Robot Framework1
Robot Framework1
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Contents
The popularity of the Robot framework is growing as many large tech companies
utilize it to assist their so ware developers to construct and testing cutting-edge
computer solutions. Because of its open-source nature, this framework is extremely
adaptable, and it can be used with practically any other tool or platform to create
something unique. Anyone can use this framework in their projects because every
line of code created in it is open source.
The syntax you'll undoubtedly employ to incorporate the robot framework into your
project is equally simple to use and comprehend. The functions wrapped in this
module are built in a highly human-friendly manner, so even someone with no
technical knowledge can use them and accomplish great things. In the form of a code
library, the framework's capabilities are expanded into the Java and Python
programming languages.
Tabular structure is used for test cases: The test cases in the Robot framework
are defined in a simple tabular manner using keywords. A new developer may
easily comprehend and write test cases.
Keywords: Built-in keywords are accessible with Robot Framework, as well as
keywords from libraries such as the Selenium Library (open browser, close
browser, maximize browser, etc.). We can also make user-defined keywords out
of a mix of other user-defined keywords, built-in keywords, and library keywords.
We can even pass parameters to such keywords, turning user-defined keywords
into reusable functions.
Variables: Variables such as scalar, list, and dict are supported by the Robot
framework. Variables in the robot framework are simple to utilize and come in
handy when constructing complicated test cases.
Libraries: External libraries such as SeleniumLibrary, DatabaseLibrary,
FTPLibrary, and httpLibrary are all supported by the Robot framework.
SeleniumLibrary is widely used because it allows users to interact with browsers
and aids in web application and user interface testing. The Robot framework
provides its own built-in libraries for strings, dates, and integers, among other
things.
Resources: Externally imported robot files with keywords can now be utilized
with test cases thanks to the Robot Framework. The resources are simple to
utilize and come in handy when we need to use keywords that have previously
been written for other test projects.
Test cases based on data: The Robot framework supports both keyword-driven
and data-driven test scenarios. Data-driven testing uses a high-level keyword as
a template for the test suite, and test cases are used to communicate data with
the template's high-level keyword. It simplifies the process of testing user
interfaces with various inputs.
Logs and Reports: In the form of reports and logs, the Robot framework offers
all of the data of the test suite and test case execution. The log file contains all of
the test case's execution details.
3. What are the names of all the file formats that the Robot
framework supports?
We commonly use files written in simple text format (usually in the .robot form, or in
the format of .txt) in Robot Framework, but we can also use files written in Tab
separated format or TSV. The plain text data can then be embedded in reStructured
text format files.
The space-separated format, in which bits of data, such as keywords and their
arguments, are separated from each other with two or more spaces, is the most
frequent way to construct Robot Framework data. The pipe separated format, in
which the separator is the pipe character surrounded by spaces (|), is another option.
The --extension option can be used to change the default extension of executed files,
which is .robot. Although resource files can utilize the .robot extension, it is advised
that they use the dedicated .resource extension. The UTF-8 encoding must be used to
save files that contain non-ASCII characters.
reStructuredText files are also supported by Robot Framework, allowing standard
Robot Framework data to be inserted within code blocks. With reStructuredText files,
either the .rst or .rest extension can be used, but the --extension option must be used
to enable parsing when executing a directory.
The use of scalar variables is demonstrated in the example above. Both the above
test cases are similar if the variables ${GREET} and ${NAME} are available and
assigned to the strings Hello and world, respectively. When a scalar variable is used
without any text or other variables around it, like in ${GREET} above, the variable is
substituted with its value, which can be any object. If the variable isn't used alone, as
in ${GREER}, ${NAME}!!, its value is transformed to a string before being
concatenated with the other data.
List Variables:
When a variable, such as ${EXAMPLE}, is used as a scalar, its value is utilized exactly as
it is. If a variable's value is a list or looks like a list, it can also be used as a list variable,
such as @{EXAMPLE}. The list is enlarged in this scenario, and each item is sent in as a
distinct argument.
In the above example, the variable @{CREDENTIALS} has values [‘user’, ‘password’].
Robot Framework keeps all of its variables in one internal storage location and allows
them to be used as scalars, lists, or dictionaries. If you want to use a variable as a list,
its value must be a Python list or a list-like object. Strings are not allowed to be used
as lists in Robot Framework, although other iterable objects like tuples and
dictionaries are.
Dictionary Variables:
In the above example, assuming that the variable &{CREDENTIALS} has value {‘user’:
‘user1’, ‘password’: ‘password1’}, the two test cases are equivalent.
