Windows Programming

Chapter three
Object-Oriented Fundamentals
in C#.NET

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 Object Oriented Concepts(Class and objects)
 In an attempt to manage the ever-increasing size of the programs, structured
programming was introduced to break down the code into manageable segments called
functions or procedures.
 This was an improvement, but as programs performed more complex business
functionality and interact with other systems, the following drawbacks of structural
programming was observed:
 Programs became harder to maintain.
 Existing functionality was hard to modify (which affects all the system’s
functionalities)
 New programs were essentially built from scratch (i.e. Because there is no way to
reuse previous efforts)
 The main advantages of OOP are to make complex software faster to
develop and easier to maintain.
 OOP enables the easy reuse of code by applying simple and widely
accepted rules (principles).
 As a result, many business software developers turned to object-oriented methods and
programming languages.

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 Object-Oriented Concepts…
 The benefits of Object-Oriented Programming:-
 The ability to maintain and implement changes in the programs
more efficiently and rapidly.
 The ability to create software systems more effectively using a
team process, allowing specialists to work on parts of the system.
 The ability to reuse code components in other programs and
purchase components written by third-party developers to
increase the functionality of existing programs with little effort.
 Better integration with loosely coupled distributed-computing
systems.
 Improved integration with modern operating systems.
 The ability to create a more attractive graphical-user interface for
the users.

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 Object-Oriented Concepts…
 Some features of Object Oriented programming are as follows:
 Emphasis on data rather than procedure
 Programs are divided into Objects
 Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions
 Objects can communicate with each other through functions
 New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary
 Follows bottom-up approach
 Concepts of OOP:
 Objects
 Classes
 Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism

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 Object
 An object is a structure that incorporate a set of data items (fields) with operations
(methods ) to manipulate them.
 Object combines data and operations in one place.
 A circle object, for example, has a data field radius, which is the property that characterizes
a circle.
 The state of an object (also known as its properties or attributes) is represented by data
fields with their current values.
 The behavior of an object (also known as its actions) is defined by methods.
 Example: dogs have states (name, color, hungry, breed) and behaviors (bark, fetch, and wag
tail).
 Method is an action performed by an object
 To invoke a method within an object is to ask the object to perform an action.
 For example, you may define a method named getArea() for circle objects.
 A circle object may invoke getArea() to return its area.
 objects interact and communicate with each other by sending messages to each other.

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 Class
 A class is a template or blueprint that defines what an object’s data
fields and methods will be. (a blueprint of a specific object.)
 Class is a collection of objects of similar type.
 Classes are user-defined data types & behave like the built-in types of
programming language.
 A class defines the kinds of data and the functionality their objects will
have.
 An object is an instance of a class.
 E.g Ibsa is an instance of a Student
 You can create many instances of a class.
 Creating an instance is referred to as instantiation.
 The terms object and instance are often used interchangeable.

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 Class…
 The syntax for a simple class declaration is
modifiers class class-name
{
body
}
 access modifiers define the accessibility of the class and its members.
 Public, private, protected, and internal are access modifiers in C#.
 The Public modifier allows any part of the program in the same assembly or another
assembly to access the class and its members.
 The Private modifier restricts other parts of the program from accessing the class
and its members.
 The Internal modifier allows other program code in the same assembly to access the
class or its members.
 This is default access modifiers if no modifier is specified.
 The Protected modifier allows codes in the same class or a class that derives from
that class to access the class or its members.
 Body is a sequence of declarations of variables, constructors, and methods

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 Object-Oriented Concepts…
Following is the example of creating objects in the c# programming language

using System; public class Users

namespace Try {
{ public Users(string name, int age)
class Program { {
static void Main(string[] args) Name = name;
Age = age;
{ }
Users user = new Users(“ash Dasari", 30); public void GetUserDetails()
user.GetUserDetails(); {
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Age: {1}", Name, Age);
Console.WriteLine("PressKey to Exit.."); }
Console.ReadLine(); }
}} }

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 Object-Oriented Concepts…
 In order for a programming language to be
object-oriented, it has to enable working with
classes and objects as well as the
implementation and use of the fundamental
object-oriented principles and concepts:
Inheritance,
Abstraction,
Encapsulation and
Polymorphism.

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 Inheritance
 Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the
properties of another object.
 A class derives from a base class, taking all the base class
members fields and functions.
 Inheritance is most useful when you need to add
functionality to an existing type.
The syntax of inheritance;
Class derivedClass : baseClass
{
body
}

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 Inheritance…
1. using System; 16. class Inheritance
2. namespace oops 17. {
3. { 18. static void Main(string[] args)
19. {
4. public class Father
5. { 20. Father fObj = new Father();
21. fObj.FatherMethod();
6. public void FatherMethod()
22. Child cObj = new Child();
7. { 23. cObj.FatherMethod();
8. Console.WriteLine("this property belong to Father"); 24. cObj.ChildMethod();
25. }
9. }}
26. }
10. public class Child : Father
11. {
12. public void ChildMethod()
13. {
14. Console.WriteLine("this property belong to Child");
15. }}}

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 What is Encapsulation in C#?
 The process of binding the data and functions together into a single unit (i.e.
class) is called encapsulation in C#.
 The process of defining a class by hiding its internal data members from
outside the class and accessing those internal data members only through
publicly exposed methods (setter and getter methods) is called encapsulation.
 Data encapsulation is also called data/information hiding because we can hide
the internal data from outside the class.
 A Secretary using a Laptop only knows about its screen, keyboard and
mouse.
 Everything else is hidden internally under the cover.
 She does not know about the inner workings of Laptop, because she
doesn’t need to, and if she does, she might make a mess.
 Therefore parts of the properties and methods remain hidden to her.

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 How can we implement Encapsulation in C#?
 In C# Encapsulation is implemented
 By declaring the variables as private (to restrict its direct access
from outside the class)
 By defining one pair of public setter and getter methods to access
private variables.
 We declare variables as private to stop accessing them directly from
outside the class.
 The public setter and getter methods are used to access the private
variables from outside the class.
 By implementing encapsulation in c#, we are protecting or securing the
data.

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 Encapsulation in C# using Accessors and Mutators:

1. namespace EncapsulationDemo 16. class BankUser

2. { 17. {
3. public class Bank 18. public static void Main()
4. { 19. {
5. private double balance; 20. Bank SBI = new Bank();
6. //creating public setter and getter methods 21. SBI.setBalance(500);
7. public double getBalance() 22. Console.WriteLine(SBI.getBalance());
8. { 23. Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exist.");
9. return balance; 24. Console.ReadKey();
10. } 25. }
11. public void setBalance(double balance) 26. }
12. { 27. }
13. this.balance = balance;
14. }
15. }

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 C# Polymorphism
 Polymorphism is a Greek word, meaning "one name many forms".

 Polymorphism provides the ability to a class to have multiple

implementations with the same name.
 There are two types of polymorphism in C#:-
1. Compile time polymorphism
2. Runtime polymorphism
 Compile time polymorphism is achieved by method overloading and
operator overloading in C#.
 It is also known as static binding or early binding because the decision of
which method is to be called is made at compile time.
 In method overloading, the method / function has a same name but
different signatures.
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 Example of Compile Time Polymorphism
1. public class TestData 12. class Program
2. { 13. {
3. public int Add(int a, int b, int c) 14. static void Main(string[] args)
4. { 15. {
5. return a + b + c; 16. TestData dataClass = new TestData();
6. }
7. public int Add(int a, int b) 17. int add2 = dataClass.Add(45, 34, 67);
8. {
18. int add1 = dataClass.Add(23, 34);
9. return a + b;
19. }
10. }
20. }
11. }

