Signal & System WB Solutions

Practice Questions
Q.1 A signal f (t ) is given as : [ESE EC 2004]

f (t )
1
t
-2 0 2
Then, f (2t ) is
(A) 1 (B) 1
t t
-1 0 1 -4 0 4
(C) 4 (D) 4
t t
-4 0 4 -1 0 1
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given signal f (t ) is shown in figure,
f (t ) f (2t ) f (2t )
1  1  1
t 2t t
2 2 2 2 1 1
As after time scaling, the left and right most existing points are given as
2t   2  t  1
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Signals & Systems [Workbook – Solutions] 2 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.2 Consider a signal x(t ) as shown in figure :
Now sketch of y (t )  x(6t  3)

(A) (B)
(C) (D) None of the above
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given signal x(t ) is shown in figure below,
x ( t)
3
t
 3 2 2 3
We have to find
y (t )  x(6t  3)
Method 1 :
Given signal x(t ) can be represented mathematically as
t  3, 3  t  2

x(t )  1, 2  t  2 …. (i)
t  3, 2t3

To find y (t )  x(6t  3), replacing all ‘ t ’ by (6t  3) in equation (i), we get
6t  3  3, 3  6t  3  2

x(6t  3)  1, 2  6t  3  2
 (6t  3)  3, 2  6t  3  3

Adjusting the limits for t , we get
 1
6t , 0t 
6

 1 5
y (t )  x(6t  3)  1, t  … (ii)
 6 6
 5
 6t  6, 6
 t 1

GATE ACADEMY® 3 Continuous & Discrete Time Signals
Signal that follows the conditions specified in equation (ii) is plotted below
y (t )  x(6t  3)
1
t
1
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
6 6 6 6 6
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Method 2 :
x ( t)
t
 3 2 2 3
To obtain y (t )  x(6t  3) , applying operations on x(t ) starting form right and moving left ward.
x (t  3) x (6t  3)
1 1
t t
t 0 1 5 6 t0 1 5 1
6 6
Hence, the correct option is (B)
Here onwards, we will take any one method only you are supposed to solve easily by above.
Q.3 Consider two signals x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) as shown below
x1 (t) x 2 (t )
1 1
t t
1 0 2 3 0 5 2 8 3
3 3
Which of the following procedure is correct to obtain x2 (t ) from x1 (t ) ?
(A) First compress x1 (t ) by a factor of 3, then shift to the right by 6 time units.
(B) First expend x1 (t ) by a factor of 6, then shift to the right by 3 time units.
(C) First compress x1 (t ) by a factor of 3, then shift to the right by 2 time units.
(D) First shift x1 (t ) to the right by 2 time units then expand by a factor of 3.
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given signal x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) are shown in figure below,
x1 (t) x 2 (t )
1 1
t t
1 2 3 5 2 8 3
t 0
3 3
Given signals can be mathematically expressed as
 5
3t  1, 3
t 2
t  1, 1  t  0 
  8
x1 (t )  1, 0t 2 x2 (t )  1, 2t 
t  3,  3
 2t 3
 8
 3t  9, 3  t  9

From these expressions, we can observe that we can get x2 (t ) from x1 (t ) , if we replace all ‘ t ’ in x1 (t ) by
(3t  6) .
 
i.e. x2 (t )  x1 (3t  6)  x1 3(t  2)  
so, applying operations from right to left, x2 (t ) can be obtained by first delaying (shifting towards right)
by 6 units and then compressing if by a factor by 3.
Also, x2 (t ) can be obtained by starting operations from left to right as compressing x1 (t ) by a factor of3
and then shifting it right by 2 units.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Q.4 A signal v[n] is defined by [ESE EC 2007, 2005]
1 n 1

v[n]  1 n  1
 0 n  0 and | n |  1

The value of the composite signal defined as v[n]  v[n] is :
(A) 0 for all integer values of n (B) 2 for all integer values of n
(C) 1 for all integer values of n (D) –1 for all integer values of n
Ans. (A)
1, n 1

Sol. Given : v  n    1, n  1
0, n  0 and n  1

i.e. 
v  n   1, 0, 1



v   n   1, 0,  1


 
v  n   v   n  0, 0, 0


So, v  n   v   n  is 0 for all inter values of n.

Q.5 The discrete-time signal x[n] is given as
 1, n  1, 2

x[ n]   1, n  1,  2
 0, n  0 and | n |  2

Which one of the following is the time-shifted signal y[n]  x[n  3] [ESE EC 2006]
 1, n  1,  2  0, n  1,  2
 
(A) y[n]  1, n   4,  5 (B) y[n]  1, n   4,  5
 0, n  3, n   5 and n  1  1, n   3, n   5 and n  1
 
1, n  1,  2 1, n  1, 2
 
(C) y[n]  0, n   4,  5 (D) y[n]   1, n  4, 5
1, n  3, n   5 and n  1  0, n  3, n  5 and n  1
 
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given signal x  n  can be represented as

x  n  1,  1, 0, 1, 1


 
y  n  x  n  3  1,  1, 0, 1, 1, 0


1, n   4,  5

 y  n   0, n  3, n  5 and n  1
1, n  1,  2

Q.6 Let x[n] be a signal with x[n] = 0 for n <  2 and n > 4. Find the value of n for which the signal x[n + 4]
is guaranteed to be zero :
(A) n   6 and n  0 (B) n  1 and n  7 (C) n   4 and n  2 (D) n   2 and n  4
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given that signal x  n  exists only during the interval 2  n  4 .
 
 
Let x  n    x(2), x(1), x(0), x (1), x(2), x(3), x(4) 
 n 2 
n 0 n4 

 
 
 x  n  4   x(2), x(1), x(0), x(1), x(2), x(3), x(4) 
 n 6 n 0 


Signal x  n  4 will exists only during the interval  6  n  0 .
So, x  n  4 is guaranteed to be zero for n   6 and n  0 .
Q.7 Tick the false statement.
(A) t (t )  0 (B) cos t (t  )   (t  )
(C) (t )   u (t ) dt (D) t  '(t )   (t )
Ans. (C)
Sol. Checking the options
(A) t  (t )  t t 0  (t )  0  (t )  0  Right
(B) cost  (t  )  cost t   (t  )   (t  )  0  Right

d
(C) (t )  u (t )   u (t ) dt  False
dt
dt
(D) t   '(t )  t t 0   '(t )   (t )  0  1  (t )   (t )  Right
df t 0

Properties used :
(i) x (t )  (t )  x (0)(t )
(ii) x(t )  (t  t0 )  x(t0 )(t  t0 )
(iii) x(t )   '(t )  x(t0 ) '(t )  x '(0)(t )
. Common Data for Questions 8, 9 and 10 .
Consider the signal x[n] and y[n] given below in figures.
Q.8 The signal x[2n] is

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given sequences x  n  and y  n  can be represented as

x  n  3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3

 … (i)
y  n   1,  1,  1,  1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 … (ii)

Let x1  n   x  2n 
x1  0  x  0  0
x1 1  x  2  2
x1  2  x  4  0  x1 (3)  x(2)  ......
x1  1  x  2  2
 
x1  n  x  2n  2, 0, 2


x 2n 

 Key Point
x  n  can be obtained by interleaving (  1) samples of x  n  starting from taking the samples at n  0
and moving either side.
Q.9 The signal x[n  2]  y[n  2] is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ans. (C)
Sol. Using equations (i) and (ii) [From sol.8]

x  n  2  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3


y  n  2  1,  1,  1,  1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0

 x  n  2  y  n  2  1,  1,  1,  1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3


Q.10 The signal x[3n  1] is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : 
x  n  3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3


To find signal x 3n  1 , applying operations from right to left.

x  n  1  3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3


x 3n  1  1, 2 [Starting from origin each third sample is taken only]

Hence, the correct option is (D).

 n
1
Q.11 The value of  n   is ______. [GATE EC 2015-Kanpur]
n 0  2 
Ans. (2)
 n
1
Sol. Let S   n 
n 0 2
Method 1 :


 n      2 2  3 3  .... 
n
n0 (1   ) 2
….. Provided   1 .
For given summation,
1

2
1/ 2 1/ 2
 S 2
 2
 1 1/ 4
1  
 2
Method 2 :
n
1
Let x  n  n    u  n
2
Z-transforms of x  n  is given as
 n  n
1 1
X ( z)   n    u  n  z  n   n     z n
n  2 n 0 2
 n
1
X ( z ) z 1   n     S … (i)
n0 2
 n z 
1
n  a u  n   
za
, z  a
For x  n  n    u  n  
2  n  a nu  n  
z
, z  a
 ( z  a)2 
1
z
2 1
X ( z)  2
, z 
 1 2
z 
 2
Here we can evaluate X ( z ) at z  1 as the point z  1 is in the ROC of X ( z ) . So from equation (i),
1/ 2
S  X ( z ) z 1  2
2
 1
1  
 2
 n
1
Hence, 
n 0
n    2
2
Note : Method II is applicable only of ROC of X ( z ) contains z  1 , that is x  n  is bounded.

Q.12 The integral  (t   / 6) 6sin(t ) dt evaluates to

[GATE IN 2010-Guwahati]
(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 1.5 (D) 0

Ans. (B)

 
Sol. Given integral I     t  6   6sin (t ) dt

Using shifting property of impulse function


 x(t )  (t  t ) dt  x(t )


0 0

 
 I 6  sin t    t  6  dt  6  sin t
 
t
6
 1
I  6  sin    6   3
6 2
Q.13 The Dirac delta function is defined as [GATE EC 2006-Kharagpur]
1 t 0  t 0
(A) (t )   (B) (t )  
0 otherwise  0 otherwise
1 t 0 
 t 0 
(C) (t )  
0 otherwise
and  (t ) dt  1

(D) (t )  
 0 otherwise
and  (t ) dt  1

Ans. (D)
Sol. The dirac delta function is defined as
, t 0
(t )  
0, t0
Also, the area under the function is unity,

i.e.  (t ) dt  1

hence, the correct option is (D).

ex
Q.14 As x is increased from   to  , the function f ( x)  [GATE EC 2006-Kharagpur]
1  ex
(A) monotonically increases
(B) monotonically decreases
(C) increases to a maximum value and then decreases
(D) decreases to a minimum value and then increases
Ans. (A)
ex
Sol. Given : f ( x) 
1  ex
ex
f ( x) 
e x (e x  1)
1
f ( x) 
1  e x
As x is increased from   to   , value of e x decreases from  to 0, and hence f ( x) increases from
0 to 1 monotonically, as depicted in the table given below,
1
x e x f ( x) 
1  e x
 e   1
0
 1 
1
0 e0  1  0.5
11

1
 e   0 0
1 0

Q.15 The plot of a function f ( x) is shown in the following figure : [GATE IN 2006-Kharagpur]
A possible expression for the function f ( x) is

 1  1
(A) exp (| x |) (B) exp   (C) exp ( x) (D) exp  
 x  x
Ans. (B)
Sol. Plot of signals given in each option are shown below,
1
Option (A) ex Option (B) ex
1
1
x x
t0
1
e x Option (D) ex
1
1
x x

1  x2 
Q.16 The value of the integral I     8  dx is
2 0
exp [GATE EC 2005-Bombay]
(A) 1 (B)  (C) 2 (D) 2

Ans. (A)

1

2
Sol. Given integral I  e  x /8 dx
2 0
Method 1 : Area approach

Area of signal x(t ) A  x(t ) dt

In particular, if x(t ) is even, then


A  2   x(t ) dt
0

A
 x(t ) dt  2
0
… (i)
2
Let f ( x)  e  x /8

1
I
2  f ( x) dx
0
Using result of equation (i),

1 A
I  … (ii)
2 2
2
Where A  Area of e x /8
We have, area of Gaussion function
2
g ( x)  ex 
Area
1
2
x2  x 
  
 x 2 /8
f ( x)  e e 8
e  8 
 1 
So, f ( x)  g   x
 8 
Using effect on area of scaling
If g ( x) 
Area
 A'
A'
g (x) 
Area
A

g ( x) 
Area
1
 1  Area 1
 f ( x)  g   x     8
 8  1/ 8
Substituting value of area of f ( x) in equation (ii),
1 8 2 2
I   1
2 2 2  2
Method 2 : Application of Gamma function

1

2
I e  x /8 dx
2 0
x2
Let   x  8
8
2x d 

8 dx
4d  4d 
dx    2   1/2  d 
x 8
Also, when x  0, 0
x  , 

1
 I 
2 0
e   2   1/2 d 

1
I 
0
e    1/2 d  … (i)
Comparing integral in equation (i) with the definition of Gamma function


1 1
n   e  x  x n 1dx , n 1   n
0
2 2
1 1  1
I   
 2  2
1
I   1


 3t 
Q.17 Let (t ) denote the delta function. The value of the integral  (t ) cos  2  dt

is
[GATE EC 2001-Kanpur]
(A) 1 (B)  1 (C) 0 (D)  / 2
Ans. (A)

 3t 
Sol. Given integral I   (t ) cos  2  dt

Using the shifting property of delta function


 x(t )  (t ) dt  x(0)



 3t   3t 
 I  cos  2   (t ) dt  cos  2 
 t 0
1

6
e
2 t
Q.18 The value of the integral (t  1) dt is equal to [GATE EE 1994-Kharagpur]
5
(A) 1 (B) e2 (C) 0 (D) e2

Ans. (B)
6
e
2 t
Sol. Given integral I   (t  1) dt
5
Using shifting property

t2  x(t0 ), t1  t0  t2

t x(t )  (t  t0 ) dt  0, t0  t2 or t0  t1
undefined, t0  t1 or t0  t2

1
6
 I   e 2t (t  1) dt  e 2t  e 2
t 1
5

Q.19 The system described by the difference equation y (n)  2 y(n  1)  y (n  2)  x(n)  x(n  1) has
y (n)  0 for n  0. If x(n)  (n), then y (2) will be [ESE EC 1997]
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) Zero (D) 1
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given differential equation
y  n   2 y  n  1  y  n  2  x  n   x  n  1
y  n   x  n   x  n  1  2 y  n  1  y  n  2 … (i)
Given y  n  is causal, i.e.
y  n  0 n0
1 n0
And x  n    n  
0 n0
Substituting n  0 in equation (i),
y  0  x  0  x  1  2 y  1  y  2
y  0    0    1  2 y  1  y  2
y  0  1  0  0  0  1
y 1  x 1  x  0  2 y  0  y  1
y 1   1    0  2 y  0  y  1
y 1  0  1  (2 1)  0  1
y  2  x  2  x 1  2 y 1  y  0
y  2    2   1  2 y 1  y  0
y  2  0  0  (2  1)  1  1
Q.20 Area of the signal x(t )  1 | t | is
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 0 (D) 2
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : x(t )  1  t
Comparing with expression of standard triangular function
 t
 (t )  A 1  
 
x (t )
t
1 1
x(t ) is a triangular function of peak value A  1 and half width   1

1
 Area of x(t )   2 1  1
2
 
Q.21 If   '(t ) (t ) dt   '(0) then  (t )  '(t ) dt

 
is
(A)  '(0) (B)   '(0) (C) 0 (D) None of these

Ans. (B)
Sol. From the property of doublet function

d n x(t )


x(t )   n (t ) dt  (1) n 
dt n t 0

d (t )
  (t )   '(t ) dt  (1) 

dt t 0
   '(0)

6
 (5t  2) (t  5 / 2) dt is
2
Q.21 The value of
4
(A) 129 / 2 (B) 133 / 4 (C) 131 / 4 (D) 131 / 2

Ans. (B)
6
 5
Given integral I   (5t  2)   t   dt
2
Sol.
4  2
Using property of delta function
6
 5
I  (5t  2)   t   dt  (5t 2  2) 5
2
4  2 t
2
2
5 125 133
I  5    2  2
2 4 4
Q.22 If g (t )  sin c  2(t  1)  , then the value of 10 g (t /10) at t  4 is
(A) 0 (B) 0.334 (C) 0.668 (D) None of these
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : g (t )  sinc  2(t  1) 
 t    t 
10 g    10sinc  2   1 
 10    10  
 t   t  10 
10 g    10sinc  
 10   5 
 t   4  10 
10 g    10sinc  
 10  t  4  5 
 sin 2.8 
 10 sinc (2.8)  10 
 2.8 
0.5877
 10   0.668
8.796
20
 t 
Q.23 The value of the integral  (t  5)rect  16  dt is
0
(A) 0 (B) 1 / 2 (C) 1 (D) 2

Ans. (C)
20
 t 
Sol. Given integral I   (t  5) rect   dt
0  16 
From the property of delta function
t2
 t 
 x(t )  (t  t )dt  rect  16 
t1
0
t 5
 t 
Signal rect   is shown in figure.
 16 
 t 
rect  
 16 
t
8 8
 t  1 8  t  8
rect    
 16  0 otherwise
 t 
 I  rect   1
 16  t 5

t
Q.24 The value of CT signal x(t )  8tri    (t  2) at t  1 sec is
4
(A) 8 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 0
Ans. (C)
t
Sol. Given : x(t )  8tri    (t  2)
4
From the property of convolution
x1 (t )  (t  t0 )  x1 (t  t0 )
t t 2
 x(t )  8 tri    (t  2)  8 tri  
  4   4 
x1 ( t ) t0 x1 ( t  t0 )
Comparing x(t ) with standard represented of triangular function
t2  t  centre 
x(t )  8 tri    Atri  
 4    
A  8,   4, centred at t  2
x (t )
8
6
4
t
2 1 2 t 6
So, x(t ) is a triangular function centered at t  2 and having peak value 8 and half width of 4 units as
shown figure, equation of straight line drawing  2  t  2 in x(t ) is given as
x(t )  2t  4 2  t  2
 x(t ) t 1  (2 1)  4  6
Q.25 Even and odd parts of the signal x[n]  [n] are respectively
(A) [n], [n] (B) 0, [n] (C) [n], 0 (D) 0, 0
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : x n   n
Even part of x  n  is given as

x  n  x  n   n    n
xe  n   
2 2
  n    n
xe  n   [As   n  is an even function]
2
 xe  n     n 
Odd part of x  n  is given as
x  n  x  n   n    n
x0  n   
2 2
  n    n
x0  n   0
2
As x  n     n  is an even signal in itself, so xe  n   x  n     n  and x0  n   0 .
Q.26 Odd and even parts of e jt are respectively
(A) cos t , j sin t (B) j sin t , cos t (C) sin t , j cos t (D) j cos t , sin t
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : x(t )  e jt
x(t )  cos
t  
j sin t
even odd
Comparing with x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t )

Even part xe (t )  cos t
Odd part x0 (t )  j sin t
 
Q.27 The period of the signal x(t )  8sin  0.8t   is [GATE EE 2010-Guwahati]
 4
(A) 0.4 sec (B) 0.8 sec (C) 1.25 sec (D) 2.5 sec
Ans. (D)
 
Sol. Given signal x(t )  8sin  0.8t  
 4
Comparing with the standard representation of sinusoidal signal
x(t )  A sin (0t  )
Fundamental frequency 0  0.8  rad/sec
2
 Fundamental period T 
0
2
T  2.5 sec
0.8
Q.28 The fundamental period of x(t )  2sin 2πt  3sin 3πt with t expressed in seconds, is
[GATE IN 2009-Roorkee]
(A) 1 sec (B) 0.67 sec (C) 2 sec (D) 3 sec
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : x(t )  2sin
 t  3sin
2  t
3
x1 ( t ) x2 ( t )
Frequency of x1 (t ), 01  2 rad/sec

2
Period of x1 (t ), T1   1 rad/sec
01
Frequency of x2 (t ), 02  3 rad/sec
2 2
Period of x2 (t ), T2   rad/sec
02 3
T1 1 3
Since,    Rational number
T2 2 / 3 2
So, x(t ) is a periodic signal, with its fundamental period given as
T  LCM of (T1 and T2 )
1 2  LCM of (1, 2)
T  LCM of  and  
1 3  HCF of (1, 3)
2
 T  2 sec
1
Q.29 The Fourier series for a periodic signal is given as
x(t )  cos(1.2 t )  cos(2 t )  cos(2.8 t )
The fundamental frequency of the signal is [GATE IN 2006-Kharagpur]
(A) 0.2 Hz (B) 0.6 Hz (C) 1.0 Hz (D) 1.4 Hz
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given that the periodic signal is expressed by its Fourier series representation as
x(t )  cos(1.2t )  cos(2t )  cos(2.8t )
    
x1 ( t ) x2 ( t ) x3 ( t )
As x(t ) is combination of 3 periodic signals, so its fundamental frequency in terms of frequencies of

individual signals is given as
0  HCF of  01 , 02 , 03 
12 2 28 
0  HCF of  , ,
 10 1 10 
 6 2 14  HCF of  6, 2, 14
0  HCF of  , , 
5 1 5  LCM of 5, 1, 5
2
 0  rad/sec
5
Frequency in Hz is given as
 2 / 5
f0  0   0.2 Hz
2 2
Q.30 Identify non-periodic signal
2
(A) x(t )  cos 2 t (B) x(t )  cos 2t.u (t ) (C) x(t )  sin t (D) x(t )  sin 2 t
3
Ans. (B)
Sol. Here we have to identify the non periodic signal.
1  cos 2t 1 1
(A) x(t )  cos 2 t    cos 2t
2 2 2
As x(t ) is combination of DC and periodic signal, so it is periodic.
(B) x(t )  cos 2t  u (t )
1 t 0
As u (t )  
0 t0
cos 2t t 0
 x(t )  
0 t0
For a signal to be periodic, it must exists for    t   , but x(t ) is 0 for    t  0 , so it is not
periodic.
2 2
(C) x(t )  sin t is a periodic signal with 0  rad/sec and T  3 sec .
3 3
1  cos 2t 1 1
(D) x(t )  sin 2 t    cos 2t
2 2 2
DC + Periodic = Periodic
Q.31 What is the fundamental frequency in rad/sec for a given below figure?
x(t )
1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0 t
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
-1
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 10  (D) 5 

Ans. (C)
Sol. Right half of given periodic signal is shown in figure.
x(t )
1
0.2 0.4
t
0.1 0.3 0.5
1
T
From figure, time taken to complete one cycle
T  0.2 sec
 Fundamental frequency of x(t ) in rad/sec
2 2
0    10 rad/sec
T 0.2
Q.32 A discrete-time signal x[n]  sin (2 n) , n being an integer, is [GATE EC 2014-Kharagpur]
(A) Periodic with period  (B) Periodic with period 2
(C) Periodic with period  / 2 (D) Not periodic
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : x  n   sin 2 n
Comparing if with standard representation
0  2
For a discrete time signal to be periodic
0
 Rational = Ratio of Integers
2
0 2 
Here,    Ratio of Integers
2 2 2
So, x(t ) is not periodic.
 Key Point
 2 
Periodic of DTS N     m (m is smallest integer which makes N an integer)
 0 
2
For N to be an integer, must be ratio of integers, possible only if 0 contains single power of ‘  ’.
0
 5 
j  n
Q.33 The fundamental period of the discrete-time signal x[n]  e  6 
is [GATE IN 2008-Bangalore]
6 12
(A) (B) (C) 6 (D) 12
5 5
Ans. (D)
 5 
j n
Sol. Given : x  n  e  6 
Comparing with standard representation of complex exponential

 
x  n   Ae j0 n     T 
 discrete

constant
  
s
 rad rad/sec s 
5
0 
6
 2   2 
N   m   m
 0   5 / 6 
 N  12 at m = 5
 4πn 
Q.34 A signal x[n]  5cos  is
 41 
(A) Periodic with N 0  41/ 2 (B) Periodic with N 0  41
(C) Periodic with N 0  2 / 41 (D) Periodic with N 0  1/ 41
Ans. (B)
 4n 
Sol. Given : x  n   5cos 
 41 
Comparing with standard representation
4
0 
41
 2 
 N   m
 0 
 2   41 
N  m   m
 4 / 41   2
 N  41 at m = 2
Q.35 Period of the signal x[n]  cos[0.5n]  sin[0.125n] 3cos  0.25n   / 3 would be
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) x[n] is aperiodic
Ans. (A)
 
Sol. Given : x  n   cos(0.5n)  sin(0.125n)  3cos  0.25n  
      3
x1  n  x2  n  
x3  n 
x  n  is combination of 3 discrete time periodic signals and combination of discrete time periodic signals
are always periodic, so x  n  is periodic.
For x1  n  , 01  0.5
 2 
N1     m1  4 at m1  1
 0.5 
For x2  n  , 02  0.125
 2 
N2     m2  16 at m2  1
 0.125 
For x3  n , 03  0.25

 2 
N3     m3  8 at m3  1
 0.25 
 Fundamental periodic of x  n 
N  LCM of  N1 , N 2 , N 3 
N  LCM of  4, 16, 8
N  16
Q.36 Two sequences x1[ n] and x2 [ n] have the same energy. Suppose x1[ n]   0.5n u [ n], where  is a
 1.5 for n  0,1

positive real number and u [n] is the unit step sequence. Assume x2 [n]   . Then the
 0 otherwise
value of  is ______. [GATE EC 2015-Kharagpur]
Ans. (1.5)
Sol. Given : x1  n     (0.5) n u  n 
 1.5, for n  0, 1
and x2  n   
0, otherwise
and Energy  x1  n  = Energy  x2  n  … (i)
We have the result
1 x n  E
a n u  n  
E 
1  a2 k  x  n  k 2 E
2
  a nu  n  
 E1 
1  a2
2
   (0.5) n u  n  
 E1 
1  0.25
4
 E   (0.5) n u  n   E1   2 Joules
3
x2  n  can be also are represented as
x2  n    1.5,

1.5 

Energy  x2  n    x  n
2
2  ( 1.5 ) 2  ( 1.5 ) 2
n 
 Energy  x2  n   3 Joules

From equation (i),
4 2
 3
3
9 3
   1.5
4 2
Hence, the value of  is 1.5.
Q.37 If a signal f (t ) has energy E , then energy of the signal f (2t ) is equal to [GATE EC 2001-Kanpur]
(A) E (B) E/2 (C) 2 E (D) 4 E
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : Energy  f (t )   E
Using time scaling property of energy signals
E
Energy  f (t ) 

E
 Energy  f (2t ) 
2
 Key Point
Effects of operations on area, energy and power of signals
If Area  A
x(t )
Energy  E
Power  P
K
Area  A
x1 (t)   K  x( t  t0 ) 
K2
Energy  E
A KA A A/ A 
E K2 E E E/ E Power  K 2  P
P K2 P P P P
Q.38 Which one of the following sequences is NOT a power signal? [GATE IN 2001-Kanpur]
(A) Unit step sequence (B) e j0n
(C) A periodic sequence (D) Unit ramp sequence
Ans. (D)
Sol. We have to identify the signal which is not a power signal.
1
(A) x  n   u  n  
 Power   Power signal
2
(B) x  n   e j0 n 
 Power  1  Power signal
(C) x  n   Periodic sequence  Power signal
(D) x  n   r  n   Unbounded signal, so it is neither energy nor power signal.

Q.39 Statement (I) : The total energy of an energy signal falls between the limits 0 and  .
Statement (II) : The average power of an energy signal is zero. [ESE EC 2015]
(A) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true and Statement (II) is the correct
explanation of Statement (I).
(B) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true and Statement (II) is the NOT the correct
explanation of Statement (I).
(C) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
(D) Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.
Ans. (B)
Sol. A signal said to be energy signal if energy of the signal is finite i.e. if 0  Ex   . Hence statement I is
true. Power of a signal is related to the energy as
E
P  lim
T  T
For an energy signal, 0  E   and T   as periodic signal can never be an energy signal. So average
power of an energy signal is zero.
Hence statement I and II both are true but II is not the correct explanation of I.
Q.40 Which one of the following is the mathematical representation for the average power of the signal x(t ) ?
[ESE EC 2007]
T T T /2 T /2
1 1 2 1 1
T 0 T 0 T T/2 T  T 
(A) x(t ) dt (B) x (t ) dt (C) x(t ) dt (D) Lt x 2 (t ) dt
T /2
Ans. (D)
Sol. By definition, average power of x(t ) is given as
T / /2
1

2
P  lim x(t ) dt
T  T
 T /2
Limits of integral can be taken such that the total interval is equal to T. If x(t ) is a real signal, then
T /2
1
T  T 
P  lim x 2 (t ) dt
T / 2

Q.41 Power of 8e j 2 t u (t ) is
(A) 64 (B) 32 (C) 128 (D) 16
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given signal x(t )  8 e j 2 t u (t )
If power of x(t )  Px
Px
Then power of x(t )  u (t ) 
2
[Power is equally distributed in left and right half]
As Power  Ae j0t  
 A2
A2
Power  Ae j0t  u (t )  

2
(8) 2
 Power 8 e j 2 t u (t )  
  32 watt
2
Q.42 The energy of a discrete time signal x[n] which is shown in figure below equal to
x[n]
.
. .
3
. .
2
.. -2 -1
1
0 1 2
.. n
(A) Zero (B) 36 unit (C) 19 unit (D) 72 unit

Ans. (C)
Sol. Given signal x  n  is shown in figure.
x n 

x  n   1, 2, 3, 2, 1



Energy  x  n   
2
x(n)
n 
 (1) 2  (2) 2  (3) 2  (2) 2  (1) 2

E  19 unit
Q.43 Calculate the power of the signal shown below
x(t )
10
5
t
5 5
(A) 125 W (B) Infinity (C) 0 W (D) 50 W
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given signal is shown in figure
x(t )
10
5
t
5 5
Method 1 :
T /2
1

2
Px  lim x(t ) dt
T  T
T /2
1 
5 5 T /2
Px  lim   0  dt   25  dt   100  dt 
T  T
 T /2 5 5
1 T 
Px  lim  (25 10)  100   5  
T  T
 2 
1
Px  lim
T 
 250  50T  500
T
250 50
Px  lim  lim  0  50
T  T T  T
 Px  50 watt
Method 2 :
x(t )
10
5
f2
f1
t
5 5
Considering x(t ) as sum of two non overlapping signals f1 (t ) and f 2 (t ) as shown in figure.
x(t )  f1 (t )  f 2 (t )
Power  x(t )   Power  f1 (t )  Power  f 2 (t ) 
As f1 (t ) is a finite duration signal, so P  f1 (t )   0
(10) 2
f 2 (t )  10u (t  5) , Power  f 2 (t ) 
2
 Power  x(t )  0  50  50 watt
d
Q.44 The energy of the function x(t )   rect (t ) is
dt
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 
Ans. (D)
d
Sol. Given : x(t )   rect(t )
dt
rect (t )  u (t  0.5)  u (t  0.5)
d
 rect (t )  (t  0.5)  (t  0.5)
dt
 Power  x(t )   P  (t  0.5)   P  (t  0.5) 
d
x1 (t ) x (t )  x1' (t )  rect (t ) 
dt
1
1
0.5
t t
 0.5 0.5  0.5
1
As impulse in continuous time is neither energy, nor a power signal as it is not bounded, so power of x(t )
is not defined but energy will be infinite.
Q.45 Energy of sin c(4t ) is
(A) 4 (B) 0.25 (C) 1 (D) 0.5
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given signal x(t )  sinc(4t )
Energy of sinc(t ) is given as

E sinc(t )   E  
2
sinc(t ) dt  1

Using scaling property of energy signals

E sinc(t )   1
1
E sinc(4t )   Joules
4
Q.46 The signal energy of x(t )  sinc (5t )  (2t ) is
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.05 (D) 0.2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given signal x(t )  sinc(5t )  (2t )
From scaling property of delta function
1
(2t )  (t )
2
Also from convolution property
p(t )  (t )  p(t )
1 1
 x(t )  sinc(5t )  (t )  sinc(5t )
2 2
If Energy of z (t )  E
K2
Then Energy of K  z (t )  E

As energy of sinc(t )  1
2
1 1 1
So energy of sinc(5t )     1
2 2 5
 Energy  x(t )   0.05 Joules
 n 
Q.47 A DT signal is given as g[n]  cos   u ( n)  u ( n  6)  .
 3 
The energy of the signal is
(A) 2 unit (B) 3 unit (C) 4 unit (D) Infinite
Ans. (B)
Sol.
u n 
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
u n  6
u n  u n  6 
n
1 2 3 4 5
Given discrete time signal

 n 
g  n   cos   u  n   u  n  6
 3 
1 0n5
As u  n   u  n  6  
0 otherwise
 
cos n 0n5
So g n   3
0 otherwise
g  n  can be expressed as
   2 4 5 
g  n   cos 0  , cos , cos , cos , cos , cos 
  3 3 3 3 3

 1 1 1 1 
g  n   1, , ,  1, , 
 2 2 2 2

Energy of g  n    g  n
2
n  
1 1 1 1
 1  1 
4 4 4 4
E  g  n   3 units
Q.48 Energy of the signal x(t ) is
x ( t)
t
3 2 2 3
(A) 1 (B) 1 / 3 (C) 2 / 3 (D) 14 / 3
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given signal x(t ) is shown in figure.
x ( t)
t
3 2 2 3
x1 (t)
t
2 2
x2 (t )
t
3 2
x3 (t)
t
2 3
Method 1 :
Given signal x(t ) can be expressed as
x(t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t )  x3 (t )
Where x1 (t ) is rectangular signal and x2 (t ) and x3 (t ) are half triangles. As these signals are non
overlapping, so
E  x(t )   E  x1 (t )   E  x2 (t )   E  x3 (t )  … (i)
Energies of rectangular and triangular signals are given as
 t  Energy
A rect     A2 

 
 t  Energy 2 A 
2
A tri    
 3
And there is no effect of shifting on energy of the signal.
For rectangle x1 (t )
A  1,   4, E  A2 
 E  x1 (t )   4 Joules
For half triangles x2 (t ) and x3 (t )
1 2 A2 
A  1,   1, E 
2 3
1
 E  x2 (t )  E  x3 (t )  Joules
3
From equation (i),
1 1 14
E  x(t )  4    Joules
3 3 3
Method 2 :
Given signal x(t ) can be expressed as
t  3, 3  t  2

x(t )  1, 2  t  2
 t  3, 2  t  3

 
E  x(t )    
2 2
x(t ) dt  2  x(t ) dt
 
As x(t ) is an even signal.

2 3

 E  x(t )   2    1  dt   (t  3) 2 dt 
0 2 
 2  (t  3)3 3 
E  x(t )   2  t0    
  3 2 
 (0  1) 
E  x (t )   2   2 
 3 
2 14
E  x(t )  4   Joules
3 3
. Common Data for Questions 49 to 53 .

The signal x(t ) is depicted in below figure
x ( t)
t
5 4 4 5
Q.49 The trapezoidal pulse y (t ) is related to the x(t ) as y (t )  x(10t  5) . The sketch of y (t ) is
y (t ) y (t )
(A) (B)
1 1
t t
0 0.1 0.9 1 -1 - 0.9 - 0.1 0
y (t ) (D) y (t )
(C) 1/ 5 1
t t
-5 - 4 0 4 5 -1 - 0.8 0 0.8 1
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given signal x(t ) is shown in figure.
x ( t)
t
5 4 4 5
To find signal y (t )  x(10t  5), applying operations on x(t ) from right to left.
x(t  5) y (t )  x(10t  5)
1 1
t t
1 9 10 1 9 1
10 10
Q.50 The trapezoidal pulse x(t ) is time scaled producing y(t )  x(5t ) . The sketch of y (t ) is
y (t ) y (t )
(A) (B)
1 1
t t
0 0.1 0.9 1 -1 - 0.9 - 0.1 0
y (t ) y (t )
(C) (D)
1 1
t t
-25 - 20 0 20 25 -1 - 0.8 0 0.8 1
Ans. (D)
Sol. To find signal y (t )  x(5t ), applying operations on x(t )
y (t )  x (5t )
t
1 4 4 1
5 5
To find x(5t ), each time instant is divided by scaling factor 5.
Q.51 The trapezoidal pulse x(t ) is time scaled producing y (t )  x(t / 5) . The sketch of y (t ) is
y (t ) y (t )
(A) (B)
1 5
t t
-25 - 20 0 20 25 -5 - 4 0 4 5
y (t ) y (t )
(C) 1/ 5
(D)
1
t t
-5 - 4 0 4 5 -1 - 0.8 0 0.8 1
Ans. (A)
t 1 1
Sol. To find signal y (t )  x   , applying scaling on x(t ) by , dividing all time instants by   .
5 5 5
y (t )  x(t / 5)
t
 25  20 20 25
As scaling factor is less then unity, so expansion takes place.
Q.52 The trapezoidal pulse x(t ) is applied to a differentiator, defined by y (t )  dx(t ) / dt . The total energy of
y (t ) is
(A) 0 J (B) 1 J (C) 2 J (D) 3 J
Ans. (C)
Sol.
x ( t)
t
5 4 4 5
d
y (t )  x(t )
dt
1
E1
4 5
t
5 4 E2
1
Given signal x(t ) can be expressed in terms of ramp functions as
x(t )  r (t  5)  r (t  4)  r (t  4)  r (t  5)
d
x(t )  4(t  5)  4(t  4)  4(t  4)  r (t  5)
dt
d
Signal y (t )  x(t ) is combination of rectangular function having width 1 and height 1 and –1.
dt
 t  Energy
A rect     A2 

For A  1,   1 , neglecting shifting
Energy of each rectangle
E1  E2  11  1
As the rectangles are non overlapping, so energy of y (t )  E1  E2  2 Joules
Q.53 The total energy of x(t ) is
13 26
(A) 0 J (B) 13 J (C) J (D) J
3 3
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given signal x(t ) can be considered to be made up of two half triangles and a rectangle, which all are non
overlapping to each other as shown in figure.
x1 (t)
t
4 4
x2 (t )
t
5 4 4 5
x (t)  x1 (t )  x 2 (t )
t
5 4 4 5
x(t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t )
E  x(t )   E  x1 (t )   E  x2 (t ) 
Where x1 (t )  Rectangle of width   8 , Amplitude A  1
 E  x1 (t )   A2   1 8  8 Joules
x2 (t ) is consisting of two half triangles of amplitude 1 and half width   1
 1 2 A2   2
 E  x2 (t )   2     Joules
2 3  3
2 26
 Energy  x(t )  8   Joules
3 3
Method 2 :
t  5, 5  t  4

x(t )  1, 4  t  4
t  5, 4  t  5


E  x(t )   2   x(t ) dt
2
… As x(t ) is even
0
4 5
(t  5) 2 
E  x(t )   2   1 dt   dt 
0 4
3 
 4  (t  5)3 5 
E  x(t )   2 t0    
  3 4 
 (0  1) 
E  x (t )   2  4 
 2 
2 26
E  x(t )  8 
 Joules
3 3
Q.54 Consider a periodic signal x(t ) as shown in figure. The power in this signal is
x (t )
t
2 1 1 2 3 4 5
(A) 0.376 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.576 (D) 1

Ans. (B)
Sol. Given periodic signal x(t ) is shown in figure.
x (t )
 T
 0, t0
1 2
x(t )  
1, T
0t
2 1 1 2 3 4 5
t  2
T T
2 2
Time period T  2 sec
Power of signal x(t ) is given as
T /2
1
T  T 
2
Px  lim x(t ) dt
T /2
As x(t ) is periodic with period T  2 , so
1 
0 1
 
2 2
Px  x (t )  x(t ) dt 
2  1 0 
1 
1
Px  0   1 dt 
2 0 
1
Px  1  0.5 watt
2

Practice Questions
5t
Q.1 The input x (t ) and the corresponding output y (t ) of a system are related by y (t )   x() d  . The

system is [GATE IN 2010-Guwahati]

(A) Time invariant and causal (B) Time invariant and non-causal
(C) Time variant and non-causal (D) Time variant and causal
Ans. (C)
Sol. Input-output relation is given as
5t
y (t )   x() d 

(i) As output at any time instant ‘t’ requires knowledge of inputs applied from   to 5t, so the
system is dynamic and non-causal.
(ii) Due to the effect of time scaling (in upper limit ‘5t’), the system is time variant.
5( t t0 )
y (t  t0 )  

x ( ) d  …(i)
5t
T  x(t  t0 )  y(t , t0 )   x(   t ) d 
0

Let   t0    d  d
When   ,    
  5t ,   5t  t0
5 t  t0
 y (t , t0 )  

x ( ) d  …(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii),

y(t  t0 )  y(t , t0 )
So, the system is time variant.
Q.2 A system with an input x (t ) and output y (t ) is described by the relation : y (t )  t x (t ) . This system is
[GATE EC 2000-Kharagpur]
(A) Linear and time-invariant (B) Linear and time-varying
(C) Non-linear and time-invariant (D) Non-linear and time-varying
2 Signals & Systems [Workbook - Solutions] GATE ACADEMY ®
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given relation,
y ( t )  t  x (t )
(i) As the output is obtained by coefficient multiplication in input only, so the system is linear.
(ii) As the coefficient of input is function of time, hence the system is time variant.
Given relation represents a static, causal time variant, linear and unstable system.
Q.3 A system is characterized by the input-output relation y (t )  x (2t )  x (3t ) for all t, where y(t) is the
output and x(t) is the input. It is [ESE EC 2014]
(A) linear and causal (B) linear and non-causal
(C) non-linear and causal (D) non-linear and non-causal
Ans. (B)
y (t )  x (2t )  x (3t )
y (1)  x (2)  x (3)
Present output depends on future inputs, so the system is non-causal.
Time scaling (linear or non-linear) has no effect on linearity, so systems represented by equations
y (t )  x (2t ) Linear system
y (t )  x (3t ) Linear system
 y (t )  x (2t )  x (3t ) Linear system
Q.4 The discrete time system described by y (n)  x 2 (n) is [ESE EC 2012]
(A) causal and linear (B) causal and non-linear
(C) non-causal and linear (D) non-causal and non linear
Ans. (B)
y n  x 2 n
y  0  x 2  0 y  1  x 2  1 y  2  x 2  2
As output depends only on present input, so the system is static and causal.
Here,   y  n     x 2  n 
and response of the system for input  x  n  ,
T   x  n     x  n    2  x 2  n 
2
As T   x  n     y  n 
So, the system is not following homogeneity, hence it is non-linear.
Q.5 The output y (t ) of a continuous-time system S for the input x (t ) is given by [ESE EC 2009]
t
y (t )   x ( ) d 

GATE ACADEMY ® Properties of Continuous & Discontinuous Time systems 3
Which one of the following is correct?

(A) S is linear and time-invariant (B) S is linear and time-variant
(C) S is non-linear and time-invariant (D) S is non-linear and time-variant
Ans. (A)
t
y(t )   x ( ) d 

To check linearity,
t t
y1 (t )  

x1 () d  y2 (t )   x () d 

2
 y3 (t )   y1 (t )   y2 (t )    x ()   x () d 

1 2 …(i)
Let x3' (t )   x1 (t )   x2 (t )
t t
y3' (t ) 

 x ' ( ) d     x ()   x () d 
3

1 2 …(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii),

y3' (t )  y3 (t ) Linear
t  t0
Also, y (t  t0 )  

x ( ) d 
t t t0
T  x(t  t0 )  y (t , t0 )   x (  t0 ) d    x ( ) d 
 

Q.6 If v  i characteristic of a circuit is given by v (t )  t. i (t )  2, the circuit is of which type?
(A) Linear and time invariant [ESE EC 2008]
(B) Linear and time variant
(C) Non-linear and time invariant
(D) Non-linear and time variant
Ans. (D)
v (t )  t  i ( t )  2
If input i (t )  0, then output
v (t )  0  2  2
System is not following zero input - zero output criterion, hence it is non-linear.
As the coefficient of input i (t ) is function of time, so the system is time variant.
Q.7 Which one of the following systems described by the following input-output relations is non-linear?
[ESE EC 2007]
(A) y ( n)  n x (2n) (B) y (n)  x (n 2 )
(C) y (n)  n 2 x(n) (D) y (n)  x 2 (n)
Ans. (D)
Sol. The system, represented by input-output relation given in option (D) is
y  n  x 2  n
For this system, homogeneity or additivity are not satisfied (see solution 4), so it is a non-linear system.
Q.8 Which one of the following is the correct statement? The continuous time system described by
y (t )  x(t 2 ) is [ESE EC 2006]
(A) Causal, linear and time-varying (B) Causal, non-linear and time-varying
(C) Non-causal, non-linear and time invariant (D) Non-causal, linear and time-variant
Ans. (D)
y(t )  x(t 2 )
y (0)  x (0) y (2)  x (4)
Present output depends on future input, so the system is dynamic and non-causal. Output is obtained
by a non-linear time scaling on input, so it will be time variant but a linear system.
Q.9 The governing differential equations connecting the output y (t ) and the input x (t ) of four continuous
time systems are given in the List-I and List-II respectively. Match List-I (Equation) with List-II
(System Category) and select the correct answer using the code give below the lists :
List-I (Equation) [ESE EC 2005]
dy
A. 2t  4 y  2tx
dt
dy
B. y  4 y  2x
dt
d2y dy dx
C. 4 2
2  y 3
dt dt dt
2
 dy  dx
D.    2ty  4
 dt  dt
List-II (System Category)
1. Linear, time invariant and dynamic
2. Non-linear, time-invariant and dynamic
3. Linear, time-variant and dynamic
4. Non-linear, time-variant and dynamic
5. Non-linear, time-invariant and non dynamic
Codes : A B C D
(A) 3 2 1 4
(B) 4 1 5 3
(C) 3 1 5 4
(D) 4 2 1 3
Ans. (A)
Sol. System are described by differential equations,
Option (C),
d2y dy dx
4
2
2  y 3
dt dt dt
At the equation is linear with all coefficients constant, so it represents a linear and time invariant
system. Whenever differentiator or integrators are involved, the system is always dynamic.
…(1)
Option (A),
dy
2t  4 y  2t  x
dt
The equation is linear with coefficients being function of independent variable (t) only, so the system
is linear but time variant and dynamic. …(3)
Option (D),
2
 dy  dx
   2t y  4
 dt  dt
As the degree of highest order derivative is 2, so the system is not linear and due to the coefficient is
function of time, so the system is time variant, and due to derivatives, system is dynamic.
…(4)
Q.10 Match List-I (Equation connecting input x(n) and output y (n) ) of four discrete time systems with
List-II (System category) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :
List-I [ESE EC 2004]
A. y ( n  2)  y ( n  1)  y ( n)  2 x ( n  1)  x ( n)
B. n 2 y 2 (n)  y (n)  x 2 (n)
C. y ( n  1)  ny ( n)  4nx ( n)
D. y ( n  1) y ( n )  4 x ( n )
List-II (System category)
1. Linear, time-variant, dynamic
2. Linear, time-invariant, dynamic
3. Non-linear, time-variant, dynamic
4. Non-linear, time-invariant, dynamic
5. Non-linear, time-variant, memoryless
Codes : A B C D
(A) 3 5 2 1
(B) 3 2 5 4
(C) 2 3 5 1
(D) 2 5 1 4
Ans. (D)
Sol. Option (A),
y  n  2  y  n  1  y  n   2 x  n  1  x  n 
From the given relation, output depends on present and future input, so the system is dynamic and non-
causal.
As there is no scaling in input or output, no extra form other than input and output and all the
coefficients are constants, so the system is time invariant.
As the only operation performed on input and output is time shifting, so the given system is linear.
…(2)
Option (B),
n2 y 2  n  y  n  x2 n
Given equation represents a static system as output depends only on present input, so the system is
memory less.
Due to square effect, system is non-linear. As the coefficient is function of time, so the system is time
variant. …(5)
Option (C),
y  n  1  ny  n   4n x  n 
As the coefficients are function of time, so the system is time variant but linear as only time shifting
and coefficient multiplication is performed. Present output depends on past input, so the system is
dynamic. …(1)
Q.11 If the response of a system to an input does not depend on the future values of the input. Then which
one of the following is true for the system? [ESE EC 2004]
(A) it is aperiodic (B) it is causal
(C) it is anticipatory (D) it is discrete
Ans. (B)
Sol. By definition a system is said to be causal if response of the system for present input does not depend
on future inputs.
Q.12 A continuous time system is governed by the equation 3 y 3 (t )  2 y 2 (t )  y (t )  x 2 (t )  x(t ) [ y (t ) and
x (t ) respectively are output and input]. The system is [ESE EC 2000]
(A) linear and dynamic (B) linear and non-dynamic
(C) non-linear and dynamic (D) non-linear and non-dynamic
Ans. (D)
Sol. Equation governing the continuous time system is given as,
3 y3 (t )  2 y 2 (t )  y(t )  x2 (t )  x(t )
Due to powers of input and output other than 1, the system is not linear but as all the bracket terms are
same, so the system is static.
Q.13 Which one of the following input-output relationship is that of a linear system? [ESE EC 1999]
(A) (B)
Output Output
0 0
0 Input 0 Input
(C) (D)
Output Output
0 0
0 Input 0 Input
Ans. (D)
Sol. The only relationship, given in option (D) represents a straight line passing through the origin, it will
represent a linear system if exists for –ve values of input also. Most appropriate among the given
options is (D).
Q.14 The discrete time equation y (n  1)  0.5ny (n)  0.5 x(n  1) is NOT attributable to a [ESE EC 1999]
(A) Memoryless system. (B) Time-varying system.
(C) Linear system. (D) Causal system.
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given difference equation is,
y (n  1)  0.5ny (n)  0.5 x(n  1)
Replacing n by (n  1) , we get
y (n)  0.5(n  1) y (n  1)  0.5 x(n)
y (n)  0.5 x(n)  0.5(n  1) y (n  1)
As present output depends only on present input and past outputs (which will be dependent on previous
inputs), so the system is causal.
As the coefficient of past outputs is function of n, so the system is time variant.
System is linear as no other power than one terms in the given equation, and it is following zero
input zero output criteria in steady state.
It is a recursive system having feedback, as present output depends on previous outputs also, along
with present input. A feedback system always has memory due to presence of previous output terms
required to find the present output, so the system is not attributable to a memoryless system.
Q.15 Which one of the following system is non-linear? [ESE EC 1998]
(A) y (t )  2 x (t  1)  3 x (t  2)  x (t  3) (B) y (t )  5 x (t )
(C) y (t )  2 x (t  1)  x (t  2)  x (t  4) (D) y (t )  2 x (t )  3.6
Ans. (D)
Sol. Input-output relation, given in option (D),
y (t )  2 x (t )  3.6
At the system is not following the zero input-zero output criterion, so it is not a linear system.
Q.16 Assertion (A) : A memory less system is causal.
Reason (R) : A system is causal if the output at any time depends only on values of input at that time
and in the past. [ESE EC 1994]
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true are R is not a correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
Ans. (A)
Sol. Assertion (A) : A memoryless system in causal. Given (A) is correct as the present output of
memoryless or static system depends only on present input, so static systems are always causal because
system is said to be causal even if present output depends on past inputs as well with present input.
Given reason contains the above mentioned fact, so the reason is also correct and it is the correct
explanation of (A).
Q.17 If an input x(n) is applied to an LTI system it yields an output y (n) . Which of the following statements
is not true?
(A) When input x(n  n0 ) is applied, output will be y (n  n0 )
(B) When input ax ( n) is applied, output will be ay ( n)
(C) When input x (2n ) is applied, output will be y (2 n)
(D) None of the above
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given that for an LTI system,
x  n  
 y n
(A) x  n  n0  
 y  n  n0   Correct as system is time invariant.
(B)   x  n  
   y n  Correct as system is linear, so it will follow homogeneity.
(C) x  2n  
 y  2n   Not necessarily true as time scaling is not valid for time invariant
system.
Q.18 A system described by equation y (t )  Odd  x(t ) is
(A) Linear, Static, Causal, Time invariant
(B) Linear, Dynamic, Non-Causal, Time variant
(C) Non-Linear, Dynamic, Non-Causal, Time variant
(D) Non-Linear, Static, Causal, Time invariant
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given input-output relationship,
x(t )  x(t )
y (t )  odd  x(t )  
2
1 1
y (t )  x(t )  x( t )
2 2

Due to this part, system is dynamic, non-causal and time variant, but both part defines linear operations.
. Statement for Linked Questions 19 & 20 .
Consider a discrete time system whose input output relationship is given by equation
y[ n ]  y[ n  1]  3 x[ n ], n  0
2
Q.19 Given that y[ 1]  1 and  x[k ]  2 , the value of
k 0
y[2] is
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 7 (D) 6
Ans. (C)
2
Sol. Given : y  1  1,  xK   2
K 0
y  n   y  n  1  3 x  n  , n0 …(i)
Value of equation (i) at n  0,

y  0  y  1  3 x  0 
 y  0  1  3 x 0
y 1  y  0   3 x 1
 y 1  1  3 x  0   3 x 1
y  2   y 1  3 x  2
 y  2  1  3 x  0   3 x 1  3 x  2 
2
y  2  1  3  x  K  …(ii)
K 0
y  2  1  (3  2)  7
Q.20 The given system is
(A)linear and time-invariant only if y[ 1]  0
(B) linear and time-invariant only if y[ 1]  0
(C) non-linear and time-variant only if y[ 1]  0
(D)linear only if y[ 1]  0 and time-invariant for any value of y[ 1]
Ans. (D)
Sol. From equation (ii), obtained from equation (i) in solution 19,
2
y  2  1  3 x  K , n0
K 0
Hence, the general input-output relation can be written as,

n
y  n  y  1  3 x  K , n0
 K 0
constant
Equation represents a time invariant system for any coefficient value of y  1 .
Due to constant y  1 , the system is not linear as output is not zero for zero input. If y  1 is zero,
n
then y  n   3  x  K , n  0  Linear
K 0
So, the system is linear only if y  1  0 .

Q.21 For the system described by the equation below, with the input f (t ) and output y (t ) .
y (t )  f n (t ) n, integer
Which of the following statement is correct?
(A) Invertible for even values of n and the inverse system equation is y (t )  [ f (t )]1/ n .
(B) Invertible for odd values of n and the inverse system equation is y (t )  [ f (t )]1/ n .
(C) Not invertible for any values of n.
(D) Invertible for any values of n and the inverse system equation is y (t )  [ f (t )]1/ n .
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : y(t )  f n (t )
Case 1 : n  Even
y(t )  f 2 (t )
f (t ) y (t )
1 1
–1 1
Non inventible
Case 2 : n  Odd
y(t )  f 3 (t )
f (t ) y (t )
1 1
–1 –1
Inventible
f (t ) y(t ) z (t )  f (t )
z (t )   y(t )
1/ n
y (t )  f 3 (t )
Inverse system
Q.22 A DT system has following input-output relationship
3 x(n), n  0
y ( n)  
 0, n0
Consider the following properties
P1 : System is linear
P2 : System is causal
P3 : System is invertible
Which of the above properties are possessed by the system?
(A) P1 , P2 (B) Only P1
(C) P1 , P3 (D) Only P2
Ans. (A)
3 x  n  , n0
Sol. Given : y  n  
0, n0
1. To check linearity :
3x  n  , n  0 3x  n  , n  0
y1  n    1 y2  n    2
0, n0 0, n0
3  x1  n   3  x2  n  , n0
  y1  n    y1  n    …(i)
0, n0
System will be time variant when splitter for values to ‘n’ as here n  0 and n  0.
Let x3'  n    x1  n    x2  n 
3 x '  n , n  0
 y3'  n    3
0, n0
3 x1  n   3  x2  n  , n0
 y3'  n    …(ii)
0, n0
As equation (i) and (ii) are identical, so the system is linear P1 is satisfied.
2. At instants, where y  n  is non zero, it depends only on present input x  n  , so the system is static
and all static systems are causal, so P2 is satisfied.
3   n  , n0
3. For input x  n     n  , output y  n   
0, n0
 y  n   0 as   n exists at n  0.
6   n  , n0
For another input x  n   2  n  , y  n   
0, n0
 y  n   0 output in same for 2 different inputs  non invertible.
Q.23 Three signals x1 (t ), x2 (t ), x3 (t ) are sent to the system and the corresponding output signals
y1 (t ), y2 (t ), y3 (t ) are obtained as shown in figure below :
x1(t) y1(t)
3
2 H
1 3 t 0 3 t
x2(t) y2(t)
3
2 H
2 4 t 0 3 t
x3(t) y3(t)
4
2
H
2
1 2 3 4 t 0 3 5 t
The system is
(A) Non-linear, time variant, non-invertible, non-causal
(B) Linear, time invariant, causal, non-invertible
(C) Non-linear, non-invertible, causal, time-invariant
(D) Non-linear, time invariant, invertible, causal
Ans. (A)
Sol. From the response y1 (t ) for input x1 (t )
x1 (t ) y1 (t )
3
2
t t
1 3 3
As the output y1 (t ) is present even before the application of input x1 (t ), so the system is not causal.
x2 (t ) y2 (t )
3
2
t t
2 4 0 3
x2 (t )  x1 (t  1) but y2 (t )  y1 (t )
So, the outputs are same for different inputs, hence the system is not invertible. Also, the time shift in
input x1 (t ) is not reflected in output y1 (t ), so the system is time variant.
x3 (t ) y3 (t )
4
z
2
t t
1 2 3 4 0 3 5
x3 (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) y3 (t )  y1 (t )  y2 (t )
System is not following additivity, so it violates superposition, hence the system is not linear.
Q.24 Two linear time invariant discrete time systems S1 and S2 are cascaded as shown in the figure. Each
system is modeled by a second order difference equation. The difference equation of the overall
cascaded system can be of the order of [ESE EC 2000]
(A) 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 (B) either 2 or 4

(C) 2 (D) 4
Ans. (D)
Sol.
x n  y n
s1 s2
Given that s1 and s2 can be modeled by a second order difference equations

x1 n s1 y1 n  x2 n  s2 y 2 n
h1 n h2 n
x n  y n x1 n y1 n 
s1 s2  h n  h1 n h2 n
Let y1  n   a1 x1  n   a2 x1  n  1  a3 x1  n  2
Y1 ( z )   a1  a2 z 1  a3 z 2  X 1 ( z )
Y1 ( z )
 H1 ( z )   a1  a2 z 1  a3 z 2
X1 ( z)
 h1  n   a1  n   a2   n  1  a3  n  2 …(i)
Let y2  n   b2 x2  n   b2 x2  n  1  b3 x2  n  2 
Y2 ( z )  b1  b2 z 1  b3 z 2  X 2 ( z )
Y2 ( z )
 H 2 ( z)   b1  b2 z 1  b3 z 2
X 2 ( z)
 h2  n   b1  n   b2   n  1  b3  n  2  …(ii)

 h  n   h1  n   h2  n 
h  n   a1  n   a2   n  1  a3  n  2  b1  n   b2   n  1  b3  n  2

h1 n 
h2 n a1 a1 a3
b1 a1b1 a2b1 a3 b1
b2 a1 b2 a2 b2 a3b2
b3 a1b3 a2b3 a3b3
h  n   a1b1 , ( a1b2  a2b1 ), ( a1b3  a2b2  a3b1 ), ( a2b3  a3b2 ), a3b3 
h  n   a1b1  n   (a1b2  a2b1 )  n  1  (a1b3  a2b2  a3b1 )  n  2

 (a2b3  a3b2 )  n  3  a3b3  n  4
Hence, the difference equation of the cascaded system has an order of as if h1  n  and h2  n  are second
order, then a3  0 and b3  0 , so the coefficient of   n  4 in h  n  , i.e., a3b3  0.
Q.25 Which of the following system is not stable with input x(n) and output y (n) ?
(A) y (n)  20sin  x(n)  10 (B) y ( n)  e x ( n )
n 2
(C) y ( n)   x(k )
k 
(D) y ( n)   x(n  k )
k 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Applying bounded input bounded exertion in the input-output relation given in option (C),
n
y  n   xK 
K  
For x n  u n  Bounded input

n
y  n   u  K   r  n  Unbounded
K 
 Unstable system.
Q.26 A discrete time system with an input x(n) and output y (n) is governed by following difference
equation y (n)  2 y ( n  1)  x(n)  x 2 (n) . The system is
(A) non-linear but stable (B) linear but unstable
(C) non-linear and unstable (D) linear and stable
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : y  n   2 y  n  1  x  n   x 2  n 
Due to square effect, the system is non-linear.
As the system is not LTI, hence to check stability, assuming y  n  to be causal, i.e. y  n   0 for n  0
and plotting y  n  for a bounded input x  n   u  n  , so that x  n   1 for n  0
y  n    2 y  n  1  x  n   x 2  n  …(i)
y  0   2 y  1  x  0   x 2  0  0  1  1  2
y 1   2 y  0  x 1  x 2 1   4  1  1   2
y  2   2 y 1  x  2  x 2  2  4  1  1  6
y 3   2 y  2  x 3  x 2 3   12  1  1   10
y  4   2 y 3  x  4  x 2  4  20  1  1  22
    
y n for x n   u n 
22
6
2
1 3 5 n
n0 2 4
–2
– 10
–42
As magnitude of y  n  is increasing with increasing value of ‘n’ so,
y  n  n   y     
Output in unbounded for bounded input  unstable system
Let P be linearity, Q be time-invariance, R be causality and S be stability. In questions input x(t) and output
y(t) relationship has been given. In options properties of system has been given. Choose the option which
matches the properties for the system given.
Q.27 y (t )  u  x(t )
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) Q, R, S
(C) R, S (D) S
Ans. (B)
Sol. y (t )  u  x(t )
1, x(t )  0
y(t )  
0, x(t )  0
y(t )
x(t )
As the graph between input and output in not a straight line passing through origin, so the system is
not linear (‘P’  ).
As in the relationship, there are no extra terms other than input and output which depends on ‘t’, so the
system is time invariant (‘Q’).
y (t  t0 )  u  x (t  t0 )  Same time invariant
y (t , t0 )  T  x(t  t0 )  u  x(t  t0 )  Same time invariant
Given system behavior is static for x (t )  0, static systems are always causal (‘R’).
Output is either ‘1’ or ‘0’ for any value of input, so the output is bounded even if the input is
unbounded, i.e. y (t )  1 for x(t )    , so the system is stable (‘S’).
Q.28 y (t )  x (t  5)  x (3  t )
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) Q, R, S
(C) P, R (D) P, S
Ans. (D)
Sol. y (t )  x (t  5)  x (3  t )
As both parts of R.H.S. defines linear operations, so the system is linear (‘P’).
Due to presence of time reversal in second part of R.H.S., system in not time invariant (‘Q’  ).
Due to time reversal, system in not causal (‘R’  ).
If x (t ) is bounded, then x(t  5)  , x(3  t )  
L  y (t )  Finite – Finite  Finite  Stable (‘S’).

t
Q.29 y (t )  x  
2
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) P, Q
(C) P, R (D) P, S
Ans. (D)
t
Sol. Given : y (t )  x  
2
Any linear/non-linear scaling do not have effect of linearity, system is linear (‘P’).
Due to scaling, system is time variant (‘Q’  ).
From the given relation
y (  6)  x (  3)
t  6 5 4 2
Present output depends on future input, so the system is not causal (‘R’  ).
t
If x (t ) is a bounded input then x   will also be bounded, so the system in BIBO stable (‘S’).
2
Q.30 y (t )  cos(2 t ). x (t )
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) Q, R, S
(C) P, R, S (D) P, Q, S
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : y (t )  cos (2  t )  x (t )
Output is obtained by multiplying a time dependent coefficient in x(t ), so the system will be linear
(‘P’) but time variant (‘Q’  ).
System is static as present output depends only on present input, so it is causal (‘R’).
As 1  cos (2  t )  1
 y (t )  x (t )
So, out will be bounded for bounded input, hence the system is stable (‘S’).
Q.31 y (t )  x(t )
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) P, Q, R
(C) Q, R, S (D) R, S, P
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : y (t )  x(t )
y (t )
2
1
x(t )
 2 1 1 2
Graph between output and input is not a straight line passing through the origin, so the system is not
linear (‘P’  ).
As there is no scaling involved, no extra terms other than input and output which are time dependent,
no time dependent coefficient present, so the system is time invariant (‘Q’).
Given system is static, so it is a causal system (‘R’).
As y (t )  x (t ) , so output is bounded for every bounded input, so the system in stable (‘S’).
d
Q.32 t y (t )  8 y (t )  x(t )
dt
(A) P, R (B) P, Q, R
(C) P, Q, R, S (D) P, S
Ans. (A)
d
Sol. Given : t y (t )  8 y (t )  x(t )
dt
As the coefficient is function of independent variant, so the system is linear (‘P’) but time variant
(‘Q’  ).
Present output depends on present and past inputs only, so the system is causal (‘R’).
As the system is non LTI, so to check stability we have to see whether zero input response in bounded
d
or t y (t )  8 y (t )
dt
1 8
dy (t ) 
y (t ) t
Integrating both sides,
1 8
 y(t ) dy(t )   t dt
ln y (t )  8 ln (t )
y(t )  t 8
y (t )   at t    unbounded  unstable
t 3
Q.33 y (t )   x ( ) d 

(A) P, Q, R (B) P, Q
(C) Q, R (D) P, S
Ans. (B)
t 3
Sol. Given : y(t )   x ( ) d 


System is linear as output is obtained by integrating the input having single power (‘P’).
t  t0  3
y (t  t0 ) 

 x ( ) d  …(i)
t 3
y(t , t0 )  T  x(t  t0 )   x (  t ) d 0

Let   t0  K  d   dK
when,    , K  
  t  3, K  t  3  t0
t  3 t0
 y (t , t0 )  

x( K ) dK …(ii)
Form equation (i) and (ii),

y(t  t0 )  y(t , t0 )
Hence, the system is time invariant (‘Q’).
2t
[If there will be any scaling in limit, eg.  , then the system will time variant].

As the output at any instant ‘t’ requires knowledge of input from   to ‘ t  3 ’, i.e. present output
depends on future inputs, so the system in non-causal (‘R’  ).
If any of the limit in integration is   or  , then the system will be unstable (‘S’  ).
Let P be linearity, Q be time invariance, R be causality and S be stability.
Q.34 The system y[ n]  rect ( x[ n]) has the properties
(A) P, Q, R (B) Q, R, S
(C) R, S, P (D) S, P, Q
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : y  n   rect  x  n 
y n 
z n 
The system is non-linear, time invariant, static causal and output is bounded even if input is unbounded,
refer solution 27.
n 1
Q.35 The system y[ n]  
m 
x[ m] has the properties
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) R, S
(C) P, Q (D) Q, R
Ans. (C)
n 1
Sol. Given : y n   x m
m 
The system is linear, time invariant, dynamic, non-causal and unstable as one of the limit is ‘   ’,
refer solution 33.
Q.36 The system shown below has the properties
x[n] ´ 2 y[n]
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) Q, R, S
(C) P, Q (D) R, S
Ans. (B)
Sol. From the given representation,
y  n  2 x2  n
x n x n  x 2 n y n
2
x n
Due to square effect, system is non-linear. As there is no scaling or time dependent coefficients, so the
system is time invariant. The system is static, so it is causal.
If x  n is bounded, i.e., x  n    then y  n   2 x  n  will also be bounded, so the system is stable.
2

(A) P, Q, R, S (B) P, Q, S
(C) P, R, S (D) Q, R, S
Ans. (D)
y  n   10 x  n   5
5
x n  y n

10 
Due to constant term, system is non-linear. As no scaling is involved, coefficients are also not function
of time, extra term present is constant, so the system is time invariant. As the system is static, so it is
causal.
For bounded input,
y  n   Finite  5  Finite
So, the system is stable.
+
x[n] + y[n]
+
Delay
unit
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) P, Q, R
(C) P, Q (D) Q, R, S
Ans. (B)
y  n   x  n   y  n  1
y  n   y  n  1  x  n 
x n y n 
+
+
Delay
unit
Y ( z)  y(1  z 1 )  X ( z)
1
H ( z)  h n  u n
1  z 1
h n 
n
Transfer function and impulse response can be obtained only for linear time invariant system. So, the
system is LTI.
As h  n   0, n  0  system is causal.
 
 h  n    1  , i.e. h  n is not absolutely summable, so the system is unstable.

n  n0

Q.39 Which one of the following is correct? A system can be completely described by a transfer function if
it is : [ESE EC 2007]
(A) Non-linear and continuous (B) Linear and time-varying
(C) Non-linear and time-invariant (D) Linear and time invariant
Ans. (D)
Sol. Transfer function and impulse response are defined only for linear time invariant systems.
Q.40 Let h(t ) be the impulse response of CT system. Which of the following system is causal?
(A) h(t )  e  2t u (t  2) (B) h(t )  2t 2u ( t )  e  t u (t )
(C) h(t )  e  4t u (t  2) (D) h (t )  u (t )  u (t  2)
Ans. (C)
Sol. For a system to be causal, its impulse response must exist only for +ve values of time, i.e.
h (t )  0 for t  0
h (t )
t
t 2
Only impulse response given in option (C) follows the above mentioned condition.
Q.41 A system is defined by its impulse response h(n)  2 n u (n  2) . The system is
(A) stable and causal [GATE EC 2011-Madras]
(B) causal but not stable
(C) stable but not causal
(D) unstable and non causal
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : h  n   2n u  n  2
h n 16
8
4
As h  n   0 for n  2 so, the system is causal.
Also, h  n  n   (2)   
Impulse response is not absolutely summable, so the system is not stable.
Q.42 Match each of the items 1, 2 on the left with the most appropriate item A, B, C or D on the right. In
the case of a linear time invariant system [GATE EC 1997-Madras]
(1) Poles in the right half plane implies
(2) Impulse response zero for t  0 implies
(A) Exponential decay of output (B) System is causal
(C) No stored energy in the system (D) System is unstable
Ans. (B)
Sol. A causal system is unstable if any of its poles lies in right half of s-plane.
If impulse response is zero for t  0, then the system is causal.
1 D 2 B
Q.43 The impulse response h[n] of an LTI system is
h[ n ]  u[ n  3]  u[ n  2]  2u[ n  7]
Then the system is : [ESE EC 2010]
1. Stable 2. Causal
3. Unstable 4. Not causal
Which of these are correct?

(A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only
(C) 3 and 4 only (D) 1 and 4 only
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : h  n   u  n  3  u  n  2  2u  n  7 
h n 
2
1
n
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
As h  n   0, n  0 so, the system is not causal.

Also, h ( )  0 and  h  n  15  
n 
i.e. absolutely summable, so the system is stable.

Q.44 The impulse response of a system h(n)  a nu (n) . What is the condition for the system to be BIBO
stable? [ESE EC 2006]
(A) a is real and positive (B) a is real and negative
(C) | a |  1 (D) | a |  1
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given impulse response,
h  n  a nu  n 
For a system to be stable, impulse response must be absolutely summable.
 1
 
 , if a  1
 h  n   a  1  a
n
n  n0 , if a  1


 For the system to be absolutely stable, a  1
Q.45 A discrete time system has impulse response h( n)  a n u ( n  2), | a | 1 . Which one of the following
statement is correct? The system is [ESE EC 2004]
(A) Stable, causal and memory less (B) Unstable, causal and has memory
(C) Stable, non-causal and has memory (D) Unstable, non-causal and memoryless
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : h  n   a nu  n  2 , a  1
h n 
n
–2 –1 1 2
As h  n   0, n  0 so, the system is not causal.

h  n   0 at n  
h  n is absolutely summable, so the system is stable.
If an LTI system is static (memoryless), then impulse response exists only at n  0, so the given system
has memory.
Q.46 The impulse response of discrete time LTI system is given by h(n)  (0.99) n u (n  3)
(A) h(n) is unstable and causal (B) h(n) is unstable and non-causal
(C) h(n) is stable and causal (D) h(n) is stable and non-causal
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : h  n   (0.99) n u  n  3
h  n is of the form h  n   a n u  n  3 , a  1, which exists from  3  n   .
As h  n   0 for n  0  Non-causal
h     0 and h  n is absolutely summable, so the system is stable.
Q.47 The system described by the figure is
+
x(n) y(n)
+
D
(A) Linear, Time invariant, Unstable, Dynamic

(B) Linear, Time variant, Stable, Dynamic
(C) Non-Linear, Time variant, Unstable, Dynamic
(D) None of the above
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given below diagram representation is shown in figure which is same as that in question 38, so all
result are same.
x n   y n


D
Hence, the system is linear, time invariant, dynamic, causal and unstable, so the correct option is (A).
[Block diagram and signal flow graph representations are possible only for LTI system.]
Q.48 A system is described by the block diagram
x(t ) 0.25
-
1
-
3 y (t )
This system is
(A) Linear, Static, Non-invertible and Stable (B) Non Linear, Dynamic, Invertible and Stable
(C) Linear, Dynamic, Non Invertible and Unstable (D) None of the above
48. (D)
Sol. Given block diagram representation is shown below,
x(t )
x(t )  0.25
 X ( s) 0.25
 s
1

1 1
 S.F.G.
1
 s
3 y(t )
3
y(t ) Y ( s)
As the system is represented by block diagram, so it is a linear and time invariant system and hence it
is inherently an invertible system as inverse of the system exists.
Using Mason’s gain formula to find T.F. from the S.F.G.
Forward path gain,
0.25 1
P1  2
 2
s 4s
Individual loop gains,
 0.25 0.75
L1  , L2  2
s s
  0.25 0.75  1 3
  1   2   1  2
 s s  4s 4s
1  1  0  1
1
1
Y (s) 4 s 2 1
 H ( s)    2
X ( s) 1  1  3 4s  s  3
2
4s 4s
3
To find poles, 4 s 2  s  3  0 , s  , 1
4
As the poles are lying in R.H.S. in L.H.S. of s-plane, so the system is unstable system is dynamic due
to presence of integrator.

Practice Questions :
Q.1 The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function does not have the
[GATE EC 2011‐Madras]
[GATE EC 1996‐Bangalore]
(A) dc term (B) cosine terms (C) sine terms (D) odd harmonic terms
Sol. (C)
Average value of an even periodic function may or may not be zero, so dc value can exist. If a function in even +
HWS then only odd harmonics will exist. Coefficient of cosine and sine terms are given as
2
T T
an  x (t ) cos n 0 t dt …(i)
x
T T 
bn  x(t ) sin n 0 t dt  0 …(ii)
 

Odd
 Even

Odd
As coefficients of sine terms are zero. So sine terms will not exist in line F.S. expansion of an even function.
Hence, line correct option is (C).
Q.2 The Fourier series of a real periodic function has only : [GATE EC 2009‐Roorkee]
P. cosine terms if it is even
Q. sine terms if it is even
R. cosine terms if it is odd
S. sine terms if it is odd
Which of the above statements are correct?
(A) P and S (B) P and R (C) Q and S (D) Q and R
Sol. (A)
From equations (i) and (ii) of “Sol 1”, it can be observed that if the real periodic signal is even then only cosine terms
will exist and if the function is odd, then only sine terms will exist.
So, only statements P and S are correct.
Hence, the right option is (A).
Q.3 The RMS value of the voltage V (t )  3  4 cos (3t ) is [GATE EE 2005‐Bombay]
(A) 17 V (B) 5 V (C) 7 V 

(D) 3  2 2 V
®
Signals & Systems [Workbook Solutions] 2 GATE ACADEMY
Sol. (A)
Method 1 :
Given : Signal V(t) = 3 + 4 cos(3t) power of Dc + Sinusoidal signal is given as
(Amp) 2
P (Dc + Sinusoid) = P (Dc) + P (Sinusoid) = (Amplitude) 2 
2
(4) 2
 Power, [V (t )]  (3) 2   17 watts
2
RHS value = Power
Vrms (t )  17 volts
Method 2 :
Application of F.s.,
 e j 3t  e  j 3t   j 3t
  3  2e  2e
j 3t
V (t )  3  4 cos 3t  3  4 
 2 
Comparing with synthesis equation,

V (t )   C .e
K 
k
 jk 0 t
, Here 0  3
 C0  3 , C1  2 , C1  2
Using parseval’s theorem,

P[v(t )]   (C )
K 
k
2
 9  4  4  17 volts ]
 Vrms (t )  Power  17 volt .

Q.4 Which of the following cannot be the Fourier series expansion of a periodic signal?
(A) x(t )  2 cos t  3cos 3t (B) x(t )  2cos t  7 cos t
(C) x(t )  cos t  0.5 (D) x(t )  2cos1.5t  sin 3.5t
Sol. (B)
Fourier series expansion is possible only for periodic signals.
Signal given in option (B) is,
x(t )  2 cos t  7 cos t
It is not periodic as ratio of time periods of 2 cos  t (T1  2 sec) and 7 cos (T2  2 sec) is not a rational number.
Q.5 What is the rms value of the voltage waveform shown in figure? [GATE EE 2002‐Bangalore]
(A) 200/  V (B) 100/  V (C) 200 V (D) 100 V

®
GATE ACADEMY 3 Continuous Time Fourier Series
Sol. (D)
v(t)
p 2p
p t
2p 4p 5p
3 3 3 3
5p
T=
3
vrms (t )  Power v(t )
Energy in one period

Power [v(t )] 
Time period
One period of v (t ) can be considered to be made up of 4 rectangular signals, which are non‐overlapping.
v(t)
100
E1 E3
p
p t
2p 4p E4 5p
3 3 3 3
E2
-100
So energy in one period of v(t ) .

E [v(t )]  E1  E2  E3  E4 …(i)
  t 
Energy of  A rect     A2 
   
ætö
Arect ç ÷
ètø
t
- t/2 t/2
 
E1  (100) 2  , E2  (100) 2 
3 3
2 
E3  (100) 2  , E4  (100) 2 
3 3

 E  [10000  10000  20000  10000]
3
50, 000 
E
3
E 50000  3
 Power    10000 watt
T 3  5
 RMS= 10000  100 volts
If square wavehas equal +ve and –ve values, then the same value will be its rms value.
®
Q.6 The RMS value of a half‐wave rectified symmetrical square wave current of 2 A is [GATE EE 1999‐Bombay]
(A) 2A (B) 1 A (C) 1/ 2 A (D) 3A
Sol. (A)
Half have rectified symmetrical square wave is shown in figure.
i(t)
2= A
t
T T 3T 2T
2 2
T
(2) 2 
Energy in one period 2 2
Power  
Time period T
 RMS value  Power  2
Q.7 The trigonometric Fourier series of a periodic time function can have only [GATE EC 1998‐Delhi]
(A) Cosine terms (B) Sine terms (C) Cosine and sine terms (D) D.C. and cosine terms
Sol. (C)
Fourier series expansion of a periodic time function can have DC as well as cosine and sine, but line most
appropriate choice from option (C) that it can have cosine and sine terms in genral if we do not ristrict the signal
to be even only as option (D) is valid strictly for some of line even signals.
Q.8 The rms value of the periodic waveform e(t ), shown in figure is [GATE EE 1995‐Kanpur]
e(t )
+A
t
T /2 T
-A
3 2 1
(A) A (B) A (C) A (D) 2A
2 3 3
Sol. (B)
Rms  Power
(Energy)1 period
P
Time period
T
2  A2 
(2 A2  / 3) 2
2  AT
E1  Energy of half triangle  
2 23 23
e(t)
+A
E1
t
T T
2 E2
-A
®
2
T AT
E2  Energy of rectangular  A2   A2  
2 2
A2T A2T 4 A2T 2 A2T
 E  E1  E2    
3 2 2 6 3
2 A2T 2 2
 Power   A
3T 3
2 2 2
 RMS value  Power  A A
3 3
Q.9 The Fourier series of an odd periodic function contains only [GATE EC 1994‐Kharagpur]
(A) odd harmonics (B) even harmonics (C) cosine terms (D) sine terms
Sol. (D)
Fourier series of an odd periodic function contains sine terms as explained in Sol. 1 and Sol. 2
Q.10 A periodic function satisfies Dirichlet’s conditions. This implies that the function [ESE EC 2014]
(A) is non‐linear
(B) is not absolutely integrable
(C) guarantees that Fourier series representation of the function exists
(D) has infinite number of maxima and minima within a period
Sol. (C)
Any periodic signal can be represented by Fourier series if it satisfies Diriehlet’s conditions, given as
1. It must be signal valued everywhere.
2. Function should have finite number of finite discontinuities
3. Function should have finite number of maxima and minima in any one period and their values must also be
finite.
4. Function must be absolutely integrade over any one period, i.e
 x(t ) dt   for all t

t0  T
t0 0
There are sufficient but not necessary conditions.

Q.11 Consider the following statements :
Fourier series of any periodic function x(t) can be obtained if [ESE EC 2010]
T
1.  | x(t ) | dt  
0
2. Finite number of discontinuities exist within finite time interval t.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2
Sol. (C)
Fourier series of any periodic signal (definitely) exist if diriechlet’s conditions, mentioned if diriechlet’s conditions,
mentioned in previous solution satisfied, given both statements comes under 4 conditions.
Q.12 For half‐wave (odd) symmetry, with T0 = period of x (t ) , which one of the following is correct?
[ESE EC 2004]
(A) x(t  T0 / 2)   x(t ) (B) x(t  T0 / 2)  x (t ) (C) x(t  T0 )   x(t ) (D) x (t  T0 )  x (t )
®
Sol. (A)
Any periodic signal is said to be half wave signal symmetric, if it satisfies line condition.
 T 
xt  0    x (t )
 2 
Q.13 Assertion (A) : A periodic function satisfying Dirichlet conditions can be expanded into Fourier series.
 
a0
Reason (R) : A periodic function can be reconstructed from  an cos n0t  bn sin n0t for very large n,
2 n 1 n 1
excluding infinity. [ESE EC 2003]

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
Sol. (C)
Given : Assertion is true but reason is false as F.S representation of periodic signal is given as
a0  
x(t )    an cos n 0 t + b n sin n 0 t
2 n 1 n 1
2
T T
If a0  x(t ) dt

Q.14 Consider the following statements related to Fourier series of a periodic waveform : [ESE EC 2002]
1. It expresses the given periodic waveform as a combination of d.c. component, sine and cosine waveforms of
different harmonic frequencies.
2. The amplitude spectrum is discrete.
3. The evaluation of Fourier coefficients gets simplified if waveforms symmetries are used.
4. The amplitude spectrum is continuous.
(A) 1, 2 and 4 (B) 2, 3 and 4 (C) 1, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 2 and 3
Sol. (D)
Given : Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct but statement 4 is wrong as spectrum of periodic signals are always discrete
in nature.
Q.15 The Fourier series representation of a periodic current is  2  6 2 cos t  48 sin 2t  A.
 
The effective value of the current is [ESE EC 2000]

(A) 2  6  24 A  (B) 8 A (C) 6 A (D) 2 A
Sol. (B)
Given : x(t )  2  6 2 cos t  48 sin 2t
 
x(t )  2  6 2 cos t  48 cos  2t  
DC
  2
Periodic, 1 2
®
(6 2)2 ( 48)2
P  x(t )  (2)2    64 watt
2 2
xrms (t )  64  8 A
x(t )  A  A1 cos 1t  A2 cos 2 t  A3 cos 3t ………
2 2
 A   A 
xrms (t )  A2   1    2   ......
 2  2
Q.16 A network consisting of a finite number of linear resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) elements, connected
all in series or all in parallel, is excited with a source of the form
3
a
k 1
k cos( k 0 t ), where ak  0, 0  0
The source has nonzero impedance. Which one of the following is a possible form of the output measured across a
resistor in the network? [GATE EC 2016‐Bangalore]
3 4
(A) b
k 1
k cos(k 0 t  k ), where bk  ak , k (B) b
k 1
k cos(k 0 t  k ), where bk  0, k
3 2
(C) a
k 1
k cos(k 0 t  k ) (D) a
k 1
k cos(k 0 t  k )
Sol. (A)
Given that a network consisting of resistor,
v(t) Z
Inductor and capacitor in series or in parallel is excited by a source v  t 1 given by

3
v(t )   ax cos(k 0 t )
k 1
a3 cos 3w0 t Z
a2 cos 3w0 t Z
a1 cos 3w0 t Z
j  j 
For series combination, Z  R  jL   R j  L  
C  C
Z  f ()
v(t ) can be considered as a combination of 3 – sources and to find current through any of line series connected
elements, principle of superposition can be used as shown below.
i1 i2 i3
v1 = a1 cos 3w0 t Z v2 = a2 cos 3w0 t Z v3 = a3 cos 3w0 t Z
Fig. Case ‐ I Fig. Case ‐ II Fig. Case ‐ III

®
i  i1  i2  i3
As Z is function of  , so in case I, II and III
v1 v2 v3
i1  , i2  , i3 
z 0 z  2 0 z  3 0
Now voltage (output) across resistor

VR  i.R  (i1  i2  i3 ) R
 a cos 0 t a2 cos 20 t a3 cos 30 t 

VR   1   R
 Z1 Z2 Z3 
a1 .R a .R a .R
VR  cos 0 t  2 cos 20 t  3 cos 30 t
Z1 Z2 Z3
3
 VR   bx cos k 0 t
k 1
ax .R
Where bk  ak as bx 
Zk
Q.17 Assertion (A) : For the half‐wave rectified sine wave f (t ) shown in the figure, the only sine term present in its
trigonometric form of Fourier series is the fundamental. [ESE EC 1998]
f (t )
t
-T T 0 T T 3T 2T 5T
-
2 2 2 2
Reason (R) : The odd part of f (t ) is a pure sinusoid of the fundamental frequency.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
Sol. (A)
Given waveform is shown in figure,
f (t)
t
-T T T T 3T 2T
-
2 2 2
To check ‘Assertion’ finding coefficients of sine terms
T
2
T 0
bn  f (t ).sin n 0 t dt
T 2 T
f (t )  A sin 0 t , 0  t  where 0  0,  t  T
2 T 2
T /2
2
 bn 
T 
0
A sin 0 t.sin n 0 t dt
®
T /2
A
bn 
T  cos (n  1) t  cos(n  1) t  dt
0
0 0
A   sin ( n  1) 0 t  
T /2 T /2
 sin(n  1) 0 t 
bn       
T   (n  1) 0 0  (n  1) 0 0 

A  sin (n  1)  sin (n  1)  
bn  
T  (n  1) 0 (n  1) 0 
   
 0except
for all ' n '
n 1
0 for all ' n ' 
  0 from at n 1 
  0 
 
T 2 T
 0    
2 T 2
 bn  0 for all ' n ' except n = 1
A  cos (n  1) 
Lt
b1    (Applying L‐Hospital’s rule)

T n 1  0 
A 1 A
 b1  . 
T 0 2
So, line only sine terms present in trigonometric F.S is of 1st harmonic i.e., fundamental frequency term. Hence
‘Assertion’ is correct.
To check ‘Reason’
f (t)
t
-T T T T 3T 2T 5T
-
2 2 2 2
f (– t)
t
3T -T T T T 3T 2T 5T 3T
- -
2 2 2 2 2
f (t ) - f (- t )
f 0 (t ) =
2
A
t
- 2T 3T -T T T T 3T 2T
- -
2 2 –A 2 2
From above figure, it is clear that the line odd part of f (t ) is a pure sinusoidal of same time period ‘T’ as that of
f (t ) , So it is a sinusoidal of fundamental frequency.
Thus, the ‘reason’ is also true and it is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion’
®
Q.18 Assertion (A) : The coefficient an and bn of the Fourier series for the periodic function shown in the figure is given
by [ESE EC 1994]
f (t )
t
0 T 2T 3T
 
f (t )  sin  t  for 0  t  T
T 
4
an  n  1, 2..... and bn  0
 1  4n 2 
T
Reason (R) : The periodic function is symmetrical about t  T and t 
2
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
Sol. (A)
Given signal f (t ) is shown in figure.
f (t)
t
- 3T - 2T -T 0 T 2T 3T
Fundamental period of f (t ) is T.
2
 0 
T
Also, f (t ) follows line waveform of sine wave having time period 2T, i.e. of frequency
2 
0'  
2T T

So, f (t ) can be expressed as f (t )  sin t, 0  t  T
T
As f (t ) is an even function, so trigonometric fourier series coefficient bn  0 and
2
T
2
T 0
an  f (t ).cos n 0 t dt where 0 
T
 2
T
2
T 0
 an  sin t.cos n.  dt
T T
Using 2 sin A cos B  sin ( A  B)  sin ( A  B)
1   
T T
an    sin (1  2n) t dt   sin (1  2n) t dt 
T 0 T 0
T 
 
1  cos (1  2n)   1 cos (1  2n)   1 
an   
T  (1  2 n)   
(1  2 n)
 T T 
®
As 1  2n  Odd integer for any value of n
1  2n = Odd integer for any value of n
 cos (1  2 n)  cos (1  2 n)  1
1  1  1 1  1 
 an  
T  (1  2 n) (1  2 n)  
 
 T
1 2  1 1  2 1  2 n  1  2 n 
an    
T  / T 1  2n 1  2n    1  4n 2
 

4
 an 
(1  4n 2 )
Here give ‘Assertion’ is correct, bn  0
T
Given reason correctly explain the cause of bn  0 as if any function is symmetrical about t  T and t  , then it
2
will be an even function, So F.S expansion will not contain sine terms and bn will be zero.
Q.19 The amplitude and phase spectra for the few harmonics of a periodic signal of time period 1 sec are shown in the
figure below. [ESE EC 1991]
q
     
(A) cos  2t    0.75cos  6t    0.1cos  10t   .....
 4  4  6
 t   t   t 
(B) cos     0.75cos     0.1cos    .....
 2 4   6 4   10 6 
     
(C) 2 cos  2t    1.5cos  6t    0.2 cos  10t   .....
 4   2   6
     
(D)  cos  2t    0.75cos  6t    0.1cos  10t   .....
 4  2  6
Sol. (C)
Given phase and magnitude spectra are shown in figure. In polar form of representation of complex numbers
Cn  Cn .e
j Cn
ÐCn Cn
p/2 p/6
1 1 0.75
0.1
1 n n
2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
p/4
®
 C1  1.e  j  / 4
C3  0.75 e  j  / 2
C5  0.1 e j  / 6
As C  n  C n*
 C1  1.e j  / 4
C3  0.75 e  j  / 2
C 5  0.1 e  j  / 6
2
Given : T  1 , 0   2
T

Using synthesis equation x(t )   C .e
n 
n
j 0 nt
x(t )  C1 e j0t  C1e j0t  C3 j30t  C3 e j30t C5 e j50t  C5 e j50t
     
j j j j j j
x(t )  e 4
.e j 2 t  e 4 . e  j 2 t  0.75 e 2 .e j 6 t 0.75 e 2
.e  j 6 t  0.1e 6 .e j 10 t  0.1e 6
.e  j t
          
j  2 t    j  2 t   j (6 t  )  j  6 t    j  10 t    j  10 t  
x (t )  e  4
e  4
 0.75 e 2
0.75 e  2
 0.1 e  6
 0.1 e  6
     
x(t )  2 cos  2 t    1.5cos  6 t    0.2 cos 10 t  
 4   2   6
None of line given option is correct.
x(t )
Option (C) gives the value of .
2
Q.20 The Fourier series of a periodic function exists, if in one period, the function has
(A) infinite number of infinite discontinuities (B) infinite number of finite discontinuities
(C) finite number of infinite discontinuities (D) finite number of finite discontinuities
Sol. (C)
From Dirienlet’s conditions, for the one existence of fourier series, any periodic function should has finite number
of finite discontinuities.
Q.21 DC value for the given signal is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 / 2 (D) 2

Sol. (A)
Given signal shown in figure
x(t )
1
-2 -1
t
1 2
–1
®
Area in one period
DC value 
Time period
As total area in one period for the given signal is zero, so its DC value is zero.
Hence, the correct option is (A)
Q.22 Which of the following signal does not contain sine terms in its trigonometric Fourier series representation?
x(t )
1 x(t )
(A) (B)
t 1
-2 -1 1 2
-1
t
-4 -2 0 2 4
x(t )
1
(C) x(t ) (D)
-2 -1 1 2
1 t
-1
t
-4p -2p 0 2p 4p
Sol. (B)
Function given in option (B) is an even signal, hence it will not contain sine terms in its trigonometric fourier series.
Q.23 Fourier series for a given below waveform is :
T T T T
- -
2 4 4 2
4A  1 1  4A  1 1 
(A) cos 0t  cos 30t  cos50t.... (B) cos 20t  cos 40t  cos 60t....
  3 5    4 6 
4A  1 1  A 4A  1 1 
(C) sin 0t  sin 30t  sin 50t.... (D)  cos 0t  cos30t  cos50t....
  3 5  4   3 5 
Sol. (A)
Given signal is shown in figure.
 T
Here x(t )  x(t ) and x  t     x(t )
 2
x(t)
A
T T
-
2 2
t
T T
-
4 4
-A
®
So, line signal is even and half wave symmetric.
Hence bn  0 , F.S will not contain sine terms, so option (C) is eliminated and option (B) is eliminated due to it is
containing even harmonics. Now average value of x(t )  0 as area in one period is zero, So option (D) is eliminated
as it contains DC term
x(t )
A
-T /2 T /2
t
-A
A 1 1  A 1 1 
(A) 4  cos 0t  cos30t  cos 50t.... (B) 4  sin 0t  sin 30t  sin 50t....
 3 5   3 5 
A 1 1  A 1 1 
(C) 4 sin 0t  sin 30t  sin 50t.... (D) 4 cos 0t  cos30t  cos50t....
  3 5    3 5 
Sol. (C)
Given waveform is shown in figure,
x(t)
A
-T T
t
T T
-
2 2
-A
As x(t ) is an odd and half wave symmetric signal, so a0 = Average value = 0 and an  0
 Trigonometric F.S for x(t ) is given as,

x(t )   bn sin 0 t …(i)
n 1
T /2
4
bn 
T 
0
x (t ).sin n 0 t dt [ x(t ) is H.W.S + odd]
4
T /2
 A 0t T /2
bn 
T 0
A.sin n 0 t dt x (t )  
 A T / 2  t  T
T /2
4 A   cos n 0 t 
bn   
T  n 0  0
4 A  T   T 
bn   cos n 0 2  1  0 .T  2   0 . 2   
n 0T  
 4A
4 A bn  ........n  odd
= bn  [(1) n  1]  n
2n 0.............n  even
®
 From equation (i),
4A 4A 4A
x(t )  sin 0 t  sin 30 t  sin 50 t
 3 5
4A  1 1 
x(t )   sin 0 t  sin 30 t  sin 50 t 
  3 5 
1 1
Note : F.S coefficient of periodic square wave is proportional to and for triangular wave is proportional to 2 .
n n
x(t )
5
... ...
t
0 2p 4p
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
(A)  sin t  sin 2t  sin 3t... (B)  sin t  sin 2t  sin 3t...
 2 3 2  2 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
(C)  cos t  cos 2t  cos 3t... (D) cos t  cos 2t  cos 3t...
2  2 3  2 3
Sol. (B)
Given x(t ) is shown in figure,
x(t)
t
- 2p 2p 4p 6p
1
 2 5
Area 5
a0   2 
Period 2 2
5
x(t )  t , 0  t  2
2
2
2 5t
bn 
2  2.sin nt dt
0
(T  2)
5    cos nt 2  2    cos nt  
bn   t    1   dt 
2 2   n 0 0  n  
5  1 1 2 
bn 
2 2  n 2  0  n 2 sin nt0 
 
5
 bn 
2
2
2 5
an 
2  2 t.cos nt dt
0
5   sin nt 2  2  sin nt 
an   t.    1. dt 
22   n 0 0 2 
®
5  1 2 
an 
2 2 (0  0)  n 2 cos nt0 
 
5 1 
an  (1  1)   0
32  n 2 

 x(t )  a0  bn sin n 0 t Where 0  1r/s
n 1
5 5 5 5
 x(t )   sin t  sin 2t  sin 3t
2  2 3
Q.26 Consider Fourier representation of continuous and discrete‐time systems. The complex exponentials (i.e., signals),
which arise in such representation, have [ESE EC 2014]
(A) same properties always (B) different properties always
(C) non‐specific properties (D) mostly same properties
Sol. (A)
2
j Kn
Complex exponentials which arise in continuous and discrete term are given respectively as e jK 0 t and e N
having similar properties.

Hence the correct option is (A).
Q.27 Let cn is the Fourier series coefficient of a periodic signal x(t ), then in the Fourier transform X () of x(t ) the
magnitude of nth impulse is
cn cn
(A) (B) 2 cn (C) cn (D)
2 2
Sol. (B)
Given : Cn  F . S coefficient of x(t )
Fourier transform is related to fourier series as
x()  T .Cn K 0 
For T  2, magnitude of nth impulse is proportional to magnitude of nth harmonic coefficient of F.S and given as
2. Cn .

Q.28 x(t ) and y (t ) are two periodic signals with period T0 and z (t )  x(t )  y (t ). If an , bn and cn are the nth complex
exponential Fourier series coefficients of x(t ), y (t ) and z (t ) respectively, then
1
(A) cn  an bn (B) cn  T0 an bn (C) cn  an bn (D) None of these
T
Sol. (B)
Given : Z (t )  x(t )  y (t )
If x (t ) 
F .S
 an
y (t ) x (t ) 
F .S
 bn
Then by convolution in time property of fourier series coefficients

If z (t ) 
F .S
 Cn
Cn  T .an bn
®
Q.29 Let x(t ) is a periodic signal and x(t )  cn . If cn has even symmetry and cn has odd symmetry with respect
CTFS
to n, then x(t ) is
(A) odd symmetric (B) even‐symmetric
(C) complex valued (D) purely real or purely imaginary
Sol. (D)
Magnitude spectrum is an even function and phase spectrum is an odd function only for purely real or purely
imaginary signals. If a signal is complex, then it will not follow that condition.
Example : x (t )  1  j cos 0 t
j j
C0  1, C1  , C1 
2 2

C1  C1  
2
So phase spectrum will not be an even function in their case as x(t) is complex.
Q.30 For a real cosine and sine function, the exponential Fourier series coefficient cn have the property
1 1 *
(A) cn  c* n (B) cn   c* n (C) cn  c* n (D) cn  c n
2 2
Sol. (A)
From symmetry properties, if time domain signal x(t ) is real, then its F.S coefficients will always be conjugate
symmetric having
C *n  C n

Q.31 Let x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) be continuous time periodic signals with fundamental frequency 1 and 2 , fourier series
coefficients cn and d n respectively.
Given that x2 (t )  x1 (t  1)  x1 (1  t )
The Fourier coefficient d n will be
(A) ( cn  jc n ) e  j n
1
(B) ( c n  jcn ) e  j n
1
(C) ( cn  jc n ) e  j n
1
(D) ( cn  c n )e  j n
1
Sol. (D)
Given : x1 (t )  Cn and x2 (t )  d n
x2 (t )  x1 (t  1)  x1 (1  t ) ….(i)
x1 (t )  Cn
x1 (t  1)  e  jn1 .Cn ….(ii)
x1 (t  1)  e  jn1 .Cn
x (1  t )  x1 (t  1)  e  jn1 .C n ….(iii)
Using linearity property, from equation (i), F.S coefficients of x2 (t ) is given as
d n  e  jn1 .Cn  e  jn1 .C n
d n  e  jn1 (Cn  C n )

®
Q.32 The exponential Fourier series coefficient of signal x(t ) shown in figure below is
x(t )
t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2 j 1 1
(A) [cos n  1] (B) (C) (1)n (D) [1  (1)n ]
n 2
2
2n n 22
n 2
2
Sol. (D)
Given function is shown in figure.
x(t )
t
1 2
x(t )  t  1, 1  t  0 t  1, 0  t  1
1 
0 1
 
 jn0 t
Cn  (t  1) e dt  (t  1)e  jn0t dt 
2 1 0 
1  e  jn0t 
0 1
e jn0t  e jn0 t  e  jn0 t 
0 1
Cn   (t  1)
2 
   1
 jn0 1 1  jn0
dt  

( t  1)
 jn0 0
    (1)
 jn0 
dt 
 0 
1  0  1  1  1 0  1 
Cn    {e in0t }01    {e jn0 t }10 
2   jn0  ( jn0 )  jn0  ( jn0 )
2

1é 1 1 1 1 ù
= ê - 2
{1 - e - inw0t } + + 2
{e - jnw0t - 1}ú
2 ë jnw0 ( jnw0 ) jnw0 ( jnw0 ) û
2
Here T = 2, 0  
2
 e jn0  e jnn  (1) n
1 1 1  1
Cn  {1  (1)n }  2 2 {1  (1)n }  2 2 {1  (1)n }
2  n 2 .2 n  n 
Q.33 A continuous time periodic signal having fundamental period T0 is define over some interval by
 T0
 A,  2  t  0
x(t )  
 A, T
0t  0
 2
t
The exponential CTFS coefficients of  x ( ) d 

is
jAT0  sin( n / 2)  jAT0  sin( n / 2)  1 

(A)  (B)
2  ( n) 2  2  ( n) 2 

AT0  cos( n  1) 
(C)   (D) None of these
2  ( n ) 2 
®
Sol. (C)
  A T0 / 2  t  0
Given : x (t )  
 A 0  t  T0 / 2
Given signal is same as that given in Q.24 for which we have obtained
 4A
 ........ for n  odd
a0  0 , an  0 and bn   n
0 ........for n  even
Exponential F.S coefficients are related to trigonometric coefficient as

4A
0 j
a  jbn n
Cn  n  For n = odd
2 2
2A
Cn   j For n = odd
n
A
Cn  j  [cos n   1]
n 
 2 for n  Odd
( 1)n 1 
 0 for n  Even
If x (t ) 
E .F .S
 Cn
t
1
 x ( ) d  

jn0
.Cn
1 A 1 A
 . j  cos n  1  .  cos n  1
jn0 n 2 n.
n.
T0
t
A.T0  cos (n )  1 
  x ( ) d  

2  n 2  2 

Make slight modification in option (C).
cos (n  1)  cos (n)  1
Q.34 Exponential Fourier Series coefficients of x (t )  2 sin(2 t  3)  sin 6 t are
e j 3 e j 3 1 1 e j 3 e j 3 1 1
(A) C1  , C1  , C3  , C 3  (B) C1  , C1  , C3  , C3 
2j 2j 2j 2j j j j j
e j 3 e j 3 1 1 e j 3 e j 3 1 1
(C) C1  , C1  , C3  , C3  (D) C1  , C1  , C3  , C 3 
2j 2j j j j j 2j 2j
Sol. (D)
Given : x(t )  2sin (2t  3)  sin 6t
Fundamental frequency of x(t)
0  HCF (2, 6)  2 rad/s
So 2sin (2t  3) terms represents the fundamental frequency component whereas sin 6t represents the components
of 3rd harmonics.
As of A sin 0 t 
F .S
 ak
A A
Then a1  and a1 
2j 2j
2 2
 2sin 2t  a1  , a 1 
2j 2j
®
3
using time shifting, replacing t  t 
2

x1 (t )  2sin 2  t 
3 
  a1 e
 j .1.0 .
 3
2

1
, a1
e 
 j .1.0 .
3
2
1
 2  j j
As 0  2 ,
e j 3 e j 3
 x1 (t )  a1  , a1  
j j
If x2 (t )  sin 6 t 
F .S
 bk
1 1
Then, b3  , b3 
2j 2 j
Using linearity property, F.S.C of x(t ) , Ck is given
Ck  ak  bk
e j 3 e  j 3 1 1
 C1  , C 1  , C3  , C3 
j j 2j 2j
Q.35 The exponential Fourier series coefficient for the periodic signal x (t )  sin 2 t is
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)  [n  1]  [n]  [n  1] (B)  [n  1]  [n]  [n  2]
4 2 4 4 2 4
1 1 1 1
(C)  [n  1]  [n]  [n  1] (D)  [n  2]  [n]  [n  2]
2 2 2 2
Sol. (A)
Given : x (t )  sin 2 t
1  cos1 t 1 1  e j 2t  e  j 2t 
x(t )     
2  2 2 2 
0  2
0  2
Cn
1/2
n = -1 n =1
n
0
-1/4 -1/4
1 1 1
 C0  , C1   and C1  
2 4 4
1 1 1
 Cn   [n]   [n  1]  [n  1]
2 4 4
. Statement for Linked Questions 36 to 38 .
Consider the following three continuous time signals with a fundamental period of T  1 .
x(t )  cos 2t
y (t )  sin 2t
z (t )  x(t ) y (t )
®
Q.36 The Fourier series coefficient cn of x(t ) are
1 1 1
(A)  [n  1]  [n  1] (B)  [n  1]  [n  1] (C)  [n  1]  [n  1] (D) None of these
2 2 2
Sol. (A)
x(t )  cos 2 t, 0  2
1 j 2 t 1  j 2 t
 e  e
2 2
Cn
1/2
n
1 1 1 0 1 
 C1  C1  Cn  , , 
2 2 2  2
1
 Cn  (n  1)  (n  1)
2
Q.37 The Fourier series coefficient of y (t ), d n will be
1 j j 1
(A)  [n  1]  [n  1] (B)  [n  1]  [n  1] (C)  [n  1]  [n  1] (D)  [n  1]  [n  1]
2 2 2 2j
Sol. (B)
y (t )  sin 2t , 0  2
1 j 2 t 1  j 2 t
 e  e
2j 2j
dn
1/2 1/2 j
n
0
1/2 j
1 j d 1 j  j 0  j
d1     dn   , , 
2j 2 1 2 f 2 2  2 
j
 d n  [(n  1)  (n  1)]
2
Q.38 The Fourier series coefficient of z (t ), en will be
1 1 1
(A)  [n  2]  [n  2] (B)  [n  2]  [n  2] (C)  [n  2]  [n  2] (D) None of these
4j 2j 2j
Sol. (A)
Z (t )  x(t ). y (t )
If x(t )  Cn y (t )  d n z (t )  d n
®
Then varying multiplication property
en  cn  d n
1 0 1   j 0  j
cn  , ,  , d n   ' , 
2  2 n  2 
en j j
dn ¯ -
Cn 2 0 2
1 j j
0 -
2 4 4
®0 0 0 0
1 j j
0 -
2 4 4
j 0  j  1 0 1 
en   , 0, , 0,    , 0, , 0, 
4  4  4  4j
1
 en  [(n  2)  (n  2)]
4f
Q.39 A continuous time periodic signal has a fundamental period T  8 . The nonzero Fourier series coefficients are as,
c1  c*1  j , c5  c5  2 . The signal will be
       
(A) 4cos  t   2sin  t  (B) 2cos  t   4sin  t 
4  4  4  4 
       5 
(C) 2cos  t   2sin  t  (D) 2sin  t   4cos  t 
4  4  4   4 
Sol. (D)
2 
Given : T  8 and 0  
T 4
 
j j
C1  je 2
, C1  ( j )*   je 2
, C5  2 , C5  2

Using synthesis equation, x(t )  ce
n 
n
jn0 t
x(t )  C1e j0t  C1 j0t  C5 e j 50t  C5 e j 50t

     
j j t j j t j5 t  j5 t
x(t )  e 2 .e 4
e 2
.e 4
 2e 4
 2e 4
 j  4 t  2   j  4 t  2    j 5 4 t  j5 t 

4 
 
  

x(t )    2  2 
e e e e  2
 2   2 
  5
x(t )  2 cos  t    4 cos t
 4 2  4
 5
 x(t)  2sin t  4 cos t
4 4
Q.40 The FS coefficient of time‐domain signal x(t ) is cn  j[n  1]  j[n  1]  [n  3]  [n  3]
The fundamental frequency of signal is 0  2 . The signal is
(A) 2(cos3t  sin t ) (B) 2(cos3t  sin t ) (C) 2(cos 6t  sin 2t ) (D) 2(cos 6t  sin 2t )
®
Sol. (C)
Given : Cn  j[n  1]  j[n  1]  [n  3]  [n  3]
Cn
-1 j 1
n = -1
n
n = -3 0 n =1 n=3
-j
 C1  j , C1   j , C3  1 , C3  1
Given : 0  2 ( T  1 )

x(t )  c
n 
n e jn0t  C1e j0t  C1e  j0t  C3 e j 30t  C3 e  j 30t
x (t )  je j 2 t  je  j 2 t  1.e j 6 t  1.e  j 6 t
x(t )  j  2 j sin 2t  2 cos 6t
 x(t )  2sin 2t  2 cos 6t
Hence, the correct answer is (C).
Q.41 Match list‐I (Name of periodic function) with the list‐II (Properties of spectrum function) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists :
List‐I (Nature of periodic function)
A. Impulse train
dT (t )
- nT -T 0 T nT
B. Full‐wave rectified sine function

2 t 4 t
C. 2sin cos
6 6
D.
List‐II (Properties of spectrum function)

1. Only even harmonics are present
2. Impulse train with strength 1/T
1 1
3. C3  ; C 3  
2j 2j
4. Only odd harmonics are present
5. Both even and odd harmonics are present
®
Codes : A B C D
(A) 5 2 3 1
(B) 2 5 3 4
(C) 5 2 4 3
(D) 2 1 3 4
Sol. (B)

1
For impulse train  (t  k T )  C
k 
s n 
Ts
for all ‘n’
(A)  2
Cn
1/Ts
n
Ts 2Ts 3Ts
From Sol.18
F.S coefficient for full wave rectified sine function,
4
an  , n  1, 2, 3, 4.......
(1  4n 2 )
So, both even and odd harmonics are present.
(B)  5
2t 4t  2 4  2 
Let, z (t )  2sin .cos 0  HCF  ,  
 6
   6
  6 6  6
x (t ) y (t )
 1 0 1  1 0 1 
 x (t )  C n  , ,  y (t )  d n   , 0, , 0, 
 j  j 2  2
 1 0 1 1 
z (t )  en  cn  d n en    , 0, , 0, , 0, 
 2j 2j 2j 2j
(C)  3
2t 4t
Or z (t )  2sin .cos
6 6
 2  4   2 4t 
z (t )  sin    t  sin   t
 6 6   6 6 
2   
z (t )  sin
 t  sin t 0  HCF  ,  
e3 
1
, e 3 
1 6
  3 3
2j 2j 1 1
e1  , e1 
2j 2j
Waveform given in option (D) is odd +HWS, so there will only be odd harmonics existing in its F.S representation.
(D)  4
 (A)  2
(B)  5
(C)  3
(D)  4
®
Q.42 Consider a periodic signal x(t ) whose Fourier series coefficient is defined as below
 2, n0

cn    1 |n|
 j   , Otherwise
 2
Which of the following is true?
(A) x(t ) is a real valued signal (B) x(t ) is an even signal
dx(t )
(C) is an even signal (D) Both (B) and (C)
dt
Sol. (B)
 2, n0

Given : Cn    1  n
 2
Replacing ' n ' by ' n ' both sides
 2, n0

C n    1  n
 2
As C n  Cn , x(t )  x(t )
 Signal x(t ) is even
d
If x(t ) is even, then x(t ) will be odd.
dt
Q.43 The FS coefficient of time domain signal x(t ) is
|n|
 1 
cn   
 3 
The fundamental frequency of signal is 0  1 . The signal is
4 5 5 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5  3sint 4  3sin t 4  3cost 5  3cost
Sol. (D)
 1 
n
Given : Cn   
 3 
1  2
For x(t )  
F .S
()
n
1  2 cos t   2
Comparing with given coefficient Cn
1

