Report on Drug Abuse and

Addiction
In partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the course of Master of Business
Administration

Human Values, De-addiction and Traffic Rules (Lab/Seminar)

HVPE102-18

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Sonam Sharma CHIRAG GOYAL

Assistant Professor 2237522

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S NO. TOPIC PAGE NO

1 Meaning of Drug Addiction 2

2 Reasons of Drug Addiction 4

3 Problem of Drug Abuse 4-7

4 Factors of Addiction 8-11

5 Signs of Drug Abuse 12-14

6 Commonly Abused Drugs 15-17

7 Drugs and Brain 18-20

8 Treatment and Recovery 24-27

9 Conclusion 28-30

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 Drug Addiction
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disease that requires integrated treatment of
the mind, body, and spirit. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the
brain‚ its structure and how it works.
Drug addiction can start with experimentation in social settings, becoming more frequent
with time. Other drug addictions (especially those involving opioids) start when taking
prescribed medications.
In fact, prescription painkillers are the most abused drug in the US after marijuana. More
individuals die from opioid painkiller overdoses every day than from traffic accidents and
gun deaths combined.
Individuals struggling with drug addiction often feel they cannot function normally
without their drug of choice. This can lead to a wide range of issues that impact
professional goals, personal relationships, and overall health. Over time, these serious
side effects can be progressive and, if left untreated, fatal.
Drug addiction is a chronic, progressive brain disease that requires integrated treatment
of the mind, body, and spirit. Brain changes can be long-lasting, and the disease can be
fatal without treatment.
Drug use, when addiction takes hold, is compulsive and difficult to control, despite its
harmful consequences.
Relapse is common but isn’t necessarily a sign that drug addiction treatment isn’t
working. Such treatment should be ongoing and adjusted based on how you respond to it.

The layman's definition of addiction is a "fact or condition of being addicted to a

particular substance, thing, or activity." Medically it is a "chronic, relapsing disorder
characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequence,
and long-lasting changes in the brain." This current Oxford English dictionary definition
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can be traced back to Roman law in which addiction was a "formal giving over by
sentence of the court. The concept finds meaning in the relinquishment of control by the
"addicted" person identical to how drug-dependent patients succumb to the cravings for
their drug of choice. Two main concepts of addiction involve substance addiction (drug
addiction), which is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a repeating desire to
take a drug continuously despite the drug's harmful consequences. Non-substance
addiction (behavioural addiction) does not involve a drug but includes similar behaviours
as when one uses a drug such as pathological gambling, food addiction, internet
addiction, gaming, sex addiction, and mobile phone addiction.

REASON OF WHY PEOPLES TAKE DRUGS

While there are emotional, psychological, and physical reasons why people may choose
to abuse drugs in the first place, there are several triggers that fall within these reasons.
Emotional stress can develop due to a number of reasons. It can be the result of a loss
such as a job, a death, a divorce, or finances. Even health issues and medical conditions
can cause severe emotional damage. Physically, many people use drugs to boost their
endurance, improve their focus, or enhance their appearance in some capacity. Finally,
drug use is also the result of psychological factors such as mental illness, mental trauma,
or even just general attitude and beliefs.
Regardless of the triggers for drug use, it’s important to learn how to cope in healthy and
productive ways. Unfortunately, many people turn to substances as an easy or perceived
helpful way to cope.
Here are some of the most common causes of drug abuse and why substance use occurs
in different people:
1. Grieving a death
2. End of a relationship
3. Mental illness
4. Environmental influences
5. Relaxation
6. Self-medication
7. Financial burdens
8. Career pressures
9. School pressures
10. Family demands
11. Peer and Social Pressure
12. Abuse and trauma
13. Boredom
14. To fit in
15. Curiosity and experimentation
16. Rebellion
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 17. To be in control
18. To enhance performance
19. Isolation
20. Misinformation or ignorance
21. Instant Gratification
22. Wide availability
1. Grieving: The death of a loved one, such as a close friend or family member, or even a
mentor who positively influenced a person, is emotionally devastating for people.
Different people handle grief in different ways. Some people are able to seek counselling
or work through grief on their own in healthy ways. Other people really struggle with
emotional or physical loss, so they use drugs as a way of coping with grief in the short-
term. However, this short-term coping mechanism may transition into a long-term
dependence for some people.
2. Destructive events in a person’s life. When a relationship ends through a breakup or
divorce, it can negatively impact self-confidence. This goes on to affect other areas of life
including career, friendships, families, and even one’s ability to find a purpose. If the
person doesn’t have appropriate emotional support available to them, they may use drugs
as a way of grieving the loss of their relationship.
3. Mental Illness: A complex trigger of substance abuse is mental illness. There are
several varieties of mental illness that manifest themselves in different ways. Some
people who face mental health challenges are vulnerable to using drugs as a way of
rationalizing or making sense of their illness. Others who face depression or anxiety
disorders may use drugs to help lift them out of these low mental states.
4. Environmental Influences: The environment that a person has been exposed to can
influence and trigger drug use. Growing up in poverty or in households with drug
addiction, abuse, crime or other negative factors can create a high risk for substance
abuse in those exposed to these conditions. They may perceive drug use as normal or
acceptable. Or, they may psychologically believe this to be a pattern they can fall into.
5. Relaxation: The average adult faces typical life obligations such as bills, family, and
work. Because of this, many people look for outlets to help relax and find a balance
between responsibilities and having fun. Unfortunately, some people may use drugs as an
outlet to help relax and unwind on evenings and weekends. If left unaddressed, this
pattern can develop into a dependence or addiction.
6. Self-Medication: When people face physical or emotional pain, they may use drugs to
self-medicate. This means they use drugs that aren’t prescribed to them by a doctor.
Instead, they use drugs such as painkillers to administer pain relief to themselves. Certain
painkillers have highly addictive properties, which often leads to developing an addiction
to them.

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7. Financial Stress: The burden of financial stress can be intolerable for many people.
Money pressures can cause people to feel trapped, desperate, and out of control. These
feelings lead to emotional and psychological conditions that trigger drug use. Drugs can
often help people to forget about their financial responsibilities or avoid dealing with
them altogether.
8. Career Pressures: It is common in today’s society to have your identity tied to your
career. For many people, their career places a lot of pressure on them to perform, which
is often reflected in their idea of their own self-worth. This type of pressure can cause
emotional and psychological stress. To help perform better or alleviate work stress, it’s
possible to turn to drugs to help cope, forget failures, or boost performance.
9. School Pressures: Similar to career pressures, school pressure is another one of the
common reasons people abuse drugs. Many people face large workloads with classes and
homework, financial stress from student loans, balancing family and work while going to
school and the pressure to perform academically. These stressful conditions make it easy
for some people to be more susceptible to drug use as a way of coping.
Additionally, professional educational programs such as medical or law school have even
greater standards of academic achievement, coupled with higher financial costs. It is not
uncommon for students in graduate programs to use stimulants and other drugs as a
means of boosting their cognitive performance.
10. Family Demands: Typical family demands include balancing work with raising kids,
as well as financial obligations towards family members. But, when those demands
become overwhelming, it can be difficult to manage. This may be especially true for
young mothers who can face feelings of isolation, loneliness, and anxiety. Drug use,
especially through prescription pills, can become an easy way for parents to help cope
with family demands.
11. Peer and Social Pressure: One of the most well-known ways for people — especially
teens and young adults — to start using drugs is through external pressures from other
people. Commonly known as peer pressure, people may begin using drugs because of the
influence of their peers. For them, it becomes something they all share in common, and
so they feel pressured to continue to use drugs even if they understand the dire
consequences.
Additionally, younger people may experience social pressure to use drugs from
television, social media, and other celebrity influences. It’s possible that people see drug
use being glorified in the media, and so they feel pressured to participate as well.

12. Trauma and Abuse: Past or current traumas such as abuse, accidents, emergencies and
other events can negatively impact people psychologically. Traumatic events can imprint
in memory, making it difficult to move past them. Even traumas that occurred during

6
childhood can resurface in adult years, bringing up new thoughts and feelings. Instead of
seeking professional help to address trauma in a healthy way, people may use drugs as a
means to help them forget these memories.
Present traumas, such as living in an abusive environment, can also trigger substance use
as a means of forgetting the pain and suffering. Often, abuse is faced on a regular or even
daily basis, and so drug use can quickly turn into an addiction in this case.
13. Enjoyment of Getting High: Many people try drugs once as an experiment and end up
finding euphoric sensations from these substances. The chemical reactions between the
drug and the brain cause a release of dopamine, which is pleasurable to many people.
When this happens, people will continue to chase that same euphoria and release because
they like how it makes them feel. It may make them feel more relaxed, self-confident, in
control, or any number of other outcomes.
14. Boredom: Teens and young adults often face feelings of boredom or monotony, as
many of them don’t yet have adult responsibilities such as careers, bills, higher education,
families, and more. Drug use may seem like a convenient or entertaining way to pass the
time. While this may not always lead to a full addiction, it can often become a go-to way
of alleviating boredom instead of choosing other positive activities.
Wanting to Fit In: Because human beings are social creatures, it’s important for us to feel
like we belong or fit in. This can affect people of any age but is most influential during
teenage and early adult years. If others around them are using drugs, they may fear
feeling left out, or that they won’t fit in. As a result, they place pressure on themselves to
use drugs as well.
15. Curiosity and Experimentation: For those who are around drugs, but haven’t yet used
them, they may hear positive feedback about certain drugs. They may become intrigued
or interested in their friends’ experiences, and so they try certain drugs as well. This isn’t
necessarily the result of the pressure of fear of not fitting in, but rather genuine curiosity
and a desire to try something new.
16. Rebellion: Certain personalities are more prone to rebellion or going against the
grain. This occurs in teens and even in adults. Because drug use is illicit or not socially
acceptable, it actually drives certain people to want to use them in order to rebel, stand
out or be different. For some people, this may simply be a phase of rebellion and
experimentation, or it may develop into an addiction.
17. Being in Control: When stressful periods of time occur with relationships, job loss,
health scares, or other tragedies, many people lose a sense of being in control of their
own lives. Drug use provides a false sense of being in control of health, emotions or
behaviours that many people find appealing. They may feel as though when everything
else around them is falling apart, they can rely on their substance use to give them
stability.