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 Dynamic / Runtime Polymorphism
 Dynamic / runtime polymorphism is also known as late binding.
 Here, the method name and the method signature (number of parameters
and parameter type) must be the same and may have a different
implementation.
 Method overriding is an example of dynamic polymorphism.
 Method overriding can be done using inheritance.
 With method overriding it is possible for the base class and derived
class to have the same method name and method signature.
 The compiler will decide which method to call at runtime.
 For example, think of a base class called Animal that has a method called
animalSound().
 Derived classes of Animals could be Pigs, Cats, Dogs, Birds - And they
also have their own implementation of an animal sound (the pig oinks,
and the cat meows, etc.):

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 Example of Runtime Polymorphism
1. class Animal // Base class (parent)
2. {
3. public virtual void animalSound() 15. class Dog : Animal // Derived class (child)
16. {
4. { 17. public override void animalSound()
5. Console.WriteLine("The animal’s sound"); 18. {
19. Console.WriteLine("The dog says: bow wow");
6. } 20. }
7. } 21. }
8. class Pig : Animal//Derived class (child) 22. class Program
23. {
9. { 24. static void Main(string[] args)
10. public override void animalSound() 25. {
26. Animal myAnimal = new Animal();//Create Anml obj
11. { 27. Animal myPig = new Pig(); // Create a Pig object
12. Console.WriteLine("The pig says: wee wee"); 28. Animal myDog = new Dog(); // Create a Dog object
13. } 29. myAnimal.animalSound();
30. myPig.animalSound();
14. } 31. myDog.animalSound();
32. }
33. }

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 Abstract Classes and Methods
 Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and
showing only essential information to the user.
 Abstraction can be achieved with either abstract classes or
interfaces.
 The abstract keyword is used for classes and methods:
 Abstract class: is a restricted class that cannot be used to create
objects (to access it, it must be inherited by another class).
 Abstract method: can only be used in an abstract class, and it
does not have a body.
 The body of abstract method is provided by the derived class.
 An abstract class can have both abstract and regular methods.

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 Abstract Classes and Methods…
abstract class Animal {
public abstract void animalSound();
public void sleep()
{
Console.WriteLine("Zzz");
}}
 From the example above, it is not possible to create an object of
the Animal class:
Animal myObj = new Animal(); // Will generate an error
 To access the abstract class, it must be inherited from another
class.

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 Abstract Classes and Methods…
1. using System;
2. public abstract class Shape
3. {
4. public abstract void draw();
5. }
6. public class Rectangle : Shape
7. { 20. public class TestAbstract
8. public override void draw() 21. {
9. { 22. public static void Main()
10. Console.WriteLine("drawing rectangle...");
23. {
11. }
12. }
24. Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
13. public class Circle : Shape 25. r.draw();
14. { 26. Circle c = new Circle();
15. public override void draw() 27. c.draw();
16. { 28. }
17. Console.WriteLine("drawing circle...");
29. }
18. }
19. }

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 Interface
 An interface is a completely "abstract class", which can only contain abstract
methods with empty bodies
 Example
interface Animal {
void animalSound();
// interface method (does not have a body)
void run();
}
 By default, members of an interface are abstract and public.
 Interfaces can contain methods, but not fields.
 To access the interface methods, the interface must be "implemented" by
another class.
 To implement an interface, use the : symbol (just like with inheritance).
 The body of the interface method is provided by the "implement" class.
 Note that you do not have to use the override keyword when implementing
an interface:
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 Interface…
1. using System; 18. {
2. public interface Drawable { 19. public static void Main()
3. void draw(); 20. {
4. } 21. Drawable d;
5. public class Rectangle : Drawable { 22. d = new Rectangle();
6. public void draw() 23. d.draw();
7. { 24. d = new Circle();
8. Console.WriteLine("drawing rectangle..."); 25. d.draw();
9. } 26. }
10. } 27. }
11. public class Circle : Drawable {
12. public void draw()
13. {
14. Console.WriteLine("drawing circle...");
15. }
16. }
17. public class TestInterface

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 End of Chapter Three

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