(S) Society

NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 (S) INDIAN SOCIETY BY SAHIL SIR  They are guiding principles of life
 They are a relative in nature they change with
1. Indian society GS1
society
2. Governance GS2
 For example
INDIAN SOCIETY  Society S1 = values V2

 Society S2 = values V2
 UNIT 1 COVERING  What is V1 for S1 may change for v2 for S2
1. Ch1 -evolution of Indian society  Culture is also derived from values when the
2. Ch2 -caste system and its dynamics values change the culture also changes
3. Ch 3 -who are OBC and the reservation system in
India
4. Ch 4 -Untouchability ( SC)
5. Ch 5 -Tribes ( STs)
6. Ch6 -Family and Marriage
 BASICS CONCEPTS OF SOCIETY
 Society is a web of social relationships
 Because " division of labor (DOL) "( By dividing
work - engineer, doctor- They have become
interdependent and so society formed )
 DOL - creates interdependence and this leads to
social relationships
 In order to maintain social relationships society
creates elaborated rules and regulations which
must be followed by members of society
 If members start to break these rules , there will
be Chaos and conflicts in the society
 New members of the society learn rules and
regulations through process of socialization  CULTURE:-
 In order to socialize members with rules and  It is the way of life how people do things in a
regulations , society creates social institutions particular society
like family, marriage, state , educational  Components of the culture are
institutions with primarily two tasks  Dress
1. To socialize members about rules (Family -  Food
primary institutions of socialization, Schools  language
- secondary social institutions  Family and marriage
2. Ensure members don't break and must  Art and culture- which includes
follow rules and regulations ( by punishing) ( literature, dance and music, paintings
Rules and regulations= values) and festivals, architecture
 Every society has unique rules and regulations often  Customs and traditions
called as values
 These values help in deciding what is right and what  CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
is wrong. For example- marriage should happen in  Customs are Commonly accepted manners of
same caste behaving and doing something in a particular
 Members of society can demand change in rules and
society
regulations over a period of time. This leads to
negotiations between old rules and new rules. If new
 The customs sometimes for generation to
rules are accepted then there will be social change generation become continuous then called
happening traditions
 Social reformers in the past were the change agents  But both the words can be used interchangeably
of the society . In modern Times the NGOs have been  For example -caste system = custom and
Acting as change agents. For example- the Naaz tradition
foundation fighting for LGBT right and Muslim  Source of custom and tradition is religion. For
women Bachao Aandolan fighting against the example -sati, triple talaq, caste system
prActice of Triple Talaq  customary laws -Every religion has its own
 VALUES (RULES AND REGULATIONS) customs which have been codified as customary
 They help to decide right and wrong laws( the customs when made laws by the
 Values help us to define our preferences parliament)
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022 1
 Customary laws are the part of personal laws  No Varna, no caste
because their source is religion. For example-  Equal status to women in society (women
Hindu marriage Act. The customary laws change worship)
with the religion  Extreme form of urban planning
 Religion represents traditional society B. Rigvedic period (EVP)
 And the science represent modern society
 Rural settlement- pastoral economy
 India is the mixture of both the societies
 Aryan invasion
 THEORY OF A CULTURAL CONTACT  Society divided into 2 groups (Racial division
 What happens when two cultures come into starts)
contact  Aryans (Priest, Warriors, Vis)--DOL
C1+C2 C1+C2 C1+C2  Non-Aryans(dasas, dasyus, pannis)
ASSIMILATION ACCULTURATION SEPARATION  Aryans- patriarchial system
C1majority C1 C1 + C2  Equal status to women- attended sabha and
C2Minority C2 samitis
C2 can Two way C1 rejects the  Mention of Varna in the last chapter of Rigveda,
Leave,adopC1 exchange culture of C2. not developed but
b/w C1 & C2 Both hate each  Religion- little sacrifices and naturism
other  No caste system
C2 completely Promotes Each group feels C. Later Vedic period

merges with C1 diversity their culture is  Atharveda, Samveda, Yajurveda
leaving their superior to  Rural settlement- Agriculture, surplus
own culture other resulting  Rise of Kings and dominance of warriors-
in conflicts Kashtriyas
called ethnic  Varna system will mature itself
conflicts  Women status starts t decline
For example Salad For example  Brahmins(one of the priestly class) will begin to
Forceful bowl Srilanka – rise- perform rituals and sacrifices
religious approach. Singhalese V/S  Worship- more ritualistic and sacrifice;
conversations Also Tamils  Rest of the community- Vis(traders and
called Communalism – Kshatriyas and
integration is also its part brahmins
approach  Gotra system develops
D. Pre Mauryan period

 EVOLUTION OF INDIAN SOCIETY  Vis community starts to consolidate-especially
 It evolved in three phases traders
1. PHASE 1 -Hindu value system  Rise of Jainism and Buddhism
2. PHASE 2- Islamic value system  Women status declines further
3. PHASE 3 -The modern value system  Caste system begins to emerge
 The phase 1 and 2 are traditional phases
E. Mauryan period
because they are driven by the religion
 Urban settlements start
 Phase 3- is the modern phase driven by the
 Trade becomes major economic activity
science when the British came to India
 Vaishyas will consolidate as traders- GUILDs
1. PHASE 1 HINDU VALUE SYSTEM (C1)  Brahmins put restrictions on Vaishyas
 The source- it is brought by the Aryans- Rig veda  Foreign contacts increase with Iran
- Varna theory  Architecture development
 1500 BC- no caste system in rig Veda  Caves, stupas, pillars, edicts, languages
 The caste theory started from later Vedic period  Start of caste system
and reached the peak during Gupta period when
F. Post Mauryan period
the upper caste discriminates the lower caste
 Urban(trade)
 The four castes are- the brahmins ,Kshatriyas ,
 Foreign invasion starts
vaishayas , shudras
 Greeks settle as indogreeks, Chinese as Kushans
 however during Gupta period the fifth caste also
 Indo greeks- cultural contribution o Gandhara
emerged of untouchables
art, inscription on coins, gold coins, canals and
A. Indus Valley civilization dams
 Urban settlement(trade)  Chinese

 Horsemanship, gold coins largest numbers, Society(V1)-
dress- coats and shoes  New culture system introduced with new
 Mathura art form scholars
 Rise of Manu- Manusmriti- restrictions on caste  Al-Bruni- Kitab-ul –hind mentions
system, women, purity and pollution  Caste system
 Caste sytem consolidates  Untouchability
 Women status continues to decline, restrictions  Child marriage
of women  Gotra
 South India comes in picture for first time  Sati and Devdasi system
 Satvahana- in AP, Telangana area  Islam Advent
 System of land grants- rise of feudalism  Development of new religious ideology
 Equal status of women  Free and fair religion
 Amravati school  Clashed with Hindu value system
 Chola, chera, pandyas  Indo-Islamic architecture
 Sangam literature  Delhi Sultanate-> Lodi dynasty->Mughals
 Port development, navy  Domes, arched, no idol, no human paintings,
G. Gupta period calligraphy,Arabesque
 Rural settlement- decline of trade  Mosque introduction, Tomb, Minars, char-
 Growth of agriculture sector bagh style
 Land becomes important,  HINDAVI-script by Amir Khusro
 Land grants by guptas, maturity of  Book- nuhsifir, New musical system-
feudalism(economy revolving around land) Qawali
 Growth of peasants community- Shudras
 Tabla and Sitar
 Women status lowest – Evidence of Sati
 Made Indian culture rich and diversified
 Untouchability- Chandals, manual scavengers
 Mughals- contribution
 Rise of literature and science
a) Kalidas-  Miniature paintings-“fore-sighting
b) Sudraka techniques”, Architecture, portraits,
 Aryabhatta, astronomy, surgery  Lot of lower caste Hindus converted to Islam to
 Purans are written avoid atrocities
 Rise of Kayastha- land record keepers  Development of Persian language and Urdu
 Structural temples in NI
 Impact of Hinduism on Islam
 Nagara style of temple architecture
1) Caste system influenced Islam also
2. PHASE 2 ISLAMIC VALUE SYSTEM (C2)  Upper caste- Ashraf- Sheikh, sayed
 Md.Ghori - 1000AD  Middle caste Ajlaf- clean occupation caste-
 Based on 'Equality' because there was no caste artisians
in Islam  Lowe caste- Arzal- polluting work
 Gender discrimination is present called 2) Accommodation of v1+v2
Islamilization of Indian society because of a) Sufiism-
cultural contact  Iran influence, silsila, Khanaqah, chisti
 Caste system introduced only in India in Islam dargah
 Total 3 castes are of Muslims in India b) Bhakti Movement-
1. Aahraf-  Nirgun(god has no forms)-kabir, saguna(god
 upper caste Muslims has forms-tulsidas), Philosophical
 original Muslims c) Sikhism
 non converted  Borrowed from both v1 and v2
2. Ajlaf-  New architecture
 Converted  Gurumukhi and langar
 Lower caste 3) Emergence of Rajput culture
 Artisans, Darzi  Rajasthani and Pahari school of paintings
3. Arzal- 3. PHASE 3 MODERN VALUE SYSTEM-C3
 Converted  1757- Science and technology
 Lower caste  Telegraph ,railways ,maps
 Sanitation work  Modernity came into India from outside
 Attack by Turks- Mahmud of Gaznavi, Gazni and  Rationality-the scientific temper that came
Gori means logic and reason
 New Value system (Islam-V2) comes to Indian
 Modern - education system ,printing press ,civil  Indian culture is unique unlike other civilizations
services ,law like Greek, Roman ,Mesopotamian which have
 Modernization of Indian tradition but partial lost their continuity from past but Indian culture
 Note is still maintaining its continuity for many
 Indian society is a mixture of Hindu value centuries because of caste marriages
system , Islamic value system and modern  The reason for continuity -Indian society is highly
value system assimilative ,accommodative and tolerant in
 Each value system gives unique cultures C1 nature
,C2 ,C3 . where C1 and C2 are traditional  How ?
cultures and C3 is a modern culture 1. Assimilation –
 Today modernization brought by  when Chinese tribe attacked India in
globalization ancient times they settled in India as
 MODERNIZATION :- INDIAN SOCIETY kshatriyas ( kushans) - horse riding,
 Traders- shoes , coat took to India
 New Value system -V3- modernity(Enlightment 2. Integration –
period in Europe)  when the Greeks wanted to settle in
 Introduction of new language-English India they settled as Indo Greeks most of
 Modernity introduced in India- Process and them got brahmins but some kshatriyas.
actions are driven by reason and rationality  They brought the art especially (
 Vs traditional values- process and action driven Gandhara Art form)
by religion  the Buddhist culture mixing with Greek
 Rise of reformers in Indian society giving birth to this art form Buddha is
 Rajaram mohanroy given Greek god features
 Bengal renaissance 3. Tolerant-
 Improve status of women in Indian society  Hinduism allows to flourish Islam with
 Removing untouchability and caste itself
system 4. Class and caste coexist
 Abolition of Sati act-1829  Upper classes are of brahmins ,
 Widow remarriage act- 1856 Kshatriyas , vaishya
 Reform movt within muslims led by Sir Syed  Middle class
Ahmed khan  Lower-class- shudras and untouchables
 Modernization of madrassas (by birth only exist in India ,unique ,both
 Law, everyone under IPC- Rule of law concept co-exist)
 Introduction of press- Spreading of modern  The class system is based on
Ideas through press both vernacular and English 1. Economic criteria base
 Modern Economic system- rise of 2. Western society
DadabhaiNaroji- “Drain of wealth” theory 3. British brought to India
 Launch of National movement and structured 5. Largely patriarchal society
politics- Launch of congress party  Male dominant society
 Technology inventions introduced- Dalhousie  Some parts have Matriarchy like Nayars
 Railways, Telegraph of Kerala, Khasis
 New system of modern education 6. Unity in diversity
 “Woods dispatch”  Secularism- it is unique in India because
 Great impact of Christian missionaries every religious group is important part
 Introduction of Christianity of Indian culture and equal in the eyes of
 Impact on tribals state
 Lower caste converted into Christianity  What Binds them- the constitution of
 All this led to Modernization of Indian tradition, India ,the national flag and nationalism
Leading to extreme form of diversity in Indian 7. Unique and diverse kinship system ( born and
society. marriage)
 India has unique in ship system and
 FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY divided into 5 unique parts
 Evolved in three phases giving three unique 1. The North India
cultures which co-existed with each other 2. South India
making Indian society diverse and composite in 3. The central India
nature 4. The western India
5. The eastern India  They have to maintain purity also called
 The North India has Gotra like cousin twice born
marriage is not allowed o by nature
 The South India has no Gotra like cousin o by sacred birth by wearing sacred
marriages allowed thread ( Jnaeu)
8. Traditions along with modernity is present  Brahmins- priests
 Modernization of Indian tradition and  Kshatriya-warriors
traditionalization of modernity both  Vaishayas- traders
happened in India  Lower caste
 Mixture of spirituality and materialism  Shudras - artisans, peasants
found in India  Untouchable - do polluting work, cleaning,
CHAPTER 2 CASTE SYSTEM 
leather industry
Today- Untouchables - Dalits
 VARNA  CASTE  Shudras - OBC but all are not
1. Theoretical model of 1. Field view ground shudras
the Division Of reality practical in
Labor(DOL) nature  Purity-
2. Only exists in books  BR  It is associated with cleanliness
not practically (Rig  KS  Eating vegetarian food
Beda)  V  Eating food prepared in ghee
3. Different but equal  SH  Respecting the cow no alcohol
4. BR+KS+V+SH 2. Hierarchical Order- top  Taking river bath
5. Mainly existed during to bottom wise –
‘Rigveda’ period  Wearing a sacred thread
different & superior to
6. Allowed Mobility – inferior  Pollution
change of Varna 3. Existed start from  Dirtiness and any contact with the faeces,
allowed ‘later Vedic period’ nails , sweat , urine , blood
7. No concept of 4. No mobility . it is fixed  Impure and polluted
‘untouchability’ & strict. over the time
8. Varna is same theory  Eating non veg and beef
through sanskritization
throughout the world mobility gets allowed
 Consuming alcohol
9. No restrictions are 5. It has untouchability  No restriction on women
imposed in Varna ,peak at time of Guptas  Note -
System period  Pure and impure must never makes with
10. Varna does not talk 6. Will change and has
about restrictions
each other these two should remain
regional variations
separated
7. Changes from place to
place  Separation is ensured through the caste
8. Also has sub-castes, rules and regulations because impurity are
sub-sub castes transferable in nature by touching
9. Caste= Varna+  Pure has chances to become impure but the
restrictions impure never become pure therefore pure
10. If the restrictions are must be separated from impure
removed , come back  The rules and regulations ensure that both
to Varna
remain separated
 CASTE SYSTEM DEFINITIONS  FEATURES OF CASTE SYSTEM OR
 System of social stratification
 Arrangement of different sections of society
CASTE RULES
according to particular criteria 1. HIERARCHY
 Criteria is principal of purity and pollution  The arrangement of the segments of society in a
 Upper caste the caste closer to particular order
purity(Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishayas  It creates inequalities in the society
 The lower caste is the caste considered  Top to bottom the status difference
closer to pollution(the Shudras and  Brahmins,
Untouchables)  Kshatriyas,
 Upper caste  Vaishayas
 and the Shudras