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PROBLMS OF DRUG ABUSE
The problem of drug abuse is a complex and multifaceted issue that has significant social,
health, and economic implications. Drug abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of
psychoactive substances, including both legal and illegal drugs. Here are some of the key
problems associated with drug abuse:
1. Health Consequences
-Physical Health: Drug abuse can lead to a wide range of health problems, including
cardiovascular issues, respiratory problems, liver disease, and an increased risk of
infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS).
- Mental Health: Drug abuse is often linked to mental health disorders such as
depression, anxiety, and psychosis.
- Overdose: The misuse of drugs, especially opioids and synthetic substances, can lead
to fatal overdoses.
2. Social and Economic Impact:
- Family Disruption: Drug abuse can tear families apart, causing conflicts, neglect of
responsibilities, and even child abuse.
- Lost Productivity: Individuals struggling with drug addiction may struggle to maintain
employment, leading to lost income and reduced economic productivity.
- Criminal Activity: Many individuals with drug addiction become involved in criminal
activities, such as drug trafficking or theft, to support their habits. This results in
increased crime rates.
3. Community Health and Safety:
- Public Safety: Drug-related crimes and violence can pose significant threats to the
safety of communities.
- Drug-Related Accidents: Impaired driving due to drug use contributes to accidents
and fatalities on the roads.
- Public Health Burden: The costs of healthcare and social services related to drug
abuse place a considerable burden on communities and governments.
4. Stigmatization:
- People with drug addiction often face social stigma and discrimination, which can
hinder their access to treatment and support.
5. Gateway to Further Drug Use:

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 - The use of some substances, especially among young people, can serve as a gateway
to more dangerous and addictive drugs.
6. Environmental Impact:
- The illegal cultivation of drug crops, such as poppy for heroin or coca for cocaine, can
lead to deforestation and ecological damage in certain regions.
7. Global Implications:
- The drug trade is often linked to organized crime and contributes to instability in
various regions, including parts of Latin America and Central Asia.

Addressing the problem of drug abuse requires a comprehensive approach that includes
prevention, treatment, and harm reduction strategies. Effective prevention programs,
access to quality addiction treatment, and supportive social policies can help mitigate the
impact of drug abuse on individuals and communities. Reducing the demand for drugs, as
well as disrupting the supply chain through law enforcement and international
cooperation, is also crucial in addressing this complex issue.

FACTORS OF DRUG ADDICTIONS

Drug addiction is influenced by a complex interplay of various factors. These factors can
be broadly categorized into biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors.
Understanding these factors is crucial in comprehending the development and persistence
of drug addiction. Here are the key factors:

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1. Biological Factors:
- Genetics: Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in addiction. Some
individuals may have a genetic vulnerability to certain substances, making them more
likely to become addicted.
- Neurochemistry: Certain drugs affect the brain's reward pathways, releasing
neurotransmitters like dopamine, which reinforce drug use. Over time, the brain may
become dependent on these substances to maintain a sense of well-being.

2. Psychological Factors:
- Mental Health: Individuals with pre-existing mental health disorders, such as
depression, anxiety, or trauma, may be more susceptible to self-medicate with drugs,
leading to addiction.
- Personality Traits: Certain personality traits, like impulsivity or sensation-seeking, can
increase the risk of drug addiction.
- Emotional Factors: Emotional factors, including stress, trauma, and negative
emotions, can drive individuals to use drugs as a coping mechanism.

3. Social Factors:
- Peer Pressure: Social influences, especially from peers who use drugs, can lead to
experimentation and continued use.
- Family Environment: A dysfunctional family environment, including family members
with substance abuse issues, can increase the risk of addiction.
- Social Support: A lack of social support and strong social networks can make it harder
for individuals to quit using drugs.
4. Environmental Factors:
- Accessibility: The availability and accessibility of drugs play a significant role.
Communities with a high prevalence of drug use may increase the likelihood of initiation.
- Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors: Cultural norms and socioeconomic status can
influence drug use. Some communities or subcultures may have higher rates of drug use.
- Marketing and Media: The promotion of drug use in media and advertising can
influence perceptions and behaviours.
5. Developmental Factors:

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 - Age of Onset: Early initiation of drug use during adolescence increases the risk of
addiction. The developing brain is more vulnerable to the effects of drugs.
- Developmental Stage: Life transitions, such as moving from adolescence to
adulthood, can influence drug use and addiction.
6. Physical Dependence and Tolerance:
- Repeated drug use can lead to physical dependence and tolerance, where individuals
need increasing amounts of the drug to achieve the desired effect. This physiological
factor can contribute to addiction.
7. Environmental Cues and Triggers:
- Environmental cues, such as places or situations associated with drug use, can trigger
cravings and relapse.
8. Peer and Social Networks:
- Social networks can strongly influence drug use and addiction. Being surrounded by
individuals who use drugs may make it more difficult to quit.