Environment Variables:
The %{ENV_VAR_NAME} syntax in Robot Framework allows you to use environment
variables in your test data. They're only allowed to use string values. By separating
the variable name and the default value with an equal sign, such as %
{ENV_VAR_NAME = default_value}, you can give a default value that will be used if the
environment variable does not exist.
Environment variables set in the operating system before the test execution are
available during it, and the keywords Set Environment Variable and Delete
Environment Variable, both available in the OperatingSystem library, can be used to
create new ones or delete existing ones. Because environment variables are global,
environment variables defined in one test case can be reused in subsequent test
cases. Changes to environment variables, on the other hand, are ineffective a er the
test has been completed.
The test data is presented in a simple, editable tabular format. Robot Framework
processes data, conduct test cases, and generates logs and reports when it is started.
The core framework has no knowledge of the target under test, and libraries manage
all interactions with it. Libraries can leverage lower-level test tools as drivers or
directly employ application interfaces.
Many additional test automation frameworks provide a similar test setup and
teardown capability as Robot Framework. In a nutshell, a test setup occurs prior to
the execution of a test case, whereas a test teardown occurs a er the execution of a
test case. Setups and teardowns in the Robot Framework are essentially regular
keywords with arguments.
The terms "setup" and "teardown" are always used interchangeably. It is feasible to
develop higher-level user keywords for this purpose if they need to handle numerous
independent jobs. Alternatively, you can use the BuiltIn keyword Run Keywords to
execute several keywords.
In two ways, the test teardown is unique. For example, it is executed even if a test
case fails, so it can be used for cleanup tasks that must be completed regardless of
the status of the test case. Furthermore, even if one of the keywords in the teardown
fails, all of the others are executed.
The Test Setup and Test Teardown settings in the Setting section are the simplest
way to specify a setup or teardown for test cases in a test case file. Each test case may
additionally have its own setup and teardown. They are defined in the test case
section with the [Setup] or [Teardown] parameters, and they override any
conceivable Test Setup and Test Teardown options. There is no setup or teardown if
there is no keyword a er a [Setup] or [Teardown] setting. The value NONE can also be
used to indicate that a test has no setup or teardown.
12. What are the different test case styles in the context of the
robot framework?
There are various alternative approaches to writing test cases. Test cases describing a
workflow can be built using either a keyword-driven or a behaviour-driven approach.
Using a data-driven approach, you may evaluate the same workflow with different
input data.
Keyword-driven style: Workflow tests, like the Valid Login test, are made up of
a number of keywords and their possible arguments. In the Valid Login example,
the system is first put into the initial state (Open Login Page), then something is
done to it (Input Name, Input Password, Submit Credentials), and lastly the
system is confirmed to have performed as intended (Welcome Page Should Be
Open).
Data-driven design: Another technique to writing test cases is the data-driven
approach, which hides the real test workflow by using only one higher-level
keyword, commonly created as a user keyword. When you need to test the same
scenario with varied input and/or output data, these tests come in handy.
Although it would be possible to utilise the same keyword in each test, the test
template functionality allows you to define the keyword just once.
Behaviour-driven design: Test cases can also be written as requirements that
non-technical project stakeholders must comprehend. The cornerstone of a
technique known as Acceptance Test-Driven Development (ATDD) or
Specification by Example is a set of executable criteria.
The Given-When-Then approach, popularized by Behavior Driven Development,
is one technique to construct these requirements/tests (BDD). The initial state is
commonly specified with a keyword beginning with the word Given, the actions
with a keyword beginning with When, and the expectations with a keyword
beginning with Then when constructing test cases in this style. If a phase has
multiple actions, a keyword beginning with And or But can be used.
In Robot, there is no
built-in way to work By using PyTest to write your
with fixtures, but it Selenium WebDriver tests, you gain
can be integrated with access to Pytest's rich fixture
unittest and used that model.
way.
Go To Login Page
Go To ${LOGIN URL}
Login Page Should Be Open
Input Username
[Arguments] ${username}
Input Text username_field ${username}
Input Password
[Arguments] ${password}
Input Text password_field ${password}
Submit Credentials
Click Button login_button
In this file, we specify the browser to be used, the URL to be accessed and all the
necessary information required.
Next, we declare a test suite named valid_login.robot which has a single test case
in it. We input the correct credentials and check if the welcome page opens or not.
valid_login.robot
Next, we declare a test suite named invalid_login.robot which has several test
cases in it. We input incorrect credentials and check if the error page opens or not.
invalid_login.robot
Conclusion:
If you are appearing for an interview for a role that requires expertise in the robot
framework, you can expect general questions based on automated testing as well. Do
not worry, we got you covered.
Useful Interview Resources:
Automation Testing
API Testing
Selenium WebDriver
Cucumber
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