GE ELECT 3 | LIVING IN THE IT ERA

COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS
1 JESSA MAE M. ESTALLO-RULL | INSTRUCTOR
 ❖ Evolution of Computers
❖ The Computer and Computer
Systems:
Hardware, Software, and
Peopleware

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 Computer Fundamentals
- It is the study or learning of basic functions of
computers. Study of basic computer types to their
characteristics.

COMPUTER
- A Computer can be defined or described as a machine or
device which can work with information such as to store, retrieve,
manipulate, and process data.
✓ The term computer is derived from the word “computare”. The word
is derived from a “Latin” word which means to calculate.

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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

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 Computers have taken a major role in the last three decades.
This is due to the fact that people have become increasingly dependent
on computers to their daily tasks.

Computers have evolved

based on the type of components
used in the design.

At present , scientist and

researchers have identified five
generations based on design,
suitability, and reliability.

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 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation
1946-1959 1959-1965 1965-1971 1971-1980 1980-
onwards

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 First-Generation Computer
1946-1959
First electronic computer was developed in 1946 by
J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly from University of
Pennsylvania and financed by the United States Army.
❖ Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) is
considered to be the first-generation computer.
- It is a modular computer, composed of several
panels capable of performing different functions.
- It could store only limited or small amount of
information and only do arithmetic operations such as addition
and subtraction of up to 10 digits.
- The computer was roughly 167 square meters in
size, and weighed 27 tons and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
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 Second-Generation Computer
1959-1965
- In this second generation, the transistor
was used as the interior sections of the computer.
- Transistors were much smaller, faster,
and more dependable than the vacuum tubes of
the first generation computer .
- They generated less heat and consumed
less electricity but were still very costly.

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 Third-Generation Computer
1965-1971
- In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated
circuit (IC) that was used instead of transistors as the
interior sections to build the computer.
- A single IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors that even the full circuit board of a
transistors can be replaced entirely with one chip. This
chip made the computers smaller, unfailing, and
effective.
- In this generation, remote processing, time-
sharing, and multiprogramming operating system were
used.
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 Fourth-Generation Computer
1971-1980
- In this generation, very large scale integrated
(VLSI) circuits were used to build computers.
- These circuits have about 5,000 transistors
and other circuit elements with their connected circuits on
a single chip known as the microprocessor.
- In this generation computers such as personal
computers became more powerful, dense, reliable, and
inexpensive.
-The other application of this microprocessor
technology can be used and applied for pocket calculators,
television sets, automotive devices, and audio and video
appliances.

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 Fifth-Generation Computer
1980-onwards
- In this fifth generation, the VLSI technology
has evolved into what is called Ultra Large-Scale
Integration (ULSI) technology, with the manufacture of
microprocessor chips having 10 million electronic
components.
- In this generation involves computer
intelligence which is associated with artificial intelligence
(AI), natural language, and expert system that interpret
the means and practice of producing computers that
think like human beings.

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 Innovation in Fifth-Generation

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 ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION

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 1
The Early Years
Chinese Abacus
The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia.
It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead
or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.

Roman Abacus Russian Abacus

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 2
Napier's bones (1600s)
Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device
created by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and
quotients of numbers.

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 3
Pascaline (1642)
Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator called
Pascaline. This calculating machine could add and subtract two
numbers directly and multiply and divide by repetition.

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Pascaline signed by Pascal
 4 Difference Engine (1812)
Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer",
designed a machine, the difference engine which would be
steam - powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed
instruction program.

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 5 Ada Lovelace(1840s)
Ada Lovelace, world's first computer programmer,
provided the first algorithm intended to be processed by
Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose
computer, the Analytical Engine.
She suggested that a binary system should be used
for storage rather than a decimal system.

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 6
Boolean logic(1850s)
George Boole developed Boolean logic which
would later be used in the design of computer
circuitry.

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 7 Hollerith’s Tabulator(1890s)
Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical,
punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile
information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so
successful that he started his own business to market it. His company
would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).

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 8 Vacuum Tube(1906)
The vacuum tube is invented by American
physicist Lee De Forest.

Triode vacuum tube

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 9 Turing Machine(1943)
British mathematician Alan Turing developed a hypothetical
device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform
logical operation and could read and write.

Model of Turing Machine

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 10 Harvard Mark I
Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM,
constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer
called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four
arithmetic operations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms
and trigonometric functions.

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 11 ENIAC
The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
machine was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr.
at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card
input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space.

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 THE COMPUTER AND
COMPUTER SYSTEMS:
HARDWARE, SOFTWARE,
AND PEOPLEWARE

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 Computer
- A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or
data.
- It has the ability to store , retrieve, and process data. It contains both
hardware components and software applications.

System
- A system is a combination of components working together.