It's important to note that addiction is not solely determined by one or a few of these
factors; it's typically a combination of several interacting elements. Addressing drug
addiction often requires a holistic approach that includes medical, psychological, and
social interventions tailored to an individual's specific circumstances and needs.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ADDICTION

Signs you may have a drug problem:
You keep taking a drug after it's no longer needed for a health problem.
You need more and more of a substance to get the same effects (called "tolerance"), and
you can take more before you feel an effect.
You feel strange when the drug wears off. You may be shaky, depressed, and sick to your
stomach, sweat, or have headaches. You may also be tired or not hungry. In severe cases,
you could even be confused, have seizures, or run a fever.
You can't stop yourself from using the drug, even if you want to. You are still using it
even though it's making bad things happen in your life, like trouble with friends, family,
work, or the law.

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You spend a lot of your time thinking about the drug: how to get more, when you'll take
it, how good you feel, or how bad you feel afterward.
You have a hard time giving yourself limits. You might say you'll only use "so much" but
then can't stop and end up using twice that amount. Or you use it more often than you
meant to.
You've lost interest in things you once liked to do.
You've begun having trouble doing normal daily things, like cooking or working.
You drive or do other dangerous things (like use heavy machines) when you are on the
drug.
You borrow or steal money to pay for drugs.
You hide the drug use or the effect it is having on you from others.
You're having trouble getting along with co-workers, teachers, friends, or family
members. They complain more about how you act or how you've changed.
You sleep too much or too little, compared with how you used to. Or you eat a lot more
or a lot less than before.
You look different. You may have bloodshot eyes, bad breath, shakes or tremors,
frequent bloody noses, or you may have gained or lost weight.
You have a new set of friends with whom you do drugs and go to different places to use
the drugs.
You go to more than one doctor to get prescriptions for the same drug or problem.
You look in other people's medicine cabinets for drugs to take.
You take prescribed meds with alcohol or other drugs.
Signs and symptoms of drug addiction
Many times, the presence of a substance abuse problem is not obvious because an addict
will go to great lengths to keep his or her abuse a secret or will deny the presence of a
problem when confronted. However, the longer the substance abuse occurs, the more
noticeable the associated symptoms will become. Substance abuse can adversely affect an
individual’s behaviour, appearance, health, cognition, and emotions. The following
symptoms are those that indicate that someone may have a substance abuse problem:
Behavioural symptoms:
 Change in overall attitude with no identifiable cause
 Missing school or work
 Decline in performance at work or school

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 Not fulfilling roles or responsibilities
 Hyperactivity
 Lethargy
 Change in activities or hobbies
 Change in friends
 Declined participation in things that were once enjoyed
 Engaging in risky behaviours
 Poor coordination
 Increased conflict with others
 Social withdrawal or isolation
 Secretive or suspicious behaviour
Physical symptoms:

 Inability to sleep or consistently waking up throughout the night

 Loss of or increased appetite
 Weight loss or gain
 Bloodshot eyes
 Sweating
 Nausea and vomiting
 Runny nose or frequent rubbing of the nose
 Deterioration of physical health
 Irregular heartbeat
 Slurred speech
 Headaches
 Lack of hygiene
 Presence of needle marks
 Shakiness or tremors
 Diarrheal
Cognitive symptoms:
 Psychosis
 Paranoia
 Difficulty paying attention
 Delayed thinking
 Confusion
 Forgetfulness
 Detachment from reality
 Hindered decision-making abilities
 Hallucinations
 Delusions

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  Inability to reason
 Psychosocial symptoms:
 Depressed mood
 Increased anxiety
 Inability to experience pleasure
 Lowered self-esteem
 Oversensitivity
 Moodiness or irritability
 Drastic mood swings
 Agitation

COMMONLY USED DRUGS IN INDIA

Substance misuse and addiction are complicated and serious concerns that are
exacerbated when a youngster is involved, as drugs and alcohol may alter the growing
brain and have a detrimental impact on physical health. You must educate all about what
is drug abuse and what are its consequences.

Alcohol-
For the most part, moderate alcohol intake is harmless, but excessive drinking might
cause issues. Having more than one alcoholic drink per day for women or anybody over
65, or two drinks per day for males under 65, increases the chance of developing medical
disorders such as pancreatitis, liver, and heart disease over time. Any Nashi Mufti Kendra
in Pune deals with this problem on a daily basis.
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Methamphetamine-
This potent stimulant, and one of the Top 10 Drugs Abused by teens, which is usually
smoked, snorted, or injected as a white powder, is highly addictive. Methamphetamine
(often referred to as "meth"), like cocaine, can speed up the heart and produce
hyperthermia, or an abnormally high body temperature. Methamphetamine can produce
anxiety, sleeplessness, and even psychotic symptoms including hallucinations if taken for
a long time.
Cocaine-
Cocaine is a powerful, addictive stimulant that gives users a high feeling, which can be
pleasant or unpleasant depending on the person. Cocaine is usually consumed as a
powder, but it may also be smoked as a "crack" by forming it into a rock. Cocaine
constricts blood vessels and causes the heart to beat quicker. According to the doctors at a
premier De-Addiction rehabilitation centre in Pune, the majority of cocaine-related
deaths are due to cardiovascular complications.
Marijuana-
Sometimes known as weed, is a psychoactive plant-derived from all the parts of the
Cannabis saliva and Cannabis indicia plants. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a
psychoactive chemical found in plants. A substance use disorder reveals itself as
dependency or withdrawal symptoms when a drug is withdrawn or not consumed for an
extended period of time. The creation of endocannabinoid receptors is inhibited when
your brain grows used to the presence of marijuana in your bloodstream.

