07-11, 12:30 PM
Human Reproduction
INTRODUCTION
Reproductively Active after Puberty
|
Viviparous — HUMANS — Sexually reproducing
|
Remarkable difference in males & females
REPRODUCTIVE EVENTS :
(1) Gametogenesis : Formation of Gametes
(2) Insemination : Transfer of sperms into female
Genital tract
(3) Fertilization : Fusion of Gametes
(4) Implantation : Formation & development of
blastocyst & attachment to uterine
walls
(5) Gestation : Period of embryonic Development
(6) Parturition : Delivery of Baby
07-11, 12:30 PM
Important
Sperm formation continues in male , but formation of
Ovum closes in women around age of fifty years
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(In pelvis region)
Includes : Pair of Testes
Accesory Ducts
Glands
External Genitalia
TESTES
~Smooth organ , Outside abdominal Cavity
~In a Pouch called - Scrotum
Maintains 2-2.5°C lower temperature than
normal body - Necessary for spermatogenesis
~Adults - Ovul in Shape
~Dense Covering
~Has 250 Compartments
|
Testicular lobules
07-11, 12:30 PM
Each lobule 1-3 highly coiled Seminiferous tobule
In which sperms are produced
|
Has Two Types of Cells
⬋ ⬊
Male germ cells Sertoli Cells
-Meiotic Divisions -Provide nutrition to
-Forms sperms to germ cells
-Regulated by FSH
LEYDIG CELLS
⬋ ⬊
Secrete Testicular Interstitial Cells
Hormones ⬇
⬇ Present in regions
Androgens outside seminiferous
tubules
Immunologically cells are also present near it
Accessory Ducts
Includes : Rete Testis
07-11, 12:30 PM
Vasa Efferentia
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the
Vasa efferentia through Rete testis
↓
Leave the testis & open into epididymis
(Along posterior Surface)
↓
Epididymis leads to vas deferens
↓
Ascends to the abdomen & loops over the urinary
bladder
Vas deferens receives a duct from seminal vesicle &
opens into urethra as the ejaculatory duct
|
Store & Transport Sperms
Urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends
through the penis to its external opening - Urethral
Meatus
07-11, 12:30 PM
↶ GLANDS ↷
Seminal vesicles | Bulbourethral
(Paired) Prostate (Paired)
|
Helps in Lubrication of Penis
Secretions Constitute - Seminal plasma (rich in
fructose) , Calcium and Certain Enzymes
Figure-3.1(a) Figure-3.1(b)
07-11, 12:30 PM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(In Pelvic Region)
Consists of : Ovaries
Oviducts
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
External genitalia
Mammary Glands
Integrated structurally & Functionally to support
Ovulation , Fertilisation , Pregnancy , Birth & Child care
OVARIES
-Primary female sex Organ
-Produce female gamete (Ovum)
-Several Steroid hormones (Ovarian Hormones)
-Located on Lower side of each abdomen
-About 2-4cm in length
07-11, 12:30 PM
-Covered by Thin epithelium which Encloses
Ovarian Stroma
⬋ ⬊
Peripheral cortex Inner medulla
FALLOPIAN TUBE / OVIDUCT
-About 10-20cm Long
-Extends from ovary to uterus
Infundibulum :
-Funnel Shaped
-Part closer to ovary
-The edges have finger-like projections called
Fimbriae - Collect ovum after ovulation
Leads to Ampulla
-Last part of Oviduct Before Isthmus
|
Narrow lumen & Joins uterus
-Wider Part
-Here fertilization take place
07-11, 12:30 PM
#Ovum is released in a Cavity
UTERUS - Single
-Also called Womb
-Inverted pear like shape
-Supported by ligaments - attached to pelvic cavity
-Opens into Vagina through narrow Cervix
| |
Vaginal Canal Cervical Canal
Cervical Canal along with Vagina
forms Birth Canal
Uterus Surrounded By Three layers
Perimetrium Endometrium Myometrium
-External -Inner -Middle
-Thin -Glandular layer -Thick layer
Membranous -Undergoes cyclic -Exhibits strong