2. OCCUPATIONAL RESTRICTIONS  OBC means shudras - are the major beneficiary
of land reforms not the Dalits (labour)
 No change of occupations allowed it is fixed by
 The free services were provided by KAMINS to
birth
Jajmaans because they are lower caste and by birth
 It is Hereditary in nature they recognise it as a duty to serve the upper caste so
 The mobility is not allowed it was a kind of ideology but sometimes in a return
 Also called as closed societies the Jajmaans give gifts to "Kamins"
3. ENDOGAMY  So this give and take is known as Jajmani system
 The marriage should happen within the same  Note by expansion of cities or modernisation
caste  Feudal converted to capitalist-two classes –
 Dr BR Ambedkar considered this factor as a most 1. factory owners ( capitalist)
important factor of continuity of caste system . 2. factory workers (labour class)
In present Times it is still existing in India 7. REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN CASTE
 Exception:- 'Anulam" marriage is allowed means  Caste has many sub-castes which makes the caste
the upper caste boy can marry the lower caste system very complex
 Caste rules vary from region to region
girl only but the " Pratilom" is not allowed
 E.g Bengali brahmins and Kashmiri pandits eat non
means no upper caste girl can marry lower caste
vegetarian - it doesn't pollute them
boy  Caste structure - changes from region to region.
4. CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS RESTRICTIONS ( Some have no brahmins
MANUSMRITI)  E.g Odisha - village say V1 only two castes that
 Limited or no access to community resources
 For example the Wells bathing Ghats, grazing
grounds, cremation grounds
 Also denied access to education because if
access granted they demand mobility
 Denied religious entries to temple, read and
listen sacred books and to wear sacred thread or
perform any ritual
 Basis of reservation in India is only these
restrictions imposed by upper caste on
lower caste
 Socio religious reforms movements in the
last demanded removal of these restrictions
from caste system ( for equality - modernity)
 Their motive is to bring Indian renaissance
……..1st class ended, 2nd started…….
5. RESTRICTIONS ON INTER-DINING
AND ACCEPTING OF FOOD
 Upper caste will not inter-dine with lower caste
6. ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF CASTE -
JAJMANI SYSTEM
 It is the ideological explanation of caste
 Feudal society- major economic returns come
from land.
 Class structure-
 the landowners called zamindars( Malik) usually
from upper caste don't do agriculture by own
 they gave a lands to the tenants( kissan) or
peasants for telling who own no land and mostly
are agriculture labour (majdoor)
 that is shudras ( Kmeen) who provide service also
in the house is of upper cast( Jajmaan) - free  Brahmins came from nearby village for rituals so
service is provided to Jajmaans every village is dependent on other , opposite to the
 Independence -after land reforms Britishers theory that Indian villages are self-
 First -the zamidari system abolished dependent

 They were anti-Brahmanism means they were against  25 Sub-caste are present
the philosophy of brahmins not against individuals  Glorify tamil culture
Brahmins c) ADI-Dravidians-AGRICULTURAL LABOURS- Living in
 The cast structure in Tamil nadu Cheris
 Pallans
 Paraiyans – Christians converts
 Pallans maintain distance from paraiyans
 CASTE AMONG NON-HINDUS IN INDIA
a) CASTE AMONG MUSLIMS- “Social stratification”
is seen among muslims also
 Ashrafs- sayyed, sheikhs,pathans,Mughal and
even rajputs converts
 Ajlafs-doing clean occupational jobs-
Julaha(weaver), darzi, hajjam(barber),
manihar(bangle seller)
 Arzals- unclean or ritually polluting jobs- Bhangi,
halal khoe
 These groups are largely endogamous, and lower
caste groups aspire for upward mobility-
Ashrafization
b) Caste among SIKHS
 JATS- predominantly agriculturalist occupy
highest position
 Trading caste
 Ram Garhias –artisians and doing clean
occupation
 Mazhabi- untouchables who are converts
 However, no restrictions on commensality
except for Mazhabis,
 DRAVIDIAN MOVEMENT IN
SOUTH INDIA
A. POLITICAL MOVEMENTS
 It is the movement to take power from Brahmins
who were only 2.5% that time
 1916 -justice party was formed of non-Brahmins.
 1919-Government of India Act-provincial
elections were announced
 1920- elections in Madras province and justice
 Rarhi, Baidik and Barendra are above Madyadesi and party came into power replacing Brahmans
Saptasati  1937- up to 17 years justice party was in rule
 Chandalas- Agricluturallabours  The contributions of the justice party
 Unclean occupation jobs  It brought temples under the control of state
 ODISHA(BISIPARE VILLAGE) and appointing non Brahmins as priest
a) Kshatriyas  legalized the marriages performed without
 K1 (Landowners) priest
 K2-Agricultural tenants)
 Introduced the idea of reservation of non-
b) Praja(Shudras)
 Agricultural labours
Brahmins in provincial civil services
c) No existence of dalits B. THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT BY THE
 TAMIL NADU (SRIPURAM VILLAGE) PARIYAR: SELF RESPECT MOVEMENT
a) Brahmins- LAND OWNERS –Living in AGRAHAMS 1925
1) SMARTHAS-Iyer
1. S1,S2,S3,S4
 The real name is EV Ramaswamy who was non
a. S4-1,S4-2 Brahmin
2) ii. SRI-VAISHNAVAS-Iyengars  The contribution of the movement
b) NON-Brahmins-TENANTS-Living in Kudiana  Broke the dominance of Brahmins

 Large scale marriages without priest A. Vishwakarmas – failed
 Fought for gender rights which justice party  the artisans ( mistri) , ( shudras )
did not do like for right to vote and right to B. Lingayats of Karnataka - successful –
education for women and also the rights to  non brahmins conversation to
untouchable priests ,
 Their Idea was to bring social equality in  equal status begun to enjoy
Madras province, To create a casteless C. Yadavas in Haryana –
society means the complete breakdown of  claim they are yaduvanshi -
caste structure Kshatriya status wanted
 The same ideology was of JyotibhaiPhule  However today after independence, due to
and BR Ambedkar reservation - no one wants to get converted to
 Only these three social reformers means EV the upper caste by sanskritization due to
Ramaswamy ,the BR Ambedkar and Jyoti benefits they get by reservation
bhai Phule were supporting the casteless
society  WHO ARE OBCs:-
 The self-respect means they consider the  1946 :-
Brahmins outsiders as Aryans and asked non
 Jawaharlal Nehru first used the words OBC ,SC
Brahmins and untouchables are the sons of soil ST and minorities in his speech named objective
of India resolution it simply means all the four different
 Pariyar says - the non Brahmins should take from each other
pride of original inhabitants of country and by
this they can develop their self respect  1950
 article 340 - their shall be a commission to
 MOBILITY IN CASTE SYSTEM identify a criteria to identify who are OBC.
 Caste does not allow mobility however through  Article 341 - Central list of schedule caste
a process called sanskritization they can mobile(  Article 342 -Central list of ST
-Ization means process , ism means theory )  No confusion about SC and ST identification
 Sanskritization means the process practiced by  SC criteria- untouchability basis
the lower caste to imitate the lifestyle of upper  ST criteria -the forest area community and
caste or caste hierarchy ( as lifestyle closer to isolation from main society
purity )  Article 16 (4) - reservation benefit to the
 Example by schedule caste and scheduled tribe in public
 Taking river bath in the morning services
 Putting tilak on forehead  1952 KK commission
 Stop eating non veg and consumption of  appointed and said to identify OBC on the basis
alcohol of caste
 Respecting the cows  The caste which is not upper caste and does not
 Putting restrictions on women suffer from the stigma of untouchability, the left
 Give a preference to male child as because are the OBC
of land ownership  Nehru rejected this caste based segregation
 The purpose of imitation by the lower caste
 To achieve higher caste status within the
 1978 Mandal commission
caste structure and  1980 submitted report
 1990 implemented the mandal commission's
 want the improvement in caste position but
report after 10 years of submission
they are accepting caste based hierarchy (
 As per the Mandal commission now the central
not wanting elimination of the caste in
list of OBC
society) by performing sanskritization
 Article 16 (4) have the reservation
 How - sometimes by creating folk stories in
 The reservation in public services is given to
order to support the claim to higher caste
those sections of the society which are
hierarchy
socially and educationally backward but not
 However only imitating the lifestyle without
by economically ( OBC)
changing occupation result in failed
 SC and STs - are deemed to be socially and
sanskritization
educationally backward and Hence enjoying
 Failed and successful sanskritization benefits of reservation
examples
 Mandal commission in his report proved that (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads
identified OBC are socially and educationally and places of public resort maintained wholly or
backward using caste census 1931 partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use
 1992 Indira sawhney VS union of of the general public
3) (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State
India from making any special provision for women
 The supreme court upheld the reservation given and children (
to OBC as per Mandal commission 4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of Article
 Supreme court clarified who are OBC - any caste 29 shall prevent the State from making any
or community and it can be proved using special provision for the advancement of any
quantifiable data that they are socially and socially and educationally backward classes of
educationally backward citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the
 Court introduced concept of CREAMY LAYER for Scheduled Tribes
only OBC  Article 16 Equality of opportunity in
 Economic criteria cannot be the sole criteria matters of public employment
for providing reservation  From the Constitution
 EWS by government is against this case(  (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all
Note) citizens in matters relating to employment or
 Caste cannot be sole criteria for reservation appointment to any office under the State.
 OBC- state list after 1960 and Central list  (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion,
1990 race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth,
 Reservation should not cross 50% of limit residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or
 However under extraordinary circumstances discriminated against in respect of, any
50% limit can be breached depending upon case employment or office under the State.
to case  (4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State
 DYNAMICS OF OBC MOVEMENT AND from making any provision for the reservation of
POLITICS OF RESERVATION appointments or posts in favour of any
backward class of citizens which, in the opinion
 ARTICLE 340.
of the State, is not adequately represented in
 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the
the services under the State.
conditions of backward classes (1) The President
 (4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the
may by order appoint a Commission consisting
State from making any provision for
of such persons as he thinks fit to investigate the
reservation[in matters of promotion, with
conditions of socially and educationally
consequential seniority, to any class or classes of
backward classeswithin the territory of India and
posts in the services under the State in favour of
the difficulties under which they labour and to
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
make recommendations as to the steps that
which, in the opinion of the State, are not
should be taken by the Union or any State to
adequately represented in the services under
remove such difficulties and to improve their
the State
condition and as to the grants that should be
made for the purpose by the Union or any State  TIME LINES FOR OBC MOVEMENT
the conditions subject to which such grants  December, 13 1946- Nehru’s objective
should be made, and the order appointing such resolution- special measures for “Minorities,
Commission shall define the procedure to be backward and tribal areas and depressed and
followed by the Commission other backward classes”
 Article 15  January 26, 1950- Article 340
 January 29, 1953- Kaka Kalelkar committee – 1st
 15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of
religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth backward class commission
1) The State shall not discriminate against any  4 main criteria for social backwardness-
citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, degraded status, lack of education, under
sex, place of birth or any of them representation in civil services and other
2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, secondary and tertiary sectors
race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be  Caste as the criterion
subject to any disability, liability, restriction or  2,399 caste groups were listed
condition with regard to  32% of Indian population, 1931 census
 Nehru rejects the report
(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels
 1959- State of Mysore U/A 15(4), granted 59%
and palaces of public entertainment; or
quota for backward classes in state medical and employment
engineering colleges for backward classes and  Maintenance of overall efficiency in
‘more’ backward classes administration
 1963- SC in “Balaji vs State of mysore”rejected 2) 2018- Jarnail Singh vs Lachmi Narayan Gupta
the reservation given by state of mysore-  no need for demonstration backwardness to
 1. Too much weightage to “caste”, caste SC/ST
cannot be the sole criteria for identification  reservation in promotion must have creamy
of backward classes layer concept
 2. However, in addition to caste, other 3) 2019- BK Pavitra-2 vs UOI
parameters of social backwardness must be  Supreme Court upheld ‘The Karnataka Extension
kept in mind of Consequential Seniority to Government
 3. More than 50% reservations will hamper Servants Promoted on the Basis of Reservation
merit and constitutional spirit (To the Posts in the Civil Services of the State)
 1961- Nehru decides not to have any all India list Act, 2018’, granting a quota in promotions for
of OBc state government employees from the
 1966- Rise of alternate ideology –RML- “Samyukt Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
socialist party”- class=caste communities.
 SSP nominates OBC candidates for elections  Karnataka government set up the Ratna Prabha
 Rise of Chaudhary Charan Singh- empowering Committee to submit a report on the three
the peasantry-AJGAR in UP criteria and based on its report had come up
 Kisan Politics with the revised bill. This time, the court has
 Urban vs rural (India vs bharat) upheld it constitutionally.
 Wanted to separate Farmers from Kisan,  The Reservation Act 2018 adopts the principle
peasants that consequential seniority is not an additional
 1978- Rise of Janta party benefit but a consequence of the promotion
 appointment of 2nd backward class which is granted to the SCs and STs

commission- Mandal commission
again caste was the criteria for OBC DOMINANT CASTE
 identitfied 3743 caste – 52 % of the  Any caste irrespective of hierarchy can become a
population dominant ( influential) in a particular region if it
 27% reservation satisfies 4 criteria
 1980- return of congress 1. majority of land in region should be under
 1990- V.P. Singh of Janta Dal- implements the their control
Mandal commission report 2. they should have numerical strength
 RISE OF OBC POLITICS 3. economic returns as land should be high
4. they should have political contacts
 Proportion of OBCs in power grew from 11% in
1984- 25%in 1996- also called as “Silent  Pre-independence before land reforms
revolution in Indian politics”- Casteization of  Upper caste was the dominant caste -
Politcs owners of land
 Divisions within OBC- started- Yadavs, Kurmis,  Post-independence –
Lodhis, Jats  land reforms + universal adult franchise (
 1993-Indira Sawhney Vs UOI case numerical strength become important)
 Caste can be and is quite often a social class in  So OBC - emerged as new Dominant caste
India”  Examples:-
 A-16(4) is an “enabling clause” 1. Jats - HR. RJ. W-UP
 BC are not adequately represented 2. Yadavas- HR ( Ahirs ) , UP and Bihar
 Creamy layer concept introduced 3. Kurmis - Bihar
 Overall efficiency must not be impacted 4. Reddy's - Andhrapadesh
 Should not affect 50% reservation rule 5. Lingayats+ Vokaligas- Karnataka
 No reservations in promotion for OBC 6. Thevars + vellas + vanniyars = Tamil Nadu
 RESERVATION IN PROMOTIONS 7. Marathas - Maharashtra
1) 2006- M. Nagraj Case vs UOI- for reservation in 8. Patels- Gujarat ( also called Patidars)
promotions for SC/ST --A-16(4A) 9. Gujjars - W-UP , RJ
 State must demonstrate backwardness by  After Mandal Commission 1990
providing quantifiable data  There was a rise in OBC mobilizing
 Inadequacy of representation in public themselves into political parties and
acquiring political power in North India on  16% Marathas 2014 (by MH state govt not
the basis of caste called as castaization of UOI)
politics in India ( Vote Bank caste based ) o Total 64.5% breached 50% limit
 E.G  Art16(4) quantifiable data needed so
 Samajwadi party in UP- Yadavas Vote Bank challenged in Supreme court
 RJD in Bihar- Yadavas of Bihar  2021-JAISHREE LAXMAN RAO PATIL
 JD(W)- Bihar - Kurmis
VS CHIEF MINISTERS
 INLD in Haryana – Jats
 (5judge bench) (maratha reservation case) (
 Dominant Class is regional basis in a particular three parts )
area
1. Is reservation should be given or not
……..2nd class ended, 3rd started……. 1. court rejected the reservation given to
 FEATURES OF DOMINANT CASTE:- Marathas as it breached 50% limit on
 This caste creates caste rules related to reservation
marriage, inheritance , divorce which is to be 2. court was not satisfied with extraordinary
followed by the caste members ( like marriage circumstances
should be in same caste but not in same Gotra) 3. court said take agrarian reforms in
 If a member breaks rule caste panchayats are agriculture not reservation ( farmer suicide
set up to arbitrate on the matter which usually issue said by state govt.)
announce very strict punishment because they 4. court said states cannot have their own list
attach their Honour with these caste rules of OBCs(341-Central list of SC, 342-central
 They have direct control over the economy of list of ST,342A-central list for OBC) however,
the region by owning majority of the land , sates can continue to provide reservation by
control over co-operatives, APMCs , Market and using central list
transportation. For example- Milk cooperatives 2. 102nd CAA 2018
in Gujarat are under the control of Patels, Sugar  341-Central list of SC
plantation in Maharashtra Marathas control  342-central list of ST
 Since they have achieved dominant caste status  342A-central list for OBC
they enjoy honor and status in the society and  No State list was Given separately
emerge as new reference-groups for A. Art 342A-
sanskritization .( they rejected it because they  there shall be a central list of SEBC(OBC)
take pride now of who they are)  this list will be passed & amended by the
 JATS RESERVATION CASE parliament only using simple majority
 2014:- Jats of North India (9 states ) included B. Art 338B
in central list of OBCs.  NCBC shall be formed with chairman ,
 2015:- Case :- Ram Singh VS UOI – wise chairman and three other
 SC Rejected the reservation given to Jats members.
because there is no quantifiable data of  NCBC Powers increased .
Socially and economically backwardness  they will enquire into the complaints of
by NCBC. the OBC.
 The report of SCBC uses decade old data  Investigate and monitor into the
while of NCBC is based on contemporary matters related to OBC.
data.  It has powers of civil court power to
 The court is of the opinion that the Govt. summon anybody for enquiry
must identify New Sections of the o 338-national commission for sc
society which are socially and o 338A national commission for ST
educationally backward to give them the o 338B national commisision for BC
benefit of reservation o NCBC become constitutipnal body in
 For example transgender must me 2018, in1993 it was statutory body
immediately given reservation for producing quantifiable data
 Marathas Reservation Case C. Art 366(26C)-
 5%land owners marathas  Defines SC , BC are those under art342A
 95 % peasants Marathas 3. It did not refer the matter to larger
 15% SC bench(11judge bench) for reviewing the Indra
 7.5% ST sanwhey case 1992(9 judge bench case) and
 27% OBC upheld 50% reservation limit which can be
breached under extraordinary circumstances  They are male dominated bodies ( extremely
provided court is justified about these patriarchal In nature)
circumstances.  They implement traditional laws and customs
4. 105th CAA 2021 amended Art343A based on caste
 Immediate after SC judgment in maratha  They hinder mobility and growth of individuals
reservation case  They violate human rights ( honour killing) and
 There shall be a state list of OBC along with fundamental rights(take away right to life ,
central list of OBCs invading right to marry a person of choice under
 State list shall be independent of central list right to privacy under article 21 Pudaswami
 State can provide reservation to OBCs on the case2017).
basis of their own state OBCs list  What state has done to curb excesses
 There is no state list for SC & STs still now . it is committed by Khaps
only for OBCs
 Nothing done by state
 WHY CONSTITUTIONAL HAS BEEN GIVEN TO
NCBC ?
 Role of judiciary
1. Shaktivahini VS UOI 2018 (( honor killing case)
 It shows the intent of the Govt. to show the
 Right to marry a person of choice is a
welfare of the OBCs by treating them at par with
fundamental right under Art 21 right to privacy
SCs & STs
 Any assembly of people which prevents two
 Powers increased substantially
consenting adults from marriage is illegal
 they will enquire into the complaints of the
 SC gave guidelines to prevent honor killings
OBC.
 Duty of the state to provide protection to
 Investigate and monitor into the matters
couple seeking inter-caste marriage
related to OBC.
2. Bhagwan Das VS NCT of Delhi 2011
 It has powers of civil court power to
 Honor killings falls under rarest of the rare cases
summon anybody for enquiry but not to
{case that shocks (conscious )the society}
punish. This implies the ruling of NCBC are
3. Lata Singh VS state of UP
merely advisory in nature not directive
 Inter-caste marriages are in national interest as
 It cannot be abolished easily because of
they reduce caste consciousness.
constitutional body , special majority is required
 Even Hindu marriage Act 1955 does not put a
 NCBC presents annual report to the president
ban on inter caste marriage
and president puts it before the parliament .
 Report says about  Conclusion
1. what NCBC did in years ,what were its Action  At present crime of Honor killing is treated
2. why the govt. did not follow its under murder under section 300 of IPC and
recommendations punishment is given under section 302 of IPC.
 103rd CAA- EWS reservation (Ravindran sir does)  Creating fast track courts for speedy justice.
 Qns… What are Khap Panchayat. Discuss  State must provide help to couple by making
the controversial aspect of the KPs and help line numbers
 State must pass law to ban any gathering or
govt. Steps to curb the excesses committed
association which prevents consenting adults
by Khaps? from marriage.
 Ans:- Khaps are traditional, social institutions
driven by religion based on caste or Gotra  CASTE IN PRESENT TIMES
system . they are engaged in extra judicial  CASTE IN RURAL AREAS
systems and dispute resolution in village
a) Argument 1: caste has diluted in rural areas
communities. ( not in urban , only where there is
Breakdown of Jajmani system because Kamins

feudalism). They mainly exist in Haryana ,
have taken benefits of land reforms,
western UP and other north Indian states and ,
urbanization, education system, occupational
Tamil Naidu . they are different from
diversification, green revolution, reservation
constitutional panchayats under 73rd
system, jajmans have lost most of land because
constitutional amendment. They are also called
of land reforms
caste panchayats .
 Caste-class hierarchy has broken down,
 Controversial aspects members of lower caste have improved their
 They are extrajudicial bodies- they don’t have class through education, westernization, land
mandate to announce judgements reforms, green revolution
 Urbanization and govt. employment has
improved class status of lower caste mainly times, urban areas are consumption oriented,
through reservation where class is the most important factor
 Secular hierarchy is more important than ritual  Inter-caste marriage is acceptable(not the first
hierarchy in rural areas as seen in the rise of preference)
dominant caste in rural areas  Occupational linkages with caste has broken
 Political mobilization of lower caste, especially down to a great extent, urban areas in a way
Dalits. Dalits have acquired political power provide equality of opportunity
through OBC mobilization and role of Kashiram  Educational institutions, offices, multinational
and Mayawati companies law more emphasis on merit not on
 Law has brought access to public places and caste hierarchy.
community resources for lower caste also,  No residential segregation is seen according to
caste in urban areas
73rd constitutional amendment has improved b) Argument 2: caste has NOT diluted in urban
their political mobilization areas
 Occupational restrictions on caste have gone  People prefer to marry within their caste, as in
especially for upper caste groups matrimonial alliance newspaper advertisements,
b) Arguments 2: Caste has NOT diluted in rural columns are divided according to caste or
areas sometimes sub-caste also
 Lower caste still engaged in traditional occupational  Upper caste in any case is not ready to marry
jobs associated with their caste eg Dalits doing very low in hierarchy especially Dalits
Manual Scavenging, lower caste obc stil engaged as  Most of the manual scavengers in urban areas
artisians and landless agricultural labour are Dalits and most factory workers who are
 Agrarian class hierarchy still aligns with upper caste,
migrants belong to lower caste, slums are also
upper caste holds maximum amount of land in rural
areas
dominated by lower caste
 Formation of caste associations(CA) in urban
 Atrocities against Dalits are on rise, NCRB-2007-2017,
talks about increase in crime against Dalits eg two areas is the most predominant form of revival of
dalit children beaten to death in Shivpuri district of caste consciousness examples of CA include
MP, as they were defecating in the open Kayastha samaj, Agarwal samaj, Brahmin
 Increase in caste conflict cases as seen in growing mandali, Saraswat Samaj, Maheshwari cricket
incidences of mob lynching, mob thrashing, mob club, Jat hostels in Rajasthan, etc
flogging eg in Alwar district of Rajasthan two Dalits  The lower class(not caste) becomes
were beaten badly tied to truck members of CA as they derive economic
 Discrimination in schools, children of lower caste
benefits like subsidized marriage gardens,
refuse to sit with children of upper caste
 Strict principles of endogamy are followed, other
guest houses, hostel facility, subsidized
resulting in honor killings schools fees in caste schools, scholarships,
 In case of reserved seat in Lok Sabha/PRI, members hostel facility in urban areas, and coaching
of upper caste don’t vote for competitive examinations
 If the chairman of PRI is a dalit, he is made to sit on  Higher class members in CA by funding
floor, while members of upper caste sit on benches above economic benefits showcase their
 All cooperatives and irrigation facilities are near the numerical strength and act as pressure
house of upper caste members groups to political parties and even fight
 Inter dinning is still not practiced or preferred, eg in
elections
TN, when dalit was appointed to make midday meal
 CA also circulate monthly magazines to its
for children in school, children of upper caste refused
to eat food
members, so as to revive caste rules and
 In Karnataka, a dalit MLA was not allowed to enter
festivals
one village in his constituency because village has a  They also showcase achievement of their
history of not allowing any dalit within their village caste members in monthly magazines and
 Voting in rural areas are still done on the basis of even organize events to facilitate them
caste  They also facilitate marriage within their
 CASTE IN URBAN AREAS own caste by giving separate column for
a) Argument 1: caste has diluted matrimonial alliance available in their own
 Rules of purity and pollution have diluted to a caste groups
great extent eg in public places like restaurants,  They also organize annual lunch and other
cinema halls, classrooms, public transport, parks, events to show solidarity and strength of
etc, caste is not important their numbers in rural areas
 Class has been seen to replace caste in present  They have now created their own “whatsapp

groups” for communication among their society.
members  In the traditional Hindu society, the primary
 In a way they revive caste consciousness purpose of marriage was dharma or the
which was replaced by class in urban areas fulfillment of one’s duties. Islam views marriage
 TOPIC:-THE MARRIAGE:- as “sunnah” (an obligation), which every Muslim
must fulfil . Thus there was little idea of
 Difference between Muslim marriage and ‘individual interest’ in marriage.
Hindu marriage  As the traditional society is changing into a
 In traditional Hindu society, the main objectives modern one, these reasons have been
of marriage were believed to be: dharma, relegated to minor position. The main
progeny, and pleasure. The primary objective is motivations now are to escape the feelings
dharma, thus there was little idea of individual of loneliness, i.e. companionship, all other
interest in Hindu marriage. It is considered as a reasons being secondary to it.
social duty towards family and community.  The dissolution of marriage relationship has
 Hindu marriage is considered as sacred: due to become easier with laws permitting divorce
performance of various religious rites, union is as well as making the process easier by
considered as irrevocable, emphasis on chastity making it contingent on “irretrievable
of women. breakdown of marriage”.
 It is not performed for sexual gratification only,  The customary ban on remarriage of widows
but for living together and begetting children, of higher castes among the Hindus is also
hence even though divorce is permissible now being relegated more and more into
but is the last resort and Hindu marriage obscurity. Those with education and relative
continues to be a sacrament affluence, thereby higher social status, do
 Muslim marriage unlike Hindu marriage is not observe such customs and the law of the
considered to be a civil contract. land permits such marriages.
 Its main objectives are: control over sex,  Widow Remarriage is also permissible now
ordering of domestic life, procreation of children in the Indian society on account of changes
and perpetuation increase of family and brought in by legislations in this respect.
upbringing of children.  The above two changes have also raised a
 Muslim marriage is a contract for the purpose of question towards ‘marriage being treated as
legalizing sexual intercourse and procreation of a sacrament’. Scholars are of the opinion
children that permitting divorce has not affected the
 It is a religious duty, act of devotion. sanctity of marriage because divorce is used
 Unlike Hindu marriage, it is not considered as a only as a last resort.
sacrament.  Goals of marriage are changing in general
 Marriage in contemporary times: and for the ‘urban and educated sections’ of
 Marriage, is the cornerstone of a society the population in particular.
involving social sanction, generally in the form of  A clear preference for small-size family has
civil or religious ceremony, authorizing two replaced the older notions of family with a
persons of opposite sexes to engage in sexual large number of children especially sons
union. being the source of status for parents.
 The main goals of marriage are a) sexual  On the individual level, younger couples
gratification b)need for a dependable social view marriage as a ‘relationship for self-
mechanism for care of children c)transmission of fulfillment’ rather than primarily for
culture d) economic needs and inheritance of procreation.
property.  The “New Indian Marriage” is no longer seen
 Modern society is characterized by departure as an inevitable stage of life, but as a ‘life
from tradition and religion to individualism and domain’ that needs to be nurtured and
rational organization of society. configured to provide emotional fulfillment.
 The paradigm of modernity in India is not yet  It is owned by both partners in the marriage
complete and hence all institutions in Indian and not by everyone else.
society are characterized by modern as well as  This is true even in “arranged marriages”,
traditional characteristics. for, the “New Indian” tends to participate
 Changes in the social fabric have impacted the more actively in the search for a spouse
institution of marriage in terms of how it works through matrimonial portals and so on, as a
and also in terms of how it is perceived by the result of which the sense of ‘ownership of

