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THE ENERGY LOSSES IN A PIPE

Major Minor
losses losses
THE ENERGY LOSSES IN A PIPE
o The loss of head or energy due to friction in a pipe is known as
major loss while the loss of energy due to change of velocity of the
following fluid in magnitude or direction is called minor loss of
energy. The minor loss of energy includes the following cases :-

1 Sudden enlargement
2 Sudden contraction
3 Exit loss
4 Entrance loss

5 Pipe bends
1. • Sudden Enlargement

𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
𝒉𝑳 =
𝟐𝒈
where;
𝒗𝟏 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝒗𝟐 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝒈 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )
2. • Sudden Contraction

𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒗𝟐
𝒉𝑳 = − 𝟏 𝒙
𝑪𝒄 𝟐𝒈
where;
𝒗𝟐 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝒈 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )
𝑪𝒄 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3. • Exit Loss

(𝒗𝟏 )𝟐
𝒉𝑳 =
𝟐𝒈
where;
𝒗𝟏 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝒈 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )
4. • Entrance Loss

𝟐
𝟎. 𝟓 𝒗
𝒉𝑳 =
𝟐𝒈

where;
𝒗 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝒈 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )
5. • Pipe Bends

𝟐
𝒌 𝒗 where;
𝒉𝑳 =
𝟐𝒈 𝒗 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝒌 = 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝒈 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )
EXAMPLE 7.1
A horizontal pipe of diameter 150mm has velocity of the
pipe is 3.0m/s. Find the head lost at the entrance of pipe
if the entrance of pipe if square-edge inlet and the rate
of flow. (0.229m, 0.054m3/s)

EXAMPLE 7.2
Find the loss of head when a pipe of diameter 200mm is
suddenly enlarges to a diameter of 400mm. The rate of
flow of water through the pipe is 250litres/s. (1.885m)
EXAMPLE 7.3
A horizontal pipe of diameter 200mm has the rate of flow
of 500litre/s. Find the velocity of the pipe and the head
lost at the end of pipe. (16.129m/s, 13.259m)

EXAMPLE 7.4
A horizontal pipe of diameter 500mm is suddenly
contracted to a diameter of 250mm. Find the loss of head
due to contraction if Cc = 0.62. The rate of flow of water
through the pipe is 0.85m3/s. (5.767m)
EXAMPLE 7.5
A galvanize pipe of diameter 150mm with the rate of
flow is 300litre/s bend at the end of edges with the
coefficient of bend, k = 0.33. Find the head lost due to
bend of pipe. (4.672m)
DARCY-WEISBACH FORMULA
oThe loss of head (or energy) in pipes due to friction is
calculated from darcy-weisbach equation.

𝟒𝒇𝑳𝒗𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝟐𝒈𝒅

where;
𝒗 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑳 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚)
𝒈 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )
𝒅 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (𝑚)
𝒇 = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
EXAMPLE 7.6
Calculate the energy loss due to friction in pipe, with the
pipe length of 400m and diameter of 0.15m. Given
velocity of water is 1.4m/s and coefficient of friction =
0.01. (10.656m)

EXAMPLE 7.7
Calculate the discharge through a pipe of diameter
200mm when the difference of pressure head between
the two ends of a pipe 500m apart is 4m of water. Take
the value of f = 0.009 in the formula Darcy Weisbach.
(0.029m3/s)
EXAMPLE 7.8
Calculate the head loss due to frictional resistance in a
350m length pipe and 35cm diameter when the flow of
rate is 165litre/s. Given f = 0.005. (3.012m)
HAGEN POISEUILLE FORMULA
o Loss of pressure head, hf ;

𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝝁𝒗𝑳
= 𝒉𝒇 =
𝝆𝒈 𝝆𝒈𝒅𝟐

where;
𝝁 = 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2
𝒗 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚Τ𝑠)
𝑳 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(𝑚)
𝝆 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝒈 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )
𝒅 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑚)
EXAMPLE 7.9
A crude oil of viscosity 0.097Ns/m2 and relative density
0.9 is flowing through a horizontal circular pipe of
diameter 100mm and of length 10m. Calculate the
difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if flow
rate of the oil is 0.0037m3/s. (1465.614N/m2)
EXAMPLE 7.10
An oil of viscosity 0.1N.s/m2 and relative density 0.9 is
flowing through a circular pipe of diameter 50mm and of
length 300m. The rate of flow of fluid through the pipe is
3.5litres/s. Find the pressure drop in a length of 300m.
(684671.292N/m2)
EXAMPLE 7.11
In a laboratory experiment, a crude oil is flowing through a
pipe of 50mm diameter with a velocity of 1.5m/s. During
this experiment, a pressure drop of 18kPa was recorded
from two pressure gauge 8m apart. Find the viscosity of
the flowing oil. (ρ = 800 kg/m3) (0.117Ns/m2)
USING THE MOODY DIAGRAM
o Moody diagram - f depends on Reynold number,
Re and relative roughness of pipe. (see Moody
diagram)