3
1
1
 x(t )  9
 1  1
1  2   cos t 
 3  9
Given :   1
8/9 8/9
 x(t )  
10 2 (10  6 cost) / 9
 cos t
9 3
®
8 4
x(t )  
2(5  3cos t ) 5  3cos t
Q.44 If exponential F.S. coefficient of a periodic signal x(t ) is
n n
1 j
cn    e 20 T0  2
2
Then x(t ) is
   
j  t    j  t  
 20   20 
4e 3 4e
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
       
5  cos  t   5  4 cos  t   5  4 cos  t  
 20   20   20 
Sol. (B)
n 
 1  jn 2
Given : Cn    .e 20 T0  2 0  
2 2
n 1
 1  jn..
 Cn    .e 20 …(i)
2
1  2 n
x '(t )   ( )
1  2 cos 0 t   2
1  2
x (t )  x '(t  t0 )   ( ) .e jn0 .t0
n
1  2 cos 0 (t  t0 )   2
1 1
Comparing R.H.S with equation (i),   , t0 
2 20
1
1 n 1
4  1  jn.
 x(t )     .e 20
 1  1 2
1  cos   t   
 20  4
3/ 4 3
 x(t )  
      
5  4 cos   t  20   5  4 cos    20 
  
4
Hence, the correct answer is (B).
Q.45 Suppose we have given following information about a signal x(t ) :
1. x(t ) is real and odd 2. x(t ) is periodic with T  2
2
1
2 0
3. Fourier coefficients cn  0 for | n | 1 4. | x(t ) |2 dt  1
The signal, that satisfy these condition, is

(A) 2 sin t and unique (B) 2 sin t but not unique
(C) 2 sin t and unique (D) 2 sin t but not unique
Sol. (B)
Given conclusion :
1. x(t ) is real and odd  Cn will be imag and odd + C.S i.e Cn*  Cn and C n  Cn C n  C  n*
2
2. x(t ) is periodic with T  2  0  

®
3. Cn is 0 for n  1  C1 , C0 and C1 can exist but for add signal C0  0
 Only C 1 and C1 is non zero
2
1
2 0
2
4. x (t ) dt  1  Power of x(t ) is 1
2 2
C1  C1  1
We can check from options also or we can use following method :
2 1 1
2 C1  1 , C1  , C1  
2 2
j
But as Cn  Imaginary, C1  
2
Also Cn  odd, C1  C1
j j
 C1  , C1  ….(i)
2 2
j j
Or C1  , C1  ….(ii)
2 2

x(t )  Ce
n 
n
 jn0 t
Considering Cn from equation (i) and (ii),

j j
(i) x(t )  e  j t  e j t   2 sin t or
2 2
j j
(ii) x(t )  e j t  e  jt   2 sin t
2 2
We can see that there exists two signals which satisfy all the given conditions. So 2 sin t is the required solution
but it is not unique.
Q.46 The FS coefficient of time‐domain signal x(t ) is shown below
cn
3
2
1
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The fundamental frequency of signal is 0   . The signal is
(A) 3cos 3t  2 cos 2t  cos t (B) 3sin 3t  2sin 2t  sin t
(C) 6sin 3t  4sin 2t  2sin t (D) 6 cos 3t  4 cos 2t  2 cos t
Sol. (D)
Given : C1  C1  1 , C2  C2  2 and C3  C3  3 .
Cn
3
n
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
®
Cn  Real and even  x(t ) Real and even
0  

x(t )  Ce
n 
n
jn0 t
x(t )  1.e jt  1e jt  2e j 2t  3e j 3t  3 j 3t

x(t )  2 cos t  4 cos 2t  6 cos 3t

| cn |
2
1
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ðcn
p
4
-4 3
n
-6 -5 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 4 5 6
p
-
4
The fundamental frequency of signal is 0   . The signal is
       
(A) 6cos  2t    3cos  3t   (B) 4cos  4t    2cos  3t  
 4  4  4  4
       
(C) 2cos  2t    2cos  3t   (D) 4cos  4t    2cos  3t  
 4  4  4  4
Sol. (D)
For the given magnitude and phase spectra, Cn  Cn e

j Cn
Cn
2
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
ÐCn
p/4 p/4
-4 3
n
-3 4
-p/ 4 -p/ 4
C3  1 e  j  / 4 , C3  1 e j  / 4 , C4  2 e j  / 4 and C4  2 e  j  / 4


Ce
jn 0 t
x(t )  n , 0  
n 
®
   
j j j j
x(t )  e 4
.e j 3t  e 4
.e  j 3t  2e .e  j 4 t  2e
4 4
.e  j 4 t
       
j  3 t    j  3 t   j  4 t    j  4 t  
x (t )  e  4
e  4
 2e  4
 2e  4
   
x(t )  2 cos  3t    4 cos  4t  
 4  4
| cn |
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ðcn
8p
6p
4p
2p
1 2 3 4 5 6
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-2p
-4p
-6p
-8p
The fundamental frequency of signal is 0   . The signal x(t ) is

 9t 
sin  
sin 9t sin 9t sin18t  2 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
sin t  sin t 2sin t  t 
sin  
 2
Sol. (D)
Magnitude and phase spectra are shown.
Cn
n
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
8p ÐCn
6p
4p
2p
1 2 3 4 n
-4 -3 -2 -1
- 2p
- 4p
- 6p
- 8p
®
Here magnitude in constant and phase angle is decreasing at a constant rate with increase in ‘n’, so we can use
concept of slope, and expressions for Cn and Cn can be witten as
Cn  1 4  n  4
8  8
Cn  mn m  Slope   2 
4  (4)
Cn  2n 4  n  4
 Cn  Cn .e jCn

x(t )  Ce
n 
n
jn0 t
, (Given : 0   )
4 4
x(t )   1.e
n 4
 j 2 n
.e jnt  e
n 4
jnt
4
Let e jt  r  x(t )  r
n 4
n
x (t )  r  4  r  3  r  2  r  1  1  r  r 2  r 3  r 4
x (t )  r 4 [1  r  r 2  r 3  r 4  r 5  r 6  r 7  r 8 ]
8
1  r 8 1  4  r  1 
9
x(t )  r 4  ( r ) n  r 4  r  
n 0  1 r   r 1 
 e j 9 t  1   e j 9 t  e  j 9 t 
x(t )  e  j 4 t  jt   

 e  1   e j 2 t  e  j 2 t 
9  9t 
2 j sint sin  
x(t )  2   2 
  t 
2 j sin t sin  
2  2
Q.49 A CT signal x(t ) is given as

  m  2m  
x (t )  ( 1) m    t  3     t  3  
m       
The exponential Fourier series coefficient cn of the function is
3  3  6 3  4  6 3  3  6 3  
(A) cn  cos  n  (B) cn   cos  n  (C) cn   cos  n  (D) cn   cos  n 
2  2  4 2  3  4 2  2  4 2 2 
Sol. (D)

 m  2m 
Given : x(t )  (1) m    t  2     t 
m 

3 
 
 m  2m 
x(t )  (1)m    t    (1) m    t  
 m 
 3 
  m  
 3
x1 ( t ) x2 ( t )
 2  1  1  2
x1 (t )  ...........    t      t    (t )    t      t   ..........
 3  3  3  3
2
Period of x1 (t ) T1  as shown in figure,
3
®
x1 (t )
-3 / 3 -1/ 3 1/ 3 3/3
t
-4/3 -2/3 2/3 4/3
-1
x2 (t )
-2/3 2/3
t
-4 / 3 -3 / 3 -1/ 3 1/ 3 3/3 4/3
-1
x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t )
-2/3 2/3
t
-4 / 3 -3 / 3 -1/ 3 1/ 3 3/3 4/3
-1
 4  2  2  4
x2 (t )  ....... +   t      t   t    t      t  
 3  3  3  3
4
Period x2 (t ) T2  as shown in figure,
3
2 4 4
 Period of x(t ) T  LCM  and  
 3 3 3
T /2 2/3
1 1  1  1   jn t 
x(t ) is shown in figure Cn 
T 
T / 2
x (t )e  jn0 t dt    k   2(t )    k   e 0 dt 
(4 / 3) 2/3  3  3 
2 2 
Where, 0   3
T 4/3 2
3    1    j 32 nt 3
 1   j 2 nt 
3
2/3 2/3 2/3
 j nt
 Cn           2  ( ).    3 
  .
2
t e dt t e dt t e dt 
4  2/3   3  2/3 2/3 
®
Using property of impulse f n
T1
 x(t ).(t  t ) dt  x(t )

 T1
0 t  t0
if T1  t0  T1
 Cn 
3   j 2 n 3 
 e
3   1  3
 j n 0 
 2.e 2
 j n.  
3  1 
3  j 2n  j 2n 

 e 2  3    2  e  e 

 
4 4
3   6 6 
Cn   2  2 cos n    cos n
4 2  4 4 2
6 3 
Cn   cos n
4 2 2
Q.50 Let y (t ) is the output of a half wave rectifier circuit when an input x(t )  E sin 0t is applied to it. For even values
of n, the exponential Fourier series coefficient cn of y (t ) is
E 2E 4E
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
(1  n 2 ) (1  n 2 ) (1  n 2 )
Sol. (B)
Output of half wave rectifier for input x(t )  E sin 0 t is shown in figure,
y(t)
E0
t
-T T T T 3T 2T
-
2 2 2
2
Where, T 
0
 T
 E sin 0 t 0t
2
y (t )  
 T
0 t T
 2
T
1
T 0
Cn  y (t ) e  jn0 t dt
E  e j0t  e  j0 t   jn0 t 

T /2 T /2
1
Cn   E sin 0 t e  jn0 t dt  
T  
 2j
e

dt 
T 0 0 
E  
T /2 T /2
e e
j 0 t (1 n ) t  j 0 t (1 n ) t
Cn   dt  dt 
2 jT  0 0 
E   e j0 t (1 n )t T / 2  e j0 t (1 n ) t T / 2 

Cn      
2 jT   j0 (1  n) 0   j0 (1  n) 0 
E  e j  (1 n )  1 e  j  (1 n )  1   T 
Cn      0 T  2, 0 . 2   
2 jT ( j 0 )  (1  n) (1  n)   
 E  e j  .e  jn  1 e j  .e  jn  1 
Cn    
20T  1  n 1 n 
e j   1, e  jn  ( 1) n

®
 E  ( 1) n  1 ( 1) n  1 
 Cn    
2  2  (1  n) (1  n) 
 E  (1) n  1 ( 1) n  1   E  (1) n 1  1 (1) n 1  1 

Cn        
2  2  (1  n) (1  n)  4  (1  n) (1  n) 
 E  ( 1) n 1 (1  n  1  n)  1  n  1  n 
Cn   
4  1  n2 
 E  2(1) n 1  2  2 E  (1) n 1  1 
Cn      
4  1  n 2  4  1  n 2 
 0 For n  odd

 Cn   2 E (2) E
 4  (1  n 2 )  (1  n 2 ) For n  even

So, for even values of n,
E
Cn 
 (1  n 2 )

Q.51 The complex Fourier coefficient cn of the full wave rectified sine function shown in figure below is
x(t )
t
-3p -2p -p 0 p 2p 3p
4 2 2 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) (1)n
(1  4n 2 ) (1  4n 2 ) (1  n 2 ) n 2
2
Sol. (B)
Given waveform is the O/P of full wave rectifier,
x(t)
-p p
t
- 2p 0 2p 3p
Same as given in Q – 18 for which we have obtained trigonometric F.S coefficients.

4
an  , n  1, 2,3,....... and bn  0
 (1  4n 2 )
Exponential F.S coefficient are related to trigonometric F.S coefficient as

an  jbn
Cn 
2
an
Cn  as here bn  0
2
2
 Cn 
 (1  4n 2 )

®
1 j 1
Q.52 The Fourier series coefficient of signal x(t ) shown in figure (A) are given as c0  , c1  , cn  , for n
 4 (1  n 2 )
even
x(t )
t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Then the Fourier series coefficient c0' , c1' and cn' of y (t ) shown in figure (B) are
y (t )
t
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
1 j 1 1  j 1
(A) , , ; n is odd (B) , , ; n is odd
 4 (1  n 2 )  4 (1  n 2 )
1 j 1 1 j 1
(C) , , ; n is even (D) , , ; n is even
 4 (1  n 2 )  4 (1  n 2 )
Sol. (C)
Given waveforms x(t ) and y (t ) are related as
y (t )  x(t  1)
 Cn'  e jnw0 .Cn

2 2
Here, 0   
T 2
 Cn'  e  jn .C n
x(t)
t
-2 -1 1 2 3
y(t)
t
-2 -1 1 2 3
1
Given : Cn  , n  Even
 (1  n 2 )
(1) n
 Cn'  , n  even
 (1  n 2 )
1
 C0'  e  j 0. .C0  C0 

j
C1'  e j1. .C1  C1 
4
®
 jn 
Cn'  e .Cn  ( 1) .Cn
n
1
Cn'  , n  Even
(1  n 2 )

Practice Questions
d
Q.1 Let the signal x(t ) have the Fourier transform X () Consider the signal  x(t  td ) where td is an
dt
arbitrary delay. The magnitude of the Fourier transform of y (t ) is given by the expression :
[GATE IN 2007-Kanpur]
(A) X () .  (B) X () . (C)  . X ()
2
(D) 2 . X () .e  jtd
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
x (t ) 
 X ()
 e jtd X ()
Using time shifting prop x(t  td ) 
d
Using diff. in time prop  j e  jtd X ()
x(t  td ) 
dt
 Y ()  je  jtd X ()
Y ()  j e  jtd  X ()
 Y ()   X ()
Q.2 Let x(t ) and y (t ) with Fourier transform X ( f ) and Y ( f ) respectively be related as shown in figure.
Then Y ( f ) is [GATE EC 2004-Delhi]
x(t ) y (t )
-2 0 t
1
-2
-2 0 2 t
1  f   j 2 f 1  f  j 2 f  f   f 
(A)  X  e (B)  X  e (C)  X   e j 2 f (D)  X   e  j 2 f
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given signals x (t ) and y (t ) are shown in figure.
y (t ) is related it x (t ) as
y (t )  2 x (2t  2)
If x (t ) 
X(f )
x (t ) y (t )
2 1
t
1
t 2
2 2
x (t  2) x (2t  2)
1 1
t t
4 2
2 x (2t  2)  y(t )
2
2
Applying operations from point to left

 e j 2 f 2  X ( f )
x (t  2) 
f 
1 j 4    f 
x(2t  2) 
 e 2  X  
2 2
1 f 
 2   e j 2 f  X  
2 x(2t  2) 
2 2
f 
 Y ( f )  e j 2 f X  
2
dx (t )
Q.3 The Fourier transform of a function x (t ) is X ( f ) The Fourier transform of will be
dt
[GATE EC 1998-Delhi]
dX ( f ) X(f )
(A) (B) j 2f X ( f ) (C) jf X ( f ) (D)
dt jf
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given x (t ) 
X(f )
From differentiation in time properly
d
x(t )  jX () or j 2f  X ( f )
dt
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Continuous Time Fourier Transform
Q.4 The amplitude spectrum of Gaussian pulse is [GATE EC 1998-Delhi]
(A) Uniform (B) A sine function (C) Gaussian (D)An impulse function
Ans. (C)
2
Sol. For a Gaussian pulse x (t )  e t
2
F.T. X ( f )  e f
i.e. F.T. of Gaussian is alsos Gaussian in nature.
Q.5 If the Fourier Transform of a deterministic signal g (t ) is G( f ) , then [GATE EC 1997-Madras]
Item - 1
(1) The Fourier Transform of g (t  2) is
(2) The Fourier Transform g (t / 2) is
Item - 2
(A) G ( f ) e j (4 f )
(B) G (2 f )
(C) 2G (2 f )
(D) G ( f  2)
Match each of the items 1, 2 on the left with the most appropriate item A, B, C or D on the right.
Ans. 1-A, 2-C
Sol. Given g (t ) 
 G( f )
P.S.P.  e  j 2 f 2G ( f )  e  j 4 f  G ( f )
g (t  2) 
 
t 1  f 
T.S.P. g   
 G    2G (2 f )
2 1 1
   
2 2
 1 A 2C
Q.6 Consider the following transforms :
1. Fourier transform [ESE EC 2016]
2. Laplace transform
Which of the above transforms is/are used in signal processing?
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Both Fourier and raplace transforms are used in signal processing of continuous time signals.
T T
Q.7 The Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse for a period t   to t  is [ESE EC 2014]
2 2
(A) a sinc function (B) a sine function
(C) a cosine function (D) a sine-squared function
Ans. (A)
Sol. Rectangle in one domain will result in sine/sampling function in other domain.
t   
A reet     ASa   or A sinc ( f )
  2 
x(t )
t
T T

2 2
A.T .sinc ( fT )
Q.8 A unit impulse function (t ) is defined by
1. (t )  0 for all t expect t  0

2.  (t ) dt  1

[ESE EC 2013]
The Fourier transform F () of (t ) is

1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) 0 (D)
 j
Ans. (A)
Sol. To find F.T. of impulse function, given as
x ( t )   (t )  0 , t  0
1, t0

And

 (t )dt  1
 
 x(t )e jt dt   (t )  e

 j t
X ()  dt
 
 
e  (t ) dt  1
 j(0)
 X ()   (t )dt 
 

Q.9 Which one of the following is a Dirichlet condition?

(A)  x(t )  
t1
[ESE EC 2010]
(B) Signal x(t ) must have a finite number of maxima and minima in the expansion interval
(C) x(t ) can have an infinite number of finite discontinuities in the expansion interval.
(D) x 2 (t ) must be absolutely summable
Ans. (B)
Sol. Dirichlet’s conditions, mentioned in Solution 10 of practice questions of continuous time fourier series,
for periodic signals are same for aperiodic signals also, just replace term ‘over one period’ by ‘expansion
interval’ wneen can be   t   , depending on the duration of existance of the aperiodic signal.
The condition mentioned in option (B) is one of the diricnlet’s conditions.
Hence the correct option is (B).
Q.10 Consider the following statements regarding the use of Laplace transforms and Fourier transforms in
circuit analysis : [ESE EC 2010]
1. Both make the solution of circuit problems simple and easy.
2. Both are applicable for the study of circuit behavior for t   to  .
3. Both convert differential equations to algebraic equations.
4. Both can be used for transient and steady state analysis.
(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 2, 3 and 4 only (C) 1, 2 and 4 only (D) 1, 3 and 4 only
Ans. (D)
Sol. Statement ‘2’ is incorrect since limits must be (t ) to ‘ t ’ not (t ) to  . All other statements are
correct.
Q.11 For distortionless transmission through LTI system phase of H () is [ESE EC 2010]
(A) constant (B) one
(C) zero (D) linearly dependent on 
Ans. (D)
Sol. A distortionless LTI system produces an output whien may be an amplitude scaled time shifted version of
the input, i.e. output
y (t )  Kx (t  td )
x (t ) y (t )
h(t )
Where K and td must be constant.

Y ()  K  X ()  e  jtd
Y ()
 H ()   K  e  jtd
X ()
H ()  K  e  jtd  K  Const.
H ()  
()  td    Linear
 
  
y m x
Equation of st. line

H () H ()
K K

So, for distortionless transmission, magnitude of H () must be constant for all values of  and phase of
H () must be linear function of  . Hence the correct option is (D).
Important :
For distortionless transmission
Impuluse response of the system h(t )  K (t  td )
Transfer function of the system H ()  K  e  jtd
H ()  K  Constt.
()  td    Linear
Froup delay  g  phase delay  p  Constt.  t d
d () ()
g  p 
 
Q.12 Which one of the following is the correct relation? [ESE EC 2008]
(A) F (at )  aF ( / a)
FT
(B) F (at )  aF (a)
FT
(C) F (t / a) 
FT
aF ( / a) (D) F (at ) 
FT
(1/ a) F ( / a)
Ans. (D)
Sol. From time scaling properly
If f (t ) 
 F ()
1  
f (at ) 
 F 
a a
If ‘a’ is positive and real, then
1  
f (at ) 
 F 
a a
Q.13 Match the List-I (CT function) with List-II (CT Fourier Transform) and select the correct answer using
the code given below the lists :
List-I List-II [ESE EC 2006]
(CT Function) (CT Fourier Transform)
1
A. e t u (t ) 1.
1 2
1, | t |  1
B. x(t )   2. j X ( j)
0, | t |  1
dx(t ) 1
C. 3.
dt 1  j
e|t | 2sin 
D. 4.
2 
Codes : A B C D
(A) 1 4 2 3
(B) 3 2 4 1
(C) 1 2 4 3
(D) 3 4 2 1
Ans. (D)
1
Sol. (A) e  t u (t ) 
 A3
1  j
1 t 1
(B) x(t )  
0 t 1
x(t )
t
1 1
t
 x(t )  reet  
2
t   
A reet   
 A Sa  
  2 
For x (t ) , A  1 ,   2
  2 
 x(t ) 
 2 Sa    2 Sa()
 2 
sin 
 x(t ) 
2 B4

(C) From differentiationin time properly
d
x (t )  X () x(t ) 
 j () C2
dt
t
a t 2a e 2 1 1
(D) e 
 2 
 2 
a  2 2 (1)   2
2
t
e 1
 
 D 1
2 1  2
Hence the correct option is (D).
Q.14 The inverse Fourier transform of ( f ) is [ESE EC 2003]
(A) u (t ) (B) 1 (C) (t ) (D) e j 2 t
Ans. (B)
Sol. As F.T. of an impulse function a constant, i.e.
(t ) 
1
1 
 ( f ) or
1 
 2()
A 
 2 A()
Applying dnality properly

1 
 (  f )  ( f )
As impulse is an even function.
So, the inverse F.T. of ( f ) is 1.
Q.15 Match List-I (Functions) with List-II (Fourier Transforms) and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists : [ESE EC 2002]
List-I List-II
(Functions) (Fourier transform)
1
A. exp( t ) u (t ),   0 1.
(  j 2f ) 2
1
B. exp(  | t |),   0 2.
  j 2f
 
C. t exp(  t ) u (t ) ,   0 3.  f  
 t0 
2
D. exp( j 2 t / t0 ) 4.
  (2f ) 2
2
Codes : A B C D
(A) 3 1 4 2
(B) 2 4 1 3
(C) 3 4 1 2
(D) 2 1 4 3
Ans. (B)
1
Sol. We have x(t )  e at u (t ) 

a  j
1
i.e. e  at u (t ) 
 A2
a  j 2f
Applying time reversal prop.
1
x(t )  eat u (t ) 

a  j 2f
a t
x(t )  x(t )  e at u (t ) 
 eat u (t )  e
Usign linearly properly
a t 1 1
e 
 
a  j 2f a  j 2f
a  j 2f  a  j 2f 2a
  2
a  4 f
2 2 2
a  42 f 2
1 1
Now, x(t )  e at u (t ) 
  B4
a  j a  j 2f
Applying diff. in frequency or multiplication by ‘t’ prop
j d  1  1
t  x(t )  t  e at u (t ) 
    (a  j 2f ) 2 C 1
2 df  a  j 2f 
From frequency shifting properly of F.T.
x (t ) 
X(f )
e j 2 f0t  x(t ) 
 X ( f  f0 )
We have 1 
 ( f )
 a
a
j 2  t
e t0
1 
 f   D3
 t0 
Q.16 Match List-I (Fourier transform) with List-II (functions or time) and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists : [ESE EC 1999]
List-I List-II
sin k
A. 1. A constant

B. e  jd 2. Exponential function
1
C. 3. t-multiplied exponential function
( j  2) 2
D. k() 4. Rectangular pulse
5. Impulse function
Codes : A B C D
(A) 4 5 3 1
(B) 4 5 3 2
(C) 3 4 2 1
(D) 3 4 2 5
Ans. (A)
Sol. Rectangle in one domain is same or sampling in other domain
sin K Inverse
 rectangular pulse.

Impulse in one domain is constant in other domain and shifted impulse in time domain results in a complex
exponential in frequency domain, i.e.
(t ) 
1 1 
 2()
 e jtd
(t  td ) 
Exponential multiplied with ' t n '
n!
t n e  at u (t ) 

(a  j) n 1
1
t  e 2t u (t ) 

(2  j) 2
Q.17 Given that the Fourier transform of f (t ) is F ( j) , which of the following pairs of functions of time and
the corresponding Fourier transforms are correctly matched? [IEC EC 1998]
1. f (t  2)  e j 2  F ( j)
2. f ( 0.5 t )  2 F (2 j)
t
 1 
3. 

f (t ) dt  F ( j)   () 
 j 
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 2 and 3 (D) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given :
f (t ) 
 F ( j)
 e jt0 F ( j)
f (t  t0 ) 
  e j 2   F ( j )
f (t  2) 
So,the first pair is correctly matched.
1  
f (t ) 
 X j 
  
1   
 f (0.5t ) 
 Xj 
0.5  0.5 
 f ( 0.5t ) 
 2 X ( 2 j )
So, second pair is correctly matened.
From integration properly
t
 1  F ( j)


f () d  
 F ( j)   ()  
 j  
 F (0)()
So, all the pairs are correctly matched,

Q.18 If g (t )  G ( f ) represents a Fourier transform pair, then according to the duality property of Fourier
transform [ESE EC 1997]
(A) G (t )  g ( f ) (B) G (t )  g *( f ) (C) G (t )  g ( f ) (D) G (t )  g *( f )
Ans. (C)
Sol. From duality properly
If g (t ) 
 G () or g (t ) 
 G( f )
G (t ) 
 2g ( ) or G (t ) 
 g ( f )
Q.19 The Fourier transform of v (t )  cos 0t is given by [ESE EC 1997]
1 1
(A) V ( f )   ( f  f 0 ) (B) V ( f )   ( f  f 0 )
2 2
1 1
(C) V ( f )    ( f  f 0 )   ( f  f 0 ) (D) V ( f )    ( f  f 0 )   ( f  f 0 )
2 2
Ans. (D)
1 j 2 f0t  j 2 f0t
Sol. v(t )  cso 0t  cos 2f 0t  e e 
2
 e j 2 f0t 1
( f  f 0 ) e j 2 f0t 1
( f  f 0 )
1
 cos 2f 0t 
   ( f  f 0 )  ( f  f 0 ) 
2
Q.20 Which one of the following is the correct Fourier transform of the unit step signal?
1 for t  0
u (t )   [ESE EC 1997]
0 for t  0
1 1 1
(A)  () (B) (C)   () (D)  2 ()
j j j
Ans. (C)
Sol. From integration in time prop.
x (t ) 
 X ()
X ()
t
 x() d  

j
 X (0)()
(t ) 
1
t
1
 ()d   u (t )  j   1 ()


1
Q.21 The inverse Fourier transform of the function F ()     () is [ESE EC 1995]
j
(A) sin t (B) cos t (C) sgn(t ) (D) u (t )
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given F () is the Fourier transform of unit step signal u (t ) as explained in previous solution.
Q.22 For which of the following signals Fourier transform does not exist?
(A) e at u (t ), a  0 (B) e  a t , a  0 (C) e at u (t ), a  0 (D) eat u (t ), a  0
Ans. (C)
Sol. Fourier transform does not exists for unbounded or neither energy nor power signals (impulse is an
exception as it is absolutely integrable).
e at u (t) a0
t
From the given option, function given in option (C) is unbounded, so its F.T. does not exists and hence
(C) is the correct option.
e a t u(t ) e
a t
e at u (t )
a0 a0
a0
t t t
Q.23 Fourier Transform of e j0t is

(A) 2 (  0 ) (B) 2 (  0 ) (C) (  0 ) (D) (  0 )
Ans. (A)
Sol. We have 1 
 2()
F.S.P. e j0t 1
 2(  0 )
1  1  1 
Q.24 Fourier transform of f (t ) , if f (t )   (t  1)    t      t    (t  1) 
2  2  2 
(A) cos   cos( / 2) (B) sin   sin( / 2) (C) cos   cos( / 2) (D) sin   sin( / 2)
Sol. (A)
1  1  1 
Sol. Given f (t )   (t  1)    t      t    (t  1) 
2  2  2 
As (t ) 
1
 e j
(t  1) 

 1 j
  t   
e 2
 2

 1 j
  t   
e 2
 2
 e  j
(t  1) 
Applying linearly properly F.T. of f (t ) is
1  j j

j


F ()   e  e 2
 e 2
  e  j 
2 
 
j j
e j  e  j ee 2 2
 
2 2

 F ()  cos   cos
2
Q.25 Which of the following corresponds to the CTFT of signal x(t )  2e t u (t )  3e  3t u (t ) ?
3 6 (3  j) (5  j)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1  j)(3  j) (1  j)(3  j) (1  j)(3  j) (1  j)(3  j)
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : x (t )  2e  t u (t )  3e 3t u (t )

1
e  at u (t ) 

a  j
2 3 6  2 j  3  3 j
 X ()   
1  j 3  j (1  j)(3  j)
3  3 j
X () 
(1  j)(3  j)
Q.26 If x1 (t )  e  t u (t ) then the transform of x1 (t )  x1 ( t ) is
2 j 2 j 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1  2 1 2 1  2 1 2
Ans. (A)
1
Sol. Given : x1 (t )  e  t u (t ) 

1  j
1
Using T.S.P. x1 (t )  e t u (t ) 

1  j
Using linearly properly
1 1
x1 (t )  x1 (t ) 
 
1  j 1  j
1  j  1  j 2 j

1  2 1  2
j2 1
Q.27 If for a certain x(t ) , the Fourier transform is X ()  then for x(2t ) the FT will be :
 1
2
2
j2 j2 j2
(A) (B) (C) (D) same as X ()
4(2  4) 8(2  4) 16(2  4)
Ans. (A)
j2
Sol. Given : x(t ) 

2  1
Using sealing properly
2
 
j 
1 2 j 2
   2 
x (2t ) 
2   4(2  4)
  1
2
Q.28 If x(t ) 
FT
X ( j) be a CTFT pair, then the Fourier transform of signal (t  1) x(t  1) will be
dX ( j) dX ( j)
(A) e j X ( j) (B) je j (C) j (D) je j X ( j)
d d
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : x (t ) 
 X ( j)
Method I :
d
t  x(t ) 
j X ( j)
d
t 
Replace
t 1
Using time shif. Prop.
d
 j  e j 
(t  1) x(t  1)  X ( j)
d
Option (B)
Method II :
(t  1) x (t  1)  t  x (t  1)  x (t  1)
x (t ) 
 X ( j)
 e j X ( j)
x (t  1) 
d
t  x(t  1) 
j e j X ( j) 
d
 d 
 j  e j  X ( j)  je j  X ( j) 
 d 
d
 je j  X ( j)  e j  X ( j)
d
d
 t  x(t  1)  x(t  1)   je j  X ( j)  e j X ( j)  e j X ( j)
d
Q.29 Let x(t ) 
FT
X ( j) be a Fourier transform pair then, what will be Fourier transform of the signal
d2
 x(t  2) ?
dt 2
X ( j / 2) X ( j)e j 2 
(A) (B) 2 X ( j / 2) (C) (D) 2e  j 2  X ( j)
 2
2
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : x (t ) 
 X ( j)
 e  j 2   X ( j)
x (t  2) 
d2
2 
x(t  2)  ( j) 2  e j 2  X ( j)
dt
 2  e  j 2   X ( j )
Q.30 The Fourier transform of sin(2t ) e t u (t ) is
1 1 1  1  1 1 
(A)  (B) 
2 1  j (  2) 1  j (  2) 
 2 j 1  j (  2) 1  j (  2) 

1  1 1  1 1 1 
(C)  (D) 
2 j 1  j (  2) 1  j (  2) 
 2 1  j (  2) 1  j (  2) 

Ans. (B)
1 j 2 t  j 2 t  t
Sol. Given : x(t )  sin 2t  e t u (t )  e  e  e u (t )
2j 
1
We have e t u (t ) 

1  j
1
e j 2 t  e t u (t ) 

1  j (  2)
1
e  j 2 t  e  t u (t ) 

1  j (  2)
1  1 1 
 X ()  
2 j 1  j (  2) 1  j (  2) 


2( j) 2  12 j  14
Q.31 The inverse Fourier transform of is
( j) 2  6 j  5
(A) 2 (t )   e t  2e 5t  u (t ) (B) 2t   e  t  2e 5t  u (t )
(C) 2 (t )   e  t  e 5t  u (t ) (D) 2 t   e  t  e 5t  u (t )

Ans. (C)
2( j) 2  12 j  14
Sol. X () 
( j) 2  6 j  5
2[( j) 2  6 j  5]  4

( j) 2  6 j  5
4 1 1
 X ()  2   2 
(1  j)(5  j) 1  j 5  j
1
Taking inverse transform using e  at u (t ) 

a  j
x ( t )  2  ( t )  e  t u (t )  e  5 t u (t )
Q.32 Fourier Transform of t cos at. u (t ) is
(A)   a    a 
2 2 2 2 2
(B)   a    a 
2 2 2 2
(C)    a    a 
2 2 2 2 2
(D)    a    a 
2 2 2 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given question is wrong. Given signal x (t )  t cos at u (t ) is an unbounded signal for whien F.T. does not
exist. So it there would be an option of ‘none of these’ then it would be the correct choice. Given option
are framed using the laplace transform of the given signal whien exists for some given range of real part
fo ‘s’.
s
x (t )  cos at u (t ) 
L.T .
 2 , Re s  0
s  a2
d  s 
t  cos at u (t ) 
L.T .

ds  s 2  a 2 
 ( s 2  a 2 ) 1  s  2 s 
  
 (s 2  a 2 )2 
s2  a2
X (s) 
(s 2  a 2 )2
To find F.T. s  j
But here we can’t replace s  j as the Roe of X ( s ) does not include the j axis, so F.T. is not possible.
Given signal x (t ) is shown in figure
x (t )
10
t
4 8
 t  Cantre  t 6
x(t )  A reet    10 reet  
    4 
2  a 2 (2  a 2 )
X ( j)  
(2  a 2 ) 2 (2  a 2 )2
(2  a 2 )
 X ( j) 
(2  a 2 )
Hence, the correct option (C).
Consider the signal x(t ) shown in below figure.
x(t )
10
t
0 4 8
Q.33 The Fourier transform is
(A) 10sinc(4 f ) e  j 8 f (B) 10sinc(4 f ) e j 4 f (C) 40sinc(4 f ) e j 8 f (D) 40sinc(4 f ) e  j12 f
Ans. (D)
t
Sol. A reet     A  sin c( f )

 t  A10
10 reet     40sin c(4 f )
4
Using time shifting prop. t  t  6
t 6
x(t )  10 reet   40.e j 2 f 6 sin c(4 f )
 
 4 
 X ( f )  40e  j12 f  sinc(4 f )

Q.34 The magnitude spectrum at f = 0 is
(A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 0
Ans. (C)

 x(t )  e
 j 2 ft
Sol. X(f )  dt


X(f ) f 0
 X (0)   x(t )  Area under x(t )

 X(f ) f 0
 Area of reet. x (t )  10  4  40
Or
From X ( f ) abtained in solution 33
X ( f )  40 e  j12 f  sin c (4 f )
X ( f )  40e  j12 f  sin(4 f )  40 sin c(4 f )
 X (0)  40 1  40
Q.35 The Fourier transform of a CT signal shown in figure is
x(t )
t
-2 -1 0 1 2
2 2
(A)   sin 2  cos   1 (B)  cos 2  sin   1
2 2
2 2
(C) 2   sin   cos 2  1 (D) 2   sin 2  cos   1
 
Ans. (D)
Sol.
x ( t)
t
2 1 1 2
Given x (t ) is shown in figure, whein is the difference of a rectangle and triangle shown below
t 
x1 (t )  rect   x2 (t )  tri(t )
4
1
1  x (t )
t t
2 2 1 1
t   
A rect   
 A Sa  
  2 
 t  A10   4 
x1 (t )  rect     4Sa  
4  2 
4sin 2
 X1 
2
t   
Atri   
 ASa 2  
  2 
A1  
x2 (t )  tri(t )   Sa 2  
2

sin 2
 X 2 ()  2
2
4
x (t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t )

sin 2
4sin 2 2
 X ()  X 1 ()  X 2 ()  
2 2
2
2sin 2 4 1  cos  
 X ()   2 
   2 
2 sin 2 2 2cos 
  2
2  2
2
 X ()   sin 2 1  cos 
2
Q.36 Consider a signal x(t ) in the form of a sinc function given by A sin c(2Wt ) . Mathematical definition of
Fourier transform for this sinc pulse is given by
A W W
(A) X ( f )  A,  W  f  W (B) X ( f )  ,   f 
W 2 2
A A W W
(C) X ( f )  , W  f  W (D) X ( f )  ,   f 
2W 2 2 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given x (t )  A sin c (2Wt )
t
We have, A rect   
 A sin c( f )

Applying dnality properly
f 
A sin c(t  ) 
 A rect  

1 f 
sin c(t  )   rect   …(i)
 
sin c (t  )  sin c (2Wt )
  2W
Using equation (i),
1  f 
 sin c(2Wt ) 
 rect  
2W  2W 
A  f 
 A sin c(2Wt ) 
 rect  
2W  2W 
X( f )
A
2W
f
W 2W
A  f 
X(f )  rect  
2W  2W 
A
 x( f )  , W  f  W
2W
Hence, the correct optinon is (C).
 sin  
Q.37 Inverse Fourier Transform of   cos  is
  
1 t  t  1 t  t 
(A)  rect   1  rect   1  (B)  rect   1  rect   1 
2 2   2  4 2   2 
1  t 1   t  1  1  t 1   t  1 
(C)  rect    rect   (D)  rect    rect  
8  2   2  4  2   2 
Ans. (D)
 sin  
Sol. Given X ()    cos gw
  
Method I :
2sin  cos  sin 2
X ()  
2 2
 X ()  Sa (2)
t   
A rect   
 ASa  
  2 
  
A Sa    Sa(2)
 2 

 2    4
2
1 1
A  1  A  
 4
1 t
 rect   
 Sa(2)
4 4
x(t )
1
4
t
2 2
Hence, inverse of the given F.T. is x (t ) as shown in figure cheexing options, comparing terms with
 t  Centre 
standard representation Arect  
  
1  t 1  1  t 1 
rect   rect  
4  2  4  2 
1 1
4 4
1 2 2 1
1  t 1   t 1
rect    rect   x(t )
1 4  2   2 
4
t
2 2
Method II :
sin 
X ()  cos   Sa()  cos 

 e j   e  j 
 X ()     Sa ()
 2 
1  j 
 X ()   e  Sa ()  e  j  Sa ()  …(i)
2  X   
 1 ( ) X 2 ( ) 
t   
A rect   
 A Sa  
  2 
  
A Sa    Sa()
 2 

1    2
2
1
A  1  A 
2
1 t
 rect   
 Sa()
2 2
1  t 1 
rect   e j Sa()
  …(ii)
2  2 
1  t 1 
rect   e j Sa()
  …(iii)
2  2 
From equation (i)
1
X ()   X1 ()  X 2 ()
2
1
 x(t )   x1 (t )  x2 (t )
2
1 1  t 1  t  1 
   rect    rect  
2 2  2   2 
Q.38 Consider the signal [GATE IN 2011-Madras]
e , t  0
t
x(t )  
0, t  0

1
Let X () denote the Fourier transform of this signal. The integral  X () d  is
2 
(A) 0 (B) 1 / 2 (C) 1 (D) 
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
e  t , t  0
x (t )  
 0, t  0
 x (t )  e  t u ( t )
1
X () 
1  j

1
x(t )  
2 
X ()e jt d 

1
x(0)   X ()  d 
2 

1
 
2 
X () d   x (t ) t 0  e0  1

Q.39 Let F () be the Fourier transform of a function f (t ) , then F (0) is [ESE EC 1998]
 5  15 
1  

2
e 3(  144)
2
(A) f (t ) dt (B) e  144 (C) (D) None of these
 3  9
2
 9
2
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : f (t ) 
 F ()

F ()  

f (t )  e jt dt

F (0)  

f (t )  dt  Area of f (t )

t4
Q.40 Area of Fourier transform of x (t )  3rect   is
 10 
(A) 3/2 (B) 3 (C) 12 (D) 30
Ans. (B)
t   
Sol. A rect   
 A Sa  
  2 
 t 
3 rect     30 Sa(5)
 10 
t4
3 rect   30  e j 4   Sa(5)
 
 10 
 X ()  30 e j 4   Sa (5)
 5 
X ()  30 e j 4  sin c  
  
Area sin c()   1
  5  1 
Area sin c       
    5 5

  5   
 Area 30e j 4   sin c     30   6
    5
6
Hence, none of the options are correct if we take area of X () , but area of X ( f )  3
2
Option (B).
X ( f )  30e j 8 f Sa (10f )
X ( f )  30e j 8 f sin c (10f )
Area sin c( f )  1
1
Area sin c(10 f ) 
10
1
Area 30e j 8f  sin c(10 f )   30  =3
10
Method II :

1
x(t )  
2 
X ()  e jt d 
 X ()  e
jt
2 x(t )  d


2 x(0)   X () d   Area under

X ()
 Area under X ()  2  x (t ) t 0
t4
x(t )  3rect  
 10 
x(t )
3
t
9 4 1
 Area under X ()  2  3  6

 X ( f )e
j 2 ft
x(t )  df


x(0)   X ( f ) df

 Area under X ( f )  x (0)  3

t  4 
Q.41 The total area under the function x(t )  10 sin c  is
 7 
(A) 10 (B) 40 (C) 70 (D) 100
Ans. (C)
t  4
Sol. Given x(t )  10sin 
 7 
To find area under function x (t ) , using analysis equation

 x(t )  e
 j 2 ft
X(f )   dt

At f 0 X (0)   x(t ) dt  Area [ x(t )]


…(i)
From the standard result

t   
A reet   
 A Sa    A sin c( f )
  2 
Applying duality
 f  f 
 sin c( f ) 
 rect     rect  
  
1 f 
sin c  f   
 rect  
 
10 f 
10sin c  t   
 rect   …(ii)
 
t4
Given x(t )  10sin c  
  
1
For   , from equation (ii)
7
 
t 10  f 
10sin c   
 rect  
7 1 1
   
7 7
Applying time shifting prop, t  t  4
t4
10sin c   70  e j 2 f 4  rect (7 f )
 
 7 
 X ( f )  70e j 8f  rect (7 f )
 j 8 f 1 1
70e ,   f 
X(f )   14 14
 0, Otherwise
 X (0)  70  e0 = 70
 Area [ x (t )]  70
Given LTI system is shown in fig.
x(t )  2t
y (t )
h(t)  e u (t )

The impulse response h(t ) of a linear time-invariant continuous time system is given by
h(t )  exp(2t ) u (t ) where u (t ) denotes the unit step function. [GATE EC 2008-Bangalore]
Q.42 The frequency response H () of this system in terms of angular frequency  , is given by
1 sin() 1 j
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1  j 2  2  j 1  j
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given h(t )  e 2t u (t )
 Frequency response = T.F. = F.T. {Imp. Resp.}
1
H () 
2  j
Q.43 The output of this system, to the sinusoidal input for all time t, is
(A) 0 (B) 20.25 cos(2t  0.125)
(C) 20.5 cos(2t  0.125) (D) 20.5 cos(2t  0.25)
Ans. (D)
Sol.
x (t )  2cos 2t y (t )  B cos(2t  )
H () e j H ( )
Given that the system si subjected to sinusoidal input x(t )  2 cos 2t  A cos 0t output of LTI system for
sinusoidal input is also sinusoidal in nature of same frequency, so output
y (t )  B  cos(2t  ) …(i)

Where, B  A  H ()  0  2 r/s
0
And    H () 

0
1
From solution H () 
2  j
1 1
 H ()  H ()  2 
4 2
2 2
  
H ()   tan 1    H () 2  
2 4
1  
 y (t )  B cos(2t  )  2  cos  2t  
2 2  4
 (2) 0.5 cos(2t  0.25)
Q.44 A signal e t sin(t ) is the input to a Linear Time invariant system. Given K and  are constants, the
output of the system will be of the form Ke t sin(t  ) where [GATE EE 2008-Bangalore]
(A)  need not be equal to  but  equal to 
(B)  need not be equal to  but  equal to 
(C)  equal to  and  equal to 
(D)  need not be equal to  and  need not be equal to 
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given x(t )  et  sin t  A sin 0t is input to a L.T.I. system.
As mentioned in prerion solution.
Asin 0 t B sin(0 t  )
H ( j) e j H ( j  )
y (t )  B sin(0t  )

 A  H ( j)  sin t  H ( j) 
0 0

Constant (Let P) Constant (Let  )
y (t )  P  e t  sin(t  ) …(i)
Given y (t )  K  et  sin(vt  ) …(ii)
Comparing equation (i) and (ii)
P  K ,   ,   v
Q.45 Let x(t ) be the input to a linear, time-invariant system. The required output is 4 x(t  2) . The transfer
function of the system should be [GATE EC 2003-Madras]
(A) 4e j 4 f (B) 2e j 8 f (C) 4e j 4 f (D) 2e j 8 f
Ans. (C)
Sol.
x (t ) y (t )  4x (t  2)
h(t )
x(t ) 
 X ()
 e j 2  X ()
x(t  2) 
 4e j 2  X ()  Y ()
y (t )  4 x(t  2) 
Y ()
 H ()   4e  j 2 
X ()
H ( f )  4 e j 2 X 2 f  4e j 4 f
Q.46 The two inputs to an analogue multiplier are x(t ) and y (t ) with Fourier transforms X ( f ) and Y ( f )
respectively. The output z (t ) will have a transform Z ( f ) given by [ESE EC 1995]

(A) X ( f ).Y ( f ) (B) X ( f )  Y ( f ) (C) X ( f ) / Y ( f ) (D)  X ( ) Y ( f   ) d 


Ans. (D)
Sol. Given, x (t ) and y (t ) are inputs to the multiples as shown below
x(t ) z (t )  x (t )  y (t )
y ( t)
z (t )  x (t )  y (t )
From multiplication in time properly
1
Z ()   X ()  Y ()
2

Or Z ( f )  X ( f ) Y ( f )   X ()Y ( f  )d 


Q.47 The relation between output y (t ) of a causal LTI system and the input x(t ) is given by
d
y (t )  4 y (t )  x(t )
dt
The frequency response of this system is
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4  j 4  j 1  j 4 1  j 4
Ans. (B)
Sol. The differential equation discrebing the LTI system is given as
d
y(t )  4 y(t )  x(t )
dt
Taking F.T. both sides
jY ()  4Y ()  X ()
Y ()  j  4  X ()
 Frequency response
Y () 1
H ()  
X () 4  j
Q.48 Find the CTFT of the convolution of 10sin(t ) with 2(t  4) .
(A) j10  ( f  1/ 2)  ( f  1/ 2)  e  j 8 f (B) j10  ( f  1/ 2)  ( f  1/ 2)  e  j 8 f
(C) j10  ( f  1/ 2)  ( f  1/ 2) e j 8 f (D) j10  ( f  1/ 2)  ( f  1/ 2) e j 8 f
Ans. (D)
Sol. Let z (t ) be the result of conolntion of given functions x (t )  10 sin t and y (t )  26(t  4)
i.e. z (t )  x (t )  y (t ) …(i)
Method I :
z (t )  x (t )  2(t  4)
 z (t )  2 x (t  4)
 z (t )  20 sin (t  4)

sin t 
 (  1)  (  1)
j
1   1   1 
Or sin t 
    f      f  
2j   2   2  
1   1   1 
 e j 42 f
sin(t  4)     f      f  
2j   2   2  
20   1   1 
 20sin(t  4) 
    f      f     e j 8f
2j   2   2  
Method II :
Taking F.T. in equation (i), Z ()  X ()  Y ()
10   1   1 
x(t )  10sint 
    f      f     X ()
2j   2   2  
 2e j 42 f  2e j 8 f  Y ()
y (t )  2(t  4) 
20 j 8 f   1   1 
 Z ()  e    f  2      f  2  
2j     
  1   1 
 j10   f      f    e j 8 f
  2   2  
Q.49 Find the value of y1 (t ) and y2 (t ) if
t
y1 (t )  rect (t )  cos(t ) y2 (t )  sinc (t )  sinc 2  
2
2
(A) y1 (t )  cos t , y2 (t )  sin c(t ) (B) y1 (t )  0, y2 (t )  sin c(t )

2 t t
(C) y1 (t )  cos t , y2 (t )  sin c 2   (D) y1 (t )  0, y2 (t )  sin c 2  
 2 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
y1 (t )  rect(t )  cos (t )
   
x1 ( t ) h1 ( t )
Y1 ()  X 1 ()  H1 ()

t   
A rect   
 A Sa  
  2 
A1  
rect (t )   Sa    X 1 ()
2
   (  )  (  )   H1 ()
cos t 
 
 Y1 ()  Sa      (  )  (  )
2
     
   Sa    (  )  Sa    (  ) 
 2 2 
   
 Y1 ()    Sa    (  )  Sa    (  ) 
 2 2 
  
sin sin   
 2    2
Sa    Sa    
2   2 

2 2
2 2
 
 
2
 Y1 ()     (  )  (  )

Taking inverse F.T.
2
y1 (t )   cos t

Method II :
y1 (t )  x1 (t )  h1 (t )
y1' (t )  x1' (t )  h1 (t )
d
x1 (t )
1 dt
x1 (t)
1 t
0.5
t
0.5 0.5 1
 sin t
 ve
 cos t cos t
 ve
sin t
 y1' (t )   (t  0.5)  (t  0.5)   cos t
 cos (t  0.5)  cos (t  0.5)
   
 cos  t    cos  t  
 2  2
 y '(t )   sin t  sin t  2 sin t
 1 
 y (t )   y '(t ) dt  2     cos t
 
2
 y (t )  cos t

t
Given y2 (t )  sin c (t )  sin 2 c   …(i)
  2
x2 ( t ) 
h2 ( t )
sin t
x2 (t )  sin c(t ) 
t
X 2 ()

 
t 
sin  2.sin t
 
t 2 2
sin c   
2 
t t
2

 

2 2
t t t

h2 (t )  sin c 2    sin c    sin c  
2 2 2
1
 H 2 () 
2
2 2

 
   
 
2 2 2 2
1              
 H 2 ()   2 u      u       2 u      u     
2    2  2    2  2  

  r (  )  r ()  r ()  r (  )
2

  r (  )  2r ()  r (  )
2
H 2 ()
2

 
Taking F.T. in equation (i),
Y2 ()  X 2 ()  H 2 ()
X 2 () H 2 ()
2
1
 
   
Y2 ()  X 2 ()  H 2 ()
2  H 2 ()

 
As Y2 ()  X 2 ()  H 2 ()
 Y2 ()  H 2 ()
 y2 (t )  h2 (t )
t
 y2 (t )  sin c 2  
2
2 t
 y1 (t )  cos t and y2 (t )  sin c 2  
 2
sin 3t
Q.50 An LTI system is having an impulse response h(t )  for which the input is cos t  sin 4t . Find
t
the steady state output.
(A) sin 4 t (B) cos t (C) cos t  sin 4t (D) 0
Ans. (B)
Sol.
x (t )  cos
 t  sin
 4t
x1 ( t ) x 2 (t ) sin 3 t y (t )  y1 (t )  y 2 (t )
h (t ) 
t
sin 3t
Given h(t ) 
t
H ()

3 3
1, 3    3
H ()   H ()  00 
0, otherwise
As the system is LTI, so using linearly property and finding outputs for individual inputs
x1 (t )  cos   A1 cos 1t
y1 (t )  B1 cos(1t  1 )
B1  A1  H ()   11  1

1
1  H ()   00
1
 y1 (t )  cos t
x2 (t )  sin 4t  A2 sin 2t
y2 (t )  B2 sin(2t  2 )
B2  A2  H ()  4   1.0  0
2
As H () is non zero only for 3    3

2  H ()  4   0
2
 y2 (t )  0.cos(4 t  0)  0
 y (t )  y1 (t )  y2 (t )  cos t
Q.51 Consider the three LTI systems with impulse response
h1 (t )  u (t )
h2 (t )  2(t )  5e 2t u (t )
h3 (t )  2te  t u (t )
The response to x(t )  cos t of above systems are
y1 (t )  x(t )  h1 (t )
y2 (t )  x(t )  h2 (t )
y3 (t )  x(t )  h3 (t )
The same response are
(A) y1 (t ), y2 (t ) and y3 (t ) (B) y1 (t ) and y2 (t )
(C) y1 (t ) and y3 (t ) (D) y2 (t ) and y3 (t )
Ans. (A)
Sol.
cos (t ) y1 (t )
h1 (t )
h1 (t )  u (t )
1
H1 ()   ()
j
x1 (t )  cos t  cos 0t
 y1 (t )  B cos(0t  )
1
H1 ()  1   (1)
0
j  0
H1 ()   1
0

H1 ()   
0
2
 
 y1 (t )  1.cos  t  
 2
 
y1 (t )  cos  t  
 2
cos (t ) y2 (t )
h2 (t)
h2 (t )  2(t )  5e2t u (t )
5
H 2 ()  2 
2  j
5
H 2 ()   2 
0
2 j
1 j2

2 j
1 4
H 2 ()  1  1
0
1 4
1
H 2 ()  1   tan 1 (2)  tan 1  
0
2

 900 
2
 
 y2 (t )  1.1cos  t  
 2
 
 y2 (t )  cos  t  
 2
cos (t ) y3 (t )
h3 ( t )
h3 (t )  2t  et u (t )
2
H 3 () 
(1  j) 2
2
H 3 ()  1 
0
(1  j ) 2
2 2
H 3 ()    1
0
( 2) 2
2
H 3 ()   2  tan 1 1
0
 90 0


2
 y3 (t )
 
y3 (t )  11cos  t  
 2
 
y3 (t )  1cos  t  
 2
So, y1 (t )  y2 (t )  y3 (t )
Q.52 The frequency response of a system is given by
H ( j)  1 for 2 < |  | < 3
 0 otherwise
For such a system, which of the following statements are correct?
(1) Non-invertible (2) Invertible
(3) Causal (4) Non-causal
(A) 1 and 4 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 2 and 3 (D) 2 and 4
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
1, 2    3
H ( j)  
0, otherwise
H ()
H1 () H 2 ()
1

3 2 2 3
H ( j) is shown in figure
H ( j)  H1 ()  H 2 ()
   2.5 
H1 ()  rect  
 1 
   2.5 
H 2 ()  rect  
 1 
 
rect (t ) 
 Sa  
2
Applying duality
t
Sa   
 2 rect ()
2
1 t
Sa   
 rect ()
2  2 
Using frequency shifting prop.
1 t
e  j 2.5t  Sa   
 rect (  2.5)  H1 ()
2  2 
1 t
e j 2.5t  Sa   
 rect (  2.5)  H 2 ()
2  2 
1 t 1 t
 h(t )  e j 2.5t  Sa    e j 2.5t  Sa  
2  2  2  2 
1 t
 h(t )   Sa   e j 2.5t  e j 2.5t 
2 2
1 t
h(t )  cos 2.5t  Sa  
 2
As impulse response h (t ) is existing for t  0 , hence the system is not causal.
To check invertibility :
x (t )  Asin 0 t y1 (t )
h(t)
For any sinusoidal input, ouput of this LTI syste is given as

y (t )  B sin(0t  )
H ()
1

3 2 2 3
Where, B  A  H () 

0
  H () 
0
As H ()  0 outside the interval 2    3 , so for all sinusoidal inputs having frequanly 0 other than
this interval, the system will produce same output, i.e. zero.
For different inputs, outputs will be same, so the system is not invertible.
1 |  |  1 d


2
Q.53 If x(t ) be a signal with X ()   and y (t )  x(t ) . The value of y (t ) dt is
0 |  |  1 dt 
1 1
(A) z (B) (C) (D) 
3 
Ans. (B)
1  1
Sol. Given X ()  
0  1
X ()

1 1
X () is shown in figure
From rayleigh energy theorem
 
1
 
2 2
y (t ) dt  Y () d  …(i)

2 
d
Given y (t )  x(t )
dt
 Y ()  j X ()
 Y ()    X ()
  ,  1
X ( ) () Y ()
  
1 1 1 1
 1
1
 
2 2
 y (t ) dt   d

2 1
1
1
 
2 1
2 d 
1
1  3 
 
2  3  1
1
  1  (1)
6
1

3
 1
2
   2 d 
2
Or  y (t ) dt 

2 0
1
1  3 
  
  3 0
1

3
If we take
Y ()   X ()
X ()  Y ()  XX



1 1
Q.54 The energy of the signal 4Sa(2t )  cos(4t ) is
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given x (t )  4 Sa (2t )  cos 4t
   x (t )
x1 ( t ) 2
1
 X ()   X 1 ()  X 2 () …(i)
2
Energy of x (t ) from Rayleigh Energy theorem
 
1
 
2 2
x(t ) dt  X () d  …(ii)

2 
t  t 
A rect   
 A Sa  
  2 
Applying duality
 t    
 Sa   
 2 rect  
 2  
 t   2  
Sa   
 rect  
 2   
 t  
x1 (t )  4 Sa (2t )  Sa  
 2 
4
2  
 Sa (2t ) 
 rect  
4 4
 
 4 Sa (2t ) 
 2rect    X 1 ()
4
x2 (t )  cos 4 t X 2 ()    (  4)  (  4) 
1    
 X ()   2rect     (  4)  (  4)
2  4 
   4     4 
X ()    rect    rect  
  4   4 
X () is shown in figure
X ()
A  ,   4 A  ,   4
6 4 2 2 4 6
From equation (ii)

1
 Energy  X () 
2
x(t ) dt 

2
  t  Centre  
  A 
2
Energy  A rect 
   
 Energy  X ()   (2  4)  (2  4)  82

1

2
 x(t ) dt   8 2  4 

2
Consider the signal x(t ) shown below whose Fourier transform is X ( j) .
x(t )
2
t
-1 0 1 2 3
Q.55 The value of  X ( j 0) is

(A) 14 (B) 7 (C)  (D) 0
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given Signal x (t ) is shown in figure
x(t )
2
t
1 1 2 3

 x(t )e
 j t
X ( j)  dt


 X ( j 0)   x(t ) dt

 Area [ x (t )]
 t  1  t  1
2rect   tri 
 4  
 1 
2
t t
1 3 1 2
x (t ) is the difference of two signals shown above.
 Area  x(t )   (2  4)    2  1  7

1
2 

Q.56 The value of  X ( j) d  is

(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 1 / 

Ans. (A)

1
Sol. x(t )  
2 
X ( j) e jt d 
  X ( j) d   2 x (0)

 2 2  4

 2sin   j 2
Q.57 The value of  X ( j) 

 
 e d  is
(A) 5 (B) 7 / 2 (C) 7 (D) None of these

Ans. (C)

 2sin   j 2 
Sol. Let I  X ( j)   
 e d …(i)
  
H ( j)
 
Y ( )
From the synthesis equation it y (t ) 

 Y ( j)

1
y (t )  
2 
Y ( j)  e jt d  …(ii)
Comparing equations (i) and (ii)

I  2  y (t ) t  2 …(iii)
Where, F.T. of y (t )
Y ( j)  X ( j)  H ( j)
 y (t )  x (t )  h (t ) …(iv)
sin 
H ( j)  2  2 Sa ()

t   
A rect   
 A  Sa    2 Sa ()
  2 

1
2
 2 A  2
2
 A 1

t
 rect   
 2 Sa ()
2


2
Q.58 The value of X ( j) d  is

(A) 19 / 3 (B) 26 (C) 13 / 2 (D) None of these

Ans. (C)
Sol. From the Ragieigh energy theorem
x(t )
2
t
1 1 2 3
 
1
 
2 2
x(t ) dt  X ( j) d 

2 
 
 X () d   2  x(t ) dt
2 2

 
 2  Energy  x(t )  …(i)

Method I :
 
  x(t )
2
x(t ) dt  2
dt As x (t ) is real
 
= Area under function x 2 (t )

From given function
 4, 1  t  0
t 2  4t  4, 0  t  1

x 2 (t )  
 t, 1 t  2
 4, 2t 3
 0 1 2 3
  x (t ) dt   4 dt   (t  4t  4) dt   t dt   4 dt
2 2 2
 1 0 1 2
1 2 2
t3  t2  t3 
 (4  1)     4    4 t 0     (4  1)
1
 3 0  2 0  3 1

1 7
  x (t ) dt  4  3  2  4  3  4
2

12  1  6  12  7  12 38
 
3 3
 From eqaution (i)

38 76

2
X () d   2   25.33

3 3
Hence, the correct option is (D) as none of the option are correct.
Method II :
Concept of energy in case of overlapping function
x(t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ) as shown in figure
x1 (t) x2 (t ) x(t)  x1 (t)  x2 (t )
2 2
1 1
t t t
1 1 2 3 0 1 2 1 1 2 3
 
 x (t ) dt    x (t )  x (t ) dt
2 2
1 2
 
  
 x(t ) dt   x (t )dt  2  x1 (t ) x2 (t ) dt
2 2
1 2


    


E [ x1 ( t )] E [ x2 ( t )] Area x1 ( t ) x2 ( t ) 
  t  1 
E  x1 (t )   E  2 rect     A   4  4  16
2
  4 
2 A2  2  1  1 2
E  x2 (t )   E tri(t )    
3 3 3
x1 (t )  x 2 (t )
t
2
1
Area  x1 (t )  x2 (t )    2  2  2
2

2 38
  x (t )  16  3  2  2 
2

9

38 76

2
 From equation (i), X ( j) d   2 

3 3
t
 h(t )  rect  
2
 From equation (iii)
I  2  y (t ) t  2
And from equation (iv)
y (t )  x (t )  h (t )

 y (t )   x()h(t  )d 

x (t ) h(t )
2
1
1
t t
1 1 2 3 1 1
x () h() h (  2)

2
1
1 1
t t 
1 1 2 3 1 1 1 3

y (t ) t  2  y (2) 

 x()h(2  ) d 

  x()h (  2) d 

Common area betwee functions x ( ) and h(2  ) exists only for 1    3 .

 1    2
x()  
2 2    3
And h (2  )  1 1    3
3 2 3
 y (t ) t  2   x()h(2  )d     1 d    2 1 d 
1 1 2
2
 2  3 7
    2  2   2 
3
 2 1 2 2
7
 From equation (iii) I  2. y (t ) t  2  2  7 
2
Q.59 The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetric function is always [GATE EC 2004-Delhi]
(A) imaginary (B) conjugate anti-symmetric
(C) real (D) conjugate symmetric
Ans. (C)
Sol. If a signal is conjugate symmetric, then
x* (t )  x(t ) …(i)
If x(t ) 
 X ()
x* (t ) 
 X * ()
Applying time reversal prop.
x* (t ) 
 X * ()
 Taking F.T. in equation (i)
X * ()  X ()
So, the F.T. of conjugate symmetric function is always real,
Q.60 A signal x(t ) has a Fourier transform X () . If x(t ) is a real and odd function of t, then X () is
[GATE EC 1999-Bombay]
(A) a real and even function of  (B) an imaginary and odd function of 
(C) an imaginary and even function of  (D) a real and odd function of 
Ans. (B)
Sol. From symmetry properties of F.T., frequency domain of a real and odd signal is imaginary and odd.
2
Ex. Sgn(t ) 

j

sin 0t 
 (  0 )  (  0 )
j
Q.61 The Fourier transform of a real valued time signal has [GATE EC 1996-Bangalore]
(A) Odd symmetry (B) Even symmetry
(C) Conjugate symmetry (D) No symmetry
Ans. (C)
Sol. If a function is real, then
x* (t )  x(t )
Taking F.T. both sides
X * ()  X ()
So X () is conjugate symmetric.
Hence the correct option is (C).
Q.62 If G( f ) represents the Fourier transform of a signal g (t ) which is real and odd symmetric in time, then
[GATE EC 1992-Delhi]
(A) G( f ) is complex (B) G( f ) is imaginary
(C) G( f ) is real (D) G( f ) is real and non-negative
Ans. (B)
Sol. Fourier transform of reaal and odd signal is imaginary and odd.
Q.63 If f (t ) is a real and odd function, then its Fourier transform F () will be [ESE EC 2013]
(A) Real and even function of  (B) Real and odd function of 
(C) Imaginary and odd function of  (D) Imaginary function of 
Ans. (C)
Sol. Real and odd 
F.T.
Image. And odd
Henec, the correct option is (C).
Q.64 A signal x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) constitute the real and imaginary parts respectively of a complex valued signal
x(t ) . What form of waveform does x(t ) possess? [ESE EC 2009]
(A) Real symmetric (B) Complex symmetric
(C) Asymmetric (D) Conjugate symmetric
Ans. (B)
Sol. Fourier transform of complex signal is also complex in nature.
 Check table of symmetry properties of F.T. in video lecture.
Q.65 Match List-I (Type of signal) with List – II (Property of Fourier transform) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists : [ESE EC 2002]
List-I (Type of signal) List-II (Property of Fourier transform)
A. Real and even symmetric 1. Imaginary and even symmetric
B. Real and odd symmetric 2. Real and even symmetric
C. Imaginary and even symmetric 3. Real and odd symmetric
D. Imaginary and odd symmetric 4. Imaginary and odd symmetric
Codes : A B C D
(A) 1 4 2 3
(B) 2 4 1 3
(C) 1 3 2 4
(D) 2 3 1 4
Ans. (B)
Sol. Time domain Frequency domain
A. Real and even  2. Real and even
B. Real and odd  4. Imag. and odd
C. Imag. and even  1. Imag. and even
D. Imag. and odd  3. Real and odd
Q.66 Fourier transform F ( j) of an arbitrary real signal has the property [ESE EC 1995]
(A) F ( j)  F ( j) (B) F ( j)   F ( j)
(C) F ( j)  F *( j) (D) F ( j)   F *( j)
Ans. (C)
Sol. F.T. of real signal is conjugate symmetric in nature, as explained in solution 61.
Q.67 Fourier transform of a complex and even signal is
(A) real and even (B) complex and odd
(C) imaginary and odd (D) complex and even
Ans. (D)
Sol. F.T. of complex and even signal is also complex and even in nature.
a t
Ex. x(t )  rect (t )  j  e  Comp. + Even
  j 2a
X ()  Sa    2  Comp. + Even
 2  a 
2

Q.68 If x(t ) is an odd function of time, then Fourier transform of x(t ) can be evaluated by
 
(A) X ( j)  2  x(t ) cos(t ) dt (B) X ( j)  2  x(t ) sin(t ) dt
0 0
 
(C) X ( j)  2 j  x(t ) sin(t ) dt (D) X ( j)  2 j  x(t ) cos(t ) dt
0 0
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given x (t ) is an odd function.
By definition

 x(t )  e
 jt
X ( j)  dt


 X ()   x(t ) cos t  j sin t dt

 
 X ()  
x(t )  cos
 odd
 t  dt  j  
x(t )  sin
 t  dt
 odd odd
 
even

odd even
First integrate of R.H.S. is zero as an odd function is integrated from   t   .


X ()   j  x(t ) sin t dt


X ()  2 j  x(t ) sin t dt (As x (t ) sin t is an even function)
0

Q.69 Let x(t ) is a real-valued signal whose Fourier Transform is X ( f ) , then which of the following is true?
(A) X ( f ) is even symmetric (B) X ( f ) is odd symmetric
(C) X ( f ) is real-valued (D) X ( f )  X ( f )
Ans. (D)
Sol. F.T. of real valued signal is always conjugate symmetric in nature, so
X * ( f )  X ( f )
 X * ( f )  X ( f ) …(i)
Also, X * ( f )  X ( f ) …(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
X ( f )  X ( f )
Q.70 Inverse Fourier transform of a conjugate anti-symmetric frequency domain function is proportional to
(A) x* (t ) (B) Imaginary  x(t )  (C) x* ( t ) (D) Real  x(t ) 
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given frequency domain function is conjugate symmetric i.e.
X * ()   X ()
Taking inverse F.T. both sides
x* (t )   x(t )
So, the time domain signal is imaginary.
2
Q.71 If CTFT of a signal x(t )  e r /2
is given as X ( j) then which of the following conditions is not satisfied
by X ( j) ?
(A) Im  X ( j)  0

(B)  X ( j) d   0


(C)  X ( j) d   0

(D) There exists a real ‘  ’ for which e j X ( j) is real

Ans. (B)
2
Sol. Given x (t )  e  t /2
As x (t ) is real and even, so X ( j) will also be real and even. Also, from standard result, F.T. of Gaussian
function is Gaussian itself, i.e.
2 2
e t 
 e f
2 2
e  at 
 e f
x(t ) X ()
t t
 Area under X () is not equal to zero,

1
x(t )  
2 
X ()  e jt d 

  X ()d   2 x (t )

t 0
2
 2  e  t /2
 2  0
t 0


Note : Solution to only some selected questions are given, rest of the questions are either discussed in
videos or we assume that you must be able to solve them by yourself. If you still have any doubt, then you
can post that question either on VOD App or in Telegram group of Signals & Systems, you will definitely
get the solutions.
NAT & MCQ Questions [Selected questions]
Q.83 The impulse response of the system shown in figure is
x(t ) + d(t ) y (t )
h1 (t ) = u (t ) å h3 (t ) =
t
-
h2 (t ) = d(t - t)
1 1 1 1
(A) u (t )  (t  )  (B) u (t )  u (t  )  (C) u (t  )  (D)  ()  (t  ) 
   
Ans. (B)
Sol. Give system is shown below,
x(t ) y1 (t )  x(t )  u (t )  y2 (t )  (t ) y (t )
h1 (t )  u (t )  h3 (t ) 
 
h2 (t )  (t  )
y1 (t ) y1 (t  )
Method 1 :
From figure,
y(t )  y2 (t )  h3 (t )
(t ) y2 (t )
y(t )  y2 (t )   …(i)
 
y2 (t )  y1 (t )  y1 (t  )
From equation (i),
1
y(t )   y1 (t )  y1 (t  ) …(ii)

y1 (t )  x(t )  u(t )
y1 (t  )   x(t )  u (t )   (t  )  x(t )  u (t  )
From equation (ii),
1
y (t )   x(t )  u (t )  x(t )  u (t  )

1
y (t )  x (t )   u ( t )  u ( t   ) 

1
y (t )  x ( t )   u ( t )  u ( t   ) 

x (t ) y (t )
h(t )
As y (t )  x (t )  h (t )
1
u (t )  u (t  )
y (t ) 

Method 2 :
As impulse response, i.e. response of the system for impulse input in asked, so taking x (t )   (t ) .
x(t ) u(t )  (t )  u (t ) u (t )  (t ) y (t )
h1 (t )  u (t )  h3 (t ) 
 (t )  
h2 (t )  (t  )
u (t  )
Impulse response,
h(t )  y (t )  u (t )  u (t  )   h3 (t )
(t )
h(t )  u (t )  u (t  )  

1
 u (t )  u (t   ) 
h (t ) 

Q.86 A system is excited by a signal x (t )  4 rect (t / 2) and its response is
y (t )  10 1  e  (t 1)  u (t  1)  1  e ( t 1)  u (t  1) 
What is its impulse response?
5 5
(A) 5e  t u (t ) (B) e t u (t ) (C) 5 1  e  t  u (t ) (D) 1  e  t  u (t )
2 2
Ans. (B)
t
Sol. Given for input x(t )  4 rect   , output y (t )  10 1  e (t 1)  u (t  1)  1  e (t 1)  u (t  1) 
2
x (t )
1 1 t
x (t )  4 u (t  1)  u (t  1) 
4 s s
 X ( s)  e  e  …(i)
s
 es es e s e s 
Y ( s )  10    
 s s 1 s s  1 
1 1 
Y (s)  10  (es  e s )  (e s  e  s ) 
s s 1 
GATE ACADEMY ® Laplace Transform 3
 s 1 s 
Y ( s )  10 (e s  e  s )  
 s ( s  1) 
10(es  e s )
Y ( s)  …(ii)
s ( s  1)
Y ( s)
T.F., H ( s) 
X ( s)
X ( s) Y ( s)
H ( s)
From equation (i) and (ii),

10 (e s  e s )
s ( s  1) 10
H (s)  s

4 (e  e ) 4 ( s  1)
s
s
 h(t )  2.5 et u(t )
Q.89 Find the impulse response of the system in below figure and evaluate its stability.
x(t)
+ –
ò
– 0.1
+
ò
0.05
y(t)
(A) 4.589 e 0.05 t
sin(0.2179t )u (t ), unstable (B) 4.589 e 0.05 t sin(0.2179t )u (t ), stable
(C) 4.589 e  0.05 t sin(0.2179t )u (t ), unstable (D) 4.589 e  0.05 t sin(0.2179t )u (t ), stable
Ans. (A)
Sol. Signal flow graph of the given system is shown in figure.
1
X ( s)
1
s
1
1
 0.1  
10
1
s
1 1
0.05  Y ( s)
20
We can use Mason’s gain formula to fine transfer function,
Y (s) P 
 H (s)  K K
X (s) 
1 1 1
P1  1  1  2
s s s
1  1  1
L1      (1) 
s  10  10 s
1 1 1 1
L2     (1) 
s s 20 20 s 2
Both the loops are touching,
 1  1  
  1   2 
 10 s  20 s  
2s 1 20s 2  2s  1
  1 
20 s 2 20 s 2
1  1
1
1
s2 20
 H ( s)  
20 s  2 s  1 20 s  2 s  1
2 2
20 s 2
Location of poles,
20s2  2s 1  0, s  0.05  j 0.2179
As system has complex conjugate poles with +ve real part, so the system is unstable (assuming casual
system as nothing in mentioned)
1 1
H (s)  2  2
s  0.1s  0.05 s  2  0.05  s  (0.05)2  (0.05)2  0.05
    
( s  0.05)2 0.0475
1 0.0475 1
H (s)  
( s  0.05)  ( 0.0475)
2 2
0.0475

As 
I.L.T.
 e  at sin t u (t )
(s  a)  
2 2
 h(t )  e ( 0.05)t sin 0.0475 t u (t )  4.589

 h(t )  4.589 e0.05t sin 0.2179 t u(t )
h(t )
As lim h(t )  
t 
So, the system is unstable.