the marriage’ is generally higher than it used access.
to be in the past.  The larger proportion of the dowry has come
 The field of spouse selection has been to consist of goods and cash payments that
restricted traditionally on account of go straight into the hands of the groom's
religion, caste, class, kinship etc. Now except family. This has become an onerous burden
for making the marital adjustment easier, for the bride’s family. Some analysts have
caste endogamy serves no function for the related the growth of this phenomenon to
society. Instances of inter –caste , inter – the growth of ‘consumerism’ in Indian
community marriages are on the rise. society.
 The rules of exogamy namely ‘gotra’ and  The practice of dowry is fast diffusing into
‘sapinda’ among the Hindus , are followed to other groups too, where large dowries are
a large extent even today though there have currently replacing ‘traditional bride-price
been cases of same gotra marriages. payments.’
 The emerging trend in the ‘middle and upper  Even among Muslims, previously not given
class educated youth’ in the urban areas is to demanding large dowries, reports of
parents selecting the partners in consensus exorbitant dowries are increasing. With
and involvement with children. increase in free selection of spouse, public
 Before performing the marriage, they permit enlightenment and increasing education it
them to mix with and know each other. But can be hoped that this system will decline.
this type of free interaction is totally absent  With globalization of culture and
in rural areas and the lower class people in liberalization of economy, the phenomena
urban areas. Free selection of spouse , which of the wedding ceremony is the most visible
is now substantially more than in the past is reference to marriage in India, which in
becoming the norm. contemporary times is best captured
 Median age at marriage in India remains through the expression of ‘Big fat Indian
‘low’ though it has been rising consistently wedding’ which are ostentatious and involve
since 1930 onwards. A tendency towards status competition. This phenomena further
post-puberty marriages both in rural and reinforced through media images, is fast
urban areas has developed. The reasons for becoming a pan – India phenomena.
this being a)spread of education, particularly  Contemporary society is also characterized
among females b)necessity of specialized by issues like serial monogamy, single
education for getting jobs c)freedom for parenthood, voluntary single status and the
mate selection d)desire to control size of like which actively impinge on the institution
family and raising living standards. of marriage.
 The economic dynamics within the marriage  Therefore, deep changes in the institution of
relationship has proceeded towards more marriage have occurred, due to various forces of
‘equality’ with gradual improvement in the change, across different communities in the
status of women in society. Bilateral Indian society.
decisionmaking in the family has challenged
traditional notions like ‘the man is the head
 FAMILY SYSTEM IN INDIA
of the family’ and other notions like ‘man is  JOINT VS NUCLEAR FAMILY
the bread earner and woman, the home  Features of Joint Family(JF)
maker’.  Two or more generations with/without children
 Women are now dabbling with multiple connected by blood staying together
responsibilities of being home makers and  Stay under Common kitchen and common roof
breadwinners simultaneously (dual burden)  “Karta”-the head of the family bonds the family
 In ancient times, the dowry was considered emotionally together, all family members are
a woman's wealth--property due to a emotionally connected with Karta directly
beloved daughter who had no claim on her  Collective decision making is an important
natal family's real estate. In the late feature of JF, with involvement of
twentieth century, throughout much of KartaCOLLECTIVISM
India, dowry payments have escalated, and a  Karta is also the legal owner of property,
groom's parents sometimes insist on however, every member feels as part of the
compensation for their son's higher property-sense of belongingness to the property
education and even for his future earnings,  Property inheritance is very strong feeling
to which the bride will presumably have (property is transferred from one Karta to the

next Karta) rural areas. These families are called
 Jointness or ritual togetherness between family money order families.
members is very strong-eg  property transfer and strong connection
 Life events like death, birth, marriage are with ancestral home.
celebrated together  Whatsapp group of family members
 Important festivals are also celebrated  Most upper class families(industrial houses)
together. prefer to stay in JF system. Eg Birlas of
 Note- this is the most important property of Rajasthan, Agarwals of Delhi. For them trust
JF is a very important factor for running
 Characteristic feature of feudal society-land is different verticals of business by family
important source of wealth members.
 Features of Nuclear family(NF)  Conclusion: The above factors point to the idea
 Only one generation with or without children that separation of kitchen and roof does not
staying together. Family size is small-atomistic mean that JF system has broken. India has rather
nuclear families adopted to a new family system adjusting to the
 No role of Karta in decision making, decision forces of nuclearization.
making is individualistic, without taking advice of  However, recent some examples have emerged
other family members where JF system and Jointness is seen to be
 No strong feeling of property transfer and broken
sharing of property, property is consumed within  Disputes cases over the property in courts
lifetime- no moral obligation to inherit property have increased substantially.
 No Jointness/ritual togetherness between family  Technology like video conferencing and
members- self interest dominates collective what’sapp calling have reduced face to face
interest-isolated atomistic NF interaction.
 Characteristic feature of capitalistic societies-  Rise in number of old age homes
factory mode of production  Parents are considered as burden by
 Q- Is India moving towards Nuclearization? children because of growing consumerism
Or Is JF converting into NF in India? and lack of resources
 Lets see peculiar case of India  CYCLE OF FAMILY IN INDIA
 Intro: It was believed that with growing forces of
urbanization, industrialization, employment
opportunities, educational opportunities,
monetization of economy, market reforms,
growth of manufacturing sector, service sector,
increasing pressure on land, migration to urban
areas, lack of employment opportunities in rural
areas, JF will break into NF system.
a) Factors that convert JF-NF system
 Body: However, it was found that JF has rather
strengthened in India  urbanization, industrialization,
 Household dimension to the family evolved:  employment opportunities, educational
(Household dimension means sharing opportunities,
common kitchen and roof with  monetization of economy, market reforms,
jointness/ritual togetherness)  growth of manufacturing sector, service sector,
 It was found that with the above factors of  increasing pressure on land, migration to urban
urbanization,…. Common kitchen and roof areas,
have separated but not Jointnes or ritual  lack of employment opportunities in rural areas,
togetherness.  admission in higher education college
 Evidences of jointness b) Factors that convert NF
 JF system
 During the time of festivals there is
 Old parents coming to live with their children in
heavy rush in railways, special trains are
during festivals so that people can go to urban area
 All responsibilities of old age back in ancestral
their ancestral house and celebrate
festivals wit family members land are over, like taking care of grandparents,
 India is largest recipient of remittances marriage of daughters
 Parents can take care of grandchildren in urban
from abroad as well as money transfer
done from urban migrant to family in areas

 Financial and physical security of parents  No access to education
B. ATROCITIES IN ECONOMIC LIFE
 UNTOUCHABILITY  They suffer from unpaid , underpaid labor
 Pollution is of two types  No access to markets to buy and sell products
1. Temporary pollution: - all castes suffer  They cant own properties and cattle
related to life moments like death , birth,  In some places they cant touch cash , gold , silver
menstrual cycle in women. Purity can be . hence they are paid in kind, suffer from bonded
restored after performing rituals labor
2. Permanent pollution :- suffered by few  When they take loan , in failure they become
sections of untouchable slaves and enter into vicious cycle of poverty.
 Why:- C. MISCELLANEOUS ATROCITIES(WHEN THEY GO
 they absorb or clean waste emitted by rest of TO MAIN SETTLEMENTS)
the 4 castes .  They have to tie broom at back and pot around
 they do it as part of their occupational on every neck (to spit and sweat)
day .  They have to beat drums
 Since they are treated as permanently impure  Can’t cover their upper body
called untouchable.  Because of these atrocities Art 17 was written
 they suffer from stigma of untouchability leads ……..3rd class ended, 4th started…….
to multiple types of atrocities against  Caste Census 1931 :- only one time happened in
untouchables India. However census is done for only SCs and

STs caste census along with main census
 OCCUPATIONS OF DALITS  2011:- comprehensively socioeconomic caste
 Manual scavengers census has done but data was rejected by GOI.
 Sweepers So GOI said to not conduct now any caste
 Leather industry census.
 Slaughtering of animals  2021:- some parties like Regional political parties
 Dealing with dead bodies demanding caste census because they want to
get 50% reservation limit revised, giving
 HAVE THREE DIFFERENT IDENTITIES quantifiable data which is only be given by caste
1. Dalits:- whose heart is broken by -there is no census ( Mandal Commission also used caste
hope for improvement in their status in society , census 1931)
extensively used term by BR Ambedkar
2. Harijans:- name given by Gandhi , rejected by BR  THE ARTICLE-17 THE ABOLITION OF
Ambedkar. UNTOUCHABILITY IN ALL ITS FORMS
3. Schedule Caste (SC):- after 1931 caste census a  In order to implement articles 17 the two Acts
list of caste was formed of those suffering fro were passed by the parliament
stigma of untouchability . this list was added as 1. Civil rights protection Act 1955.
schedule to GOI Act 1935. Since they were part 2. SC and ST (prevention of atrocities) Act 1989
of the schedule the came to be known as  Article 17 does not define untouchability neither
schedule castes. Post independence with the these to Acts define untouchability they only talk
adoption of constitution under Article 341, there about atrocities because of untouchability
shall be a central list of the SCs. Parliament 1951  Civil rights protection Act 1955 does not cover
passed presidential order ( central list of SC) Act atrocity is in detail like smaller atrocities are not
which has list of SCs across the country state covered
wise, this list can be amended on the  SC and ST Act define different types of atrocities
recommendation of NCBC in parliament not by in great detail. It also covers sexual exploitation
states. of dalit women or abusing the Dalits . This Act is
 ATROCITIES SUFFERED BY DALITS very stringent and offences under the Act are
A. ATROCITIES IN PUBLIC LIFE non bail able and cognizable ( arrest without
warrant and investigation)
 No access to community resources like wells
 This Act is subject to misuse and supreme court
(drinking water) , temples, cremation grounds,
in 2018 in Subhash Kashinath Mahajan vs State
grazing grounds ( cant keep cattle)
of Maharashtra case gave some guidelines to
 No access to public offices like PDS (ration
prevent the misuse of Act .
shops- no food access) , panchayat office or even
police stations
 Residential segregation
 however ,parliament amended the Act post  He wanted India to be a land of self-sufficient
supreme court ruling and restored the original autonomous villages because land of rural area
provisions of the Act only happen when there is a strict division of
 SC , ST Act was amended in 2015 labour
 There will be time bound justice delivery  He was against the modernity, even modern
mechanism by creating Fast track courts education
(within 2 months)  He supported vocational education and also he
 More number of atrocities were added to was against urbanization
less to make it more comprehensive  SOLUTIONS ACCORDING TO GANDHI
 DALIT MOVEMENTS IN INDIA OF UNTOUCHABILITY
 the social movements to get equal status in  The upper caste should clean their waste by
society their own and this can eliminate the need for the
fifth section of the society who are untouchables
A. PHASE 1 - 1800 TO 1900  The untouchables must have access to education
 This is led by social religious reformers not led by the
Dalits themselves therefore there is no separate that is vocational education
movement exclusively for the Dalits  1932 he is started all India Harijan seva Sangh to
 Dalits movement is the overall part of caste reforms provide vocational education to untouchables
Movement in society  He was not in favour of separate electorate or
 No exclusive movement fighting only for dalit rights reservation for Dalits
 This phase is led by middle class and upper caste  He said there should be inter dining and inter
elites caste marriages
 The upper caste were fighting for rights of lower  He said that first bring social rights by social
caste as the middle class were the Indians who reforms ultimately the political rights come by
studied and taken Western education and believe in
there own as well as economic rights
Liberty ,fraternity ,and equality
 These reformers wanted to reform caste without  DR BR AMBEDKAR
changing the structure of caste means they do not  He was radical in approach
want a casteless society but the Jyotibhai Phule is an
 He said there should be appeal to law because
exception here because he wanted a casteless
society but here he was not asking ( his book only the law can bring social change as we can
Gulamgiri) change the social structure because a law can
work as an agent of social change
B. PHASE 2 - 1900-1956  He was against the theory of Varna or caste
 Dalit leaders are emerging and their movement system so he gave the concept of elimination of
is separating from rest of the social reformers caste
movement  He was strongly in favour of modernisation and
 The two main dalit leaders were Gandhi and Dr urbanization because caste restrictions are much
BR Ambedkar less in urban areas then in rural areas which are
called hub of caste system
 GANDHI  He was a proponent of mobility
 His approach was reformative.  SOLUTIONS TO UNTOUCHABILITY
 He wanted reform through Satyagraha
ACCORDING TO DR BR AMBEDKAR
 That is bringing behavioral change so as to bring
He said annihilation(complete elimination) of

reforms in society
caste by burning the copies of rig Veda and
 We can change the heart and mind of Indians
Manu smriti who are the basis of caste system
was his ideology but it was slow and gradual
 Education as the means for upliftment of Dalits
approach
mainly favouring modern education
 He believed in varna system as a form of
 He wanted separate electorates and believed in
division of labour which is essential for a
benefits of separate electorates
society to exist
 He believed that separate electorates will give
 He also says that caste model of Gandhi had no
political rights and reservations in civil services
untouchability ,no pollution, no purity ,no
will give economic rights which will give a way to
restriction ,no hierarchy
social rights to the Dalits and by this they can
 The caste should not allow mobility so that
enjoy the same status as of the upper caste
division of labour is fixed
 However, the moment when a social rights are
 Because too much mobility in society can lead to
enjoyed by the Dalits, the reservation must be
competition and conflicts
withdrawn so ultimately he was favoring the
reservation only for a temporary measure not  1956 he along with 5 lakh Dalits converted to
permanent Buddhism and established his own version of
 THE SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS Buddhism called Navayana also called Neo
Buddhism or modern Buddhism
OF DR BR AMBEDKAR  The new school of Buddhism with talks about
 1919 demanded separate electorates and science and reason
reservations for Dalits from Britishers.  He rejected the four fold path of Buddha
 1920 he started a newspaper named Mooknayak because he says only religion that has to be
mook means voiceless, Nayak means leader - the followed is science he also rejected the other
leader of voiceless, this newspaper was in forms of Buddhism like vajrayana and mahayana
Marathi  About concept of Neo Buddhism he wrote in his
 In this paper he described Indian society as a book named Buddha and his Dhamma
home of inequalities like a tower with many  He formed his third political party named as
storey’s but without ladder and entrance means Republican party of India but the same year he
there is no mobility died so party failed and merged into Congress
 1924 he started second newspaper Bahishkrit  The books of Dr BR Ambedkar
Bharat ( India of excluded people) Marathi  Thoughts of Pakistan 1939
language  Mr. Gandhi and Emancipation of
 The motto of the newspapers was to educate Untouchables. 1943
agitate and organize to fight for rights in  1902 one more movement was led by Ezhavas (UT-
peaceful manner mean to say non violence Of - Kerala) these people were who make alcohols
 1927 he conducted Satyagrahs  SNDP movement Shri Narayan Guru Swami Dutt pari
 Mahad Satyagrah that is forcefully with drawing palna movement
water from the Wells of upper caste  These people of Kerala made force full entry into
 temple Satyagrah for forcefully entering the schools and temples
 1923 again there was a Vikom Satyagraha
temples.
 In Kerala which talked about the opening of temples
 First time burnt a copy of Manu smriti
for untouchables Gandhi also participated in that
 1932 McDonald award was given and the
separate electorate to Dalits were given the C. THE PHASE 3- 1970-80
Gandhi was against it and started hunger strike  1972 an organization known as dalit panthers
up to death in jail therefore Poona pAct was formed it was an organization not a party
signed between Gandhi and Ambedkar and
 They have two group of people
Gandhi accepted the reservation for the Dalits
 1933 Gandhi started a newspaper named a) G1 the moderates or Ambedkarites
Harijan and kept 21 days fast against  They are extensively writing dalit literatures like
untouchability poems editorials place through it they were
 1935 provincial elections were announced by reviving the dalit consciousness
the government of India Act 1935  In this literature they were talking about the
 Here Ambedkar founded first political party atrocities committed on Dalits even in 1970's so
known as independent labour party {IPL}to fight they were ultimately high lighting Dalit atrocities
election by joint electorate not by separate  They also favoring that only Dalits should fight
electorate for the Dalit and nonviolence movement or
 1942 he formed 2nd political party AISCF all revolution
India scheduled caste federation b) G2 extremist or Marxists
 1947 the AISCF didn't win any election  They were favoring violence revolution and all
 He was appointed as chairman of drafting backward classes must unite and bring violent
committee of the constituent assembly and he revolution against upper caste the backward
made special provision for the Dalits classes includes minorities, SC, ST and OBC
 Article 17 the abolition of untouchability in all its  1980s there was fall of Dalit panthers because of
forms the division between the marxists and
 Article 14 15 16 right to equality Ambedkarites however the biggest contribution
 Article 330 and 332 the reservation in lok sabha of dalit panthers was writing the dalit literature
and state legislative assembly respectively but
not in rajya sabha D. PHASE 4 - 1980-2011
 Article 325 universal adult franchise that is right  Politicization of Dalits to acquire political power
to vote and equal value of vote happened

 1984 The Bahujan Samaj Party was founded on  WHY NO CREAMY LAYER IS PRESENT
the birth anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar (14 April
1984) by Kanshi Ram, who named former school
FOR SC & ST:-
 Dalits continue to suffer from stigma of
teacher, Mayawati, as his successor of BSP in
untouchability . even after improvement in their
2001
economic status
 This included all backward classes
 Example:- dalits officers face discrimination in
 Under the leadership of Mayawati BSP acquired
promotions, postings & matrimonial alliances
power 4 times in the state of Uttar Pradesh th
 Under Art 64(A), 77 CAA 1997 reservation given
E. PRESENT STATUS OF DALITS to SC & ST
 Dalit conscious. Two types  While for OBCs improvement in economic status
1. Haves and immediately lead to improvement in social
2. have not status which removes the need for reservation
1. HAVES ……..4th class ended, 5th started…….
 Creamy layer among dalits  WHY SHOULD THERE BE CREAMY
 Constitutional positions LAYER FOR SC & STS
 Political leaders
 In order to take reservation benefit towards
 Dalits capitalists
have nots , the status must go for two things
 Take all Reservation benefit
a) Introduce creamy layer for SC & ST {have
 Karl Marx
nots more vulnerable, weakest of the weak}
 Capitalist society has upper caste(factory
b) Introduce sub-classification with SC & St
owners) and lower caste (factory workers)
 The capitalists only want profit by lowering  SUB-CLASSIFICATION WHY SC, ST
the wages and increasing the production
 Hence, the haves are exploiting the have not NOT ENTER IN CREAMY LAYER:-
but with time this exploitation intensifies  Stigma of untouchability goes very slow from
 The minority number of is of haves and their minds

majority of have not  Space should be created for dalit have not as all
 Therefore he suggested a solution that benefits of reservation are taken by Dalit’s

majority should unite and bring violent Haves.
revolution against haves  For upliftments of Dalits Have nots there should
 He believed that at the end of the violent be

revolution the society comes into third stage 1. Creamy layer and
called socialistic stage which has two factors 2. Sub-classification
the one is state who has factories and others  These both make reservation more
who work so state cannot exploit others. meaningful and substantial
State has to treat everyone equally. After  As for OBC’s Sub-classification 2017 –Rohini
3rd stage the 4th stage that is communist commission has been formed
stage of society will come automatically  RESERVATION IS GIVEN AT TWO LEVELS
 5th communist stage has stateless society 1. At entry level:- SC,ST,OBC (Art16(4)
means the company are owned by the 2. At promotions :- only given to SC,ST (GOI
people and their distribute the shares under Art16(4A)not to OBC (cleared in Indra
among themselves equally Sawhney Case)
 The same vision was of Gandhi
 But the meeting point of Gandhi and Karl  2006 M NAGRAAJ V/S UNION OF INDIA
Marx is the making or the vision of creating  When reservation in promotion is given to SC,ST
self-sufficient and stateless societies ,there shall be compulsory identification of the

2. Have nots creamy layer
 Still doing traditional occupational jobs :-  SUB-CLASSIFICATION STATUS
Manual scavenging , leather industry,  Allowed for OBCs
slaughtering, bounded labor  For SC,ST:- 2004 EV Chennaih v/s State of
 Fall in debt trap Andhra Pradesh
 SC said Sub-classification is not allowed for
 Not able to take benefit of reservation
SC,ST
 Not subject to exploitation & atrocities  5 judge bench

 There shall be a unified list of SC,ST only b) 2022:- Rajasthan Jalore District a dalit boy
(Note don’t write in exam just understand as beaten to death because he was drinking
under Art-341,342 not mentioned so SC said water from pot of upper caste
this , either GOI can amend ) c) Sexual harassment of dalit women,
 Note:-still there are two states Punjab and Tamil according to Crime records bureaus 2016-17,
Nadu have sub-classifications of SC,ST every day 6 dalit women are rapped .
 TN:- 18% Reservation to SC and out of it 3% are (Hathras rape case2020 in UP)
exclusively reserved for Arunthathiyars {Dalits} d) Mob lynching of Dalits because of Cow
th
{Manual Scavengers } (under 9 schedule , so no vigilantism and dalit defecating in open
judicial review) e) Caste conflict:- b/w upper caste and lower
 PB:- 25% seats for SC reserved , 2006 out of 25% case {Dalits as well as OBCs}, also conflict
, 12.5% made reserve for “Majbi and Valmiki b/w Dalits and OBCs (OBCs are called new
Sikh” {Dalits} {Manual Scavengers } enemies of Dalits) .Example :- 2018 Bhima
 Challenged in court Koregaon violence
 2020 Davinder singh v/s State of Punjab  Note:- Add case studies from news updates
 SC observed that in order to make 2. INDIRECT ATROCITIES:-

reservation meaningful sub-classification a) Mental harm:-
should be allowed for SC,STs b) Discrimination:- in universities or any other
 As it is also a 5 judge benched so it has been academic institutions . this is because of
referred the matter to larger bench for stigma of reservation. There is an exclusion
review of 2004 EV Chennaih v/s State of that leads to discrimination and there are
Andhra Pradesh suicides . example :- 2016 Rohit vemula
 Still this bench is not initiated or constituted committed suicide in Hyderabad University
,so judgment is pending c) Attack on dalit symbols:- like defacing the
 therefore present status is that Sub- statue of Dr.BR Ambedkar or demolition of
classification is not allowed {update if bench Ravidas temple (happened in Delhi in 2019).
constituted and gives any judgment} d) Arresting dalits activists
 ATROCITIES AGAINST DALITS HAVE  Over the period of time atrocities against
INCREASED {READ NCRB, REPORT} dalits have increased because of
 A crime is committed against Dalits every 15 1) Relative deprivation among the members of
minutes in India. upper caste as Upper caste feels that their
 And six Dalit women are raped every day, share of seats have been taken away by
according to official statistics that register a 66% lower caste or dalits because of benefit of
hike in atrocities in the past ten years 2007- reservation
2017. 2) Lower caste sanskritsing the rituals of upper
 The situation has worsened, with a further spike caste like horse riding during marriage by
in anti-Dalit violence, over the past four years. groom as upper caste feels coping or
 Over the last ten years (2007-2017), there has imitation of rituals will reduce the caste gap.
been a 66% growth in crimes against Dalits. {as upper caste is upper caste because it can
Further, data from the National Crime Record perform certain rituals alone, so reduction in
Bureau (NCRB) shows that the rape of Dalit caste gap will decline the honor and status
women has doubled in the last 10 years of upper caste)
3) Better reporting of cases:- atrocities were
before also but now they are highlighted
more in number
4) The present political parties are right wing
parties as they have upper caste as their
vote bank. So upper caste feels they can
escape the “rule of law” since their party is
in rule.
 MAJOR : TIMELINE OF EVENTS
 ATROCITIES ARE OF TWO TYPES 1) 2016 Rohith Vemula Suicide in Central
University of Hyderabad
1. DIRECT ATROCITIES :-
 The suicide of Rohith Vemula on 18 January
a) direct physical harm
2016 sparked protests and outrage from across
India and gained widespread media attention as eliminate the evidences her backbone was
an alleged case of discrimination against Dalits broken and her tongue was cut by the
and backward classes in India in which elite perpetrators.
educational institutions have been purportedly
seen as an enduring vestige of caste-based  SC/ST ATROCITIES ACT 1989
discrimination against students belonging to  Defines: “social boycott” means a refusal to
"backward classes" permit a person to render to other person or
2) 2016 Gang-rape and Murder of Nandini, receive from him any customary service or to
 Tamil Nadu On December 2016, a Hindu abstain from social relations that one would
Munnani Union Secretary and three of his maintain with other person or to isolate him
accomplices gang-raped, and murdered a 17- from others;
year-old minor Dailt girl in Keezhamaligai village,  Punishments for offences atrocities. — (1)
Ariyalur district. The police revealed that the Whoever, not being a member of a Scheduled
Hindu Munnani functionary was irritated over Caste or a Scheduled Tribe,
the lower-caste dalit girl who insisted to marry a) puts any inedible or obnoxious substance
her after she got pregnant with him. The men into the mouth of a member of a Scheduled
also pulled out the fetus from her womb. Later, Caste or a Scheduled Tribe
her body was found in decomposed state in a b) dumps excreta, sewage, carcasses or any
well with her hands tied, stripped of all jewelry other obnoxious substance in premises
and clothes c) with intent to cause injury, insult or
3) 2017 Saharanpur violence annoyance to any member
 The violence broke out during the procession of d) garlands with footwear or parades naked or
Rajput warrior-king Maharana Pratap over the semi-naked
loud music. In the violence one man was killed, e) forcibly commits any act, such as removing
16 were injured and 25 Dalit houses were clothes from the person, forcible tonsuring
burned. The incident was connected to the BJP of head, removing moustaches, painting face
MP from Saharanpur Raghav Lakhanpal or body or any other similar act, which is
4) January 2018 Stone pelting at Bhima derogatory to human dignity;
f) wrongfully occupies or cultivates any land,
Koregaon, Maharashtra
owned by, or in the possession of or allotted
 The 2018 Bhima Koregaon violence refers to
to, or notified by any competent authority to
attack on visitors during an annual celebratory
be allotted to, a member of a Scheduled
gathering at Bhima Koregaon to mark the 200th
Caste or a Scheduled Tribe, or gets such land
year of the Battle of Bhima Koregaon victory.
transferred;
 The gathering consisted bahujan , and stone
g) makes a member of a Scheduled Caste or a
pelting by anti-social elements.
Scheduled Tribe to do “begar” or other
 Ekbote(was arrested in March 2018 for
forms of forced or bonded labour
instigating and orchestrating violence on January
h) compels a member to dispose or carry
1 last year at Koregaon Bhima village here during
human or animal carcasses, or to dig graves;
the bicentenary celebrations of the battle of
i) makes a member of to do manual
Koregaon Bhima.
scavenging or employs or permits the
 Bhide was also booked and named in the FIR.
employment of such member for such
 Later a think tank called Forum for Integrated
purpose;
National Security (FINS) with links to RSS, mainly
j) Offences in case of sexual exploiting of SC
consisting of retired army officers, released a
or ST woman:
report on the Bhima Koregaon riots.
a. Using acts, words or gestures of a sexual
 The report absolved the Hindu leaders Milind
nature against SC/ST woman.
Ekbote and Sambhaji Bhide from direct
b. Touching an SC/ST woman intentionally
involvement. Instead, it blamed the Maoists
in a sexual manner without her consent
(ultra left-wing organisations) for instigating the
c. Practice of dedicating an SC/ST women
Dalit activists. It also blamed the Maharashtra
as a devadasi to a temple
Police for "apathy" and overlooking evidence
k) Preventing SCs or STs from undertaking the
5) 2020 Hathras murder
following activities will be considered an
 In September 2020, a dalit girl in Hathras district
offence:
of Uttar Pradesh was allegedly murdered by 4
a. using common property resources,
men from Thakur caste. According to victim's
b. entering any place of worship that is
family, the girl was gang raped and in order to
open to the public
c. entering an education or health or ceremony, or from taking part in a social,
institution religious or community function, assembly,
l) As per the act offenses are punishable with congregation, meeting or procession, the act
imprisonment from six months to five years. amounts to social boycott.
m) Provides for special courts for speedy trials  So is challenging the freedom of individuals in
and relief of rehabilitation of victims. the name of jati panchayats, religion, customs,
n) Section 18 of the act prohibited the grant of or denying them the right to practise a
anticipatory bail to the accused. profession of their choice.
o) As per Section 4 of the act, a public servant  Freedom in this case includes the freedom to
wilfully neglecting his duties required to be marry outside one’s caste, visit places of
performed by him under this Act, shall be worship, wear clothes of one’s choice and use
punishable with imprisonment for a term any specific language. Discrimination on the
from 6 months to 1 year. basis of morality, political inclination or sexuality
p) Investigation under the act is carried out by also qualifies as social boycott.
Deputy superintendent of police level  As does stopping children from playing in a
officer. particular space, or disallowing access to
 The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes crematoria, burial grounds, community halls or
(Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act, educational institutions with mala fide
2015 intentions.
 The SC/ST Act 1989 was amended in 2015 to make it  How does the Act seek to prevent social
more stringent. boycott?
 It expanded the definition of offences under the act.  Collector or District Magistrate, on receiving
 Acts like tonsuring of head, moustache or any other information of the likelihood of unlawful
act by dominant castes to challenge the dignity of assembly for imposition of social boycott can, by
people belonging to SC/ST communities were made
order, prohibit the assembly. Conviction of the
offence
 Addition of IPC offences attracting less than 10 years
offence of social boycott will attract a prison
of imprisonment like hurt, grievous hurt, term of up to three years or a fine up to Rs 1
intimidation, kidnapping etc. lakh, or both. Abetment by an individual or
 Establishment of Exclusive Special Courts and group will invite the same punishment.
specification of Exclusive Special Public Prosecutors  The offence of social boycott is cognisable and
to exclusively try the offences under the PoA Act to bailable, and will be tried by a Metropolitan
enable speedy and expeditious disposal of cases. Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate First Class.
 Completion of trial of the case within two months,  To ensure speedy justice, trial would have to be
from the date of filing of the charge sheet. completed within a period of six months from
 The act specifies the duties of public servants
the date of filing the chargesheet.
 Under the earlier Act, a court of Session at the district
level is deemed a Special Court  Why was it felt necessary to have such a
a. Special courts must be established where law in Maharashtra?
offences are less in number  The decision was a reaction to pressures from
b. cases should be disposed of within two months growing incidents of atrocities on individuals by
 Adds a chapter on the rights of victims and witness.
jati panchayats or gavkis wielding extra-judicial
a. The duty of the state to make arrangements for
the protection of victims, their, and witnesses
powers. The highest number of incidents were
reported from the districts of Raigad, Ratnagiri
 MAHARASHTRA SOCIAL BOYCOTT ACT and Nashik; and the largest number of cases of
 Application: SC atrocities, law as an agent social boycott were provoked by intercaste
of change marriages.
a. The Maharashtra Prohibition of People from  In 2013-14, Raigad reported 38 such cases.
Social Boycott (Prevention, Prohibition and Prevailing laws are frequently challenged in the
Redressal) Act, 2016 court, or loopholes are used to escape
b. The new law disallows social boycott in the punishment. The new Act facilitates the framing
name of caste, community, religion, rituals of changes under Indian Penal Code Sections 34,
or customs. 120-A, 120B, 149, 153-A, 383 to 389, and 511 if
 What amount to social boycott under the there is concrete evidence to substantiate an
new law? accusation of social boycott.
 If any individual or group tries to prevent or  The Act was required in the backdrop of
obstruct another member or group from prevailing atrocities inflicted on people in the
observing any social or religions custom or usage
 name of tradition, caste and community. Social  The court also pointed out that the law has often
boycott will be dealt with an iron hand. The been misused to blackmail innocent public
atrocities inflicted by a handful of people in the servants and private individuals to wreak
name of jaati panchayats or groups citing caste personal vengeance or serve vested interests.
and community traditions will not be tolerated if  Criticism Of The Ruling
it questions the dignity of a human being.  The Court has cited the reason of misuse of law
 SUPREME COURT GUIDELINES ON in order to introduce the guidelines. But, it is a
SC/ST (PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES) well-known fact that laws related to dowry laws,
rape cases etc are also misused. To dilute an act
ACT 1989 citing the reason of misuse can have a chilling
 Subhash Kashinath Mahajan vs The State of effect on already underreported crimes against
Maharashtra dalits.
 Violence erupted in several parts of the country  The argument of Apex Court for introducing
in the aftermath of recent Supreme Court ruling safeguards against the act as mentioned above is
on the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled low conviction rates. But this could be because
Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989. of gaps in the criminal justice system, apathy of
 Key Observations of Court the police machinery towards the SC/ST
 Against Automatic Arrest: The Apex court ruled community, loose ends in the process from the
against automatic arrest of the accused under time FIR is filed till the trial.
the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Once a  There is a need for stringent law because the
complaint is registered under SC/ST Act, a crimes against dalits is on the rise. According to
preliminary enquiry should be completed within NCRB data, crimes against dalits rose from
seven days, pending which it is not mandatory to 38670 in 2015 to 40801 in 2016. Though there is
arrest the accused. evidence for breakdown of traditional caste
 Arrest Only With The Approval Of The structures, Dalit position has not improved in
Appointing Authority: If accused is a public terms of economic resources, education, health
servant, it is mandatory for the police to seek and other human development indicators.
approval of the appointing authority for the  New inequalities overlap with old caste
arrest of the person. structures. This is evident in the fact that dalits
 Approval of SSP: If the accused is not a continue to work in precarious jobs like manual
government official, permission from SSP (senior scavenging etc.
superintendent of police) is mandatory for  The judgment is considered as a classic case of
making the arrest. judicial overreach by the critics. While judiciary

 Anticipatory Bail: The Supreme Court further is the guardian of the rights of the citizens in
allowed anticipatory bail in cases registered general and weaker sections in particular, it
under the SC/ST Act which was not permissible cannot usurp the power of parliament to make
under section 18 of the Act until now. laws.
 The government officials who had been named
 Why did The Apex Court Come Out With in the FIR had argued that if cases were allowed
The Ruling to be registered on the basis of the remarks
 According to the apex Court, there has been made in the ACR under the SC/ST Act, it would
rampant misuse of the act. This is hinted by the become impossible for them to appropriately
low conviction rates with respect to cases appraise subordinate staff belonging to the
registered under the act. community.
 According to NCRB data the conviction rates  Supreme court in Kartar Singh vs state of
under the act has reduced drastically from 35% Punjab:
in 2010 to 28% in 2015. a. Anticipatory bail is a statutory right and not
 The Supreme Court referred to NCRB data of comes under Right to Life.
2015 which said that of all the cases registered b. Section 18 of the PoA act especially excludes
under SC/ST Act, 15-16 % matters were closed anticipatory bail.
after preliminary enquiry due to lack of evidence  In Lalita Kumari vs Government of Uttar
to proceed further. Pradesh, the Supreme Court directed that
 In around 75 % of the cases that reached the prompt registration of FIR is mandatory under
courts, the accused were either acquitted for Section 154 of the Cr.P.C. if the information
lack of evidence or cases were withdrawn or discloses commission of a cognisable offence
dismissed. and no preliminary enquiry is permissible in such
a situation. Mahajan judgement ignores this 2) Identifier of tribe as they are known or
precedent. named after their languages (744 tribes in
 Supreme Court in Rajesh Sharma vs the State of India as per 2011 census so 744 languages
Uttar Pradesh, assumed misuse of the anti- are there)
dowry provision of Section 498A in IPC, but CJI C. Unique religious practices
revisited the case remarking that the court 1) Naturism :- they worship nature and
cannot write law but can only interpret a law elements of nature
that is ambiguous or silent on certain aspects, 2) They worship animals
and not when it is crystal-clear 3) Ancestral worship
 Dilution of PoA act will have a crippling effect on D. Unique in economy
social justice. o Because of the juxtaposition of 1) No division of labour
the powerful and the powerless in India’s caste 2) Subsistence based economy
system in every village, it is very difficult to 3) Completely dependence upon forest
secure proper investigation and quick and
successful trial. o Delay in investigation and trial
 TRIBE CASTE CONTINUUM:-
result in intimidation of victims and witnesses. o  Some scholars believe that it is difficult to
Will make the act toothless, roll back social distinguish b/w tribes and caste Hindus rather
transformation. tribes are nothing but “Backward Hindus”.
 This case treads to break the thin line between  This is because the religious practices and
judicial activism and judicial overreach kinship system of tribes are very similar to hindu
Religious values
TOPIC:-THE TRIBES (STs)  This concept is called as “tribe caste continuum
 8.6% of Indian population, There are around 645  GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD OF TRIBES
distinct tribes in India.
 Highest population is in CH,JH,OD and North- 1. Rajasthan
East a) Bhils-
 No ST population is in Delhi, PB,HR  southern RJ, perfect in archery (Eklavya
 No ST in two UT in Chandigarh and Puducherry was a Bhil), famous dance Ghomar ,
 Recognized as STs since they were under closed association with Rajputs
“Schedule of GOI Act 1935” b) Kalbelia tribe
 Criteria of listing was “Isolation”, those who  Nomadic tribes
remain isolated in forest areas  Kalbelia dance is very famous
 Tribes are STs and outside the caste system, they  By profession are snake charmers
are not part of caste system  Extremely backward tribe
 Tribes remain isolated socially (as feel shy) and 2. Kerala , TN, Karnataka (Nilgiri Hills)
geographically a) Irular
 Thus , they have unique culture , as only  Very very backward
because they stay isolated without assimilation  Exploited by outsiders
into main stream  Snake catchers
 KINSHIP SYSTEM OF TRIBES  Eat rat as delicacy
1) Egalitarian society :- males and females  So treated as Untouchables
equal status  Given status of PVTG:- tribes which are
2) A tribe has many sub-tribes and have more backward then other tribes
different ancestors b) Todas
3) Clan:- when the descent or lineage or  Very very backward
common ancestor is traced to an animal or  Exploited by outsiders
any mythological figure called clan  Snake catchers
4) Marriage should happen out of clan but  Given status of PVTG:- tribes which are
within tribe more backward then other tribes
 UNIQUENESS OF TRIBES 3. ODISHA , JHARKHAND ,CHHATTISGARH

a) Mundas
A. Unique culture means
1) They wear unique dress  Famous for tribal movements against
2) Ornaments British
3) Tattoos of their ancestral animals  Birsa Munda was leading (self
B. Unique language proclaimed god and is worshipped and
1) Usually does not have a script
his birthday is celebrated as “Jan Jati Thoti, Sugalis, Banjara, Kondareddis, Koya,
Gaurav Divas”) Mukha Dhora, Valmiki , Yenadis, Sugalis,
 Fighting against “Diku” (outsiders) Lambadis.
b) Santhals  Arunachal Pradesh: Apatanis, Abor, Dafla,
Galong, Momba, Sherdukpen, Singpho, Nyishi,
 Famous for tribal movements against Mishmi, Idu, Taroan, Tagin, Adi, Monpa, Wancho
British
 Assam: Chakma, Chutiya, Dimasa, Hajong,
 Led by Sidhu and Kanu Brothers Garos, Khasis, Gangte, Karbi, Boro, Borokachari,
 Fighting against “Diku” (outsiders) Kachari, Sonwal, Miri, Rabha, Garo
c) Ho tribe in Jharkhand  Bihar: Asur, Baiga, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Gond,
 Extremely backward Parhaiya, Santhals, Savar, Kharwar, Banjara,

Oraon, Santal, Tharu
 Given PVTG status  Chhattisgarh: Agariya, Bhaina, Bhattra, Biar,
d) Gonds & Khonds Khond, Mawasi, Nagasia, Gond, Binjhwar, Halba,
 Worship niyamgiri hills (hill fill of bauxite Halbi, Kawar, Sawar,
ore)  Goa: Dhodia, Dubia, Naikda, Siddi,Varli, Gawda.
 Gonads are found in Chhattisgarh in good  Gujarat: Barda, Bamcha, Bhil, Charan, Dhodia,
numbers Gamta, Paradhi, Patelia, Dhanka, Dubla, Talavia,
Halpati, Kokna, Naikda, Patelia, Rathawa, Siddi.
4. Andaman & Nicobar  Himachal Pradesh: Gaddis, Gujjars, Khas, Lamba,
A. The great Andamanese Lahaulas, Pangwala, Swangla, Beta, Beda Bhot,
B. Jarawas And Onges Bodh.
C. Sentinelese  Jammu and Kashmir: Bakarwal, Balti, Beda,
 Very very backward Gaddi, Garra, Mon, Purigpa, Sippi, Changpa,
 All are given PVTG status Gujjar.
 Jharkhand: Birhors, Bhumij, Gonds, Kharia,
 Sentinelese are extreme among all Mundas, Santhals, Savar, Bedia, Ho, Kharwar,
5. North-East Lohra, Mahli, Parhaiya, Santal, Kol, Banjara.
1) Assam  Karnataka: Adiyan, Barda, Gond, Bhil, Iruliga,
 Bodo in north Assam Koraga, Patelia, Yerava, Hasalaru, Koli Dhor,
 Excellent cultivators of Bamboo, rice Marati , Meda, Naikda, Soligaru.
 Different in culture from assamese  Kerala: Adiyan, Arandan, Eravallan, Kurumbas,
 Demand separation Malai arayan, Moplahs, Uralis, Irular, Kanikaran,
th
 Identified under 6 schedule areas Kattunayakan, Kurichchan, Muthuvan.
 Karbi in East Assam  Madhya Pradesh: Baigas, Bhils, Bharia, Birhors,
 Region is Karbi angling Gonds, Katkari, kharia, Khond, Kol, Murias,
th
 6 scheduled areas Korku, Mawasi, Pardhan, Sahariya,
2) Meghalaya  Maharashtra: Bhaina, Bhunjia, Dhodia, Katkari,
A. Garo Khond, Rathawa, Warlis, Dhanka, Halba, Kathodi,
Kokna, Koli Mahadev, Pardhi, Thakur,
 Matrilineal and matrilocal tribes
 Manipur: Naga, Kuki, Meitei, Aimol, Angami,
B. Khasi
Chiru, Maram, Monsang, Paite, Purum, Thadou,
 Matrilineal and matrilocal tribes Anal, Mao, Tangkhul, Thadou, Poumai Naga.
C. Jaintia  Meghalaya: Chakma, Garos, Hajong, Jaintias
3) Arunachal Pradesh Khasis, Lakher, Pawai, Raba, Mikir.
A. Abhor  Mizoram: Chakma, Dimasa, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher,
 ST stats was taken away from them Pawi, Raba, Synteng, Lushai
B. Mishi  Nagaland: Angami, Garo, Kachari, Kuki, Mikir,
C. Dafla Nagas, Sema, Ao, Chakhesang, Konyak, Lotha,

 MAJOR TRIBES IN INDIA: ARRANGED STATE- Phom, Rengma, Sangtam,
 Odisha: Gadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya,
WISE
Oraons, Rajuar, Santhals, Bathudi, Bathuri,
 Andhra Pradesh: Andh, Sadhu Andh, Bhagata,
Bhottada, Bhumij, Gond, Juang, Kisan, Kolha,
Bhil, Chenchus (Chenchawar), Gadabas, Gond,
Kora, Khayara, Koya, Munda, Paroja, Saora,
Goundu, Jatapus, Kammara, Kattunayakan,
Shabar, Lodha.
Kolawar, Kolam, Konda, Manna Dhora, Pardhan,
Rona, Savaras, Dabba Yerukula, Nakkala, Dhulia,
 Rajasthan: Bhils, Damaria, Dhanka,
Meenas(Minas), Patelia, Sahariya, Naikda,  Two main sub-types of this
Nayaka, Kathodi. 1) HINDUIZATION
 Sikkim: Bhutia, Khas, Lepchas, Limboo, Tamang  Tribes sanskritsing the rituals, practices of
 Tamil Nadu: Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, upper caste Hindus
Kadar, Kanikar, Kotas, Todas, Kurumans,  Warrior tribes get status of Kshtriyas .
Malayali,  Example :-Raj Gonds claimed as Kshtriyas ,
 Telangana: Chenchus. Kodavas of coorg (Karnataka) adopted Hindu
 Tripura: Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam, religion and claimed as Kshtriyas
Khasia, Lushai, Mizel, Namte, Mag, Munda,  Non-warrior gets status of lower caste
Riang,  Impacted mainland tribes (non-frontier
 Uttarakhand: Bhotias, Buksa, Jannsari, Khas, tribes)
Raji, Tharu.  Negative effect of sanskritization
 Uttar Pradesh: Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, a) Dowry system also becomes part
Tharu, Gond, Kharwar, Saharya , Parahiya, Baiga, b) Women lose equal status
Agariya, Chero c) Sex ratio also gets disturbed
 West Bengal: Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya, 2) CHRISTIANIZATION
Rabha, Santhals, Savar, Bhumij, Bhutia, Chik  Impacted North-east (frontier tribes) and
Baraik, Kisan, Kora, Lodha, Kheria, Khariam, southern India because of the roles of
Mahali, Mal Pahariya, Oraon, Christian missionaries
 Andaman and Nicobar: Oraons, Onges,  Provide good access to health and
Sentinelese, Shompens. education facilities, sex ratio of frontier
 DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO tribes is more than mainland tribes
TRIBES 3. INTEGRATIVE APPROACH