changes during contraction
menstruation during
07-11, 12:30 PM
Parturation
FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Includes :
Mons Pubis - Cashion of fatty tissue
-Covered by Skin & Public Hairs
Labia Majora - Fleshy folds
-Extends down from mons pubis & surrounds Vagina
opening
Labia Minora - Folds of Tissue
-Under labia majora
Hymen - Partially covers opening of vagina
Clitoris - Tiny finger like projections
-Lies at upper junction of labia minora
07-11, 12:30 PM
Hymen is often torn during first coitus (intercourse)
~But it's presence or absence is not a reliable indicator of
virginity or sexual experience
~Because it may be torn due to active participation in
some sports like Horse-riding , Cycling etc
~Or by sudden fall or jolt , Insertion of a vaginal Tampon
MAMMARY GLANDS
-Paired structures (breasts)
-Conatin glandular tissue & variable amount of fat
-Glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-20
mammary lobes containing clusters of cells called Alveoli
Alveoli — Cells secrete Milk — Stored in cavities
(lumens) of alveoli
Alveoli opens into — mammary tubules — mammary
07-11, 12:30 PM
Duct
|
mammary ampulla
|
Lactiferous Duct
|
Through which milk is sucked out
Figure-3.3(a) Figure3.3(b)
07-11, 12:30 PM
Figure-3.4
07-11, 4:33 PM
GAMETOGENESIS - Begins at Puberty
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Includes :
(a) Formation of spermatids -Process of formation
(b) Spermiogenesis of Ova
(Formation of spermatids
Into Spermatozoa)
Both Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis have Three phases in
Common :
-Multiplication Phase
-Growth phase
-Maturation phase
SPERMATOGENESIS
~In Multiplication phase
Male germ cells also c/a Spermatogonia undergo
mitotic divisions to form large number of
Spermatogonia
07-11, 4:33 PM
~In Growth Phase
Spermatogonia increases their size by accumulation of
nutrition in the cytoplasm & are ready for meitoic division &
the spermatocytes are c/a Primary
Spermatocytes with 46 Chromosomes
~In Maturation Phase
Primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division
leading formation of two equal, haploid cells
c/a Secondary Spermatocytes
|
Which have only 23 Chromosomes each & the secondary
spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to
produce four equal , Haploid
Spermatids
SPERMIOGENESIS
Spermatids transformed into Spermatozoa (sperms)
|
Process called Spermiogenesis
07-11, 4:33 PM
After spermiogenesis , Sperm head became
embedded in Sertoli cells
|
Released from seminiferous tubules by Spermiation
Correct Order of Spermatogenesis :
Spermatogonia → spermatocyte → Spermatid
↓
Sperms
SPERMATOGENESIS
Start due to increase in Secretion of GnRH
Increased | level |
Acts on anterior pituitary gland is a hypotha-
⬋ Stimulation ⬊ -lamic hormone
Luteinising Follicle stimulating
Hormone (LH) Hormone (FSH)
| acts | acts
Leydig cells Sertoli Cells
| |
Secretion & synthesis Secrete some factors
07-11, 4:33 PM
of angrogens responsible for
| spermiogenesis
Stimulates
Spermatogenesis
STRUCTURE OF SPERM
Plasma membrane covers the wholly Body
Head - has elongated haploid nucleus
-Anterior portion covered by cap like structure
Acrosome
↓
Filled with enzyme - Helps in fertilization of Ovum
Neck
Middle Piece - Numerous Mitochondria
↓
Produce energy for movement of Tail
Tail - Facilitate Sperm motility essential for fertilisation
07-11, 4:33 PM
#For normal fertility Atleast 60% sperms must have
normal shape & size , Atleast 40% must show
vigorous motility
Semen - Seminal Plasma + Sperms
|
Secretion of accesory Glands
#Function of male sex accesory ducts & glands are