Nicotine-
Nicotine addiction is also a behavioural issue. People get dependent on cigarette-related
habits. They also establish the habit of smoking in certain situations, such as after meals
or when they are anxious. Nicotine is mostly absorbed by the inhalation of tobacco

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cigarette smoke. Tobacco is also smoked through pipes and cigars. Smokeless tobacco is
breathed by the nose as a powder or held in the mouth.
Inhalers-
Only a small percentage of drug users consume psychoactive substances by inhalation.
Inhalants are the only type of medication that youngsters use. Inhalants are used by 1.17
percent of children and 0.58 percent of adults. According to the AIIMS research, about
18 lakh adults and 4.6 lakh children are severely addicted.
According to the AIIMS research, India has over 12.6 lakh users in this category, with
one-third of them classified as hazardous or dependent. The state of Maharashtra has the
most users (6 lakh), followed by Telangana (2 lakh), Kerala (1 lakh), and Delhi (1 lakh)
(63,000).
In recent years, the prevalence of drug usage has increased, as has the number of people
convicted of drug-related offenses. Agouti rehabilitation Centre is a premier Alcohol
and drug rehabilitation centre in Ghaziabad which will assist you with any drug related
rehabilitation. Enrol to our Nashi Mufti Kendra in Mumbai in case of any serious
addiction.

DRUGS AND BRAIN

INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BRAIN
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal
cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum,
the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body,
processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense
organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain
is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head.
The cerebrum, the largest part of the human brain, consists of two cerebral hemispheres.
Each hemisphere has an inner core composed of white matter, and an outer surface –
the cerebral cortex – composed of grey matter. The cortex has an outer layer,
the neocortex, and an inner all cortex. The neocortex is made up of six neuronal layers,

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while the all cortex has three or four. Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into
four lobes – the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The frontal lobe is
associated with executive functions including self-control, planning, reasoning,
and abstract thought, while the occipital lobe is dedicated to vision. Within each lobe,
cortical areas are associated with specific functions, such as
the sensory, motor and association regions. Although the left and right hemispheres are
broadly similar in shape and function, some functions are associated with one side, such
as language in the left and visual-spatial ability in the right. The hemispheres are
connected by commissural nerve tracts, the largest being the corpus callosum.
The cerebrum is connected by the brainstem to the spinal cord. The brainstem consists of
the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum is connected to the
brainstem by three pairs of nerve tracts called cerebellar peduncles. Within the cerebrum
is the ventricular system, consisting of four interconnected ventricles in
which cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated. Underneath the cerebral cortex are
several important structures, including the thalamus, the epithalamiums, the pineal gland,
the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the subthalamus; the limbic structures,
including the amygdalae and the hippocampi, the claustrum, the various nuclei of
the basal ganglia, the basal forebrain structures, and the three circumventricular organs.
Brain structures that are not on the midline exist in pairs, so there are for example two
hippocampi and two amygdalae. The cells of the brain include neurons and
supportive glial cells. There are more than 86 billion neurons in the brain, and a more or
less equal number of other cells. Brain activity is made possible by the interconnections
of neurons and their release of neurotransmitters in response to nerve impulses. Neurons
connect to form neural pathways, neural circuits, and elaborate network systems. The
whole circuitry is driven by the process of neurotransmission.
Nerve cells (i.e., neurons) communicate via a combination of electrical and chemical
signals. Within the neuron, electrical signals driven by charged particles allow rapid
conduction from one end of the cell to the other. Communication between neurons occurs
at tiny gaps called synapses, where specialized parts of the two cells (i.e., the presynaptic
and postsynaptic neurons) come within nanometres of one another to allow for chemical
transmission. The presynaptic neuron releases a chemical (i.e., a neurotransmitter) that is
received by the postsynaptic neuron’s specialized proteins called neurotransmitter
receptors. The neurotransmitter molecules bind to the receptor proteins and alter
postsynaptic neuronal function. Two types of neurotransmitter receptors exist—ligand-
gated ion channels, which permit rapid ion flow directly across the outer cell membrane,
and G-protein–coupled receptors, which set into motion chemical signalling events
within the cell. Hundreds of molecules are known to act as neurotransmitters in the brain.
Neuronal development and function also are affected by peptides known as neurotrophins
and by steroid hormones. This article reviews the chemical nature, neuronal actions,
receptor subtypes, and therapeutic roles of several transmitters, neurotrophins, and
hormones. It focuses on neurotransmitters with important roles in acute and chronic

17
alcohol effects on the brain, such as those that contribute to intoxication, tolerance,
dependence, and neurotoxicity, as well as maintained alcohol drinking and addiction.

THE WAY HOW DRUGS WORK IN THE BRAIN

Introduction
Drugs are chemical substances that when taken into the body can have great impacts on
the brain and the body systems. Knowing how the brain works, and the impacts that
drugs can have on brain function and behaviour, will give you the knowledge and power
to make decisions about your own drug use.
Learning Objectives
Know what glia, neurons and neurotransmitters do in the brain
Describe how psychoactive drugs affect the brain when they interact with neurons
Understand how drugs work in the brain and body
Understand drug impacts on various body systems
Describe and understand the Biomedical and Biopsychosocial models
Learning Content
What happens to your brain and body when you take drugs? Taking drugs impacts the
brain. Taking drugs impacts homeostasis (steadiness between the different elements)
between the glia cells and neurons in the brain.
Glia cells maintain homeostasis and provide protection and support for neurons in the
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous systems.
The main functions of glia are to hold neurons in place by surrounding them, supply
oxygen and nutrients to neurons, insulate one neuron from another, remove dead neurons
and destroy pathogens, and help with synaptic connections and physiological processes
(Brodal, 2010).
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Neurons are cells that communicate with other cells via synapse connections. There are
three types of neurons:
Sensory neurons respond to stimuli by sensing signals sent to the brain and spinal cord
Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord
Interneurons connect neurons that are in the same region in the brain and spinal cord

EFFECT OF DRUG ADDICTION

Physical effects of drug misuse
 Psychoactive drugs are chemical compounds that affect the mind and body.
 Taking different drugs may cause:
 changes in coordination
 blood pressure and heart rate changes
 feelings of being more awake or sleepy
 improved sociability
 pain relief
 changes in the appearance of a person’s body


When chronic substance use occurs over a long period, these short-term physical effects
may cause long-term changes to a person’s brain and body.
The specific physical effects of substance use may vary among individuals and depend on
the substance, dosage, delivery method, and length of use.
Substance use can sometimes lead to serious health consequences, including Trusted
Source overdose and death.
Short-term physical effects
Using any drug can cause short-term physical effects. The following are examples of
common drugs, their short-term physical effects, and potential health risks due to SUD.

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 alcohol
 deficits in coordination
 a quickened heartbeat
 reddening of the skin or face
 dizziness
 nausea and vomiting
 potential hypothermia
 potential coma
 methamphetamines
 increased wakefulness and physical activity
 decreased appetite
 increased breathing
 increased or irregular heart rate
 increased blood pressure
 increased temperature
 cocaine
 narrowed blood vessels
 enlarged pupils
 increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure
 headache
 abdominal pain and nausea
 erratic and violent behaviour
 heart attack
 stroke
 seizure
 coma
 benzodiazepines
 slurred speech
 dizziness
 problems with movement
 slowed breathing
 lowered blood pressure
 heroin and other opioids
 dry mouth
 itching
 nausea
 vomiting
 slowed breathing and heart rate
 tobacco and nicotine
 increased blood pressure

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  increased breathing
 increased heart rate
 tobacco or nicotine:
 greatly increased risk of cancer — lung cancer due to smoking Trusted Source or
oral cancer due to chewing
 chronic bronchitis
 emphysema
 heart disease
 leukaemia
 cataracts
 pneumonia
Long-term physical effects
Using substances for an extended time may have long-term health consequences. These
lasting effects depend on multiple factors, including the substance, the amount, and how
long a person has used it.
Examples of commonly used drugs and potential long-term physical effects of
SUD include:
 alcohol:
 heart disease
 stroke
 liver disease and inflammation (alcoholic liver disease)
 pancreatitis
 digestive problems
 cancer of breast, mouth, throat, oesophagus, voice box, liver, colon, and rectum
 weakened Trusted Source immune system
 alcohol use disorder or alcohol dependence
 methamphetamines:
 severe dental problems
 weight loss
 intense itching leading to skin sores
 risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other diseases from shared needles
 cocaine and heroin — when a person snorts them, these drugs may cause:
 loss of sense of smell
 nosebleeds
 nasal damage and trouble swallowing
 other effects include:
 infection and death of bowel tissue from decreased blood flow
 inadequate nutrition and weight loss

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  collapsed veins
 abscesses
 infection of the lining and valves of the heart
 constipation and stomach cramps
 liver or kidney disease
 pneumonia
 fatal overdose
 tobacco or nicotine:
 greatly increased risk of cancer — lung cancer due to smoking Trusted Source or
oral cancer due to chewing
 chronic bronchitis
 emphysema
 heart disease
 leukaemia
 cataracts
 pneumonia
Mental effects of drug misuse
Long-term SUD may affect Trusted Source a person’s memory, behaviour, learning,
consciousness, and concentration.
Substances, such as alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, and opioids, are psychoactive drugs
that may change an individual’s brain function and structure after chronic use.
This Source in cognitive and behavioural changes and deficits that may remain even after
someone stops using.
The exact mental or cognitive effects of SUD may vary depending on the type of drug
and the duration of use.
SUD may also exacerbate symptoms of other mental disorders, and early drug use is a
strong risk factor for the later development of substance use disorders. It may also be a
risk factor for developing other mental illnesses.
For example, frequent cannabis use in adolescents can increase the risk of psychosis in
adulthood in individuals who carry a particular gene variant.

Short-term mental effects

 alcohol:
 feelings of euphoria
 reduced anxiety
 easing of social interactions

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  irritability and anxiety upon withdrawal
 cannabis:
 enhanced sensory perception
 feelings of euphoria and relaxation
 anxiety
 irritability upon withdrawal
 benzodiazepines:
 drowsiness
 concentration issues
 dizziness
 reduced anxiety
 problems with memory
 heroin:
 feelings of euphoria
 restlessness upon withdrawal
 prescription opioids:
 pain relief
 drowsiness
 feelings of euphoria
 methamphetamine:
 increased wakefulness
 anxiety upon withdrawal
Long-term mental effects
Examples of common drugs and mental effects associated with long-term SUD include:
 alcohol:
 depression
 anxiety
 learning and memory problems
 social problems
 prescription opioids:
 increased risk of overdose
 methamphetamines:
 anxiety
 confusion
 insomnia
 mood problems
 violent behaviour
 paranoia
 hallucinations
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  delusions
 heroin:
 risk of overdose
 tobacco and nicotine:
 in teens, they can affect the development of brain circuits that control attention
and learning
 irritability, attention and sleep problems, and depression upon withdrawal
 cannabis:
 mental health problems
 irritability, trouble sleeping, anxiety upon withdrawal

TREATMENT AND RECOVERY

It is important to note that drug addiction is a treatable disorder. However because there
are so many different conditions in drug addiction, the specific treatment must be tailored
to the individual's needs. Many drug addicted people have other problems that
complicate the treatment such as mental health, occupational, health, or social
problems. Treatments often include behavioural therapy, mediations, or even a
combination of both. If people are treated for their addiction, they can learn to control
their condition and live a normal productive life. The more treatment the person receives,
the better off they are.
Many addicted individuals believe that they can quit using drugs by themselves and try
to stop without treatment; however, most of these attempts fail to result in long-term
abstinence. According to the the NIDA "Research has shown that long-term drug use
results in significant changes in brain function that persist long after the individual stops
using drugs. These drug-induced changes in brain function may have many behavioural
consequences, including the compulsion to use drugs despite adverse consequences, the
defining characteristic of addiction." Thus biology explains why achieving abstinence
without treatment is so difficult.
As was stated under the psychology portion of our webpage, psychological stresses can
combine with biological factors and prevent the attainment of sustained abstinence and
make relapse more likely, without treatment.
Components Necessary for a Successful Treatment

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Steps to Recovery
Step 1: Recognition
In order for treatment to begin, the abuser must recognize the problem. Many times,
abusers are in denial about their drug dependence which prevents them from seeking
help. Generally, people that are dependent on drugs do not seek the treatment
voluntarily, rather, they seek it due to the pressures from loved ones.
Step 2: Detoxification
Treatment begins with detoxification, which is the gradual withdrawal of an abused
substance under a controlled environment. In some cases a drug that is similar to the
abused drug (e.g. methadone for heroin) is substituted during withdrawal to lessen the
miserable symptoms and health risks associated with the withdrawal process. Depending
on the drug that the person is addicted to, the withdrawal process can be handled through
either an inpatient or an outpatient basis.
Step 3: Rehabilitation
The next step in treatment is rehabilitation. This step is necessary to prevent the
recurrence of drug abuse. Rehabilitation involved behavioural therapies such as
counselling, psychotherapy, support groups, or family therapy. Behaviour therapy helps
people to cope with their drug cravings and it teaches those ways to avoid drugs, prevent
relapse, and what to do if a relapse occurs. It has been seen that combining a behaviour
therapy program with treatment medications, such as methadone, helps to suppress the
withdrawal syndrome, the drug craving, and in blocking the effects of other drugs
(caffeine). Studies have shown that using methadone at adequate dosage levels in
treating heroin addiction along with behavioural therapies reduces death rates and many
health problems. There are many support groups to help with the rehabilitation process,
such as: Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Ala-teen, and Alanson.

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Step 4: Abstinence
Following rehabilitation, the abuser must have a lifelong abstinence from drug
abuse. Relapses from this drug abstinence may occur and lead to recurrent dependence.

Types of Treatment Methods

1. Program Length
Short-term methods - last less than 6 months, include residential therapy, medication
therapy, and drug free outpatient therapy
Long-term methods - may include medication therapy such as methadone maintenance
outpatient treatment for opiate addicts and residential therapeutic treatment
2. Outpatient vs Inpatient
Outpatient drug free treatment- does not include medication and encompasses a wide
variety of programs for patients that visit a clinic at regular intervals. Involves individual
or group counselling. Generally, patients entering this type of program do not abuse
opiates, or are opiate abusers for whom maintenance therapy is needed. Generally these
patients have stable lives and only brief histories of drug dependence
3. Therapeutic Communities - highly structured communities where patients stay for 6-12
months. Patients generally have long histories of drug dependence, involvement in
serious criminal activities, and seriously impaired social functioning. This type of
program focuses on the resocialization of the patient to a drug free and crime free
lifestyle.
4. Short-term residential programs - "chemical dependency units," based on the
"Minnesota Model" of treatment for alcoholism. Involve 3- to 6-week inpatient treatment
phase followed by an extended outpatient therapy in a 12-step self-help group such as
Narcotics Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous.

Medication vs. Therapeutic

In cases where opiates are abused, methadone maintenance programs are more successful
in retaining patients that are involved in only therapeutic.
Therapeutic programs are more successful than outpatient services that provide
psychotherapy and counselling.
The methadone programs that provide higher doses of methadone (usually a minimum of
60 mg) have better retention rates.
Those programs that use a combination of behavioural therapy with methadone treatment
generally get better results.

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GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE TO OVERCOME
FROM DRUG ADDICTION
Governments around the world have implemented various initiatives and policies to
address the issue of drug addiction. These initiatives aim to prevent drug abuse, provide
treatment and support for individuals with addiction, and reduce the overall harm
associated with drug use. Here are some common government initiatives to overcome
drug addiction:
1. Public Education and Awareness:
- Governments often run public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the risks
and consequences of drug abuse.
- These campaigns emphasize the importance of making informed choices and seeking
help if needed.
2. Prevention Programs:
- Schools and communities may implement prevention programs to educate young
people about the dangers of drug use and equip them with life skills to resist peer
pressure.
- These programs may include evidence-based interventions and mentoring services.
3. Treatment Services:
- Governments fund and support addiction treatment services, including detoxification,
counselling, and rehabilitation programs.
- Publicly funded treatment centres or clinics provide accessible services to individuals
seeking help for addiction.
4. Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT):
- Governments may promote and regulate MAT programs, which use medications to
treat opioid addiction, such as methadone or buprenorphine.
- These programs aim to reduce withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and the risk of
relapse.
5. Crisis Helplines and Support Services:
- Governments often operate crisis helplines, hotlines, or online resources where
individuals and their families can seek immediate assistance and guidance.

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6. Law Enforcement and Regulation:
- Governments implement laws and regulations to control the production, distribution,
and sale of drugs.
- Law enforcement agencies combat drug trafficking, while regulations may be put in
place to restrict access to certain substances.
7. Harm Reduction Strategies:
- Some governments support harm reduction initiatives, which focus on reducing the
negative consequences of drug use rather than solely targeting abstinence.
- These initiatives can include needle exchange programs, supervised injection sites,
and the distribution of naloxone (an opioid overdose reversal medication).
8. Research and Data Collection:
- Governments fund research on addiction, substance abuse trends, and treatment
effectiveness.
- Data collection and analysis help shape evidence-based policies and interventions.
9. Mental Health and Dual Diagnosis Services:
- Many individuals with addiction also have co-occurring mental health disorders.
Governments may work to integrate mental health and addiction services for more
comprehensive care.
10. International Cooperation:
- In the case of cross-border drug trafficking, governments collaborate with other
nations and international organizations to combat the illegal drug trade.
11. Re-entry Programs for Former Offenders
- To support the reintegration of individuals with a history of drug-related offenses,
some governments provide re-entry programs that offer counselling, job training, and
social services.
12. Community Support and Involvement:
- Governments encourage community-based organizations and support groups to play a
role in helping individuals in recovery and promoting prevention efforts.
These initiatives are part of a comprehensive, multi-pronged approach to addressing drug
addiction. It's important to recognize that addressing addiction requires a combination of
prevention, treatment, law enforcement, and support services. Effective drug addiction
policies often involve a balance between these components to achieve the best outcomes
for individuals and society as a whole.

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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, drug addiction is a complex and widespread issue with significant
implications for individuals, families, communities, and society at large. It is a chronic
brain disease characterized by the compulsive use of substances, despite negative
consequences. Understanding and addressing drug addiction is of paramount importance,
and the following key points can be drawn:
1. Public Health Challenge: Drug addiction poses a substantial public health challenge,
leading to physical and mental health issues, social disruption, and economic burdens.
2. Multi-Factorial Nature: Drug addiction is influenced by a combination of biological,
psychological, social, and environmental factors, making it a complex and multifaceted
condition.
3. Effects on the Brain: Drugs affect the brain's reward system by altering
neurotransmitter function. This can lead to intense cravings, compulsive drug-seeking
behavior, and changes in brain structure and function.
4. Signs and Symptoms: Recognizing the signs and symptoms of addiction, such as loss
of control, cravings, and withdrawal, is crucial for early intervention and treatment.
5. Government Initiatives: Governments have implemented a range of initiatives,
including prevention programs, treatment services, and harm reduction strategies, to
address drug addiction and reduce its impact.
6. Comprehensive Approach: Effectively addressing drug addiction requires a
comprehensive approach that includes prevention, treatment, and supportive policies,
involving various stakeholders, including healthcare providers, law enforcement, and the
community.
7. Recovery and Hope: It's essential to recognize that recovery from addiction is possible.
With the right support, treatment, and a strong commitment to change, individuals can
overcome addiction and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.
8. Stigma Reduction: Reducing the stigma associated with drug addiction is critical to
encouraging individuals to seek help and support.
9. Ongoing Research and Adaptation: The field of addiction treatment and policy
continues to evolve, with ongoing research and a need for adaptable strategies to address
emerging challenges, such as new substances and changing drug use trends.

In conclusion, while drug addiction is a formidable challenge, it is one that can be

addressed through a combination of prevention, treatment, harm reduction, and public

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policies that aim to reduce the harm caused by drug abuse. It's important for individuals,
communities, and governments to work collaboratively to support those affected by
addiction and to prevent its further spread in society.

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