 Mainly three approaches  Also called Nehruvian Approach
 Also known “tribal Panchsheel Policy”
1. ISOLATIONIST APPROACH  There can be a win-win situation means tribal
 Also called National Park approach
integration along with cultural preservation
 Here tribes are isolated by making boundary around
tribal areas , so as to minimize interaction b/w tribes  “TRIBAL PANCHSHEEL POLICY”
and outsiders a) Tribal development will be slow and gradual.
 State as well as self-isolated We must not impose our model of
 Concept of inner line permit (IIP) development on tribes
 Advantage:- b) Let the tribes administer tribal areas
a) preserving their unique culture themselves. They will administer the area
b) Cannot be exploited by outsiders according to their own customary laws and
c) Their Land encroachment becomes very practices (under 6th schedule areas)
difficult c) Tribes should be given access to markets for
 Disadvantage:- selling tribal products (MFP)
a) Tribes remain backward  Organization under ministry of tribal affairs
b) They cannot participate in Socio-economic is TRIFED (Shops opened name of tribes
development of country India) for marketing tribal products
c) Population of them starts reducing due to in-  minor Forest produce=MFP, means
breeding and don’t get exposure to disease (low everything from forest except timber) (MFP:-
immunity levels) cinnamon, drum sticks, jack fruit, bamboo ,
lac, dead leaves, tendu leaves etc)
2. ASSIMILATIVE APPROACH d) States should ensure that no law passed by
 Tribes lose their culture and adopt the culture of them disturbs the tribal culture
mainstream e) Tribes must be given forest rights (FRA,2006)
 Disadvantage:-  TRIBAL AREAS ADMINISTRATION
a) Loss of unique culture th th
 Come under 5 and 6 schedule areas
b) Subject to exploitation and land
encroachment 1. 5TH SCHEDULE AREAS
 Advantage:-  Provision under Art 244(1)
a) Become part of Socio-economic  Applicable in all states other than Assam,

development of country Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram
b) No longer remain backward’
 President has power to announce or C. There shall be gram Panchayat (GP) elected
th
proclaim any area a 5 schedule area under by Gram sabha (GS)
a) Majority population of areas should be ST  Head can be ST only called “Sarpanch” .
b) Areas should be of reasonable size and  half seats will be reserved for STs in
c) Area should have continuous boundary Gram Panchayat
d) People should be economically deprived and  GP Implements programs
region should be economically backward D. Power can be given either to GP or GS
comparatively  Consult to GP or GS before
 These are not mentioned in constitution ,  land acquisition
just a convention  rehabilitation of tribes (to prevent
 Now governor administers the announced area alienation of tribes)
and administration will be done after consulting  giving licenses for minor minerals
a body called “TAC:- tribal Advisory Council”  planning and management of minor

th
Each 5 scheduled areas’ states have TAC water bodies (which are of use to
 TAC consultation is must but advice is not tribes)
binding on Governor E. Powers given to GP
 TAC composition  Selling and procurement of MFP
a) Not more than 20 members  Can regulate money lending business
th
b) 3/4 of them must be MLAs and Should  Can regulate sale and consumption of
come from ST intoxicants
c) 1/4th can be any F. State govts should transfer powers to GS or
 Art 244(1):- GP as idea can be taken from 6th schedule
reference
 Governor may pass regulations regarding
TH
a) transfer of land among only STs 2. 6 SCHEDULE AREAS
b) Allotment of land  Provision under Art 244(2)
c) Money lending business  Only for 4 North-eastern states , it is applicable
 Laws passed by center or state automatically a) Assam
applies to 5th scheduled areas , however, b) Meghalaya
governor may exempt a aw or part or law from c) Tripura
being applicable on 5th Scheduled areas d) Mizoram
th
 At present 5 scheduled areas are in 10 states  Governor can declare an area as
 Constitution says:- a) TAD:-tribal autonomous district which will
th
a. If the state does not have 5 scheduled area become 6th schedule area (larger area )or
but have significant number of ST population b) TAR:- tribal autonomous region which will
,in this case governor can appoint a TAC also become 6th schedule area (smaller area)
b. Before 1947they were called “partially  Governor can declare an area as 6th
excluded and excluded areas” Schedule on basis of
 To make 5th schedules areas {5th SA} a) Cultural differences
autonomous PESA Act was passed b) Like Meghalaya has Garo autonomous
 PESA ACT 1996 district, Khasi autonomous district, Jaintia
1) PESA:- Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas autonomous district (TAD)
rd
2) Provisions of Part IX {73 CAA} will be applicable c) Different areas have different cultural
on 5th schedule areas practices which become base of 6t schedule
3) Provisions of PESA ACT areas
th
th
A. Every village in 5 SA will have “Gram  6 schedule areas are Administered by
Sabha” 1) every TAR or TAD has regional councils (RC)
 {all 18+ be the members , so it becomes /districts council (DC) and they administer
larger body} the TAR and TAD
B. Power of Gram sabha 2) they are elected bodies after every 5years
 To preserve and conserve customs , 3) DC not more than 30 members (maximum 4
traditions and practices of Tribes can be nominated, remained are elected)
 Approve plan, programs, projects to be  Powers of DC or RCs
implemented by GP (Gram Panchayat) 1) legislative powers and can make law on
 Identify beneficiary of Govt programs following subjects
a. Forest management
b. Transfer of land  EXCEPTIONS AND MODIFICATIONS
c. Use of canals & other sources of
irrigation
TO PART IX OF THE CONSTITUTION
d. Public health sanitation  Notwithstanding anything contained under Part
e. Town and village police IX of the Constitution, the Legislature of a State
f. Personal matters like marriage , divorce, shall not make any law under that Part which is
inconsistent with any of the following features,
inheritance
namely: -
 When they pass law they make law as
1) (a) a State legislation on the Panchayats that
per their own custom and we call such
may be made shall be in consonance with the
laws as customary law
customary law, social and religious practices and
2) Financial powers
traditional management practices of community
a. Levy fees
resources;
b. Tolls
2) (b) a village shall ordinarily consist of a
c. Collect taxes
habitation or a group of habitations or a hamlet
3) Judicial powers
or a group of hamlets comprising a community
a. Can establish village and town courts
and managing its affairs in accordance with
b. Justice can be administered as per
traditions and customs;
customary laws (not CRPC or main
3) (c) every village shall have a Gram Sabha
stream law)
consisting of persons whose names are included
 Notes to be remembered
in the electoral rolls for the Panchayat at the
a. Due to such powers they are called
village level;
autonomous regions or areas or
4) (d) every Gram Sabha shall be competent to
decentralized administration areas
safeguard and preserve the traditions and
b. Laws passed by state (central + state govt)
customs of the people, their cultural identity,
does not apply automatically to 6th
community resources and the customary mode
scheduled areas
of dispute resolution;
c. All these powers Satisfy Nehruvian policy
5) (e) every Gram Sabha shall-
because they are aboriginal tribes and state
a) i. approve of the plans, programmes and
wants to preserve it and to stop separatist
projects for social and economic
tendency
development before such plans,
PESA,1996 IN DETAIL programmes and projects are taken up for
implementation by the Panchayat at the
 THE PROVISIONS OF THE PANCHAYATS village level;
(EXTENSION TO THE SCHEDULED AREAS) ACT, b) ii. be responsible for the identification or
1996No.40 OF 1996 selection of persons as beneficiaries under
 (24th December, 1996 the poverty alleviation and other
 An Act to provide for the extension of the programmes;
provisions of Part IX of the Constitution relating 6) every Panchayat at the village level shall be
to the Panchayats to the Scheduled Areas. required to obtain from the Gram Sabha a
 Be it enacted by Parliament in the Forty- certification of utilisation of funds by that
seventh Year of the Republic of India as Panchayat for the plans, programmes and
follows:- projects referred to in clause(e);
7) the reservation of seats in the Scheduled Areas
 SHORT TITLE
at every Panchayat shall be in proportion to the
 This Act may be called the Provisions of the
Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, population of the communities in that Panchayat
1996 for whom reservation is sought to be given
under Part IX of the Constitution; Provided that
 DEFINITION
the reservation for the Scheduled Tribes shall
 In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,
“Scheduled Areas” means the Scheduled
not be less than one-half of the total number of
 Areas as referred to in Clause (1) of Article 244 of the seats;Provided further that all seats of
Constitution. Extension of part IX of The Constitution Chairpersons of Panchayats at all levels shall be
 The provision of Part IX of the Constitution relating to reserved for the Scheduled Tribes;
Panchayats are hereby extended to the Scheduled 8) the State Government may nominate persons
Areas subject to such exceptions and modifications as belonging to such Scheduled Tribes as have no
are provided in section representation in the Panchayat at the
intermediate level or the Panchayat at the
district level: Provided that such nomination 15) the State Legislature shall endeavour to follow
shall not exceed one-tenth of the total members the pattern of the Sixth Schedule to the
to be elected in that Panchayat; Constitution while designing the administrative
9) the Gram Sabha or the Panchayats at the arrangements in the Panchayats at district levels
appropriate level shall be consulted before in the Scheduled Areas
making the acquisition of land in the Scheduled  CONTINUANCE OF EXISTING LAWS
Areas for development projects and before re-
setling or rehabilitating persons affected by such
ON PANCHAYATS:
projects in the Scheduled Areas; the actual  Notwithstanding anything in Part IX of the
Constitution with exceptions and modifications
planning and implementation of the projects in
the Scheduled Areas shall be coordinated at the made by this Act, any provision of any law
State level; relating to Panchayats in force in the Scheduled
10) planning and management of minor water Areas, immediately before the date on which
bodies in the Scheduled Areas shall be entrusted this Act receives the assent of the President,
which is inconsistent with the provisions of Part
to Panchayats at the appropriate level;
11) the recommendations of the Gram Sabha or the IX with such exceptions and modifications shall
continue to be in force until amended or
Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be
made mandatory prior to grant of prospecting repealed by a competent Legislature or other
licence or mining lease for minor minerals in the competent authority or until the expiration of
one year from the date on which this Act
Scheduled Areas;
12) the prior recommendation of the Gram Sabha or receives the assent of the President;
the Panchayats at the appropriate level shall be  Provided that all the Panchayats existing
made mandatory for grant of concession for the immediately before such date shall continue till
exploitation of minor minerals by auction; the expiration of their duration unless sooner
13) while endowing Panchayats in the Scheduled dissolved by a resolution passed to that effect by
Areas with such powers and authority as may be the Legislative Assembly of that State or, in the
necessary to enable them to function as case of a State having Legislative Council, by
institutions of self-government, a State each House of the Legislature of that State.
Legislature shall ensure that the Panchayats at
the appropriate level and the Gram Sabha are
 FRA:FOREST RIGHTS ACT 2006
 Also called “Schedules tribes and other
endowed specifically with-
a) the power to enforce prohibition or to forest dwellers Act 2006”
regulate or restrict the sale and  Monitored by Ministry Of tribal affairs
consumption of any intoxicant;  Implemented by state govt
b) the ownership of minor forest produce;  The Act basically does two things:
c) the power to prevent alienation of land in a) Grants legal recognition to the rights of
the Scheduled Areas and to take appropriate traditional forest dwelling communities,
action to restore any unlawfully alienated partially correcting the injustice caused by
land of a Scheduled Tribe; the forest laws.
d) the power to manage village markets by b) Makes a beginning towards giving
whatever name called; communities and the public a voice in forest
e) the power to exercise control over money and wildlife conservation
lending to the Scheduled Tribes; all social  This Act corrects historic injustice done with
sectors; plans including tribal sub-plans; tribes
f) the power to exercise control over  HISTORIC INJUSTICE
institutions and functionaries in (vii) the  1927 with passing of Indian forest Act:-
power to control over local plans and  State can declare any area a forest area
resources for such  Once an areas is declared as forest areas ,
14) the State Legislations that may endow the state becomes legal owner of area
Panchayats with powers and authority as may be  If forest belongs to state , state gets rights to
necessary to enable them to function as preserve, conserve and manage forest
institutions of self-government shall contain  Tribes can be easily eviction in name of
safeguards to ensure that Panchayats at the conserving the forest
higher level do not assume the powers and  This Act remained continued and tribes were
authority of any Panchayat at the lower level or remained deprived of forest rights until FRA
of the Gram Sabha; 2006