Q.90 The result of the convolution x (  t ) *  (  t  t 0 ) is [GATE EC 2015-Kharagpur]
(A) x (t  t 0 ) (B) x (t  t 0 ) (C) x (  t  t 0 ) (D) x (  t  t 0 )
Ans. (D)
Sol. Let y(t )  x(t ) (t  t0 )
y (t )  x(t )   (t  t0 )
y(t )  x(t ) (t  t0 )
y (t )  x  (t  t0 )
 y(t )  x( t  t0 )
Q.97 Let s (t ) be the step response of a linear system with zero initial conditions then the response of this
system to an input u (t ) is [GATE EE 2002-Bangalore, EE 1993-Bombay]
d  
t t
(A)  s (t  )u ()d  (B)   s(t  )u()d 

0
dt  0 
t
t  t
(C)  s(t  )   u(1 )d 1  d  (D)  s(t  )2 u()d 

0 0  0
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : s (t )  Step response  u (t )  h (t )
 Impulse response,
d
h(t )  s(t ) …(i)
dt
Now given input,
x (t )  u (t )
Not unit step function, just the name of function is u (t ).
x(t )  u(t ) y (t )
h(t )
y ( t )  x (t )  h ( t )  u ( t )  h ( t )

 y (t )   u (  ) h (t   ) d 

From equation (i),

d s (t  ) d
h(t  )   s (t  )
d (t  ) dt
If input u (t ) is causal infinite or finite duration sequence, then
t
d
y (t )   u () s (t  ) d 
0
dt
t
d

dt 0
y (t )  s (t  ) u () d 

Q.104 Two continuous time signals are given as follows
sin t , 0  t  2 1, t  0
x(t )   and y (t )  
0, elsewhere 0, t  0
Convolution z (t )  x (t )  y (t ) is
z (t )
1 z (t )
(A) (B)
p 2p 1
0 t
-1 t
-p 0 p
z (t ) z (t )
(C) 2 (D) 1
t
0 p 2p
t
0 p 2p
Ans. (C)
sin t , 0  t  2
Sol. Given : x(t )  
0, elsewhere
x(t )
1
 t
2
–1
x1 (t )  sin t u (t )
1
 t
2 4
–1
x2 (t )  sin(t  2) u(t  2 )
1
t
2 4
–1
x1 (t )  x2 (t )  x (t )
1
t
2
–1
Signal x (t ) can be represented as,
x(t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t )
where, x1 (t )  sin t u(t )
x2 (t )  sin (t  2) u(t  2)
1
X 1 ( s) 
s 1
2
e 2 s
X 2 (s) 
s2 1
1  e 2 s
 X ( s) 
s2 1
1 t  0 1
Given, y (t )   y (t )  u (t ) Y ( s) 
0 t  0 s
z (t )  x (t )  y ( t ) Z ( s )  X ( s )Y ( s )
1  e 2 s 1  1  2 s
Z (s)    …(i)
s ( s  1) s ( s  1)  s ( s  1) 
2 2 2
e
1 A Bs  C
Let  
s ( s  1)
2
s s2  1
1  A (s 2  1)  ( Bs  C )s
At s  0, 1 A
Comparing coefficients of s 2 both sides
0  A B
 B   A  1
Comparing coefficients of s both sides
0C
 A  1, B  1, C  0
1 1 ( 1) s  0
   2
s ( s  1) s
2
s 1
1 1 s
  2
s ( s  1) s s  1
2
From equation (i),

1 s  1 s 
Z ( s)    2     2  e2 s
 s s  1  s s  1
Taking inverse transform both sides,
z (t )  u (t )  cos t u (t )  u (t  2)  cos (t  2)  u (t  2)
z (t )  u (t )  u (t  2)  cos t u (t )  cos t  u (t  2 )
z (t )  u (t )  1  cos t   u (t  2) 1  cos t 
z (t )  (1  cos t ) u (t )  u (t  2)
z (t )
 t
2
1  cos t , 0  t  2
 z (t )  
0, elsewhere
1 t
Q.113 A moving average function is given by y (t ) 
T 
t T
u ( ) d . If the input u is a sinusoidal signal of
1
frequency Hz, then in steady state, the output y will lag u (in degree) by ______.
2T
[GATE EE 2015-Kanpur]
Ans. (*)
t
1
Sol. Given : y (t )   u () d 
T t T
x(t ) y (t )
h (t )
To find impulse response h(t ), substituting input u (t )  (t )

y (t ) for u (t )  (t )
t
1
T t T
h(t )  () d 
t
 () d   1
t T
only if t  T  0  t i.e., for 0  t  T
h (t )
1
T
t
T
1
 1, 0t T
 h(t )   T
0, elsewhere
1
h(t )  u(t )  u (t  T )
T
x(t ) y(t )
H (s )
Sinusoidal H ()   x(t )

with frequency 0 0
1
H ( s)  1  e sT 
Ts
1
H ( j)  1  e  jT 
j T
e  jT /2 jT /2  jT /2 2 e  jT /2  T 
H ( j)  e e   sin  
j T T  2 
 T 
 H ( j)  e jT /2  Sa  
 2 
1
Given frequency of input sinusoid  Hz
2T

 0  2f 0  rad/s
T
Output of the system for u (t ), that is sinusoidal
  T 
y (t )  e jT /2  Sa    u (t )
  2 

If u (t )  A sin t
T
 
Then y (t )  B sin  t  Q 
T 
 T 
B  e  jT /2  Sa    A  Amplitude of y (t )
 2   
T
 T 
  e  jT / 2  Sa    Phase different between input and output
 2   
T
T
j 2
 e T 2

 

phase angle =
2 Real phase
angle  0

 
2
So, output lags input by 900 .
[Due to this word, we are not using –ve sign.]
Practice Questions [Selected questions]
sinc n
Q.5 In what range should Re(s) remain so that the Laplace transform of the function x[ n]  exist
n
[GATE EC 2005-Bombay]

c

2
(A) x[n] (B) (C) c (D) 2c
n  
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : x(t )  e( a2)t 5  e5  e( a2)t

 x(t )  e
 st
x(t ) 
 X (s)  dt

e
( a  2) t
X ( s )  e5  e (  j)t dt

e
( a  2  )
X (s)  e 5
 e  jt dt

As nothing is mentioned about the existence of signal and options are indicating that it may be causal
or anti-causal but not non-causal, so by default, taking the signal to be causal, then

X ( s )  e  e( a  2 ) t  e
5  j t
dt
0 mag 1
For X (s) to converge,

a2  0
a2
s 1
Q.18 The Laplace transform of a continuous time signal x (t ) is X ( s )  . What will be the Laplace
s  5s  7
2
transform of y (t )  x (3t  4) u (3t  4) ?

 s3   (4/3) s  s3  4s
(A)  2 e (B)  2 e
 s  15s  63   s  15s  63 
1  s  1   4s  s 1   (4/3) s
(C)  e (D)  2 e
3  s 2  5s  7   s  15s  21 
Ans. (A)
s 1
Sol. Given : X ( s) 
s  5s  7
2
To find L.T. of y(t )  x(3t  4) u(3t  4)

As ROC of X (s) is not mentioned, so taking x(t ) as causal, i.e.
x(t )  x(t ) u(t )
x(3t  4)  x(3t  4) u(3t  4)  y(t )

x(t )   X ( s)
x(t  4)   e4 s  X (s)
1
y (t )  x(3t  4)   e 4 s  X ( s )  s
3 s
3
s
1
1  4 3s 3
 Y ( s)  e  2
3 s s
   5   7
3 3
s3
4
1
Y ( s)  e 3  2 3
s
3 s  15s  63
9
4
s3 s
 Y (s)  2 e 3
s  15s  63
Q.19 The Laplace transform of signal x(t )  t 2 sin t is equal to
2(3s 2  1) 1 2 s
( s 2  1)3 ( s  1)
4
( s  1) 2
2
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : x(t )  t 2 sin t
Considering x (t ) to be causal,
x(t )  t 2 sin t u(t )
1
sin t u (t ) 

s 1
2
d  1   ( s 2  1)  0  1  2 s  2s
t sin t u (t ) 
  2     2
ds  s  1   ( s  1)
2 2
 ( s  1)
2
d  2s 
t 2 sin t u (t ) 

ds  ( s 2  1)2 
 ( s 2  1) 2  2  2 s  2 ( s 2  1)  2 s 
t 2 sin t u (t )    
 ( s 2  1) 4 
 2 ( s 2  1) ( s 2  1  4 s 2 ) 
t 2 sin t u (t )    
 ( s 2  1) 4 
 2 (1  3s 2 )  2 (3s 2  1)
t 2 sin t u (t )    2 4 
 2
 ( s  1)  ( s  1)
3

d  e 3 s 
Q.22 The Laplace transform of a signal x (t ) is, X ( s )  s 2   , ROC: Re(s)  0 . The signal x (t ) is
ds  s 
1 3 t 3 1 3t 3
(A) e t  27t  54  u (t  3) (B) e t  27t  54  u (t )
6 6 
1 1
(C)  t 3  27t  54  u (t  3) (D) t 3  27t  54  u (t  3)
6 6
Ans. (C)
d  e 3 s 
Sol. Given : X ( s )  s 2 , Re( s )  0
ds  s 
1
u (t ) 

s
e 3 s
u (t  3) 

s
d  e 3 s 
 t  u (t  3) 
  
ds  s 
d  e 3 s 
t
  t  u (t  3) dt 
s 
1


ds  s 
d  e 3 s 
t t
   s 2
  u (  3) d   …(i)
 
ds  s 
t
t t
 2  t2  9


  u (   3) d   3  d    
 2 3

2
, t 3
t t t
 2  9 
 x(t )       u (  3) d      2  u (  3) d 
 
2  9
t
x(t )    d , t 3
3
2
 t 2 9
t

x(t )     d    d   ; t 3
3 2 23 
  3  t 9 t   t 3  27 9 (t  3) 
x(t )        3     
  6  3 2   6 2 
 t 3  27  27t  81  1 3
x(t )       (t  27t  54) u (t  3)
 6  6
Consider the Laplace transform pair given below.
cos(2t ) u (t ) 
LT
X ( s)
Q.23 The time signal corresponding to ( s  1) X ( s ) is
 sin 2t 
(A) (t )   cos 2t  2sin 2t  u (t ) (B)  cos 2t   u (t )
 2 
 sin 2t 
(C)  cos 2t  2sin 2t  u (t ) (D)  cos 2t   u (t )
 2 
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : x(t )  cos 2t u(t ) 
 X ( s)
Let x1 (t ) 
( s  1) X ( s ) …(i)
x(t ) 
 X ( s)
d
x (t )   s X (s)
dt
d
 x(t )  x (t )  ( s  1) X ( s ) …(ii)
dt
Form equation (i) and (ii),
d
x1 (t )  x (t )  x (t )
dt
d
 x1 (t )  cos 2t u (t )   cos 2t u (t ) 
dt
x1 (t )  cos 2t u (t )  ( 2sin 2t ) u (t )  cos 2t (t )
 
 cos (0)  ( t )
 ( t )
x1 (t )  (t )  (cos 2t  2sin 2t ) u(t )

Q.24 The time signal corresponding to X (3s ) is
2  t  1 2  t  1
(A) cos  t  u   (B) cos  t  u   (C) cos 6t u (t ) (D) cos 6t u (t )
 3  3 3  3  3 3
Ans. (B)
 X ( s)
x(t ) 
 X ( s)
t 1  s 
x   
 X  
3 1/ 3  1/ 3 
1 t
x   
 X (3s )
3 3
1 t 1 t t
 Inverse, x1 (t )  x    cos 2t   u  
3 3 3 3 3
X (s)
Q.25 The time signal corresponding to is
s2
1  cos 2t cos 2t
(A) 4 cos 2t u (t ) (B) u (t ) (C) t 2 cos 2t u (t ) (D) u (t )
4 t2
Ans. (B)
 X ( s)
x(t ) 
 X ( s)
t
X ( s)
 x() d  

s
t t
X ( s)
x1 (t )    x() d  
 
s2
…(i)
t t
x1 (t )  

x() d    cos 2 u () d 

 sin 2  sin 2
t t
x1 (t )   cos 2 d      u (t )
0  2 0 2
sin 2
t
 x1 (t )  

2
u () d 
1  cos 2 
t t
1
x1 (t )   sin 2   , t 0
20 2  2  0
1
x1 (t )   (cos 2t  1) u (t )
4
1  cos 2t
 x1 (t )  u (t )
4
d 3 s
Q.26 The time signal corresponding to  e X ( s )  is
ds 
(A) t cos 2(t  3) u (t  3) (B) t cos 2(t  3) u (t )
(C) t cos 2(t  3) u (t  3) (D) t cos 2(t  3) u (t )
Ans. (C)
 X ( s)
x(t ) 
 X ( s)
 e3s X (s)
x(t  3) 
d 3 s
x1 (t )   t x (t  3) 
  e X ( s ) 
ds 
 x1 (t )   t cos 2(t  3) u(t  3)
Q.52 The Laplace transform of given function x (t ) will be
x(t )
1
0 1 t
1 e s e s 1 e s e s 1 e s e s 1 e s e s
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
s2 s2 s s2 s2 s s2 s2 s s2 s2 s
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given signal x (t ) can be expressed in terms of step and ramp sequences as
x(t )
1
t
1
x (t )  r (t )  r (t  1)  u (t  1)
1 e s e s
 X ( s)  
s2 s2 s
Q.54 Laplace transform of x (t ) will be

x(t )
1
t
0 1 2 3
s  1  e s s  1  e s s  1  e s s  1  e s
(A) (B) (C) (D)
s 2 (1  e 2 s ) s 2 (1  e 2 s ) s 2 (1  e 2 s ) s 2 (1  e 2 s )
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given signal x (t ) can be considered to be periodic repartition of x1 (t ) for 0  t  ,
x (t )
1
t
1 2 3 4 5
x1 (t )
1
t
1 2
T
where, x1 (t )  u(t )  r (t )  r (t  1)
1 1 e s s  1  e s
X 1 ( s)   2  2 
s s s s2
X 1 ( s) s  1  e s
X ( s)  
1  eTs s 2 (1  e 2 s )

Q.58 Given the Laplace transform, V ( s )   e  st v(t ) dt . The inverse transform v (t ) is [ESE EC 1993]
0
 j  j
1
(A) 
 j 
V ( s )ds (B) 
2πj  j
e st V ( s) ds
  j
1 1
(C) 
2πj 0
e st V ( s ) ds (D) 
2πj  j
e st V ( s) ds
Ans. (B)
Sol. Inverse relation,
v(t ) 
V (s)
 j
1
v(t )  
2j  j
V ( s) e st ds

Q.62 Let x (t ) be a CT signal and X ( s ) be its Laplace transform given as
5
X ( s) 
( s  3s  4)
2
Match inverse Laplace transform L1 , L2 , L3 with Region of convergence R1 , R2 , R3 .

Inverse Laplace transform ROC

4 t
L1 : x(t )  e u (t )  e u (t )
t
R1 : Re( s )  1
L2 : x(t )  e 4t u (t )  et u (t ) R2 : Re( s )   4
L3 : x(t )  e4t u ( t )  et u ( t ) R3 :  4  Re( s )  1
(A) ( L1 , R3 ), ( L2 , R2 ), ( L3 , R1 ) (B) ( L1 , R3 ), ( L2 , R1 ), ( L3 , R2 )
(C) ( L1 , R1 ), ( L2 , R2 ), ( L3 , R3 ) (D) ( L1 , R2 ), ( L2 , R1 ), ( L3 , R3 )
Ans. (B)
5 5
Sol. X (s)  
s  3s  4 ( s  4) ( s  1)
2
Poles are located at s   4 and 1.

j
4 1 
5 A B
X ( s)   
( s  4) ( s  1) s  4 s  1
5 5
A  1 B 1
s  1 s 4 s  4 s 1
1 1
X (s)  …(i)
s  4 s 1
Case 1 : If x (t ) is right sided, then ROC will be right to the right most pole.
 x(t )  e4t u(t )  et u(t ) for ROC : Re{s}  1
1
 e  at u (t ) for R.S.
sa
1
 e  at u ( t ) for L.S.
sa
L2  R1
Case 2 : If x (t ) is left sided,
 x(t )  e4t u( t )  et u( t ) for ROC : Re{s}   4
L3  R2
Case 3 : If x (t ) is double sided,
 x(t )  e4t u(t )  et u( t ) for ROC :  4  Re{s}  1
L1  R3
3s 2  10s  10
Q.63 The unilateral Laplace transform of a signal x (t ) is, X ( s)  . The time signal x (t )
( s  2)( s 2  6s  10)
is
(A) e 2t  2e 3t cos t  2e 3t sin t  u (t ) (B) e 2t  2e 3t cos t  6e 3t sin t  u (t )
(C) e 2t  2e 3t cos t  2e 3t sin t  u (t ) (D) 9e 2t  6e 3t cos t  3e 3t sin t  u (t )
Ans. (B)
3s 2  10s  10 A Bs  C
Sol. Given : X ( s)    2
( s  2) ( s  6s  10) s  2 s  6s  10
2
3s 2  10s  10  A (s 2  6s  10)  ( Bs  C)(s  2)

At s   2, 12  20  10  A(4  12  10)
A 1
Comparing coefficient of s 2 both sides,
3  A B
b  3 1  2
Comparing coefficient of s,
10  6 A  2B  C
C  10  6  4  0
1 2s 1 2s
 X (s)   2   2
s  2 s  6 s  10 s  2 s  2  s  3  32  1
1 2s
X (s)  
s  2 ( s  3) 2  (1) 2
( s  a)
e  at cos bt u (t ) 

( s  a)2  b2
b
e  at sin bt u (t ) 

( s  a)2  b2
1 2( s  3  3)
X (s)  
s  2 ( s  3) 2  (1) 2
1 ( s  3) 1
X ( s)   2  6
s2 ( s  3)  (1)
2 2
( s  3) 2  (1) 2
 x(t )   e 2t  2e 3t cos t  6e 3t sin t  u (t )

Practice Questions
Q.1 The impulse response h[n] of a linear time invariant system is given as
 2 2 n  1,  1

h[n]   4 2 n  2,  2
 0 otherwise

If the input to the above system is the sequence e jn /4 , then the output is [GATE EC 2004, IIT Delhi]
(A) 4 2e jn / 4 (B) 4 2e  jn / 4 (C) 4e jn /4 (D)  4e jn /4
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given, impulse response
 2 2, n  1

h[n]   4 2, n  2
 0, otherwise

x[n] h[n] y[n ]  x[n]  h[n ]
X (e ) j H (e j ) Y (e j  )  X (e j  )  H (e j  )

j n
And input x[n]  e 4
Method –I : Trine domain method :-

h[ n]  4 2, 2 2, 0, 2 2, 4 2


 h[n]  4 2  [n  2]  2 2  [n  1]  2 2  [n  1]  4 2  [n  2] …(i)
y[n]  x[n]* h[n]
 y[n]  4 2 x[n  2]  2 2 x[n  1]  2 2 x[n  1]  4 2 x[n  2]

j n
As x[n]  e 4
   
j ( n  2) j ( n 1) j ( n 1) j ( n  2)
 y[n]  4 2e 4
 2 2e 4
 2 2e 4
 4 2e 4

j n  j

j

j

j 

 y[n]  e 4
 4 2  e 2
 2 2 e 4
 2 2 e 4
 4 2 e 2

 

j n   1 1   1 1  
 y[n]  e 4
4 2  j  2 2  j 2 2 j   4 2 j
  2 2  2 2 
 
j n  1  j n
 y[n]  e 4
 2 2  2  2   4e
4
 
Option (D).
Method – II : Frequency domain method :
Taking D.T.F.T. in equation (i)
H ( e j  )  4 2  e j 2   2 2e j   2 2e  j   4 2 e  j 2 
H (e j )  4 2 e j 2   e  j 2    2 2 e j  e  j 
H (e j )  8 2 cos 2  4 2 cos 

j n
Given, x[n]  e 4
From the relation of impulse and constant

1  2  ()
Applying frequency shifting properly

j n  
e 4
1  2     …(ii)
 4
 
 X (e j )  2    
 4
 Y (e j )  X (e j  )  H (e j )
   
 Y (e j )  16 2 cos 2       8 2 cos      
 4  4
     
 Y (e j )  16 2  cos        8 2  cos     
2  4 4  4
1  
 Y (e j )  8 2   
2  4
 
 Y (e j )  8     
 4
Taking inverse D.T.F.T. both sides wrong result from equation (ii)

j n
Y [n]  4e 4

Q.2 The discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT) of x[ n]  2(3) n u[  n] is equal to [ESE EC 2005]
2 2  1  e j / 3   1  e j / 3 
(A) (B) (C) 2   (D) 2  
1  e j / 3 1  e j / 3 j
 1 e / 3 
j
 1 e / 3 
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Discrete Time Fourier Transform
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : x[ n]  2(3) n u[  n]
1
a n u[n] 
D .T . F .T .
 , a 1
1  ae j
Using time reversal property
1
a  nu[n] 

1  ae j
1
 (a 1 )  u[ n] 
 j
, a 1  1
1  ae
1
 x( n)  2(3) n u[  n]   2
1
1  e j
3
1  n 
Q.3 The impulse response of discrete LTI system is h(n)  sin   . The output response of the system
n  4 
1  n 
when x(n)  sin   is
n  8 
1  n  1  n  1  n  1  n 
(A) sin   (B) sin   (C) sin   (D) sin  
n  4  n  2  n  4  n  8 
Ans. (D)
1  n 
Sol. Given : h[n]  sin  
n  4 
1  n 
x[n]  sin  
n  8 
X (e j )
Repeated from
1
    
sin x n x 

 x
n
X (e j )
1  
 
sin n  
 x[n]   8 
 8 8
n
H (e j  )
 
sin n  
1   4 
h[n]  sin  n    4 4
n  4  n
Y (e j  )  X ( e j  )  H ( e j  )

 
8 8
Taking inverse D.T.F.T.

sin n
y[n]    8  1  sin  n
n n 8
Q.4 If z-transform of x(n) includes unit circle in its ROC, then the Fourier transform of x(n) can be expressed
as
   
(A)  x ( n) z
n 
n
(B)  x ( n) z
n0
 jn
(C)  x ( n) z
n  
n
(D)  x( n) z
n 
n
z  e  j z  e  z  z  e j
Ans. (D)
Sol. By the definition, z-transform of x[n] is given as

X ( z)   x ( n)  z
n 
n
Where z  re j where r  z  radian or circle of Roe of X ( z ) includes the unity circle means signal
x[n] is absolutely sun mable and DTFT exists and for unit circle r  1
 z  re j  e j

 X (e j  )   x[n] z
n 
n
z  e j

Q.5 The Fourier transform of correlation sequence of two discrete time signals x1 (n) and x2 (n) is given by
(A) X 1 (e j ) X 2 (e j ) (B) X 1 (e j ) X 2 (e j ) (C) X 1 (e j ) X 2 (e j ) (D) none of the above
Ans. (B)
Sol. Correlation sequence of two discrete time signals x1[ n] and x2 [n] is given as
r12 [m]  x1[m]* x2 [ m]
 D.T.F.T.  r12 [m]  X 1 (e j )  X 2 (e j )
Q.6 Let x[n]  a nu[n] , h[n]  b n u[n]

What is the expression for y[n], for a discrete-time system ?
 
(A) 
k 
a k u[k ]b n  k u[n  k ] (B)  a u[k ]b
k 
n nk
u[n  k ]
 
(C) 
k 
a k u[ n  k ]b n u[k ] (D) a
k 
nk
u[k ] b n  k u[n  k ]
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
x[n]  a nu [n]
h[n]  b nu [n]
 y[n]  x[n]* h[n]

 
K 
x[ K ]  h[n  K ]

 a
K 
K
 u[ K ]  b n  K [n  K ]

Q.7 Discrete time Fourier transform of 2 n u[ n] is :
1 2 2
1  2e j 1  2e j 1  e  j
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : Signal x[n]  2n u[n]
x[n]
8
1 2 3 n
n=0
Given signal is unbounded and not summable, so its D.T.F.F. does not exists.
Q.8 The DTFT of the signal x[n]  u[n]  u[n  6] is :
1  e j 5 1  e6 j 1  e j 5 1  e6 j
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1  e  j 1  e  j 1  e  j 1  e  j
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : Signal x[n]  u[n]  u[n  6] is shown in figure.
u[ n]
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x[n]  [n]  [n  1]  [n  2]  [n  3]  [n  4]  [n  5]
u[n  6] x[n]  u[n]  u[n  6]
1 1
n n
6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5
X (e j  )  1  e  j   e  j 2   e  j 3   e  j 4   e  j 5 
5
 X (e j  )   (e  j  ) n
n 0
1  (e  j )51 1  e  j 6 
 
1  e  j 1  e  j
Q.9 The discrete time Fourier transform of the signal, x(n)  0.5( n 1) u (n  1) is :
e  j 0.5e j 0.5e j
(A) (B) e  j (1  0.5e  j ) (C) (D)
1  0.5e j 1  0.5e j 1  0.5e j
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
x[n]  (0.5)( n 1)  u[ n  1]
From the standard results
1
a n u[n] 

1  ae j
1
(0.5) n u[ n] 

1  0.5e  j
Using time shifting properly
e  j
(0.5) n u[ n  1] 

1  0.5e  j
. Common Data Questions 10 to 13 .
x(n)  [1, 2, 3,  4]
Given

X (e j ) denotes Fourier transform of x(n)

Q.10 X (e j 0 ) is
(A) 10 (B) – 2 (C) 2 (D) – 10
Ans. (B)
Sol. By definition

X (e j  )   x[n]  e
n 
 jn
…(i)

 X (e ) 
j0
 x[n]  e
n 
j .0 n

 X (e j 0 )   x[n]  1  2  3  4
n 
2
Method II :
x[n]  [n  2]  2[n  1]  3[n]  4[n  2]
 X ( e j  )  e j 2   2e j   3  4e  j 2  …(ii)
 X (e j )  1  2  3  4
 2
Q.11 X (e j ) is
(A) 10 (B) – 2 (C) 2 (D) – 10
Ans. (A)
Sol. From equation (i)
 
X (e j  )   x[n]e
n 
 j n
  x[n]  (1)
n 
n
j
 X (e )  x(2) 1  x( 1)  ( 1)  x(0) 1  x(1)  ( 1)
 1  2  3  4  10
Method – II :
X ( e j  )  e j 2   2e j   3  4e  j 2 
 1  2  3  4  10

1
Q.12 
2 
X (e j ) d  is
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 3

Ans. (C)
Sol. From one equation of inverse D.T.F.T.
1
x[ n]  
2 2 
X (e j )  e jn d 

1
x[0]  
2 
X (e j )  e j0  d 

1
 
2 
X (e j )  d   x[0]  3

 2
d
Q.13 

d
X (e j ) d  is
(A) 12 (B) 24 (C) 48 (D) 12 

Ans. (C)
Sol. From Rayleigh energy theorem
 
1

2

2
x[n]  X (e j ) d  …(i)
n 
 2    
D .T . F .T . D .T . F .T .
If  X (e j )
x[n] 
Using differentiation in frequency domain prop.
d
n  x[n] 
j X (e j )
d
 From equation (i)
 2

1 d
 
2
n  x[n]  j  (e j  ) d 
n  2  d 
 2

d
  (e j ) d   2   n  x[n]
2


d n 
 2  (2) 1  (1)  (2)  0.3  1  (4) 

2 2 2 2
 
 2  4  4  0  16  48 
Q.14 For the signal x[n] shown in figure, x[n]  0 for n < – 3 and n > 7.
If X () is the Fourier transform of x[n], which one of the following is TRUE ?

(A) X (0) = 5 (B)  X () d   2 

(C) The phase X ()  2  (D) X ()  X ()

Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Signal x[n] can be represented as
x[n]  1, 0,1, 2,1, 0,1, 2,1, 0,  1 …(i)

X () or X (e j )   x[n]e
n 
 j n

 X (0)   x[n]  1  1  2  1  1  2  1  1  6
n 
 X (0)  5
Option (A) is wrong.

1
x[n]  
2 
X ()e jn d 

  X ()d   2  x[0]  2  2  4


  X ()d   2

Option (B) is wrong

Taking D.T.F.T. of x[n] expressed in equation (i)
X ()  e j 3  e j  2  e  j  e  j 3  2e  j 4   e  j 5  e  j 7 
 X ()  e  j 2  [e j 5  e j 3  2e  j 2   e j  e  j  2e  j 2    e  j 3  e  j 5 ]
 X ()  e  j 2  [(e j 5  e  j 5 )  (e j 3  e  j 3 )  2(e j 2   e  j 2  )
 (e j  e  j )]

 j 2 
 X ()  e cos   4 cos 2
2  2 cos 3  2 cos 5
  …(ii)
e j
 2  Real,phase angle  0 0
X ()  2
Option (C) is correct.
From equation (i)
X ()  e j 2  2 cos   4 cos 2  2 cos 3  2 cos 5  X ()
.Statement for Linked Answer Questions 15 & 16.
A sequences of length six is given by
x[ n]  [2, 1, 1, 0 3, 2]

having the Fourier transform X (e j )
d
Q.15 If Y (e j )  X (e j ) , | y[n] | is given by
d
[4, 1, 1, 0, 6, 6] [4, 1, 1, 0, 6, 6]
(A)  (B) 
[4, 1, 0, 0, 6, 6]
(C) [4, 1, 0, 0,  6, 6] (D) 

Ans. (D)
Sol. 
Given : x[ n]  2 1 1 0 3 2


d
Given Y (e j  )   (e j  ) …(i)
d
From differentiation in frequency domain properly,
  e j 
d
Then, n  x[n] 
j …(ii)
d
Comparing equation (i) and (ii)
D.T .F .T .n  x[n]
 Y (e j )  D.T .F .T . y[n] 
j
 y[n]   jn x [n]
 
y[n]  4 j , j , 0, 0, 6 j , 6 j


 y[n]  4, 1, 0, 0, 6, 6 


2
Q.16 If I   | Y (e j ) |2 d , the value of I is
0
(A) 180  (B) 178  (C) 196  (D) 200 

Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
2
2
I 
0
y (e j  ) d  …(i)
 Y (eej )
Of y[n] 

1

2

2
Then y[n]  Y (e j ) d  …(ii)
n  2 2 
Comparing equations (i) and (ii)

I  2  y[n]
2
n 
 2[16  1  36  36]  178

.Statement for Linked Answer Questions 17 & 18.
4-sample sequence is given by
x[n]  [1, 2,  2,  1]

Q.17 The Fourier transform X (e j ) of this sequence is given by :

(A) j 2 e  j1.5 [sin(1.5)  2sin(0.5)] (B) j 2 e  j1.5 [sin(1.5)  2sin(0.5)]
(C) j 2 e j1.5 [sin(1.5)  2sin(0.5)] (D) j 2 e j1.5 [sin(1.5)  2sin(0.5)]
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : x[n]  1, 2, 2, 1
x[n]  [n]  2[n  1]  2[n  2]  [n  3]
 X (e j )  1  2e  j  2e  j 2   e  j 3
 X (e j )  e  j1.5 e j1.5  2e j 0.5  2e j 0.5  e  j1.5 
 e j1.5  e  j1.5  e j 0.5  e j 0.5 

 X (e j )  e  j1.5  2  2 j
 2j  2j 
 X (e j )  2 je j1.5 sin1.5  2sin 0.5
Q.18 An eight length sequence is defined by
y[n]  [1,  2, 2, 1, 1, 2,  2,  1]

Y (e j ) is given by :
(A) e 4 j X (e j )  e 3 j X (e  j ) (B) e 4 j X (e j )  e 3 j X (e  j )
(C) e 4 j X (e j )  e 3 j X (e j ) (D) None of the above
Ans. (B)
Sol. 
Given : y (n)  1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1


Y ( e j  )  1  2e  j   2e  j 2   e  j 3   e  j 4   2e  j 5   2e  j 6   e  j 7 
Given 
x[ n]  1, 2, 2, 1


Let 
x1[ n]  x[ n  4]  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1

 …(i)
x [ n]  x[ n  3]  1, 2,
1 2, 1 

Let x [ n]  x[  n  3]  1,
2 2, 2, 1  …(ii)

From (i) and (ii), x1[n]  x2 [n]  1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1  y[n]
 Y (e j )  x1 (e j )  x2 (e j )
 X (e j )
x[n]   e j 3   (e j )
x[n  3] 
 e  j 4   (e j  )
x1[n]  x[n  4]   e  j 3   (e  j  )
x2 [n]  x[ n  3] 
 Y ( e j  )  e  j 4   (e j  )  e  j 3   ( e  j  )
1
1  e  j
Q.19 Inverse DTFT of X (e j )  3
1  j 1 2 j
1 e  e
4 8
 2  1 n 7  1 n   2  1 n 7  1 n 
(A)        u (n) (B)        u (n)
 9  2  9  4    9  2  9  4  
 2  1 n 7  1 n   2  1 n 7  1 n 
(C)        u (n) (D)        u (n)
 9  2  9  4    9  2  9  4  
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
1
1  e  j
X (e j  )  3
1  j 1  j 2 
1 e  e
3 8
Let e j  z
1
1  z 1
3 (3z  1)8 z
X ( z)  
1 1
1   2 (8 z  2 z  1)  3
2
4 z 8z
8 8
8z  8z 
X ( z) 3  3 A 8
 2  
z 8 z  2 z  1 (4 z  1)(2 z  1) 4 z  1 2 z  1
X ( z ) 28 / 9 4 / 9
  
z 4z 1 2z 1
28 z 4 z
 X ( z)    
9 4z 1 9 2z 1
28 z 4 z
 X ( z)    
9  1  9  1 
4 z 1  z 1  2 z  1  z 1 
 4   2 
Substituting value of z  e j
7 1 2 1
X (e j  )     …(i)
9 1  1 e  j 9 1  1 e  j
4 2
1
Taking increase in equation (i) using standard result a n u[n] 

1  ae j
7  1 
n n
2 1
 x[n]    u[n]     u[n]
9 4  9 2
1   c
Q.20 If X (e j )   then x[n] is :
0   c
1 1 n 
(A) sin c n (B) sin c n (C) sin c n (D) sin c n
n n  n
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
1,   c
X (e j  )  
0,   c
X (e j ) can be plotted as shown in figure

X (e j )
c c 
sin xn x


 x
n
sin c n
 x[n] 
n
Q.21 If X (e j )  e  j for      , then the discrete time signal x(n) is :
sin 2(n  1) sin (n  1) sin (2n  1)
(A) (B) sin (n  1) (C) (D)
2(n  1) (n  1) (2n  1)
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : X (e j )  e  j for     
sin n 1,     
Let, x1[n]  

n 0, otherwise
1 e  j ,     
 x1[n  1] 

 0, otherwise
sin [ n  1]
 x[ n]  x1[ n  1] 
[ n  1]
Q.22 The frequency response of a causal and stable LTI system is
2e j 2 
H  e j  
e j 2   2e j  1
The time delay of the system is
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) None of these
Ans. (B)
Sol. Anbiguon equation as given  / s is causal and stable
2e j 2  2e j 2 
H (e j  )  
e j 2  2e j  1 (e j  1) 2
2  z2 z
H ( z)   2 z
( z  1) 2
( z  1) 2
 h[n]  2  (n  1)u[n  1]  not causal leave it.
Q.23 The center of gravity of a signal x(n) is defined as :

 nx(n)
C n 

 x ( n)
n 
and provides, a measure of the ‘time delay’ of the signal. Compute C for the signal x(n) whose FT is
shown :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)  (D)  

Ans. (A)

 nx[n]
Sol. Given : C  n 

 x[n]
n 
X ()

 
2 2
By definition

x[n] 
 X ()   x[n]  e
n 
 j n

  x[n]  X ()
n 
 0
1 …(i)

Let X 1 ()  D.T.F.T.  n  x[n]   n.x[n]  e j n
n 

  n  x[n]  X
n 
1 () 0 …(ii)
If x[n] 
 X ()
d
Then n  x[n] 
j  ()
d
d
j ()
d
1
2j
 
2
 
2 2 j

d
 X 1 ()  j X ()
d
X 1 () is discontinuous at   0 , its value at   0 is given using Gibb’s phenomenon
2 j  2 j 
 
