substance after the change.

That is because the Substance is mixed with other substance.

Example :

41
 If you have 100 gram of popcorn grains and they have a small amount of
moisture (water) in them, when they are cooked, they become 97 grams
only. The loss in mass is due to the evaporation

(vaporization) of the water during cooking.

Note:
If any liquid substance changes into a gas state, its mass does not

change after evaporation even if we don't see its gas state, but it has

a mass that equals its mass before change.

42
 Concept 2.2 Worksheet (4)
1-Put (√) or (x):
1. Matter can't be changed from one form to another. ( )
2. The mass of chocolate bar before melting equals its mass after melting.
( )
3. If you put some juice in a freezer, it changes into a gaseous state,
and its mass doesn't change. ( )
4. When water freezes, it loses thermal energy. ( )
5. The temperature increases when we go far away the source of heat.
6. Plastic is better than wood in making the handle of cooking pots. ( )
7. Wood is warm faster than plastic. ( )
2-Complete the following sentences:
1. When a matter changes from one state to another, its....................
doesn't change.
2. The mass of ice cream before melting is .... ....its mass after melting.
3. Thermal insulating materials such as................. and ................... are
used to make handles of pots.
4. When chocolate bar melts, it changes from............... state
to................state by gaining..................... energy.
3-Write the scientific term of each of the following :
1. A form of energy that gained or lost by the matter to change its
state. (…………………………….)
2. The mass of a substance doesn't change when this substance

changes from one state into another. (……….…………………..)

43
4-What happens to ...?
The mass of a piece of butter after melting it.
……………………………………………………………………
5- Give reasons for :
1. Decreasing of mass of popcorn grains which have some moisture, after
cooking them.
……………………………………………………………………………
2. Plastic is better than wood to make the handle of cooking pots.
……………………………………………………………………………
6- Choose the correct answer :
1. When you put a plastic cup of water in a freezer, the water freezes
and its mass .................
a. decreases. b. increases
c. decreases to half. d. doesn't change
2. Matter.............., it just changes from one state to another.
a. neither be created nor destroyed b. can be created and destroyed
c. can't be created but destroyed d. can be created but can't destroy
3. When you melt 100 grams of chocolate bar, its mass after melting
is..................100 grams.
a. a lot less than. b. a lot more than
c. a little more than. d. equal to
4. Matter can be changed from one state to another,...................
a. by losing the thermal energy only. b. by gaining thermal
energy only.
c. by losing or gaining thermal energy. d. by keeping the thermal
energy without change.
5. ...... is the best material to make handles of cooking pots, as it doesn't
warm fast.m a. Iron b. Plastic c. Wood d. Copper
44
 Concept 2.2 Lesson (4)
Design a Marble Run
Energy changes from one form to another.

In some cases, when energy changes from one form to

another, there are some loss:

In the opposite figure:

-At the top of the track, the marble has the
most potential energy.
- As the marble moves down the track the
potential energy changes to kinetic energy.
- As the marble moves along the track,
some kinetic energy changes to thermal
energy due to the friction between the
marble and the track, that decreases the
speed of the marble, so it doesn't reach the end of the track.

Note:
If you use a larger marble, it will move downward faster because it has a
larger mass so it gains more kinetic energy.

45
 Concept 2.2 Worksheet (5)
Q.1 Put (√) or (x):
1. Energy can be stored in the form of kinetic energy inside an object. ( )
2. When you go down on a slide, your stored kinetic energy changes into
potential energy. ( )
3. Due to the friction force, thermal energy of a moving object changes into
kinetic energy. ( )
4. Friction increases the speed of moving objects. ( )
5. A heavier object moves faster than a lighter object when they go down
on the same ramp. ( )
6. When a marble goes down on a ramp its potential energy increases. ( )
7. A moving car has potential energy, while stopping car has kinetic
energy. ( )
Q. 2 Write the scientifc term of each of the following :
1. A form of energy stored in an object when it is placed on the top of a
ramp. (……………………………)
2. The energy that the object gains when it moves down on a ramp.
(……………………….………)
3. The energy that potential energy changes into when an object moves
down on a ramp. (…………….……………)
4. The energy that kinetic energy changes into when a moving object is
affected by friction. (…………………)
Q.3 Give reasons for :
1. Due to friction force, the tires of a moving car becomes hot.
2. A truck is faster than a small car, when both of them move down on
the same ramp.
46
 Concept 2.2 Lesson (6)
properties of new materials

 People need different materials in different purposes.

 Every material is useful for some purposes not for all purposes, so
scientists and engineers try to choose the most useful and suitable
materials with some useful properties such as flexibility and conducting
heat to make the products that people want.

Examples :
 When making cloth, scientists use soft materials.
 When making a bicycle or a car, engineers cannot use cloth.
Scientists and engineers always work to create or improve new materials
For different and new purposes.
Sometimes, when scientists develop a new materials, they focus on some
specific properties of a material that they want develop.

Examples :
47
Scientists develop a smart material which is a flexible fabric that keeps
the temperature of the body.
These smart materials are used in making smart clothes that can
-Control your body temperature
- Light up in the dark
- Keep themselves clean.
Note:
When scientists develop new materials, they study the structure of
molecules of materials to understand their chemical structures
that helps in understanding their properties.

How are new materials created?

Scientists make new materials by mixing different materials together.
Examples:

Steel:
- It is made of a mixture of iron and other elements.

- It is strong and lasts for a long time.

Concrete :
- It is made of a mixture of rock, sand and water.

-Concrete is in liquid state when it is formed, while after

it dries, it becomes in Solid (hard) state.

- It is used as the base of buildings and bridges

because it is very strong.

48
► - In some cases, the new materials are created due to the chemical change.
- When chemical change happens, the properties of the new materials
differ from the properties of the original material.
Example:
- Plastic is made by chemical change of some of the compounds of
petroleum.
Material Petroleum Plastic
(original material) (new material)

Properties : - Liquid. - Tough solid.

- Burns easily. - Often resists
burning.

* Petroleum is liquid material, while plastic is solid material.

In some other cases, the new materials are created by mixing materials at
high temperatures.
1-Shrink-wrap is created when we add heat to plastic to make it shrink.

2-Glass is a mixture of sand with small amount of other

materials such as limestone and soda ash (sodium carbonate).

- Glass is made when the sand mixture is heated

in hot furnace so, it melts and changes into glass.

Then the glass becomes hard when it cools.

49
 Concept 2.2 Worksheet (5)
Q. 1 Complete the following sentences :
1. Smart clothes can.......................in the dark and keep themselves.
2. Steel is made of a mixture of..............and other elements, while concrete
is made of a mixture of rock,..................... and................
3. Concrete is in...............state when it is formed, while after it dries, it
becomes in ............. state
4. Concrete is used as the base of…………..and………… as it is very
strong.
5. Plastic is made by ......... change of some compounds of………….
6. Glass is a mixture of……………..…. and sodium carbonate.
7. Petroleum is a liquid material, while plastic is……….. material.
8. Chemical change of some compounds of petroleum is used in
making………..
Q. 2 What happens if ...?
1. You are wearing smart clothes in a dark place.
…………………………………………………………………………..
2. Mixing rock, sand and water together.
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. Making chemical change to some compounds of petroleum.
……………………………………………………………………………
4. Mixing sand, limestone and soda ash at high temperature.
………………………………………………………………………………
5. Concrete is left to dry.
……………………………………………………………………………..

50
Model answer

51
 Concept 2.1, Worksheet (1)
Put (√) or (x):
1. √ 2. X 3. √ 4. √ 5. X
Write the scientific term of each of the following:
1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Gas 4. Glassblowin 5. Gas
g
Give reason Because molecules of steam move faster than water.
What happen
Changes from solid state to liquid state.

Worksheet ( 2 and 3)
Give reason:
1. Because heat flows from the hotter (pan) to the colder (ice).
2. Because the thermal energy of a matter may change, causing a change in
the state of matter.
3. Because matter changes from liquid state into gas state in evaporation,
while it changes from gas state into liquid state in condensation.
4. Because hot water has more thermal energy and kinetic energy so its
molecules move faster than cold water.
What happens if:
1. Heat transfers from the hand to the chocolate.
2. Heat transfers from the cup to the hand.
3. It changes from solid state into liquid state.
4. It increases.
Write the scientific term of each of the following:
1. Thermal 2. Melting 3. Evaporation 4. Condensation 5. Freezing
energy
Complete the following sentences:
1. Different 2. Freezing / melting
Choose the correct answer:

1. condensation 2. gain thermal energy and speed up 3. Gas 4. Gas

5. ice 6. melting – evaporation 7. more

52
 Concept 2.1, Worksheet (4)
Question 1: Choose the correct answer
1-b 2- d 3-a 4-d 5-a
Question 2: Write the scientific term .
1-Thermometer 2- Expansion 3- Contraction
Question 3: Give reason
1- to keep bridges safe from buckling when they expand at high
temperature.
2-because when the temperature of the metal lid increases, it
expands and can be easily opened.

Concept 2.1, Worksheet (5)

Question (1): Put (✓) or (×)

1- × 2- ✓ 3- ✓ 4- ✓ 5- ×

Question (2): Complete The following.

1- Contract - slower 2- decrease - near to
3- Expand – faster 4- increase - away from
5-Thermometer
Question (3): Give reason
1- Because when the thermal energy increases the kinetic energy of its
molecules increase and the spaces between its molecules increase
causing expansion.
2- Because the air inside the balloon contracts by cooling.

53
 Concept 2.1, Worksheet (6)
Question (1): Choose the correct answer
1- c 2- b 3- d 4- a

Question (2) : Put (✓) or (×)

1- ✓ 2- × 3- ✓ 4- × 5- ✓

Question (3): Give reason

1- To keep bridges safe when they expand at high
temperature.
2- To allow these tracks to expand in hot weather without
Being bent to avoid train accidents.
Question (4): Write the scientific term
1- Expansion joints 2- Contraction 3- Gas

Concept 2.2 Worksheet (1)

1-Write the scientific term of the following:
1-Thermal conductor materials. 2-Thermal insulator materials.
3-Plastic
2-Complete the following sentences:
1-faster 2-thermal conductor – thermal insulator
3-kinetic – molecules 4-higher - lower
3-Give reasons for:
1-Because iron is a thermal conductor that allows heat to transfer
through it.
2-Because the temperature of the metal spoon is higher than the hand so the
heat transfers from the metal spoon to the hand.
54
 Concept 2.2 Worksheet (2)
1-Put (√) or (x):
1-x 2-x 3-√ 4-x 5-√ 6-√
2-Give reasons for:
1-Because 2 substances reach to the same temperature at thermal
equilibrium.
2-Because some of thermal energy transfers to the air or to the
container.
3-Because after mixing, the molecules temperature of hotter
substance decreases.
3-What happens to …?
1-The movement of molecules of the hotter substance become slower after
mixing.
2-The temperature of a piece of metal will increase.
3-The kinetic energy will increase.
4- Complete the following sentences:
1-faster 2-equals 3-hotter- cooler
5- Choose the correct answer:
1-c 2-d 3-a 4-a 5-b

Concept 2.2 Worksheet (3)

1-Choose the correct answer:
1-c 2-d 3-a 4-a 5-c
2-Write the scientific term of each of the following:
1-Conduction 2-Convection 3-Radiation 4-
Thermal insulators 5-Meteotologists
3-Cross out the odd word:
55
1-Friction 2-Plastic
4-Give reasons for:
1-Because they slow down the transfer of heat through them.
2-Because they allow it to travel freely through them.
5-complete the following sentences:
1-conduction- convection- radiation 2-hotter- molecules- down
3-increases 4-bad- good

Concept 2.2 Worksheet (4)

1-Put ( ) or (x):
1-x 2- 3-x 4- 5- x 6-
2-Complete the following sentences:
1-mass 2-equal to
3- plastic – wood 4- solid - liquid- thermal
3-Write the scientific term of each of the following :
1- Thermal energy
2- Law of conservation of mass
4-What happens to ...?
Its mass doesn't change
5-Give reasons for :
1- Because the evaporation of the water during cooking popcorn.
2- Because plastic warms slower than wood.
6-Choose the correct answer :
1- d 2- a 3- d
4- c 5- b

56
 Concept 2.2 Worksheet (5)
Q.1
1. (×) 2. (×) 3. (×) 4. (×) 5.(√) 6. (×) 7. (×)
Q.2 1. Potential energy. 2. Kinetic energy.
3. Kinetic energy. 4. Thermal energy.
Q.3
1. Because friction force changes kinetic energy into thermal energy.
2. Because the truck has mass more than the small car so the truck gains
more kinetic energy.

Concept 2.2 Worksheet (6)

Q.1
1. light up - clean. 2. iron - sand -water. 3. liquid – solid
4. buildings – bridges 5. chemical - petroleum.
6. sand – limestone 7. tough solid 8. plastic.
Q.2
1. They will light up.
2. Concrete will form.
3. Plastic will form.
4. Glass will form.
5. It becomes hard.

57
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