𝒆
= 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎
𝒅

where;
𝒆 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑚
𝒅 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (𝑚)
USING THE MOODY DIAGRAM
o By looking at the Moody diagram it shows that the right
top corner is completely turbulent and the left top is
laminar (smooth flow).
o To determine the frictional factor, find the relative
roughness value for the pipe on the right. Then locate
the pipes Reynolds number on the bottom.
o Follow the relative roughness curve to where it crosses
the determined Reynolds number.
o Now at that point project a straight line to the left, the
number determined on the left is the frictional factor.
EXAMPLE 7.12
Find the frictional value, f for 600m pipe length with
diameter 0.30m. The pipe carrying oil flows with 0.043m/s
and kinematic viscosity 1.27 x 10-6 m2/s. Given e =
0.0006m. Use Moody Diagram. (0.034)

EXAMPLE 7.13

Find the frictional value, f for 1000m pipe length with

diameter of 0.25m. The rate of flow of fluid through the
pipe is 0.051m3/s and kinematic viscosity 1.306x10-6m2/s.
Given e = 0.0005m. Use Moody Diagram. (0.024, 0.036)
FLOW THROUGH PIPES IN SERIES
o Pipe in series or compound pipes is defined as the pipes
of different lengths and different diameters connected
end to end (in series) to form a pipe line as shown
above.

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸 𝟐
𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
FLOW THROUGH PIPES IN SERIES

1
2
3

1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
 𝑷𝟏
0
𝒗𝟏 𝟐 0 𝑷𝟐 0
𝒗𝟐 𝟐 0
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉𝑳
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑯 𝑯 = 𝒉𝑳 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔

𝟎.𝟓 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝟒𝒇𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
𝑯= + +
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈𝒅𝟏 𝟐𝒈

entrance friction 1 exit

 𝑷𝟏
0
𝒗𝟏 𝟐 0 𝑷𝟐 0
𝒗𝟐 𝟐 0
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉𝑳
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝑯 = 𝒉𝑳
𝟎.𝟓 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝟒𝒇𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝟒𝒇𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
𝑯= + + + +
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈𝒅𝟏 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈𝒅𝟐 𝟐𝒈

entrance friction 1 contraction friction 2 exit

EXAMPLE 7.14
Find the rate of flow for the pipe that connected in series
as below. Considered all the major and minor losses.
(0.116m3/s)
EXAMPLE 7.15
A horizontal pipe line 40m long is connected to a water tank at one
end and discharge freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For
the first 25m of its length from the tank the pipe is 150mm diameter
and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300mm. The height of
water level in the tank is 8m above the centre of the pipe.
Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of
flow. Take f = 0.01 for both sections of the pipe. (0.08m3/s)
FLOW THROUGH PIPES IN PARALEL
o Consider a main pipe which divideds into two or more
branches as shown below and again join together
downstream to form a single pipe, then the branch pipes
are said to be connected in parallel. The discharge
through the main is increased by connecting pipes in
parallel.

𝑸 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐
EXAMPLE 7.16
A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes which again forms one
pipe. The length and diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000m
and 1.0m respectively, while the length and diameter of 2nd parallel
pipe are 2000m and 0.8m. Find the rate of flow in each parallel
pipe, if total flow in the main is 3.0m3/s. The coefficient of friction for
each parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005. (1.906m3/s,
1.093m3/s)
SOLUTION

𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐬

Velocity;
4𝑓1 𝐿1 𝑣12 4𝑓2 𝐿2 𝑣22
=
2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔𝑑2
4 0.005 2000 𝑣1 2 4 0.005 2000 𝑣2 2
=
2 9.81 1.0 2 9.81 0.8
2.039 𝑣1 2 = 2.548 𝑣2 2
2
2.548 𝑣2
𝑣12 =
2.039
𝑣1 = 1.250𝑣22 ½

= 1.118 𝑣2
Area,
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴1 = 𝑑1 2 𝐴2 = 𝑑2 2
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑑1 2
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝟐 = 0.8 2 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟐
4 4
Discharge;
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 x 𝑣1 𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
= 0.785 x 1.118 𝑣2 3 = 0.878𝑣2 + 0.503 𝑣2
= 0.878 𝑣2 = 1.381 𝑣2
3
𝑄2 = 𝐴2 x 𝑣2 𝑣2 =
1.381
= 0.503 x 𝑣2 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 𝐦/𝐬
= 0.503 𝑣2
Substituting this value in;

𝑣1 = 1.118𝑣2
= 1.118 2.172
= 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟖 𝐦/𝐬

Discharge;

𝑄1 = 𝐴1 x 𝑣1 𝑄2 = 𝐴2 x 𝑣2
= 0.785 x 2.428 = 0.503 x 𝑣2
𝟑
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟔 𝐦 /𝐬 = 0.503 2.172
𝟑
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝐦 /𝐬