INHERITANCE

INTRODUCTION
▪ Inheritance is the feature by which objects of one class
acquire the properties of objects of another class
▪ It is the mechanism of deriving a new class from an old one
▪ It supports the concept of hierarchical classification
▪ The concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusability
▪ This means we can add additional features to an existing
class without modifying it

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INTRODUCTION
▪ This is possible by deriving a new class from an existing
one
▪ The new derived class will have the features of the existing
class as well as its own unique features
▪ Inheritance allows the implementation of data members or
member functions that were previously defined

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ADVANTAGES
▪ The application can be built over previously available
module
▪ Extension of any application is rapid
▪ The codes that were previously tested can be used as the
foundation for newer modules
▪ Time and cost of development is controlled

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SYNTAX
class derived_class_name : visibility_mode class base_class_name
{
//members of derived class
<optional>
private:
………
protected:
………
public:
………
};
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SYNTAX
▪ base_class_name – The name of the base/parent/super
class from which the new class will inherit its features
▪ derived_class_name – The name of the derived/child/sub
class which acquires the properties of the old existing class
▪ visibility_mode
▪ Determines the mode of derivation of features into the
child class
▪ Can be private, protected or public
▪ The default visibility mode is private(optional, if not
written, it is considered private)
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TYPES OF INHERITANCE
1. Single Inheritance
2. Multiple Inheritance
3. Multilevel Inheritance
4. Hierarchical Inheritance
5. Hybrid Inheritance

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SINGLE INHERITANCE
▪ A derived class with only one base class

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SINGLE INHERITANCE
▪ Syntax:
class ClassA
{ Can be any among
private/public/protected
………..
};
class ClassB : public class ClassA
{
optional
………..
}; 11
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MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
▪ A derived class with several base classes

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MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
▪ Syntax:
class ClassB class ClassA : public ClassB, public ClassC
{ {
……….. ………..
}; };
class ClassC
{
………..
}; 13
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MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE
▪ Deriving a class from another derived class

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MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE
▪ Syntax:
class ClassC class ClassA : public ClassB
{ {
……….. ………..
}; };
class ClassB : public ClassC
{
………..
};
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HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE
▪ Traits of one class inherited by more than one class

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HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE
▪ Syntax:
class A class C : public A
{ {
……….. ………..
}; };
class B : public A class D : public A
{ {
……….. ………..
}; };
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HYBRID INHERITANCE
▪ Combination of two or more types of inheritance

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MODES OF INHERITANCE

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//Inheritance Demo
//Single Inheritance EMPLOYEE
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee{
private: MANAGER
int eno;
string ename;
public:
void getEmp( );
void setEmp( );
}; 20
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class Manager : public Employee {
private:
string dept;
public:
void getMan( );
void setMan( );
};
void Employee :: setEmp( ) {
cout << endl << "Enter employee ID: ";
cin >> eno;
cout << endl << "Enter name: ";
cin.ignore( );
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void Employee :: getEmp( )
{
cout << endl << "ID: " << eno;
cout << endl << "Name: " << ename;
}
void Manager :: setMan( )
{
cout << endl << "Enter department: ";
getline(cin,dept);
}
void Manager :: getMan( )
{
cout << endl << "Department: " << dept;
} 22
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int main( )
{
Manager obj; //Creating object of derived class
obj.setEmp( );
obj.setMan( );
obj.getEmp( );
obj.getMan( );
return 0;
}

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#include <iostream>
using namespace std; FRUIT VEGETABLE

class Vegetable {
public:
TOMATO
void makeCurry( ) {
cout << endl << "Steps to make curry."; }
};
class Fruit {
public:
void makeSalad( ) {
cout << endl << "Steps to make salad."; }
}; 24
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class Tomato : public Vegetable, public Fruit {
private:
string color; float weight; string type;
public:
void getInfo( ) {
cout << endl << "Enter color: ";
getline(cin,color);
cout << endl << "Enter weight: ";
cin >> weight;
cout << endl << "Enter type: ";
cin.ignore( );
getline(cin,type); } 25
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 void showInfo( ) {
cout << endl << "Color: " << color;
cout << endl << "Weight: " << weight;
cout << endl << "Type: " << type; }
};
int main( ) {
Tomato t;
t.getInfo( );
t.showInfo( );
t.makeCurry( );
t.makeSalad( );
return 0; } 26
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Classwork
Write a program for the following scenario of multilevel
inheritance:
LIVING BEING

ANIMAL

CARNIVORE 27
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 CONSTRUCTORS & DESTRUCTORS
IN DERIVED CLASSES
▪ When we create an object of a derived class, the constructor of the
base class gets automatically called first and only then the
constructor of the derived class gets called
▪ eg: class A{ class B : public A{
public: public:
A( ){ B( ){
//some code //some code
} }
}; };
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▪ Here, when we create an object of B in main function:
B obj;
▪ Order of constructor call will be A( )→B( )