maintained by Testicular Hormone (Androgen)
07-11, 4:33 PM
Figure-3.6
OOGENESIS
~Process of formation of a mature female gamete
~Germinal epithelial cells divide by mitosis to produce a
large number of gamete mother cells or oogonia
~Oogoniamultiply by mitosis and form primary oocytes
GROWTH PHASE
-Each primary oocyte then gets surrounded by a layer
of granulosa cells and called primary follicle
-Primary oocytes enlarge and mature by obtaining food
from follicle cells
-primary follicles get surrounded by more layers
ofgranulosa cells and a new theca and called Secondary
follicle
-Secondary follicle soon transforms into a tertiary
follicle
|
07-11, 4:33 PM
characterised by a fluid filled cavity called Antrum
Theca layer organises into
⬋ ⬊
Theca Theca
Interna Externa
-Primary oocyte within the tertiary follicle grows
in size & completes its first meiotic division
|
Unequal division & forms a large Secondary
Oocyte & tiny first Polar Body
-Tertiary follicle - Mature follicle /Graafian follicle
↓
Ovulation ← Ruptures to release secon-
-dary oocyte
Secondary oocyte forms a new membrane
|
Zona Pellucida
07-11, 4:33 PM
Figure-3.7
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
~Reproductive cycle in female primate
~Eg : Apes , Monkeys & Human beings
Important
~Last Mensuration - Menopause
~First Mensuration - Menarche
~Cycle repeated at internal of about 28/29 days
07-11, 4:33 PM
~Ovum is released during middle of menstrual cycle
Has Three Phases
(a) Menstruation / Bleeding Phase
(b) Follicular Phase
(c) Luteal Phase
MENSTRUATION/ BLEEDING PHASE
-About 40ml Blood
-For 3-5 Days
Due to breakdown of endometrium - Form liquid
Lining of uterus + Blood vessels |
-Comes out through vagina
-Dosen't clot
~Occur only if released ovum is not fertilized
~If fertilized (No menstruation)
|
Indicator of Pregnancy
~Can be diffused by combination of estrogen
|
Progestrogen
07-11, 4:33 PM
#Lack of menstruation can be due to Stess , Poor
health etc
FOLLICULAR PHASE
Primary follicles → Graafian follicles
-Endometrium regenetaes through Proliferation
-Increased secretion of GnRH (FSH & LH) & Stimulates
follicular development as well as
secretion of Estrogen
-LH and FSH attain max. peak level in the middle of
cycle about 14th day
-Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level during
the mid-cycle c/a LH surge induces rupture of Graafian
follicle & thereby the release of ovum k/a Ovulation
LUTEAL PHASE
-Ruptured part of Graafian follicle transforms into
yellow body - Corpus luteum
↓
07-11, 4:33 PM
Secretes large amount of Progesterone hormone
↓
Maintains the endometrium for implantation of
fertilized ovum
-During pregnancy all events of the menstrual
cycle stop & there is no menstruation
-In the absence of fertilization , the corpus luteum
degenerates
|
Causes Disintegration of Endometrium
|
Leading to menstruation & new cycle begins
~Human beings - menstrual cycles ceases around 50
years of age and k/a Menopause
#Cyclic menstruation is an indication of normal
reproductive phase & extends between menarche &
menopause
07-11, 4:33 PM
FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION
Insemination
semen (by penis) inserted into
↓
Vagina
↓
Cervix
↓
Site of ← Amoullary region ← Uterus
Fertilisation
Important
-Fertilisation can occur only if the ovum & sperms are
transported simultaneously to ampullary region
↓
Reason why not all copulations lead to fertilisation
↓
Fusion of male & female gamete
07-11, 6:14 PM
FERTILISATION
Sperm → Contact with zone → Induces changes in
Pellucida membrane
↓
Blocks entry of
additional sperms
Secretion of → Helps sperm enter into the
Acrosome cytoplasm of ovum through
Zona Pellucida
↓
Induces completion of meiotic
division of secondary oocyte
↓
Unequal Division
⬋ ⬊
2nd Polar Body Haploid ovum (ootid)
↓
Haploid nucleus of sperm &
that of ovum fuse together
↓
07-11, 6:14 PM
Diploid Zygote
Zygote mitotic Division → Isthmus of Oviduct
(Clevage)
↓
Uterus
Forms 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 daughter cells - Blastomeres
↓
Embryo with 8 to 16
Blastomeres - morula
↓
Continuous to divide
& transforms into
Blastocyst
Blastocyst
|
Arranged into Two layers
⬋ ⬊
Toophoblast Inner cell mass
07-11, 6:14 PM
-Outer layer -Inner layer
-Gets attached to -Gets differentiation
Endometrium as embryo
After attachment , Uterine cells divide rapidly &
Covers the Blastocyst
|
become embedded in the endometrium of uterus
|
Is called Implantation
MECHANISM OF SEX DETERMINATION
Female XX Male XY
⬋ ⬊ ⬋ ⬊
X X X Y
If Zygote has XX combination - girl child
If Zygote has XY combination - Boy child
Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
07-11, 6:14 PM
Implantation → Finger like projections → Called
(On trophoblast) chronic
Villi
↓
Surrounded by uterine
tissue & maternal Blood
↓
Chorionic villi become integrated
With Uterine tissue
↓
jointly form a structure &
function unit b/w developing
foetus & maternal Body
↓
Called Placenta
PLACENTA
-Facilitate supply of O2 & nutrients to embryo
-Removal of CO2 & excretory material
-Act as an endocrine tissue
-Produces hormones like hCG , hPL , estrogen ,
Progestrons
07-11, 6:14 PM
-Connected to embryo by Umbilical cord
-In later phase of Pregnancy - secretes relaxin
-Hormone called Relaxin is secreted by the ovary in the
later phase of pregnancy
-hCG, hPL and relaxin are produced in women only during
pregnancy
-Levels of other hormones like estrogens ,
progestogens , Cortisol , prolactin , thyroxine etc are
increased several folds in the maternal blood
-Increased production of all the hormones is
essential
|
For supporting the fetal growth, metabolic changes
in the mother & maintenance of pregnancy
-After implantation, the inner cell mass is
Differentiated into :
outer layer - ectoderm
07-11, 6:14 PM
inner layer - endoderm with a middle
Three layers give rise to organs in adults
-Cells which have the potency to give rise to any types of
cells in the body are c/a Stem cells
PREGNANCY
-Human pregnancy lasts for 9 months (40 weeks)
Heart develops - after 1 one of pregnancy
Limbs develop - By the end of second month
Major organ system - end of 3 months
-First movement and appearance of hairs are during fifth
month of pregnancy
-By the end of 24 weeks, the body covers with fine hair,
eye-lids separate, eyelashes form
-By the end on nine month, the fetus fully develops
07-11, 6:14 PM
PARTURITION
Duration of pregnancy 9 months - Gestation period
~Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of
pregnancy causes expulsion/delivery of the fetus
|
Parturition
~Singnals originate from fully developed foetus & Placenta
Induces mild uterine contraction - fetal ejection
reflex
|
Releases Oxytocin Hormone
OXYTOCIN
-Causes contraction of uterus which in turn stimulates
further oxytocin secretion
Leads to expulsion of Baby
⬋ ⬊
Through Birth canal After this , placenta is
also expelled out
07-11, 6:14 PM
LACTATION :
Mammary Glands Differentiate
|
Produce milk toward end of pregnancy
|
Contains antibodies essential for new born
Colostrum - Milk produced during initial Days
#Breast feeding during the initial period of infant is
recommended by doctors for bringing up a healthy Baby
#Capacitation - refers to changes in sperm before
fertilisation
Removal of Uterus - Hysterectomy
07-11, 6:14 PM