Computer System
- A computer system is a group of elements performing together to
process data.

INPUT PR O C ESS OUTPUT

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 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
PEOPLEWARE

SOFTWARE

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 HARDWARE
- It pertains to the computer’s physical devices.
- It is any part of the computer that can be seen and
touched.
- It is consists of interrelated electronic devices that are
used to manipulate the computer’s operation, input
devices, and output devices.
- the tangible objects used with programs in the computer
system
- refers to the physical components of the computer
system, like chips, disk drives, monitors, keyboards,
printers, & ports.

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 System Unit
- Is the enclosure composed of the main elements of a computer
that are used to administer data.
- The circuitry of the system unit containing the primary
components of a computer with connectors into which other
circuit boards can be positioned is recognized as motherboard.

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 Motherboard
- is the printed circuit board in the computer that
holds the microprocessor, expansion slots, additional
processor chips, & wires that compose the bus.

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 Central Processing Unit
- is called the brain of the computer because all the inputs
from the devices comes to it and it processes the
information and sends the output to the device and
everything is stored it which helps on the functioning of
the PC.
- Is part of the computer that performs calculations and
controls the other parts of the computer.
- also called a central processor, main processor or just
processor
- Is an integrated circuit, contains I/O bus driver, ALU
(arithmetic logic unit), registers, & an instruction
decoder or control unit to direct the operation of other
parts.
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 Central Processing Unit

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 Memory
- is the internal storage area in
the computer.
- Measured in megabytes (MB)
for most PCs or gigabytes (GB)
for high-end systems.

• R AN D OM - ACCESS • READ- ONLY

MEMO R Y ( RAM) M E M OR Y ( R OM )
– also considered as the main memory – is the type of memory which
– can BOTH write and read into it permits you to read data only.

– is volatile; thus, dependent on – thus, cannot be written to

electricity to maintain its contents. – non-volatile memory
– e.g. contains instructions
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for starting up PC
 Expansion Slots
- is portals that allow new signals to enter the
computer & directly read its circuitry.
- any device that snaps into an expansion slot is known
generically as an expansion card.
e.g. VIDEO ADAPTERS, JOYSTICK ADAPTERS, etc.

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 Power Supply
- aims at regulation, maintaining the voltage as close
as possible to the ideal that’s desired by the circuits
inside your PC.
- As it operates, the power supply of your PC attempts to
make the direct current that’s supplied to your
computer as pure as possible, as close to the ideal DC
power as produced by batteries.

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 Ports
- enables the flow of information, into and out of a
computer.

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 Input Devices
- Is use to enter and send data and instructions from the user
or from another computer system on the internet while
output devices send back the administered data to the user or
to another computer system.

Mouse
-Lets one select options from on-screen menus. A mouse is
used by moving it on a flat surface, pressing its two buttons (left and right),
and scrolling the wheel that is located between the buttons.
* Trackball - is a alternatives to using a mouse.
* Touchpad – is also called a trackpad.

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 Keyboard
- Is the most common input device that
accepts letters, numbers and commands from the user.

Microphone
- Allows a user to speak into the computer to input
data and instructions. While there are available stand-alone
microphones for computers, most of the time, users buy a headset
– a combination of microphone and earphones – for the sake of
practicality

Digital Camera
- Allows one to take pictures then transfer the
photographed images to the computer or printer instead of storing the
images on a traditional film.
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 PC Video Camera
- Is a digital video camera that enables users to
create a movie or take still photographs electronically. With the
PC video camera attached to the computer, users can see each
other as they communicate via the computer.

Scanner
- Converts printed material (such as text and pictures) into
a form the computer can use. There are different types of scanners
available; the most common is the flatbed scanner. Another type
becoming common nowadays is the hand-held or portable scanners.

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 Output Devices
- Is any hardware component that transmits information to one or more
people.
Commonly used out devices are as follows:
Printer
- Produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper. The two types of
printer are the impact printer and the non-impact printer.
* Impact printer – makes contract with the paper by pressing an inked.
* Non-impact printer – does not use a striking device to produce characters on the
paper.

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 Head Set/Headphones
- Is a hardware device that connects to a telephone or computer,
allowing the user to listen while keeping their hands free.

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 Projector
- Projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an
image (or moving images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most
projectors create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens,
but some newer types of projectors can project the image directly, by using
lasers.

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 Speaker
- Allows one to hear music, voice and other sounds. The signal used
to produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker is created by the
computers sound card.

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 Monitor
- Displays text, graphics, and videos on a screen. Many monitors look
similar to a television. The three types of monitor available in the market are the
following:
* Cathode ray tube (CRT) – is a vacuum tube containing an electron
gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at another end.
* Liquid crystal display (LCD)- is a flat-panel display that consist of a
layer of color or monochrome pixels.
* Light-emitting diode (LED) – is a flat-panel display that uses light –
emitting diodes for backlighting.

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 Storage Devices
- A computer can be utilized with only processing, memory, input, and
output. To make it very valuable a computer also needs a place to hold
program files and all related files when they are not in use.
- The goal of using a storage is to keep data permanently.
- Enables a user to store large amounts of data in a relatively small
physical space, and makes sharing information with others easy.

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 Floppy Disks
- is the premier data exchange medium for computers &
most popular back up system.

DISK CAPACITY

5¼” 160KB, 180KB, 320KB, 360KB,

1.2MB
3½” 720KB, 1.44MB, 2.88MB

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 Hard Disks
- (also known as a hard drive, HD,
or HDD) can be found installed in
almost every desktop computer
and laptop.
- It stores files for the operating
system and software programs, as
well as user documents, such as
photographs, text files, and audio.
- The hard drive uses magnetic
storage to record and retrieve
digital information to and from
one or more fast-spinning disks.

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 Solid State Drive (SSD)
- A solid state drive uses flash
memory to store data and is
sometimes used in devices such as
netbooks, laptop, and desktop
computers instead of a traditional
hard disk drive.
- The advantages of an SSD over a
HDD include a faster read/write
speed, noiseless operation, greater
reliability, and lower power
consumption. The biggest
downside is cost, with an SSD
offering lower capacity than an
equivalently priced HDD.
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 USB flash drive
- Also known as a thumb drive, pen
drive, flash-drive, memory stick,
jump drive, and USB stick, the USB
flash drive is a flash memory data
storage device that incorporates an
integrated USB interface.
- Flash memory is generally more
efficient and reliable than optical
media, being smaller, faster, and
possessing much greater storage
capacity, as well as being more
durable due to a lack of moving
parts.

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 Secure Digital (SD) card
- A common type of memory card,
SD cards are used in multiple
electronic devices, including
digital cameras and mobile
phones.
- Although there are different sizes,
classes, and capacities available,
they all use a rectangular design
with one side "chipped off" to
prevent the card from being
inserted into the camera or other
device the wrong way.

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 Compact Disc
- Also known for short as a CD, is a form
of optical storage, a technology which
employs lasers and lights to read and
write data.
- Compact discs were used purely for
music audio, but in the late 1980's they
began to be also used for computer data
storage.
- Initially, the compact discs that were
introduced were CD-ROM's (read only),
but this was followed by CD-R's
(writable compact discs) and CD-RW's
(re-writable compact discs).

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 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
- DVD (an abbreviation of digital versatile disc)
is a digital optical disc storage format that can
store any kind of digital data and is widely
used for software and other computer files as
well as video programs.
- DVDs offer higher storage capacity
than compact discs while having the same
dimensions.
◇ Capacity:
4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer –
common)
8.5 GB (single-sided, double-layer)
9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer)
17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer)
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 Blu-ray Disc
- Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital
optical disc data storage format. It was
designed to supersede the DVD format,
and is capable of storing several hours of
video in high-definition (HDTV 720p and
1080p).
◇ Capacity:
25 GB (single-layer)
50 GB (dual-layer)
100/200/300 GB (BDXL)

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 SOFTWARE
- is a set of instructions, data or programs used to
operate computers and execute specific tasks.
- programs and routines for a computer or the
program material for an electronic device which
make it run.
- may be downloaded and may be temporarily
stored in a physical medium (e.g. diskette, hard
disk, etc.)

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 Classification of Software
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
- controls the application processing and hardware resources such
as memory, disk space, & peripheral devices.

Category Examples
DOS, OS/2, Windows, Windows
Operating
NT, UNIX, Novell
System

Norton, PC Tools, Anti-Virus, Editor, Disk

Utilities Scanner, Debugger

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 2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
- It is created to assist users with a specific task
- Some of the popular applications:
- perform word processing
- manipulate spreadsheets
- manage database
- communicate with other computers

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 2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
- It is nothing more than a list of instructions used to compose a
step-by-step algorithm, the computer program.
- a recipe for a microprocessor or the step-by- step instructions in a
how-to manual.
- representation of the instructions in human- recognizable form

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 PEOPLEWARE
- Is the person who use computer to work about their jobs, include
individual people, teams of people, business innovators and end users
- refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in the
development or use of computer software and hardware systems.

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 Category Examples of IT Careers
Technician Computer Technician

Encoder Data Encoder

Database Programmer, System
Programmer Programmer, Application Programmer,
Game Programmer

Analyst Programmer Analyst, System Analyst

Database Administrator, Network
Administrator Administrator

Manager EDP/MIS/ITS Manager, Project

manager

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 Thank
You!
Any questions?
You can message me:
◇ @jessamaeestallo
◇ jmestallo@cspc.edu.ph
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