▪ In case of multilevel inheritance A→B→C, when we create

an object of C, the order of constructor call will be A( )→B( )
→C( )
▪ That is, the constructors will be executed in the order of
inheritance
▪ In multiple inheritance, the base classes are constructed in
the order in which they appear in the declaration of the
derived class

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▪ eg: class A { class B {
public: public:
A( ) { B( ) {
……. …….
} }
}; };

class C : public B, public A {

public:
C( ){
…….
}
};
▪ Here, order of constructor call will be B( )→A( )→C( ) 30
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CONSTRUCTORS AND
DESTRUCTORS IN DERIVED
CLASSES
▪ The order of call for destructors is exactly the reverse order
of the order of constructor call
▪ This is because the top most base class is the last one to be
removed from the memory heap whereas the derived class is
the first
▪ For instance, in the above scenario of multiple inheritance,
the order of call for destructors would be ~C( )→~A( )→~B( )

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CONSTRUCTORS AND
DESTRUCTORS IN DERIVED
CLASSES
▪ As long as no base class constructor takes any arguments,
the derived class need not have a constructor function
▪ However, if any base class contains a constructor with one
or more arguments, then it is mandatory for the derived
class to have a constructor and pass the arguments to the
base class constructors

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//Constructors in derived classes
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Alpha {
private:
int x;
public:
Alpha(int i) {
x = i;
cout << "Alpha Initialized" << endl;
} 33
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 void showX( ) {
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
}
};
class Beta {
private:
float y;
public:
Beta(float j) {
y = j;
cout << "Beta Initialized" << endl;
} 34
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 void showY( ) {
cout << "y = " << y << endl;
}
};
class Gamma : public Beta,public Alpha {
private:
int m,n;
public:
Gamma(int a, float b, int c, int d):Alpha(a),Beta(b) {
m = c, n = d;
cout << "Gamma Initialized" << endl;
} 35
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 void showMN( ) {
cout << "m = " << m << endl << "n = " << n << endl;
}
};
int main( ) {
Gamma g(5,10.75,20,30);
g.showX( );
g.showY( );
g.showMN( );
return 0;
}
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AMBIGUITY IN MULTIPLE
INHERITANCE
(1) If two base classes have functions with the same name,
there will be ambiguity when a derived class object tries to
access any one of these functions normally

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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
public:
void show( )
{
cout << "Class A" << endl;
}
};
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class B
{
public:
void show( )
{
cout << "Class B" << endl;
}
};

class C:public A,public B

{ };
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int main( )
{
C objC;
objC.show( ); //ambiguous, will not compile
objC.A::show( );
objC.B::show( );
return 0;
}

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AMBIGUITY IN MULTIPLE
INHERITANCE
(2) There will also be ambiguity in cases of diamond shaped
inheritance like:
show( )

show( ) show( )

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this POINTER
▪ C++ uses a unique keyword called this to represent an
object that invokes a member function
▪ this is a pointer that points to the object for which this
function was called
▪ It is a unique pointer that is automatically passed to a
member function when it is called
▪ For example, the function call obj.max( ) will set the
pointer this to the address of the object obj

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this POINTER
▪ The pointer this acts as an implicit argument to all member
functions
▪ eg: class ABC
{
private:
int a;
……
};
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this POINTER
▪ The private variable ‘a’ can be used directly inside a
member function like:
a = 123;
▪ We can also use the following statement to do the same job:
this -> a = 123;
▪ Another important use of this is to return the object it
points to
▪ For eg, the statement “return *this;” will return the object
that invoked the function
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//this Pointer Demo
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Check {
private:
int var;
public:
Check( ) { }
Check(int var) {
this -> var = var;
} 45
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 Check send( ) {
return *this;
}
void show( ) {
cout << "var = " << var; }
};
int main( ) {
Check var(44);
Check ans;
ans = var.send( );
ans.show( );
return 0;
} 46
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AGGREGATION (CLASSES
WITHIN CLASSES)
▪ Aggregation is called a “has a” relationship
▪ eg: LIBRARY has a BOOK

▪ Also called a “part-whole” relationship

▪ eg: This book is a part of the library

▪ In OOP, aggregation occurs when one object is an attribute

of another
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//Aggregation demo
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Address {
private:
string country, city, zone;
public:
Address(string city, string zone, string country) {
this->city = city;
this->zone = zone;
this->country = country;
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 void disp( ) {
cout << city << " " << zone << " " << country << endl;
}
};

class Employee
{
private:
int id;
string name;
Address *address; //Employee HAS-A Address
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 public:
Employee(int id, string name, Address* address) {
this->id = id;
this->name = name;
this->address = address;
}
void display( ) {
cout << id << " " << name << " ";
address->disp( );
}
};
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int main( )
{
Address a1 = Address("Kathmandu","Bagmati","Nepal");
Employee e1 = Employee(101,"Alisson", &a1);
e1.display( );
return 0;
}

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CLASSWORK
Write a program for the following aggregation scenario:

LIBRARY has a BOOK

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CONTAINERSHIP/CONTAINER
CLASSES
▪ Self Study

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