   
X 1 () 0  0
2

 n x[n] 0
C n 

 0
1
 x[n]
n 

1  n 
Q.24 The signal energy of x(n)  sin c   is :
5  100 
(A) 4 (B) 100 (C) 400 (D) none of these
Ans. (A)
1  n 
Sol. Given : x[n]  sin c 
5 100 
sin n
sin c[n] 
n
n 
sin  sin n
 n  100 100
sin c    100
100  
n n
100

sin n
1  n  100
 x[n]  sin c   20
5 100  n
sin xn x


 x
n
X (e j  )
20
     
sin n 
 x[n]  20 100 
 100 100
n
Energy of x[n] is given as
 2
1

2
E[ x ] 
n 
x[n]  
2 2 
X (e j  ) d 

100
1
E[ x] 
2 
 400 d 
100
1 2
E[ x]   400  4
2 100
Q.25 A signal x  n   sin(0 n  ) is the input to a linear time invariant system having a frequency response
H (e j ) . If the output of the system is Ax  n  n0  , then the most general form of H (e j ) will be
(A)  n0 0   for any arbitrary real  . (B)  n0 0  2k for any arbitrary integer.
(C) n0 0  2k for any arbitrary k. (D)  n0 0  .
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
x[n]  sin(0 n  )
x[n] y[n]
H (e j  )
Output of the given LTI system for turn sinusoidal input will be
y[n]  H (e j )  sin  0 n    H (e j )  …(i)
Given y[n]  A  x[ n  n0 ]
 y[ n]  A sin[0 (n  n0 )  ]
 y[n]  A sin[0 n  0 n0  ] …(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii)
H ()  A H (e j )  0 n0
 H (e j )  0 n0  2K ,
As shift of inter multiples of 2 will have no effect.
Q.26 Match the following and choose the correct combination.
Group 1
E. Continuous and aperiodic signal
F. Continuous and periodic signal
G. Discrete and aperiodic signal
H. Discrete and periodic signal
Group 2
1. Fourier representation is continuous and aperiodic.
2. Fourier representation is discrete and aperiodic.
3. Fourier representation is continuous and periodic.
4. Fourier representation is discrete and periodic.
(A) E-3, F-2, G-4, H-1 (B) E-1, F-3, G-2, H-4
(C) E-1, F-2, G-3, H-4 (D) E-2, F-1, G-4, H-3
Ans. (C)
Sol. Sampled (or discrete) 
 periodic
Continuous 
 A periodic
E. Continuous and aperiodic  Aperiodic and continuous (1)
F. Continuous and periodic  Aperiodic and discrete (2)
G. Discrete and aperiodic  Periodic and continuous (3)
H. Discrete and periodic  Periodic and discrete (4)

Note : Solution to only some selected questions are given, rest of the questions are either discussed in videos
or we assume that you must be able to solve them by yourself. If you still have any doubt, then you can post
that question either on VOD App or in Telegram group of Signals & Systems, you will definitely get the
solutions.
Q.1 Consider a discrete time signal given by
x[n]  ( 0.25) n u[n]  (0.5) n u[ n 1]
The region of convergence of its Z‐transform would be [GATE EE 2015‐Kanpur]
(A) The region inside the circle of radius 0.5 and centered at origin
(B) The region outside the circle of radius 0.25 and centered at origin
(C) The annular region between the two circles, both centered at origin and having radii 0.25 and 0.5.
(D) The entire Z plane
Sol. (C)
Q.2 The z‐transform of x[n]  |n| , 0 |  | 1, is X ( z ) . The region of convergence of X ( z ) is [GATE IN 2015‐Kanpur]
1 1  1 
(A) |  || z | (B) | z |  (C) | z | (D) | z | min |  |,
|| ||  |  | 
Sol. (A)
Q.3 Consider the Z‐transform X ( z )  5 z 2  4 z 1  3; 0  | z |   . The inverse Z‐transform x[ n] is
[GATE EC 2010‐Guwahati]
(A) 5 [ n  2]  3 [ n]  4 [ n  1] (B) 5 [ n  2]  3 [ n]  4 [ n  1]
(C) 5u[n  2]  3u[n]  4u[ n  1] (D) 5u[n  2]  3u[n]  4u[n  1]
Sol. (A)
n
 1n 
The ROC of Z‐transform of the discrete time sequence x  n     u  n    u   n  1  is
1
Q.4
 
3  2 
 
[GATE EC 2009‐Roorkee]
1 1 1 1
(A) | z | (B) | z |  (C) | z |  (D) 2  | z |  3
3 2 2 3
Sol. (A)
Q.5 Consider a discrete‐time LTI system with input x[ n]  [n]  [n  1] and impulse response h[ n]  [ n]  [ n  1] . The
output of the system will be given by [GATE IN 2008‐Bangalore]
(A) [n]  [n  2] (B) [n]  [n  1] (C) [n  1]  [n  2] (D) [n]  [n  1]  [n  2]
Sol. (A)
®
1 2
Q.6 If the region of convergence of x1[n]  x2 [n] is  | z |  then the region of convergence of x1[n]  x2 [n] includes
3 3
[GATE EC 2006‐Kharagpur]
1 2 3 1 2
(A) |z|3 (B) |z|3 (C) |z|3 (D) |z|
3 3 2 3 3
Sol. (D)
z
Q.7 The Z‐Transform of a system is H ( z )  . If the ROC is | z |  0.2, then the impulse response of the system is
z  0.2
[GATE EC 2004‐Delhi]
(A) (0.2)n u[n] (B) (0.2)n u[n  1] (C)  (0.2) n u[ n] (D)  (0.2) n u[ n  1]
Sol. (D)
1
Q.8 A discrete‐time signal, x[n], suffered a distortion modeled by an LTI system with H ( z)  (1  az ) , a is real and
|a|>1. The impulse response of a stable system that exactly compensates the magnitude of the distortion is
[GATE IN 2004‐Delhi]
n n
1 1
(A)   u[n] (B)    u[n  1] (C) a n u[n] (D)  a n u[n  1]
a a
Sol. (D)
Q.9 If the impulse response of a discrete‐time system is h[n]  5n u[n 1], then the system function H(z) is equal to
z z
(A) and the system is stable (B) and the system is stable
z 5 z 5
z z
(C) and the system is unstable (D) and the system is unstable
z 5 z 5
Sol. (B)
Q.10 The impulse response of a discrete LTI system is a n u[ n ] . Its response is given by [GATE IN 2001‐Kanpur]
n  
1
(A)  aj (B)  aj (C)
1 a
(D)  aj
j 0 j 0 j 
Sol. (A)
Correct the statement as the impulse response of a D.T. LTI S/S is a n u[n]. Its step response is given as,
Impulse response, h[n]  a n u[n]

n n n
Step response, s[n]   h[n]   a u[n]   a
k  k 
n
k 0
k

Q.11 The region of convergence of the Z‐Transform of a unit step function is [GATE EC 2001‐Kanpur]
(A) | z | > 1 (B) | z | < 1 (C) (Real part of z) > 0 (D) (Real part of z) < 0
Sol. (A)
Q.12 The Z‐Transform F(z) of the function f [nT ]  a nT is [GATE EC 1999‐Bombay]

z z z z
(A) (B) (C) (D)
T
za T
za T
za z  a T
®
GATE ACADEMY 3 Z‐Transform
Sol. (A)
Given : f [n]  a nt

 F ( z)  
n 
f [ n] z  n
As nothing is mentioned about f [n] , so by default, considering it to be causal f [n]  a nT .u[n]


1
 F ( z )   ( a T z 1 ) 
n0 1  aT z 1
z
 F ( z) 
z  aT
Q.13 The lengths of two discrete time sequences x1[ n ] and x2 [ n ] are 5 and 7, respectively. The maximum length of a
sequence x1[n]  x2 [n] is [GATE IN 1999‐Bombay]
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 11

Sol. (D)

Q.14 The Z‐Transform of the time function   [n  k ] is [GATE EC 1998‐Delhi]
k 0
z 1 z z ( z  1) 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
z z 1 ( z  1) 2 z
Sol. (B)
Q.15 The transfer function which corresponds to an unstable system is [GATE EC 1997‐Madras]
z  05 z  05 z z
(A) (B) (C) (D)
z  05 z  05 z2 z 1
Sol. (C)
Q.16 Consider a two‐sided discrete‐time signal (neither left sided, nor right sided). The region of convergence (ROC) of
the Z transform of the sequence is : [ESE EC 2016]
1. All region of z‐plane outside a unit circle (in z‐plane)
2. All region of z‐plane inside a unit circle (in z‐plane)
3. Ring in z‐plane
Which of the above is/are correct ?
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 3 only (D) 1 and 3
Sol. (C)
Q.17 The impulse response for the discrete‐time system : y[n]  0.24( x[ n]  x[ n  1]  x[ n  2]  x[ n  3]) is given by
[ESE EC 2016]
(A) 0 for 0  n  3 and 0.24 otherwise (B) 0.24 for 0  n  3 and 0 otherwise
(C) 0.24 for n  0 to n   (D) 0 for n  0 to n  
Sol. (B)
Q.18 The response of a linear, time‐invariant discrete‐time system to a unit step input u[n] is [n] . The system response
to a ramp input n u[n] would be [ESE EC 2016]
(A) [n  1] (B) u[n  1] (C) n [n  1] (D) n u[n  1]
®
Sol. (B)
Given for an D.T LTI system step response s[ n]  [ n]
 Impulse response h[n]  s[n]  s[n] x[n] = nu[n]
h[n] y[n]
 h[n]  [n]  [n  1]
 Response for ramp input
y[n]  {n. u[n]}  {[n]  [n  1]}  x[ n]  x[ n  1]
 nu [n]  (n  1)u [n  1]  y[ n]  r[ n]  r[ n  1]
 y[ n ]  u [ n ]
nu(n) 4 (n – 1)u(n – 1)
3 3
2 2
1 1
n n
n=0 1 2 3 4 n=0 1 2 3 4
y[n] = nu[n] – (n – 1)u(n – 1)
= u(n – 1)
1 1 1 1
n
n=0 1 2 3 4
Hence the correct option is (B).
Q.19 If the lower limit of Region of Convergence (ROC) is greater than the upper limit of ROC, the series

X ( z)   x (n) z
n 
n
[ESE EC 2015]
(A) Converges (B) Zero (C) Does not converge (D) None of the above
Sol. (C)
Q.20 Unit step response of the system described by the equation y (n)  y (n  1)  x(n) is [ESE EC 2010]
z2 z z 1 z ( z  1)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
( z  1)( z  1) ( z  1)( z  1) z 1 ( z  1)
Sol. (A)
Q.21 What is the inverse Z‐transform of X(z) ? [ESE EC 2006]
1 1 1
 X ( z) z  X ( z) z  X ( z) z  X ( z ) z
n 1 n 1 1 z  ( n 1)
(A) dz (B) dz (C) dz (D) 2 j dz
2 j 2 j 2 j
Sol. (A)
1
C x( z ) z dz
n 1
Inverse Z‐transform, x[ n] 
2i 
Where C is circle of radius z  r .
Q.22
x(n) System y(n)
1
For the system shown, x[ n]  k [ n] , and y[n] is related to x[n] as y[n]  y[n  1]  x[n] . What is y[n] equal to ?
2
[ESE EC 2006]
(A) k (B) (1/ 2)n k (C) nk (D) 2n
®
Sol. (B)
1
Given : x[ n]  K .S [ n] and y[n]   y[n  1]  x[n]
2
Taking z.T . both sides
x[n] System y[n]
 1 
y ( z ) 1 z 1   k
 2 
 k   1
n

y( z)    y[n]  k .   u [n]
1 1   2 
1  z 
 2 
Q.23 Match List‐I (Discrete Time Signal) with List‐II (Transform) and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists : [ESE EC 2005]
List‐I
(Discrete time Signal)
A. Unit Step Function
B. Unit impulse function
C. sin t , t  0, T , 2T , ....
D. cos t , t  0, T , 2T ...
List‐II
(Transform)
1. 1
z  cos T
2.
z 2  2 z cos T  1
z
3.
z 1
z sin T
4.
z 2  2 z cos T  1
Code : A B C D
(A) 2 4 1 3
(B) 3 1 4 2
(C) 2 1 4 3
(D) 3 4 1 2
Sol. (B)
z
Q.24 Which one of the following is the inverse z‐transform of X ( z )  , ROC : | z |  2 ? [ESE EC 2005]
( z  2) ( z  3)
(A)  2 n  3n  u (  n  1) (B) 3n  2 n  u (  n  1) (C)  2 n  3n  u ( n  1) (D)  2 n  3n  u ( n )

       
Sol. (A)

n
1 
Q.25 What is the output of the system with h[ n]    u ( n) in response to the input x[n]  3  cos  n   ?
2  3
[ESE EC 2004]
1   n    2   
(A) y[ n]  3  cos    (B) y[n]  3  cos  n  
3   pn 3   3  3 
®
2    2   
(C) y[n]  1  sin  n   (D) y[n]  6  cos n  
3   3  3   3 
Sol. (D)
Q.26 What is the number of roots of the polynominal F ( z)  4 z 3  8 z 2  z  2, lying outside the unit
circle? [ESE EC 2004]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Sol. (B)
Q.27 Which one of the following gives the cross‐correlation (Yxy (k )) of two finite length sequences x (n)  [1, 3, 1, 2] and
y(n)  [1, 2, 1, 3] ? [ESE EC 2004]

(A) [3, 10, 8, 14, 7, 5, 2] (B) [2, 10, 7, 14, 6, 6, 3] (C) [3, 9, 8, 14, 7, 5, 2] (D) None of the above
Sol. (D)
Q.28 Match I List‐I with List‐II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists :
List – I List – II [ESE EC 2000]
az 1
A. n u(n) 1.
(1  az 1 )2
ROC :| z |  |  |
1
B.   n u(n  1) 2.
(1  az 1 )
ROC :| z |  |  |
1
C.  n n u(n  1) 3.
(1  az 1 )
ROC :| z |  |  |
az 1
D. n n u(n) 4.
(1  az 1 ) 2
ROC :| z |  |  |
Codes : A B C D
(A) 2 4 3 1
(B) 1 3 4 2
(C) 1 4 3 2
(D) 2 3 4 1
Sol. (D)
Q.29 If x[ n]  {3, 5, 6, 1, 2, 0 4} then X(z) is

(A) 3 z 3  5 z 2  6 z  1  2 z  1  4 z  3 ; ROC : | z |  0 (B) 3 z 3  5 z 2  6 z  1  2 z 1  4 z 3 ; ROC : | z |  0
(C) 3z 3  5 z 2  6 z  1  2 z 1  4 z 3 ; ROC : 0  | z |   (D) 3 z 3  5 z 2  6 z  1  2 z 1  4 z 3 ; ROC : | z |  

Sol. (C)
Q.30 The output y[n] of a discrete time LTI system is related to the input x[n] as given below

y[ n ]   x[k ]
k 0
®
Which one of the following correctly relates the Z‐Transforms of the input and output, denoted by X ( z ) and Y (z)
respectively?
1 X ( z) dX ( z )
(A) Y ( z )  (1  z 1 ) X ( z ) (B) Y ( z)  z X ( z) (C) Y ( z )  (D) Y ( z ) 
1
1 z dz
Sol. (C)
n
Q.31 Z‐Transform and associated ROC for the sequence x[n]  a u[n] is
1 1 a 1 1 a
(A) ;|z| (B) ;| z|  |a| (C) ;|z| (D) ;|z| |a|
1  az |a| az 1  az |a| az
Sol. (C)
Q.32 What is the number of roots of the polynomial F ( z )  4 z 3  8 z 2  z  2 , lying outside the unit circle?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Sol. (B)
 n
x ; n  even
 X ( z ) and y[ n]    2 
ZT
Q.33 If x[n]  then Y ( z) is
 0 ; n  odd

(A) X (2 z ) (B) X ( z 2 ) (C) X ( z 2 ) (D) X ( z1/ 2 )
Sol. (C)
Given : x[n]  x ( z ) , y[n]  y ( z )
Let x(n)  {x(2), x(1), x(0), x (1), x(2)} …(i)
 n
x , n  even
Given : y[n]    2 
 n, n  odd

 y[n]  {(2), 0, x( 1), 0, x(0), 0, x (1), 0, x (2),........} …(ii)
Taking z.T . of equation (i) and (ii),
x( z )  ........  x(2) z 2  x(1) z  x(0)  x(1) z 1  x(2) z 2  x(3) z 3  .......
and y ( z )  ........  x(2) z 4  x(1) z 2  x(0)  x(1) z 2  x(2) z 4  x(3) z 6  .......
Comparing y ( z ) and x ( z ) .
n
Also from expansion in the property x    x( z k )
k
Q.34 Y ( z )  | X ( z ) |2
2
(A) x [n] (B) x[n]  x[n] (C) x[n]  x[n] (D) x[n] x[n]
Sol. (B)
z (8 z  7)
Q.35 Given the Z‐Transform X ( z )  . The value of x[] is
4z2  7z  3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) None of these
Sol. (A)
Q.36 Determine the initial and final value of x[n] for a given below Z transform.
 5
2z  z  
 12  1
X  z  ROC: z 
 1  1 2
 z   z  
 2  3
(A) x[0]  2, x[]  0 (B) x[0]  0, x[]  0 (C) x[0]  2, x[]  2 (D) x[0]  0, x[]  2
®
Sol. (A)
 5
2z  z  
 12  1
Given : x( z )  , z 
 1  1  2
 z   z  
 2  3
From initial value theorem
 5 
2 z 2 1  
lim x[n]  lim x( z ) lim x( z )  12 z 
n 0 z  z   1  1 
z 2  1   1  
 2 z  3 z
2(1  0)
 x(0)  2
(1  0) (1  0)
From final value theorem
lim x[n]  lim( z  1)  ( z )
n  z 1
 5
2z  z  
x()  lim( z  1)  12 
0
z 1  1  1
 z   z  
 2  3
3
Q.37 The inverse Z‐Transform of X ( z )  ; ROC : | z |  2 is
z2
(A) 3  2 n 1 u[ n ] (B) 3  2 n u[ n  1] (C) 1  5  2 n u[ n ]  (D) 3  2 n 1 u[ n  1]
       
Sol. (D)
z
Q.38 Which one of the following is the inverse Z‐Transform of X ( z )  ; ROC : | z |  2 ?
( z  2) ( z  3)
(A) [2n  3n ] u[  n  1] (B) [3n  2n ] u[  n  1] (C) [2n  3n ] u[ n  1] (D) [2n  3n ] u[n]

Sol. (A)
z 1
Q.39 Determine x[n] for X ( z )  with ROC : | z |  3
1  3 z 1
(A) 3n 1 u[n] (B) 3n 1 u[  n  1] (C) 3n 1 u[ n] (D) 3n 1 u[n  1]
Sol. (C)
z 1
Given : x[ n]  x[ z ]  , z 3
1  3z 1
Im(z)
Re(z)
3
As ROC is inside the circle of radius 3, So we have to find anticausal inverse

1
a n u[n]  , z  a
1  az 1
®
1
a n u[n  1]  ,z  a
1  a z 1
1
 (3)n u[n  1]  , z 3
1  3z 1
Using time shifting property, replacing n by ( n  1)
z 1
 (3) n 1 u[ (n  1)  1]  , z 3
1  3 z 1
 x[n]   (3) n 1 u[n]
3 1
Q.40 Consider the difference equation of LTI causal discrete time system y(n)  y(n  1)  y(n  2)  x(n) . The impulse
4 8
response of the system is
  1 n  1 n    1 n  1 n    1 n  1 n    1 n  1 n 
(A)  2       u(n) (B)  2       u(n) (C)  2       u(n) (D)  2       u(n)
  2   4     2   4     4   2     4   2  
Sol. (A)
. Common Data for Questions 41 & 42 .
Consider a causal discrete‐time system whose output y[n] and input x[n] are related by
5 1
y  n  y  n  1  y  n  2  x  n
6 6
Q.41 Find the system function H  z  .
z2 1 z2 1
(A) H ( z )  , ROC : z  (B) H ( z )  , ROC : z 
 1  1 2  1  1 2
 z   z    z   z  
 2  3   2  3 
z2 1 z2 1
(C) H ( z )  , ROC : z  (D) H ( z )  , ROC : z 
 1  1  2  1  1  2
 z   z    z   z  
 2  3  2  3
Sol. (D)
Q.42 Find its impulse response h[n] .
  1 n 1 
n
  1 n  1 n 
(A) h  n  3    2    u  n (B) h  n  2    3    u  n
  2   3     2   3  
  1 n 1 
n
  1 n 1 
n
(C) h  n  3    2    u  n (D) h  n  2    3    u  n
  2   3     2   3  
Sol. (C)
Q.43 The difference equation is given by y (n  2)  5 y (n  1)  6 y (n)  3 f (n  1)  5 f (n) . If the initial conditions are
11 37 n
y(1)  , y(2)  . Determine the discrete response for the input f (n)  (2) u(n) .
6 36
 26 7 18   26 7 18 
(A) y (n)   (0.5) n  (2) n  (3) n  u (n) (B) y ( n)   (0.5) n  (2) n  (3) n  u (n)
 15 3 5   15 3 5 
 26 7 18   26 7 18 
(C) y ( n)    (0.5) n  (2) n  (3) n  u (n) (D) y ( n)   (0.5) n  (2) n  (3) n  u ( n)
 15 3 5   15 3 5 
Sol. (D)
®
1
z 1   z 2
Q.44 Consider the system : H ( z )  2 . The step response of the systems if y ( 1)  1 and y (2)  2 is
3 1 2 2
1 z   z
5 25
 25 7  1 n 2 
n
 25 33  1 n 87  2 n 
(A)      3    u (n) (B)         u ( n)
 8 8  5   5    8 200  5  25  5  
15 29  1 n 83  2 n 
(C)         u ( n) (D) None of the above
 8 200  5  25  5  
Sol. (B)
. Common Data for Questions 45 & 46 .
5 1
The difference equation relating y(n) and x(n) is y ( n  2)  y ( n  1)  y ( n)  5 x ( n  1)  x ( n)
6 6
Q.45 For x(n)  u (n) and initial conditions y (1)  2 and y (2)  0 , the value of y(n) is
  1  14  1  
n n
  1  14  1  
n n
(A) 12  15       u (n) (B) 12  15       u (n)

 2 3  3    2 3  3  
  1  14  1  
n n
  1  14  1  
n n
(C) 12  15       u (n) (D) 12  15       u (n)

 3 3  2    3 3  2  
Sol. (A)
5 1
Given diff. equation, y[n  2]  y[n  1]  y[n]  
5 x[n  1]  x[n]
6 6
From z.T . with initial conditions.
If y[n]  y ( z )
y[n  1]  z 1  ( z )  y (1)
y[n  2]  z 2  ( z )  z 1 y (1)  z 2 y (2)
Here initial conditions are given as, y (1)  2 and y (2)  0
Replacing ‘n’ by (n – 2) in different equation,
5 1
y[n]  y[n  1]  y[n  2]  5 x[n  1]  x[n  2]
6 6
5 1
Taking z.T . , y( z )  [ z 1 ( z )  y(1)]  [ z 1 ( z )  y(1) z 1  z 2 y( z )]  5 z 1  ( z )  z 2  ( z )
6 6
z
Given : x[n]  [n], x[ z ] 
z 1
 5 1  5 1 5 1  z
y[ z ]  1   2      2 
 6 z 6 z  3 3z  z z  z  1
 6 z 2  5 z  1 5 z  1  5 z  1   z 
y[ z ]     2  
 6z2   3z 
z    z 
1
I.C. Input
(5 z  1) / 3 z (5 z 2  z ) / z 2 ( z  1)
 y[ z ]  
6z  5z  1 / 6z
2 2
6z 2  5z  1 / 6z 2
2 z (5 z  1) 6(5 z 2  z )
y[ z ]   …(i)
(2 z  1)(3 z  1) ( z  1)(2 z  1)(3z  1)
  
ZIR ZSR
®
10 z  18 z  4 z
3 2
y[ z ] 
( z  1)(2 z  1)(3z  1)
y[ z ] 10 z 3  18 z 2  4 A B C
   
1 ( z  1)(2 z  1)(3z  1) z  1 2 z  1 3z  1
10 z 2  18 z  4  A(2 z  1)(3z  1)  B( z  1)(3z  1)  C ( z  1)(2 z  1)
At z  1 , 10  18  4  A(2) ( A  12 )
1 10  1 1  30  B
At z  , 9 4  B    B  30
2 4  2 2 4 4
 ( z ) 12 30 14
   
z z  1 2 z  1 3z  1
z 30 z 14 z
 ( z )  12.    
z 1 2  1 3  1
z  z 
 2  3
 n
 1  14  1 
n

 y[n]  12  15         u[ n]
 2 3 3 
Q.46 The zero state component of y(n) is
 1
n
1 
n
 1
n
1 
n
(A) 12  18    6    u (n) (B) 12  18    6    u (n)

 2  3    2  3  
 1
n
1 
n
 1
n
1 
n
(C) 12  18    6    u (n) (D) 12  18    6    u (n)

 3  2    3  2  
Sol. (A)
Zero static response is forced response done to instruct only when all initial candidate are zero.
6( z 2  z )
From (1), ZSR  ( z ) 
( z  1)(2 z  1)(3 z  1)
( z) 30( z  6) A B C
   
z ( z  1)(2 z  1)(3z  1) z  1 2 z  1 3z  1
30 z  6  A(2 z  1)(3 z  1)  B( z  1)(3 z  1)  C ( z  1)(2 z  1)
At z  1 , 24  A(2) A  12
1  1 1 
At z  , 9  B     B  36
2  2 2
1   2 1 
At z  , 4  C     C  18
3  3 3 
 ( z ) 12 36 18
   
z z  1 2 z  1 3z  1
z 36 z 18 z
 ( z )  12    
z 1 2  1 3  1
z  z 
 2  3
 1
n
1 
n
 y[n]  12  18     6     u[n]

 2  3  

Q.1 4‐point DFT of a real discrete‐time signal x(n) of length 4 is given by X (k ), n  0,1, 2,3 and
k  0,1, 2,3 . It is given that X (0)  5, X (1)  1  j1, X (2)  0.5. X (3) and x(0) respectively are
(A) 1  j , 1.875 (B) 1  j , 1.500 (C) 1  j , 1.875 (D) 0.1  j 0.1, 1.500
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given that x (k ) is the 4 point DFT of sequence x[ n] , which is real. From the symmetry property of a real
discrete time sequence
x ( N  k ) N  x (  k ) N  x* ( k )
Or x ( k )  x* ( N  k )
Given x (0)  5
x (1)  1  j1 x (2)  0.5
and N 4
So, missing samples of DFT can be obtained as
x(3)  x* (4  3)  x* (1)  (1  j1)*  1  j1
By definition
1 N 1
x[n]  
N k
x(k )WN kn , n  0,1, 2,3
N 1
1
 x[n] 
N
 x(k ),asW
k 0
0
N 1
1
x[n]  [ x(0)  x(1)  x(2)  x(3)]
4
1
 [5  1  j1  0.5  1  j1]
4
7.5
  1.875
4
Signals & Systems [Workbook] 2 GATE ACADEMY®
Q.2 A discrete-time signal x  n  is obtained by sampling an analog signal at 10 kHz. The signal x  n  is filtered
by a system with impulse response
h  n   0.5 [n]  [n  1] .
The 3dB cut-off frequency of the filter is
(A) 1.25 kHz (B) 2.50 kHz (C) 4.00 kHz (D) 5.00 kHz
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given x[ n] is obtained by sampling analog signal with sampling frequency
f s  10 kHz
From the relation between frequencies of continuous and its counterpart discrete signal
d  a .Ts
x[n] h[n] y[n]
2f a
2f d 
fs
fa
fd 
fs
Given that x[ n] is filtered using a system with impulse response
h[n]  0.5[[ n]  [n  1]]
H ( z )  0.5  0.5 z 1
H (e jd )  0.5  0.5 e  jd
 0.5  0.5cos d  0.5sin d
H (e jd )  {0.5(1  cos d )}2  0.25sin 2 d
 0.25  0.5cos d  0.25cos 2 d  0.25sin 2 d
 
 0.5(1  cos d )  0.5  2cos 2  d 
 2 
 
H (e jd )  cos  d 
 2 
As the given system works as a low pass filter having initial grain H ( z ) z 1  1 , so its 3-dB cutoff
1
frequency is defined as the frequency at which magnitude reduces to of its initial value. So,
2
1
H (e jd ) 
d c3 dB
2
  1
cos  d 
 2  2
d  1  
  cos 1  
2  2 4
GATE ACADEMY® 3 DFT & FFT

 d  rad
2
/2 1
fd   ’
2 4
Using equation (i),
1
f a  f d  f s  10  2.5Hz
4
Q.3 x(n) is a real valued periodic sequence with a period N. x(n) and X (k ) form N-point Discrete Fourier
N 1
1
Transform (DFT) pairs. The DFT Y (k ) of the sequence y (n) 
N
 x(r ) x(n  r ) is
r 0
N 1 N 1
1 1
(A) | X (k ) |2 (B)
N
 X (r ) X * (k  r ) (C)
r 0 N
 X (r ) X (k  r )
r 0
(D) 0
Ans. (A)
Sol. For discrete time power signals
x[ n ] and y[ n] is given as
1 N
Rxy [m]  lim
N  2 N  1

n  N
x[ n] y *[n  m]
1 N
 lim
N  2 N  1

n  N
x[n  m] y*[n]
For periodic x[ n] and y[ n]

N 1
1
Rxy [m] 
N
 x[n  m] y [n]
n 0
*
Correlation of x[ n] with itself, i.e. autocorrelation of x[ n], y[ n]  x[n]

N 1
1
Rxx [m] 
N
 x[n  m]x [n]
n 0
*
If x[ n] is real, as given in problem,

x*[n]  x[n]
N 1
1
Rxx [m] 
N
 x[n  m]x[n]
n 0
…(i)
Comparing with given equation

N 1
1
y[n] 
N
 x[r ]x[n  r ]
r 0
…(ii)
y[ n]  ACE of x[n]  Rxx [m]

Using autocorrelation property of DFT
DFT [ Rxx [m]]  x(k ).x* (k )
DFT  y[n]  x(k )

2

Q.4 Three DFT coefficients, out of the DFT coefficients of a five-point real sequence are given as : X (0)  4
, X (1)  1  j1 and X (3)  2  j 2 . The zeroth value of the sequence x(n) , x(0) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans. (B)
Sol. A discussed in question 1
x ( k )  x* ( N  k )
For DFT of real valued sequence
Given
x (0)  4 x (1)  1  j1 x (3)  2  j 2
x(2)  x* (5  2)  x* (3)  2  j 2
x(4)  x* (5  4)  x* (1)  1  j1
1 N 1
x(0)   x(k )
N k 0
1
 [4  1  j1  2  j 2  2  j 2  1  j1]
5
1
 10  2
5
3 2 nk
j
Q.5 For the sequence x  n   1, 1, 1, 1 , with n  0,1, 2,3 the DFT is computed as X (k )   x(n) e 4
,
n0
for k  0, 1, 2, 3. The value of k for which X (k ) is not zero is

(A) 0 (B) l (C) 2 (D) 3
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : x[n]  {1, 1,1, 1}
3 j 2 kn

x( k )   x[n] e N
n 0
3
At k  0, x(0)   x[n]  0
n 0
3
N
At k  x(2)   ( 1) n x[ n]  1  1  1  1  4
2 n0
So, DFT x (k ) is non zero for k  2

Hence, the correct option is (C)
Q.6 Match List-I (Fourier series and Fourier transforms) with List-II (Their properties) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists :
List-I [ESE EC 2002]
(Fourier series and Fourier transforms)
A. Fourier series
B. Fourier transform
C. Discrete time fourier transform
D. Discrete fourier transform
List-II
(Their properties)
1. Discrete, periodic
2. Continuous, periodic
3. Discrete, aperiodic
4. Continuous, aperiodic
Codes : A B C D
(A) 3 4 2 1
(B) 1 2 4 3
(C) 3 2 4 1
(D) 1 4 2 3
Ans. (A)
Sol. Fourier series is used for continuous time periodic signals, so coefficients are discrete and aperiodic
A3
Fourier transform is used for continuous and aperiodic signals, So the transform is continuous and
aperiodic. B  4
D.T.F.T is usedfro discrete time aperiodic signals, so transform is periodic and continuous in nature
C2
DFT is used for discrete time periodic
signals, so transform is periodic and
discrete. D  1
Time domain Frequency domain
Continuous Aperiodic
Discrete Periodic
Periodic Discrete
Aperiodic Continuous
Q.7 Which of the following is a non-linear transform ?
(A) Fourier transform (B) Z-transform (C) DFT (D) None of these
Ans. (D)
Sol. All the given transforms are linear. i.e. they follow the principle of superposition, i.e. homogeneity
and additivity. For example
If x1[n] 
DFT
 x1 (k )
x2 [n] 
DFT
 x2 (k )
x1[n]   x2 [n] 
DFT
x1[n]  x2 [n]
Hence, the correct option is (D)
Q.8 The inverse DFT of x[n] can be expressed as :
j 2 kn N 1 j 2 kn
1 N  1
(A) x[n] 
N
 X [k ]e
k 0
N
(B) x[n] 
N
 X [k ]e
k 0
N
N 1 j 2 kn N 1 j 2 kn
1  
(C) x[n] 
N
 X [n]e
n0
N
(D) x[n]  N  X [k ]e
n 0
N
Ans. (B)
Sol. By definition, inverse DFT x[ n] is given as
N 1 j 2 kN
1
x[ n] 
N
 x(k )e
k 0
N
, n  0,1, 2,......N  1

Q.9 The N-point DFT of a finite duration sequence can be obtained as
(A) X (k )  X ( z ) z e j 2Nn (B) X (k )  X ( z ) z e j 2Nk
(C) X (k )  X ( z ) z e j 2Nkn (D) X (k )  X ( z ) z e j 2Nkn

Ans. (B)
Sol. Relation between DFT and z – Transform
By definition, z  Transform of sequence x[ n] is given as

x( z )   x[n] z
n 
n
Im ( z )
1
r=
Re(z)
Where z  re j
If we sample x( z ) at N equally spaced points on unit circle,
2N
Such that r  1  
N
2 k
j
zk  e N
, k  0,1, 2,......N  1
 j 2 kn

So, x( z ) z  z 
k

n 
x[ n]e N
If x[ n] is a causal sequences having N samples, i.e. x[n]  0 for n  0 and n  N , then the equation of
z  transform on unit circle gets modified to
j 2 k N 1 j 2 kn
x( z ) z  z  e N
  x[ n]  e N
 x( k )  N –point DFT of x[n]
k
n0
So x(k )  x( z) ze j 2Nk

Q.10 If DFT of x[n]  X [k ] , then DFT of x(n  m) is
 j 2 km  j 2 k j 2 km j 2 k
(A) X (k )e N
(B) X (k )e mN
(C) X (k )e N
(D) X (k )e mN
Ans. (C)
Sol. For time shifting property of DFT
If x[n] 
 x(k)
j 2 k
 m
x[ n  m] 
e N
x (k)
Q.11 The DFT of product of two discrete time sequences x1 (n) and x2 (n) is equivalent to (where  represents
circular convolution)
1 1 1
(A) [ X 1 (k )  X 2 (k )] (B) [ X 1 (k ) X 2 (k )] (C) [ X 1 (k )  X 2* (k )] (D) X 1 (k )  X 2 (k )
N N N
Ans. (A)
Sol. From multiplication property of DF
If x1[ n] 
 x1 ( k )
x2 [n] 
 x2 ( k )
1
Then x1[n].x[n] 
 x1 (k ) x2 (k )
N
Q.12 By correlation property, the DFT of circular correlation of two sequences x[n] and y[n] is :
(A) X (k )Y * (k ) (B) X (k )  Y (k ) (C) X (k )  Y * (k ) (D) X (k )Y (k )
Ans. (A)
Sol. By correlation property,
If x[n] 
 x(k )
y[n] 
 y (k )
Then DFT of their circular correlation is given as
Correlation  rxy  x(l ) y* (l ) using convolution property, its DFT
 x(k ). y * (k )
Q.13 The complex valued phase factor/twiddle factor, WN can be represented as
j 2

 j 2 N
(A) e (B) e N
(C) e  j 2  (D) e  j 2 kN
Ans. (B)
Sol. BY definition, N  point DFT of x[ n]
N 1  j 2 kn
x ( k )   x[ n] e N
n 0
To find DFT as linear transformation and to simplify the expression,

We can select twiddle factor N as
 j 2 j 2
WN  e N
or e N
j 2

Such that, if WN  e N
, then
N 1
x( k )   x[ n]WNkn
n 0
N 1
1
and x[n] 
N
 x[k ]W
k 0
 kn
N

Q.14 The 4-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a discrete time sequence x[n] = [1, 2, 3, 4] is
(A) [10 ,  2  2 j ,  2 ,  2  2 j ] (B) [10 ,  2  2 j ,  2 ,  2  2 j ]
(C) [10 ,  2  2 j ,  2 , 2  2 j ] (D) None of the above
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given x[n]  [1, 2,3, 4]
From properties of DFT x(k)
N 1
x (0)   x[ n]  1  2  3  4  10
n 0
N 1
N 4
And x    x    x(2) ( 1) n x[ n]
2 2 n 0
x (2)  1  2  3  4  2
In their problem, 3 options are having same value of these two samples, So we will have to find all 4 –
points, otherwise, it can be a shorter route to find correct option in case of most of other problems.
1 1 1 1   x (0)  1 1 1 1  1 
1 W 1 W 2 W 3   x(1)  1 W 1 W 2 W 3   2 
x(k )   4 4 4   4 4 4  
1 W4 W4 W4   x (2)  1 W4 W4 W42   3 
2 4 6 2 0
 3 6 9   3 2 1 
1 W4 W4 W4   x(3)  1 W4 W4 W4   4 
j 2 j 2 j 2
    
WN  e N
e 4
e 2
 cos  j sin   j
2 2
WN0  1 WN1   j WN2  1 WN3  j
1 1 1 1   1 
1  j 1 j   2 
  
1 1 1 1  3 
  
1 j 1  j   4 
x (0)  10 x (1)  1  2 j  3  j 4  2  j 2
x (2)  2 x (3)  1  2 j  3  4 j  2  2 j
Q.15 The 4-point discrete time sequence of a Discrete Fourier Transform X [k ]  [1, 2, 3, 4] is :
(A) [2.5, 0.5(1  j ),  0.5, 0.5(1  j )] (B) [2.5,  0.5(1  j ),  0.5,  0.5(1  j )]
(C) [2.5,  0.5(1  j ),  0.5,  0.5(1  j )] (D) None of the above
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given
x ( k )  [1, 2,3, 4]
N 1 j 2
1 
x[n] 
N
 x(k )WN kn ,WN  e
k 0
N
 x(0)  1 1 1 1  1 
 x(1)  1 W 1 W 2 W 3   2 
  4 4 4  
 x (2)  1 W4 W4 W46   3 
2 4
   3 6 9   
 x(3)  1 W4 W4 W4   4 
j 2 j
   
W4  e 4
e 2
 cos  j sin   j
2 2
1 1
W41   j W43  j
j (  j )3
1
W42   1
( j ) 2
Using periodicity property of WN , WN4  WN0 , WN6  WN2 , WN9  WN1
 x(0)  1 1 1 1  1 
 x(1)    
   1 1  j 1  j   2 
 x(2)  4 1 1 1 1  3 
    
 x(3)  1 j 1 j   4 
1
x(0)  2.5 x(1)  (1  2 j  3  4 j )  0.5  j 0.5
4
1
x (2)  0.5 x(3)  (1  2 j  3  j 4)  0.5  j 0.5
4
Q.16 Determine the IDFT of X [k ]  [3, 2  j , 1, 2  j ]
(A) [1, 2, 3, 4] (B) [1, 1, 2, 2] (C) [2, 0, 0, 1] (D) [2, 2, 0, 0]
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given x( k )  [3, 2  j ,1, 2  j ]
 x(0)  1 1 1 1   3 
 x(1)    j 
   1 1 j 1  j   2 
 x(2)  4 1 1 1 1  1 
    
 x(3)  1  j 1 j   2  j
1
x(0)  [3  2  j  1  2  j ]  2
4
1
x(1)  [3  2 j  1  1  2 j  1]  0
4
1
x(2)  [3  2  j  1  2  j ]  0
4
1
x(3)  [3  2 j  1  1  2 j  1]  1
4
. Common Data Questions 17 to 20 .
X [k ] is the DFT of x[n] . Given x[n] = [1, 2, 3, 4]
Q.17 X [0] is
(A) 0 (B) 10 (C) 16 (D) 20
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given x[n]  [1, 2,3, 4]
N 1
x (0)   x[ n]  10
n 0

3
Q.18  X [k ] is
k 0
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Ans. (D)
N 1
1
Sol. x(n) 
N
 x[k ]W
n0
 kN
N
3
  x(k )  N .x(0)  4 1  4
k 0

3
 X [k ]
2
Q.19 is
k 0
(A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 90 (D) 120

Ans. (D)
Sol. From parseval’s theorem
N 1 2
1 N 1
 
2
x[n]  x( k )
n0 N k 0
3 2 3
 x(k )  4 x(n)  4 1  4  9  16  120

2

k 0 n 0

3
Q.20  (1)
k 0
k
X [k ] is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 16

Ans. (C)
Sol. As I.DFT is given as
N 1 j 2 kn
1 
x[n] 
N
 x(k ).e
k 0
N
N 1 j 2 k N
N  1  
x  
2 N
 x(k ).e
k 0
N 2
N 1 j 2 k
1 

N
 x(k ).e
k 0
N
N 1
1

N
 (1) .x(k )
k 0
k
N 1
N
  (1) .x(k )  N .x  2 
k 0
k
 4.x (2)
 4  3  12
. Common Data Questions 21 & 22 .
X [k ] is the DFT of x[n]. Given x[n] = [4, 3, 2, 1]
3
 X [k ]
2
Q.21 is
k 0
(A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 90 (D) 120

Ans. (D)
Sol. Given x[n]  [4,3, 2,1]
3 3
 x( k )  N  . x[n]
2 2
[From parseval’s theorem]
k 0 n 0
 4[16  9  4  1]  120
3
Q.22  (1)
k 0
k
X [k ] is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 16

Ans. (B)
3
N
Sol.  (1)
k 0
2
 (k )  N  x  
2
 4  x(2)  4  2  8
Q.23 The first 5-point of an 8-point DFT are [2.5,  1  2 j , 0 ,  2  2 j , 0] . The other 3 samples are :
(A) [2  2 j , 0,  1  2 j ] (B) [2 j , 2.5 ,  2 j ]
(C) [2  2 j , 2.5,  1  2 j ] (D) None of these
Ans. (A)
Sol. Word “Real valued sequence x[n] ” must be considered to have a solution, then we can apply property
x ( k )  x* ( N  k )
Given N  8, x (0)  2.5 x (1)  1  j 2
x (2)  0 x (3)  2  2 j x (4)  0
x(5)  x* (8  5)  x* (3)  2  j 2
x(6)  x* (8  6)  x* (2)  0
x(7)  x* (8  7)  x* (1)  1  j 2
Q.24 For the given 4 point DFT, the value of WNWN* is
(A) Identity matrix (B) Unit matrix
(C) N times identity matrix (D) N 2
Ans. (C)
Sol. By definition
N 1 j 2 kn

x( k )   x[ n].e N
n0
Defining X N , vector containing DFT x ( k ), xN to be vector containing 4 point sequence x[ n] and WN as

a matrix of 4  4
X N  WN .xN
Where n=0 n =1 n = N-1
 k 0 
 k  1  WN WN ... 
0 0
WN0
  W 0 1  1 
WN ... WN N
WN   :  N 
  : : 
 :  W 0 W N 1 ... W ( N 1)( N 1) 
 k  N  1  N N N 
WN0 WN0 ... WN0 

 0 1  ( N 1) 
1  WN WN ... WN 
WN  WN 
*
 : : 
 0  ( N 1) 
WN WN ... WN ( N 1)( N 1) 
So, WN  WN* will result in an identity matrix multiplied by N.
Q.25 If W is the twiddle factor then value of W825  W819 is
(A) 0 (B) 2 e j / 2 (C) 2 e j (D) None of these

Ans.
Sol. From the periodicity property of twiddle factors
WNk  N  WNk  WNk  l . N
 W825  W8(38) 1  W81

W819  W8(28) 3  W83
 j 2 j
  
W8  e 8
e 4
 cos  j sin
4 4
1
W81  (1  j )
2
j 3
 3 3
W e
8
3 4
 cos  j sin
4 4
1  1 
  j 
2  2
1
 (1  j )
2
1 1
 W825 W825  W819  (1  j )  (1  j )
2 2
1
 [1  j  1  j ]
2

j
  2 j  2e 2
j 2
None of the given options are correct from (A), (B) and (C), (B) can be the option if we WN  e N
.Such
2 j 2
j 
continuous options will not be in GATE as WN  e N
or WN  e N
both can be considered.
Q.26 If x1[n]  x2 [n]  [1, 0, 1, 2] , the value of y[n]  x1[n] N x2 [n] where N represents circular convolution
is :
(A) [2, 4, 5, 4] (B) [2, 5, 4, 5] (C) [2, 4, 4, 5] (D) None of these
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : x1[n]  x2 [n].  {1, 0,1, 2}
Using matrix method to find their circular convolution
 y (0)  1 2 1 0  1 
 y (1)   0 1 2 1   0 
 
 y (2)  1 0 1 2  1 
    
 y (3)   2 1 0 1  2
y[0]  1  0  1  0  2
y[1]  0  0  2  2  4
y[2]  1  0  1  4  6
y[3]  2  0  0  2  4
y[ n]  [2, 4, 6, 4]
Q.27 Compute the circular convolution of the two discrete-time sequence x1[n]  [1, 2, 1, 2] and
x2 [n]  [3, 2, 1, 4]
(A) [16, 14, 16, 14] (B) [16, 14, 17, 14] (C) [16, 14, 14, 16] (D) [16, 17, 16, 14]
Ans. (A)
Sol.
 y (0)  1 2 1 2   3  16 
 y (1)   2 1 2 1   2  14 
  
 y (2)  1 2 1 2  1  16 
      
 y (3)   2 1 2 1   4  14 
Q.28 Find the circular convolution of the sequence f(k) and g(k), depicted in below figure.
(A) [7, 9, 11, 9] (B) [7, 11, 9, 11] (C) [7, 9, 9, 11] (D) [7, 11, 11, 9]
. Common Data Questions 29 & 30 .
A sequence of length 4 is given by x[n]  [1 0  2 3]

Ans. (A)
Sol. From given plot

f (k )  
l 
f1 ( k  l.N ) [Periodic repeatetion of f1 ( k ) ]
Where N  4, f1 (k )  {0,1, 2,3}


And g (k )   g (k  m.N )
m 
1
Where N  4, g1 (k )  {2,1,1, 2}
4  po int
If f ( k ) 
DFT
 F (k )
Then f1 ( k ) 
DFT
 F1 ( k )  F (k )
And If g (k ) 
DFT
 G (k )
Then g 1( k ) 
DFT
 G1( k )  G ( k )
 f (k ) N g (k ) 
 F (k )  G (k )
 F1 (k ).G1 (k )
 f (k ) N g (k )  f1 (k ) N g 1(k)
0 3 2 1  2  7 
1 0 3 2   1   9 
 
2 1 0 3   1  11
    
3 2 1 0 2  9 
Q.29 If y1[n]  x[n] convolved with itself, the maximum value of y1[n] is :
(A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 2 (D) 6
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : x[n]  [1, 0, 2,3]
y1[ n]  x[n]  x[ n]
It is not a problem of DFT or circular, performing linear convolution or convolution sum
x[n]
x[n] 1 0 –2 3
1 1 0 –2 3
0 0 0 0 0
–2 –2 0 4 6
–3 –3 0 6 9
y1[ n]  {1, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0,9}
So the maximum value of y1[n] is 9, and hence, the correct option is (B)

Q.30 If g[n] is defined as a periodic sequence g[n]   x[n  4i] , the maximum positive value of the periodic
i  
convolution of g[n] with itself is

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 10
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : g[ n]  {1, 0, 2, 3,1, 0, 2,3,1, 0, 2, 3}
Now as the sequence in periodic
y2 [ n ]  g [ n ] N g [ n ]
 y2 [0]  1 3 2 0   1   5 
 y [1]   0 1 3 2   0   12 
 2  
 y2 [2]  2 0 1 3   2   5 
      
 y2 [3]   3 2 0 1   3   6 
So, y2 ( n) max  6
Q.31 Determine circular convolution of the following two sequences :
x[n]  [1, 0.5] and h[n]  [0.5, 1]
 
(A) [1, 1.25] (B) [0.5, 1.25, 0.5] (C) [1.25, 0.5, 0.5] (D) [1.25, 1]
   
Ans. (A)
Sol. Circular convolution of x[ n]  [1, 0.5] and h[ n]  [0.5,1] is given as y[ n]  x[ n] N [ n]
 y[0]  1 0.5 0.5  1 
 y[1]   0.5 1   1   1.25
      

Q.1 An FIR system is described by the system function
7 1 3 2
H ( z)  1  z  z
2 2
The system is [GATE EC 2014 (Set-02)]
(A) maximum phase (B) minimum phase (C) mixed phase (D) zero phase
Ans. (C)
Sol. System function of an FIR filter is given as
7 1 3 2 2 z 2  7 z  3
H ( z)  1  z  z 
2 2 2z2
(2 z  1)( z  3)
H ( z) 
2z2
Zeros of line system are lying at
1
z1   z2  3
2
Im (z)
Unit circle
Re (z)
–3 –1/2
A system is said to be minimum phase system if all of its poles and zeros lies inside the unit circle, such
that if the system is causal and stable then its inverse system will also be causal and stable.
If some of the zeros lie outside with some zeros inside the unit circle, than the system is said to be non
minimum mixed phase system and if all of the zeros lies outside the unit circle then the system is said to
be a maximum phase system.
As in the given problem, two poles are lying at origin and out of two zeros, one is inside while one is
outside the unit circle, so the system is a mixed phase system.
Note : While analyzing continuous time systems using laplace transform, the condition of inside and
outside the unit circle is regarded as left half and right half of j axis in s-plane.
Q.2 Shown below is the pole-zero plot of a digital filter
Which one of the following statement is TRUE? [GATE IN 2011]

(A) This is a low pass filter (B) This is a high pass filter
(C) This is an IIR filter (D) This is an FIR filter
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given pole zero plot is shown in figure.
Im (z)
Re (z)
– 2 – 1 –1/2 1/2 1 2
As the system function has zeros lying both at z  1 and z  1

So H ( z ) z 1  H ( z ) z 1  0
i.e. Low frequency gain = High frequency gain = 0
So, the system can’t be either of low pass or high pass filters.
As the system has 6 zeros at different location on real axis but all 6 poles at the origin, so it represents an
All ZERO SYSTEM which are non resursive LIT systems without having feedback. Only FIR filters
satisfies this conditions from option (C) and (D) hence the correct option is (D).
Q.3 The z-transform of a signal x(n) is given by 4 z 3  3 z 1  2  6 z 2  2 z 3 . It is applied to a system, with a
transfer function H ( z )  3 z 1  2 . Let the output be y(n). Which of the following is true ?
[GATE EE 2009]
(A) y(n) is non causal with finite support
(B) y(n) is causal with infinite support
(C) y(n) = 0; |n| > 3
(D) Re Y  z   z e j   Re Y  z   z e j ; Im Y  z   z e j  Im Y  z   z e j ;      
Ans. (A)
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Digital Filters
Sol. Given signal x (n) with z- transform
x( z )  4 z 3  3 z 1  2  6 z 2  2 z 3
H ( z )  3z 1  2
X(z) H(z) Y(z) = X(z)H(z)
y ( z )  (4 z 3  3z 1  2  6 z 2  2 z 3 )(2  3z 1 )
 8 z 3  12 z 4  6 z 1  9 z 2  4  6 z 1  12 z 2  18 z  4 z 3  6 z 2
y ( z )  12 z 4  8 z 3  9 z 2  4  18 z  12 z 2  18 z  18 z 2  4 z 3
Taking inverse z- transform
y[n ]  12( n  4)  8( n  3)  9( n  2)  4  18( n  1)  18( n  2)  4( n  3) ….(i)
y[n]  {4,18, 18, 4, 0, 9, 8,12}
y[n]
18
12
9
–3 –1 n=0 n
–2 1 2 4
–4
–4
–8
– 18
y[ n] exists for line duration 3  n  4 with finite coefficients of impulses, given in equation (i), So the
output y[ n] is a non causal signal with finite support.
Q.4 The transfer function H(z) of a fourth-order linear phase FIR system is given by [GATE IN 2009]
H ( z )  (1  2 z 1  3 z 2 )G ( z )
The G(z) is :
1 1 1 2 1
(A) 3  2z 1  z 2 (B) 1  z  z (C)  2 z 1  z 2 (D) 1  2 z  3 z 2
2 3 3
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given, for a fourth order linear phase FIR filter, transfer function is
H ( z )  (1  2 z 1  3 z 2 )G ( z )
If a system is having linear phase, then its impulse response must satisfy the condition .
h[ n ]  h[ N  1  n]
Where N  Length of FIR
As given that order of the filter is 4, so there must be 4 – delay elements used in its realization, so that
h[ n ] must contain term of [n  4], h[ n ] exists for 0  n  4 I.e. N  5 .
Hence, impulse response for the system must satisfy
h[ n]  h[5  1  n]  h[4  n] …(i)
Method – I : By options, find H ( z ) for each given G ( z ), using
H ( z )  (1  2 z 1  3 z 2 )G ( z )
Then take inverse in each case to find h[ n] and check whether it is satisfying equations (i) or not.
Method II : Given H ( z )  (1  2 z 1  3 z 2 )G ( z )
H ( z )  P( z )  G ( z ) Where P( z )  1  2 z 1  3z 2
h[ n]  p[n]  g[ n] , p[n]  [1, 2,3]
As order of filter is given to be 4,
So h[ n]  {h(0), h(1), h (2), h (3), h(4)}
As p[ n]  { p (0), p (1), p (2)}  {1, 2,3}
So, there must be 3 samples in g[ n]
Let g[ n ]  {g (0), g (1), g (2)}
Finding convolution of p[n] and g[ n] to find h[ n] ;
p[n]
g[n] 1 2 3
g[0] g[0] 2g[0] 3g[0]
g[1] g[1] 2g[1] 3g[1]
g[2] g[2] 2g[2] 3g[2]
h[0]  g[0]
h(1)  g (1)  2 g (0)
h (2)  g (2)  2 g (1)  3 g (0)
h (3)  2 g (2)  3 g (1)
h(4)  3 g (2)
As h[ n]  h[4  n] from equation (i)
So h[0]  h[4]
And h[1]  h[3]
i.e. g (0)  3 g (2) ….(ii)
and g (1)  2 g (0)  2 g (2)  3 g (1) …(iii)
Correct option of G(z) must satisfy equations (ii) and (iii), taking inverse of each option, g (0), g (1) and
g (2) can be ontained as
g (0) g (1) g (2)
(A) G ( z )  3  2 z 1  z 2 3 2 1
(B) 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
G( z)  1  z  z
2 2 2 3
(C) 1 1 2 1
G( z)   2 z 1  z 2
3 3
(D) G( z )  1  2 z  3z 2 1 2 3
Only option (A) satisfies equations (ii) and (iii), hence, the correct options is (A)
.Statement for Linked Answer Questions 5 & 6 .
Q.5 A signal is processed by a causal filter with transfer function G(s). For a distortion free output signal
waveform, G(s) must [GATE EE 2007]
(A) provide zero phase shift for all frequency
(B) provide constant phase shift for all frequency
(C) provide linear phase shift that is proportional to frequency
(D) provide a phase shift that is inversely proportional to frequency
Ans. (C)
Sol. For distortion free transmission, magnitude of frequency response of system function must be constant
and phase should be linearly varying with frequency.
Hence the correct option is (C)
Q.6 G ( z )  z 1   z 3 is all pass digital filter with a phase characteristics same as that of the above question
if [GATE EE 2007]
(A)    (B)    (C)   (1/3) (D)    (1/3)
Ans. (A)
Sol. “Correction in statement of question”
G ( z )  dz 1  z 3
Given system is not an all pass digital filter as poles and zeroes of all pass filter satisfies the reciprocal
conjugate realtion with each other. But we can find out the answer as nothing to do with this word.
Given that filter satisfies linear phase condition, i.e.
G(e j )  k .
Given G ( z )  dz 1  z 3
G (e j )  e j  e j  e j 2 [e j  e j ]
If    , then
G (e j )  e j 2[e j  e j ]  e j 2 2 cos 
So, for   
G (e j )  2 cos .e  j 2 
j
G (e j  )  e j G ( e )
Then G (e j )  2  k  = linear function of frequency

Q.7 A discrete real all pass system has a pole at 2300 , it therefore [GATE EC 2006]
(A) also has a pole at 0.530 0
(B) has a constant phase response over the z-plane, arg | H ( z ) | is constant
(C) is stable only if it is anticausal
(D) has a constant phase response over the unit circle, arg | H (e j ) | is constant
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given, for an all pass system, a pole is lying at 2 300 poles are related to zeros by the reciprocal
conjugate relationship for all pass location can’t give any information about poles. If P is the location
of pole and z is line location of zero in the z – plane, then
1
z 6
P*

j
Given P  2300  2e 6
1 1
z 
  j  /6
j
6 *
2e
(2 e )
z  0.5 e  j /6  0.5300
So, the system will have a zero at 0.5300 , but not a pole, hence option (A) is not correct.
From line properties of all pass systems, it has magnitude response that is constant and independent of
frequency of operation but the phase response is a function of frequency for any frequency range, So
option (B) and (D) are wrong.
Im (z)
Re (z)
–2 –1 1 2
ROC-3 R
OC
-1
As location A one pole is outside the unit circle, i.e. at z  2300 and for a system to be stable, ROC of
its system function must include the unit circle, so if we consider possible ROCs due to given pole.
ROC  1, z  2, system is causal but unstable
ROC  2, z  2, system is anticausal but stable

As only ROC – 2 includes the unit circle and this ROC is the region inside the circle of radius equal to
magnitude of pole, so it indicates that system is anticausal, hence option (C), that the system is stable
only if it is anticausal, is correct.
Q.8 In the IIR filter shown below, a is a variable gain. For which of the following cases, the system will transit
from stable to unstable condition ? [GATE IN 2006]
x(n)
y (n)
å
a
z -1
(A) 0.1  a  0.5 (B) 0.5  a  1.5 (C) 1.5  a  2.5 (D) 2  a  
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given filter is shown below
x[n] x[n] + ay[n - 1] y[n]
å
ay[n - 1]
y[n - 1] y[n]
Z -1
From the given block diagram

y[ n]  x[n]  ay[ n  1]
y[n ]  ay[ n  1]  x[ n]
Taking z-transfrom
y ( z )(1  az 1 )  x( z )
y( z) 1 z
H ( z)   1

x( z ) 1  az za
So, the given IIR filter, which is inherently a causal system, is having its pole at z  a
For a causal system to be stable, all of its poles must lie inside the unit circle, so for the system to be
stable.
a 1
The system will be transiting from stable to unstable if value of a will be crossing 1 as if ' a ' is changing
from 0.99 to 1.01.
For the range of ' a ' given in option (A), 0.1  a  0.5, system will be stable. For both values of ' a ' and
in options (C) and (D), system will behave unstable for both limits.
Range given in option (B) is 0.5  a  1.5 , in this the value of ' a ' is crossing '1' , hence the correct option
is (B).
Q.9 A discrete-time system is shown in the figure. The system function, H(z), of the network is given by
[GATE IN 2005]
x[n]
Input
-k k
y[n] 1- k 2 z -1
Output
 k  z 1 (1  k 2 )  z 1 1  (1  k 2 )  z 1 k  z 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1  (1  k 2 ) z 1 1  kz 1 1  kz 1 1  kz 1
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given system is shown in figure.
Expression of output can be written as
x[n] 1 w[n] 1 w[n]
x[n]
1- k 2 Z -1
y[n]
w[n] w[n]
y[n]  [n  1](1  k 2 )  kx[n] …(i)

Where x[n]  W ( z )(1  kz 1 )
x( z )
 W ( z)  …(iii)
1  kz 1
From equation (ii)
x[ n ]  [ n ]  k [ n  1]
Substituting value of x[ n] in equation (i)
y[n]  (1  k 2 )[n  1]  k [n]  k 2 [n  1]
y[ n ]  [ n  1]  k [ n]
y ( z )  ( z 1  k )W ( z )
Substituting value of W(z) from equation (iii)
x( z )
y ( z )  ( z 1  k )
1  kz 1
y (z) z 1  k
 H ( z)  
x (z) 1  kz 1
1
Q.10 A direct form implementation of an LTI system with H ( z )  is shown in figure. The
1  0.7 z  0.13 z 2
1
value of a0 , a1 and a2 are respectively [GATE IN 2004]
(A) 1.0, 0.7 and – 0.13 (B) – 0.13, 0.7 and 1.0 (C) 1.0, – 0.7 and 0.13 (D) 0.13, – 0.7 and 1.0
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
a0
Input Output
-1
Z
a1
Z -1
a2
1
H ( z) 
1  0.7 z  0.13 z 2
1
y( z) 1

x( z ) 1  0.7 z  0.13 z 2
1
y ( z )  0.72 z 1 y ( z )  0.13 z 2 y ( z )  x( z )
y ( n)  x[ n]  0.7 y[ n  1]  0.13 y[ n  2] …(i)
1
x[n] y[n]
Z -1
0.7
y[n - 1]
Z -1
– 0.3
y[n - 2]
Direct from structure for equation (i) is shown in figure

Comparing with given structure a0  1, a1  0.7 and a2  0.13
Q.11 A discrete-time system with input x[n] & output y[n] where y[n]  x[n]  2 x[n  1]  x[n  2] is a good
approximation to a [GATE IN 2003]
 
(A) high-pass filter (B) band-stop filter blocking 
8 4
 
(C) low-pass filter (D) band-pass passing 
8 4
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
y[ n]  x[ n]  2 x[ n  1]  x[ n  2]
y ( z )  x( z )(1  2 z 1  z 2 )
y( z)
 H ( z)   1  2 z 1  z 2
x( z )
 H ( z ) z 1  1  2  1  0
Low frequency gain, i.e. H (z) for z  e j at   0 , is zero, so it can’t be a low pass filter
H (z) z 1  1  2  1  4
As for high frequencies, i.e. for    or z  1 , gain is greater than 1, so line given system represents a
high pass filter.
Q.12 Direct form implementation of the FIR structure shown in figure (a) is also implemented in figure (b) in
lattice form. The coefficients k1 and k2 are respectively : [GATE IN 2003]
(A) 0.640 and – 0.244 (B) 0.640 and 0.244 (C) 0.244 and 0.640 (D) – 0.244 and – 0.640
Ans. (D)
Sol. For given figure (a)
Z -1 x[n - 1] Z -1 x[n - 2]
x[n]
1 0.4 0.6
y[n]
y[ n]  x[n]  0.4 x[n  1] 0.64 x[ n  2] ….(i)

y ( z )  x( z )(1  0.4 z 1  0.64 z 2 )
y( z)
 H ( z)   1  0.4 z 1  0.64 z 2 …(ii)
x( z )
Evaluating the nodes i.e. value of variables at each node,
x [ n] x[n] N1 N4 N5 y[n]
-k1 -k2
1
-k1 -k2
Z -1 x[n - 1] N 2 Z -1 N3
N1  x[n]  k1 x[n  1]
N1   k1 x[n]  x[n  1]  p[ n] (say)
N 3  p[n  1]  k1 x[n  1]  x[n  2]
N 4  N1  x[n]  k1 x[n  1]
N 5  k2 N 3  N 4  k1k2 x[n  1]  k2 x[n  2]  x[n]  k1 x[n  1]
y[n]  N 5  x[n]  x[n  1](k1k2  k1 )  k2 x[n  2]
y[ z]  x[ z][1  k1 (k2  1) z 1  k2 z 2 ]
y( z)
 H ( z)   1  k1 (k2  1) z 1  k2 z 2 ….(ii)
x( z )
As equation (i) and (ii) represents the transfer function of the same system, So comparing coefficients
 k2  0.64  k2  0.64
k1 (k2  1)  0.4
k1 (0.64  1)  0.4
0.4
 k1   0.2439
(1.64)
So, k1  0.244 and k2  0.64
Q.13 A linear phase channel with phase delay Tp and group delay Tg must have [GATE EC 2002]
(A) Tp  Tg  constant (B) Tp  f and Tg  f
(C) Tp  constant and Tg  f (D) Tp  f and Tg  constant (f denotes frequency)
Ans. (A)
Sol. For a linear phase channel,
()  H ( z )  H (e j )   k .
 d ()
Group delay   k  constant
d
()
Phase delay   k  Constant

So, far a linear phase channel
Tp  Tg  Constant
Q.14 Which one of the following digital filters does have a linear phase response ? [ESE EC 2003]
1
(A) y (n)  y (n  1)  x(n)  x(n  1) (B) y (n)  [3x(n)  2 x(n  1)  x(n  2)
6
1 1
(C) y (n)  [ x(n)  2 x(n  1)  3x(n  2)] (D) y (n)  [ x(n)  2 x(n  1)  x(n  2)]
6 4
Ans. (D)
Sol. Only FIR filters possesses linear phase for FIR filters, of poles exists then they can lie only at origin, so
these filters are also reffered as all zero system.
Taking z-x form in all options to find T.F, then we will take its inverse Z.T. to find impulse response h[n].
For a linear phase filter
h[ n ]  h[ N  1  n]
N  Length of filter
h[n]  0,  n  N  1
(A) y ( z )[1  z 1 ]  z ( z )[1  z 1 ]
1  z 1
H ( z) 
1  z 1
As pole is not at origin  Not an FIR filter
1 1  3z 2  2 z  1
(B) H ( z )  [3  2 z 1  z 2 ]   
6 6 z2 
3[n]  2(n  1)  (n  2)   , , 

1 1 1 1
h[n] 
6 2 3 6
To check h[ N  1  n], N  3
1
h[ N  1]h[2  n]  [3[2  n]  2[1  n]  [  n]]
6
Since [ n] n an even f n , so
1
 h[ N  1  n]  h[2  n]  [3[ n  2]  2[ n  1]  [ n]]
6
1 1 1 
 h[ N  1  n]   , ,   h[ n] Not linear phase
6 3 2 
y( z) 1 1  z2  2z  3
(C) H ( z )   [1  2 z 1  3z 2 ]    FIR
x( z ) 6 6 z2 
1
h[2  n]  (n  2)  2(n  1)  3(n)
6
N  2, h( N  1  n)  h(3  1  n)  h[2  n]
[n]  2(n  1)  3(n  2)   , , 

1 1 1 1
h[ n] 
6 6 3 2
1
h[2  n]  (n  2)  2(n  1)  3(n) as [n] in even f n
6
1 1 1 
h[ N  1  n]   , ,   h[ n] Not linear phase
2 3 6
y( z ) 1 1  z2  2z  3 
(D) H ( z )   [1  2 z 1  z 2 ]    FIR
x( z ) 4 4 z2 
1 1 
(n)  2(n  1)  3(n  2)   , ,  FIR
1
h[ n] 
4 4 2 4
N  3, h( N  1  n)  h(2  n)
1
h[2  n]  [2  n]  2(n  1)  3(n)
4
1 1 1 
h[2  n]   , ,   h[ n] So it is linear phase
4 2 4
We can say directly by observing line sysmmerry in h[ n] as discussed in 4 – type in the link, shared above
1 1 1  1 1 1 
option (B) h[ n]   , ,  or option (C) h[n]   , ,  are existing for finite duration. So FIR but do
2 3 6 6 3 2 
1 1 1 
not have symmetry like option (D) h[n]   , , 
4 2 4
Q.15 The poles of a digital filter with linear phase response can lie [ESE EC 2001]
(A) only at z = 0 (B) only on the unit circle
(C) only inside the unit circle but not at z = 0 (D) on the left side of Real (z) = 0 line
Ans. (A)
Sol. Only FIR filters can have linear phase, for an IIR filter to have linear phase outside the emit circle, so the
IIR filter will be unstable.
So, in question, it is asked about the FIR filters which are all zero systems means it has all its poles lying
at the origin of the z plane i.e. at z  0
Q.16 The minimum number of delay elements required in realizing a digital filter with the transfer function
a  az 1  bz 2
H ( z)  [ESE EC 2001]
1  cz 1  dz 2  ez 3
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Ans. (B)
Sol. As we know that from – II structure requires the minimum number of delay elements then form - I, so
realizing the given using form – II
y( z) y( z) W ( z)
 H ( z)    H 2 ( z ).H1 ( z )
x( z ) W ( z) z( z)
a  az 1  bz 2

1  cz 1  dz 2  ez 3
W ( z) 1
H1 ( z )   All pole system
X ( z ) 1  Cz  dz 2  ez 3
1
W ( z )  X ( z )  Cz 1W ( z )  dz 2W ( z )  ez 3W ( z )

W [ n]  X [ n]  C [ n  1]  d [ n  2]  e[ n  3]
Direct form structure representing equation (i) is shown in figure (a)
1
x[n] + w[n]
Z -1
–c
+ w[n - 1]
Z -1
–d
+ w[n - 2]
Z -1
–e
w[n - 3]
Y ( z)
H 2 ( z)   a  az 1  bz 2 All zero system
W ( z)
Y ( z )  a( z )  az 1W ( z )  bz 2W ( z )
Y [ n]  a[n]  a[ n  1]  b[n  2] ….(ii)
a
w[n] + y[n]
Z -1
a
w[n - 1] +
Z -1
b
w[n - 2]
Representation of equation (ii) is shown in fig (b)
Combining fig (a) and (b)
1 a
x[n] + +
-1
Z
–c w[n - 1] a
+ +
Z -1
–d w[n - 2] b
+
Z -1
–e
Hence, the minimum number of delay elements ( z 1 ) required to implement the given system is 3 and
correct option is (B).
Q.17 Consider the system shown in the below figure.
Find the system function H  z  .

b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2 b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2 b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2 1  b1 z 1  b2 z 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1  a1 z 1  a2 z 2 1  a1 z 1  a2 z 2 1  a1 z 1  a2 z 2 b0  a1 z 1  a2 z 2
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given figure, representing the variables with reference to node [n] , is shown From figure
x [n] - a2 w[n - 2]
x [ n] å å
+ – –
a2 w[n - 2] a1w[n - 2]
a2 a1
w[n - 1]
w[n - 2] Z -1
Z -1 w[n]
b2 b1 b0
+ b0 w[n]
b2 w[n - 2] + +
å å y[n]
+
b1w[n - 1] + b2 w[n - 2]
[n]  x[n]  a2 [n  2]  a1[n  1]
x[n]  [n]  a1[n  1]  a2 [n  2]
x[ z ]  [ z ](1  a1 z 1  a2 z 2 ) ….(i)
Also, y[n]  b0 [n]  b1[n  1]  b2 [n  2]
y[ z ]  W ( z )(b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2 ) …(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii)
Y ( z ) W ( z )(b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2 ) (b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2 )
 
X ( z) W ( z )(1  a1 z 1  a2 z 2 ) (1  a1 z 1  a2 z 2 )
Hence, according to given sign polarities the correct option is (B)
Make correction in answer table
Q.18 A discrete-time signal x  n  is obtained by sampling an analog signal at 10 kHz. The signal x  n  is filtered
by a system with impulse response h  n   0.5 [n]  [n  1] . The 3dB cut-off frequency of the filter is
[GATE IN 2014]
(A) 1.25 kHz (B) 2.50 kHz (C) 4.00 kHz (D) 5.00 kHz
Ans. (B)
Sol. Question is repeated. Refer solution to practice question 2, chapter 08, DFT and FFT.
The correct option is (B)


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Practice Questions

Q.1 A signal f (t ) is given as : [ESE EC 2004]

Now sketch of y (t )  x(6t  3)

(C) (D) None of the above

So, v  n   v   n  is 0 for all inter values of n.

(B) cost  (t  )  cost t   (t  )   (t  )  0  Right

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Q.8 The signal x[2n] is

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Hence, the correct option is (D).

(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 1.5 (D) 0

Using shifting property of impulse function

 x(t )  (t  t ) dt  x(t )

hence, the correct option is (D).

Hence, the correct option is (A).

A possible expression for the function f ( x) is

(A) 1 (B)  (C) 2 (D) 2

In particular, if x(t ) is even, then

Using result of equation (i),

Comparing integral in equation (i) with the definition of Gamma function

Using the shifting property of delta function

 x(t )  (t ) dt  x(0)

Hence, the correct option is (A).

(A) 1 (B) e2 (C) 0 (D) e2

Using shifting property

Hence, the correct option is (B).

x(t ) is a triangular function of peak value A  1 and half width   1

Q.21 If   '(t ) (t ) dt   '(0) then  (t )  '(t ) dt

(A)  '(0) (B)   '(0) (C) 0 (D) None of these

Hence, the correct option is (B).

(A) 129 / 2 (B) 133 / 4 (C) 131 / 4 (D) 131 / 2

(A) 0 (B) 1 / 2 (C) 1 (D) 2

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Comparing x(t ) with standard represented of triangular function

Even part of x  n  is given as

Comparing with x(t )  xe (t )  x0 (t )

Frequency of x1 (t ), 01  2 rad/sec

As x(t ) is combination of 3 periodic signals, so its fundamental frequency in terms of frequencies of

(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 10  (D) 5 

Comparing with standard representation of complex exponential

For x1  n  , 01  0.5

For x3  n , 03  0.25

 1.5 for n  0,1

 Energy  x2  n   3 Joules

(C) x  n   Periodic sequence  Power signal

(D) x  n   r  n   Unbounded signal, so it is neither energy nor power signal.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

(A) Zero (B) 36 unit (C) 19 unit (D) 72 unit

 (1) 2  (2) 2  (3) 2  (2) 2  (1) 2

As f1 (t ) is a finite duration signal, so P  f1 (t )   0

Using scaling property of energy signals

Given discrete time signal

As x(t ) is an even signal.

. Common Data for Questions 49 to 53 .

(A) 0.376 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.576 (D) 1

system is [GATE IN 2010-Guwahati]

From equations (i) and (ii),