 WHY WERE PEOPLE’S RIGHTS NOT  Minor forest produce things like tendu
RESPECTED WHEN THESE FORESTS WERE patta, herbs, medicinal plants etc “that has
DECLARED? been traditionally collected (see section 3(1)
(c)). This does not include timber.
 The Indian Forest Act, 1927, India’s main forest
 Grazing grounds and water bodies (sections
law, had nothing to do with conservation.
3
 It was created to serve the British need for  Traditional areas of use by nomadic or
timber. It sought to override customary rights pastoralist communities i.e. communities
and forest management systems by declaring that move with their herds, as opposed to
forests state property and exploiting their practicing settled agriculture
timber.
C. Community rights
 The law says that, at the time a “forest” is 1) To preserve , conserve, manage forest
declared, a single official (the Forest Settlement 2) Right to intellectual property over their
Officer) is to enquire into and “settle” the land traditional tribal knowledge
and forest rights people had in that area. 3) Right to conserve biodiversity
 These all-powerful officials unsurprisingly either 4) Section 3(1) (i) provide a right and a power
did nothing or recorded only the rights of to conserve community forest resources,
powerful communities. while section 5 gives the community a
 The same model was subsequently built into the general power to protect wildlife, forests,
Wild Life Protection Act, passed in 1972, with etc.
similar consequences. 5) This is vital for the thousands of village
communities who are protecting their
 FRA RECOGNIZES 3 KINDS OF RIGHTS
forests and wildlife against threats from
A. Land right forest mafias, industries and land grabbers,
1) Tribes are made legal owner of the forest most of whom operate in connivance with
areas and get Patta (legal document) the Forest Department
2) Those who have a patta or a government
lease, but whose land has been illegally  HOW ARE RIGHTS RECOGNISED?
taken by the Forest Department or whose  Section 6 of the Act provides a transparent
land is the subject of a dispute between three step procedure for deciding on who
Forest and Revenue Departments, can claim gets rights. First, the gram sabha (full village
those lands (see section 3(1)(f) and (g)). assembly, NOT the gram Panchayat) makes a
3) Those who are cultivating land but don’t recommendation – i.e who has been
have document can claim up to 4 hectares, cultivating land for how long, which minor
as long as they are cultivating the land forest produce is collected, etc.
themselves for a livelihood (section 3(1) (a)  The gram sabha plays this role because it is a
and 4(6)).Maximum 4 hectares per family
public body where all people participate,
will be given
4) There is no question of granting 4 hectares and hence is fully democratic and
of land to every family. If I am cultivating transparent.
half a hectare on December 13, 2005, I  The gram sabha’s recommendation goes
receive title to that half a hectare alone; and through two stages of screening committees
if I am cultivating nothing, I receive nothing. at the taluka and district levels. The district
If I am cultivating more than 4 hectares level committee makes the final decision
without documents or a dispute, I receive (see section 6(6)).
title to only 4 hectares.  The Committees have six members – three
5) Land cannot be sold or transferred and only government officers and three elected
can be inherited ((see section 4(4)).
persons.
6) No one gets rights to any land that they have
 At both the taluka and the district levels, any
not been cultivating prior to December 13,
2005 (see section 4(3)) and that they are not person who believes a claim is false can
cultivating right now appeal to the Committees, and if they prove
their case the right is denied (sections 6(2)
B. Use rights
and 6(4)).
 Are given to use MFP and community
resources (lakes, pods, grazing grounds)  Finally, land recognised under this Act
cannot be sold or transferred.
 IMPORTANT PROVISION 5) Rights including community tenures of habitat
and habitation for primitive tribal groups and
a) Forest villages have to be converted into
pre-agriculture communities;
revenue village
6) Rights in or over disputed lands under any
b) To establish GP or GS
nomenclature in any State where claims are
c) Then after it district administration has a
disputed;
role to play to implement tribal schemes and
7) Rights for conversion of Pattas or leases or
d) There can be now maintance of land records
grants issued by any local council or any State
 WHO IS A FOREST DWELLER UNDER Govt. on forest lands to titles;
THIS LAW, AND WHO GETS RIGHTS? 8) Rights of settlement and conversion of all forest
 FRA is given to Forest Dwellers (FDs) they can be villages, old habitation, unsurveyed villages and
STs and OFDs (not having ST certificate but they other villages in forest, whether recorded,
can prove that they have been living in forest for notified or not into revenue villages;
more than 75 years ) 9) Right to protect, regenerate or conserve or
 There are two stages to be eligible under this manage any community forest resource which
Act. First, everyone has to satisfy two conditions: they have been traditionally protecting and
1) First conserving for sustainable use;
10) Rights which are recognised under any State law
 Primarily residing in forests or forest lands; or laws of any Autonomous Dist. Council or
 Depends on forests and forest land for a Autonomous Regional Council or which are
livelihood (namely “bona fide livelihood accepted as rights of tribals under any
needs”) traditional or customary law of the concerned
2) Second, you have to prove: tribes of any State;
 That the above conditions have been true 11) Right of access to biodiversity and community
for 75 years, in which case you are an Other right to intellectual property and traditional
Traditional Forest Dweller (s. 2(o)); knowledge related to biodiversity and cultural
 OR diversity;
 That you are a member of a Scheduled Tribe 12) Any other traditional right customarily enjoyed
(s. 2(c)); and • That you are residing in the by the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes or other
area where they are Scheduled (s. 4(1)). traditional forest dwellers, as the case may be,
 In the latter case you are a Forest Dwelling which are not mentioned in clauses-1 to 11, but
Scheduled Tribe. excluding the traditional right of hunting or
trapping extracting a part of the body of any
 WHAT KIND OF RIGHTS DO FOREST species of wild animal
DWELLERS GET UNDER THIS ACT?  WHAT IS THIS ACT ABOUT?
 The rights which are included in section 3(1) of  Millions of people live in and near India’s forest lands,
the Act are: but have no legal right to their homes, lands or
1) Right to hold and live in the forest land under livelihoods.
the individual or common occupation for  A few government officials have all power over
habitation or for self-cultivation for livelihood by forests and forest dwellers. The result? Both forests
a member or members of a forest dwelling and people die. This Act recognises forest dwellers’
Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest rights and makes conservation more accountable.
 What are called “forests” in Indian law often have
dwellers;
nothing to do with actual forests.
2) Community rights such as nistar, by whatever
 Under the Indian Forest Act, areas were often
name called, including those used in erstwhile declared to be “government forests” without
Princely states, Zamindari or such intermediary recording who lived in these areas, what land they
regimes; were using, what uses they made of the forest and so
3) Right of ownership, access to collect, use, and on.
dispose of minor forest produce( includes all  82% of Madhya forest blocks and 40% of Orissa’s
non-timber forest produce of plant origin) which reserved forests were never surveyed; similarly 60%
has been traditionally collected within or outside of India’s national parks have till today (sometimes
village boundaries; after 25 years, as in Sariska) not completed their
4) Other community rights of uses of entitlements process of enquiry and settlement of rights.
 As the Tiger Task Force of the Government of India
such as fish and other products of water bodies,
put it, “in the name of conservation, what has been
grazing (both settled or transhumant) and carried out is a completely illegal and
traditional seasonal resource access of nomadic unconstitutional land acquisition programme.”
or pastoralist communities;
 WHAT ARE CONDITIONS LIKE IN THE dependency on hunting, gathering for food,
FOREST AREAS? having pre-agriculture level of technology, zero
 Because of this situation, millions of people are or negative growth of population and extremely
subject to harassment, evictions, etc, on the low level of literacy. These groups are called
pretext of being encroachers in their own Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
homes.  THE NEED FOR IDENTIFICATION
 Torture, bonded labour, extortion of money and  More vulnerable among the tribal groups. Due
sexual assault are all extremely common. In the to this factor, more developed and assertive
latest national eviction drive from 2002 tribal groups take a major chunk of the tribal
onwards, more than 3,00,000 families were development funds, because of which PVTGs
driven into destitution and starvation. need more funds directed for their
 In Madhya Pradesh alone, more than 125 development.
villages have been burned to the ground.  In this context, in 1975, the Government of India
 The situation is so bad that the then initiated to identify the most vulnerable tribal
Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and groups as a separate category called PVTGs and
Scheduled Tribes, in his 29th Report, said that declared 52 such groups, while in 1993 an
“The criminalisation of the entire communities in additional 23 groups were added to the
the tribal areas is the darkest blot on the liberal category, making it a total of 75 PVTGs out of
tradition of our country.” 705 Scheduled Tribes, spread over 17 states and
 MISTAKES MAY HAVE BEEN MADE, one Union Territory (UT), in the country (2011
BUT SURELY THESE LAWS ARE THE census).
BEST WAY TO PROTECT OUR FORESTS  HOW THEY ARE IDENTIFIED
 It is not just people who have lost. The very purpose  There are 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal
of the Forest Acts was to convert forests into the Groups (PVTGs) notified as on date in the
property of a colonial department; and when you country. The criteria followed for determination
convert an ecosystem into someone’s property, there
of PVTGs are as under:
will always be stronger claims to that property than
conservation. To destroy a forest today requires
1) A pre-agriculture level of technology;
nothing more than either a bribe to the local forest 2) A stagnant or declining population
officer or an application to a committee in Delhi. The 3) Extremely low literacy; and
results include: 4) A subsistence level of economy.
 The loss of more than 90% of India’s grasslands to  THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PVTGS
commercial Forest Department plantations.  In 1973, the Dhebar Commission created Primitive
 The destruction of five lakh hectares of forest in the Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a separate category, who are
past five years alone for mines, dams and industrial less developed among the tribal groups.
projects;  In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs
 The clearing of millions of hectares of forest for as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
monoculture plantations by the Forest Department;  PVTGs have some basic characteristics -they are
 Recent proposals to privatise “degraded” forest lands mostly homogenous, with a small population,
for private companies’ timber plantations. relatively physically isolated, social institutes cast in a
 Moreover, the forest laws destroyed all the simple mould, absence of written language, relatively
community management and regulation systems that simple technology and a slower rate of change etc.
had existed before, forcing people to choose
between either abandoning the forest entirely or  POPULATION
living as ‘criminals’ within or near it.  In India, tribal population makes up for 8.6% of the
 To this day it is a criminal offence for you or I to plant total population.
a tree in a reserved forest; but it is legal for the  Tribal people live in about 15% of the geographical
Department to fell the entire forest so long as it has area of the country.
Central government permission.  The places they live vary from plains, forests, hills,
inaccessible areas etc.
 PVTG: PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE  PVTGs are scattered in different geographical areas
TRIBAL GROUPS of the country. According to the 2001 census, the
 Tribal communities are often identified by some PVTGs population is approximately. 27,68,322.
specific signs such as primitive traits, distinctive  There are 12 PVTGs having a population above
culture, geographical isolation, shyness to 50,000 and the remaining groups have a
contact with the community at large and population of 1000 or less.
backwardness. Along with these, some tribal  The PVTG of Sahariyas has the highest
groups have some specific features such as population of 4,50,217, while the PVTGs of
Sentinelets and Andamanese has a very small poverty, illiteracy, lack of safe drinking water,
population of 39 and 43, respectively. bad sanitary conditions, difficult terrain,
 SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND DECLINING malnutrition, poor maternal and child health
services, unavailability of health and nutritional
POPULATION services, superstition and deforestation.
 The cultural practices, systems, self governance
 The diseases like anemia, upper respiratory
and livelihood practices of PVTGs have a lot of
problem, malaria; gastro-intestinal disorders like
variations, depending on the group and locality.
acute diarrhea, Intestinal protozoan; micro
 These tribal groups are widely different
nutrient deficiency and skin infection diseases
culturally.
are common among PVTGs.
 The level of inequalities in social and economical
 Many of these diseases can be prevented by
conditions is very high amongst PVTGs.
providing nutrition food, timely medical facilities
 Their problems are also very different from
and health awareness.
group to group.
 The condition of education is also very poor,
 The growth of PVTGs' population is either
with an average literacy rate of 10% to 44% in
stagnating or declining, compared to the general
PVTGs.
population growth, particularly in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands where the declining rate is  SCHEME FOR PVTGS
very high.  The Scheme for Development of Primitive Vulnerable
 There are five PVTGs in the Andaman islands Tribal Groups (PVTGs), came into effect from April
such as Great Andamanese, Jarawas, Onges, 1,2008.
Sentineles and Shom Pens.  The Scheme defines PVTGs as the most vulnerable
 In 1858, the Great Andamanese were estimated among the Scheduled Tribes and the Scheme
therefore seeks to prioritise their protection and
at nearly 3500,in 1901 their number declined to
development. It identifies 75 PVTGs.
625.  Activities supported under the scheme include
 According to the2001 Census, the Great housing, land distribution, land development,
Andamanese stood at just 43, Jarawas are 241, agricultural development, cattle development,
Onges are 96, Sentineles are 39 and Shom Pens construction of link roads, installation of non-
are 398. conventional sources of energy, social security, etc.
 Funds are made available only for activities essential for
 LIVELIHOODS the survival, protection and development of PVTGs and
 PVTGs depend on various livelihoods such as food not already funded by any other Scheme of the
central/state governments.
gathering,
 Each state and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands’
 Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP), hunting, livestock
administration, is required to prepare a long term
rearing, shifting cultivation and artisan works. Conservation-cum-Development (CCD) plan, valid for a
 Most of their livelihoods depend on the forest. The period of five years for each PVTG within its territory,
forest is their life and livelihood. outlining the initiatives it will undertake, financial planning
 They collect various NTFP items such as honey, gum, for the same and the agencies charged with the
amla, bamboo, shrubs, fuel wood, dry leaves, nuts, responsibility of undertaking the same.
sprouts, wax, medical plants ,roots and tubes.  The CCD Plan is approved by an Expert Committee,
 Most of the NTFP items they gather are for appointed by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. The Scheme is
then funded entirely by the Central government
consumption and they sell the remaining to middle
men.  Mains Question:- Given the diversities
 But due to the shrinking forests, environmental among tribal communities , in which
changes and new forest conservation policies, their specific context should they be considered
NTFP collection is getting hampered. as a special category
 Because of the lack of awareness about the value  Add following things
of NTFP produce, PVTGs have been exploited by  Tribes are very diverse and each tribe has its
the middle men. own unique culture. they have religious
 HEALTH CONDITIONS diversity (different practices ), racial
 Health is a prerequisite for human development diversity, language diversity, Kinship
and it is an essential component in well-being of differences are also there (endogamy,
humankind. exogamy etc)
 Health problems of any community are  However, tribes are classified as Scheduled
influenced by different factors such as social, tribes on the basis of some common
economical and political factors. Characteristics. For example
 The health status of PVTGs is in an awful a) Primitive traits
condition because of multiple factors like b) Distinct culture

c) Geographical isolation  TFR ∝ BR
d) Shyness  NHFS-5= TFR= 2.0 at present {Globally admitted
e) Economic backwardness TFR2.1 = replacement rate so India is doing well}
 March 2022: SC said to determine ST, affinity  1992-1993= TFR was 3.4 in India
test be there, but cannot be valid to tribe’s ST
status
 HISTORY (TRENDS) OF POPULATION
 Affinity :-tribes come in contact with outsiders GROWTH IN INDIA
(assimilation) and lose some of their primitive A. PHASE-1901-1921
traits, so by affinity test says if they have lost  Growth rate = 5.42% (very slow )
their primitive traits , they will no longer be  Reason:- High Birth rate(BR) but very high death rate
classified as ST, but not SC says affinity test is not (DR)(famines)
valid test to determine whether tribe is ST or not,
 Add PVTGs also B. PHASE-1921-1951
 Growth rate = 47%
………..5th Class ended,6th started……………..
 High BR, Fall in DR
 DNT: DE-TRIBES  Reason= control over famines
 Vimukt Jatis (Denotified Tribes) C. PHASE 1951-81
 DeNotified Tribes are communities that were  Falling DR or Mortality rate
'notified' as 'born criminals' during the British  But BR remained very high
regime, as a result of a series of laws starting with the  Phase of population explosion
Criminal Tribes Act of 1871.  Growth rate around 57-58%
 The Independent Indian Government repealed these  Green revolution ensured enough food grains
Acts in 1992, and these communities were "De-  1975-1977 = emergency time period , govt adopted
Notified population control measures were taken like forced
 1947:- GOI denotified them as criminal tribes and no sterilization
longer be treated as criminal tribes D. PHASE-1981-2001
 Some denotified tribes got ST status
 High growth rate but growth itself is declining (not
 DNT are rd
accelerating like 3 phase
a) Notified
b) Nomadic and  DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION STAGES
c) semi-nomadic tribes  This means how population of a country evolves over
 some are under SC,ST,OBC but some are neither a period of time
SC,ST or OBC.
 Therefore the GOI for them (some are neither SC,ST
A. STAGE 1 {STATIONARY GROWTH}
or OBC.) run schemes like  High BR and High DR
a) Dr.BR Ambedkar scholarship scheme  Underdeveloped countries High DR
b) Nanaji some are neither SC,ST or OBC. B. STAGE 2 EARLY EXPANSION PHASE
 RENKE COMMISSION 2008  Low DR but High BR
 2008 GOI Appointed a commission C. STAGE 3 LATE EXPANSION PHASE
 To identify DNT exact number (census +  Very low DR and High But falling BR
Identification)  India is in this stage
 POPULATION & ITS DYNAMICS  BR=17.6
 What is Demography D. STAGE 4
 Studying trends and processes associated with  Very low DR, low BR
population, population structure (Age structure)  Happening in China
 BR= 7 in China (very low
 BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE :-
E. STAGE 5
{NFHS-5 2019-2021}  Very advanced economies are in this stage
 NFHS-5= National family health survey-5 = data  Negative growth rate of Birth
captured from 2019-2021. It is a household  Population starts to decline
survey done for a particular sample (doesn’t  Germany, Japan
cover entire population), done by Ministry of  People don’t go for reproduction
health and family welfare after 5 years .(NFHS-  Problem of ageing (young population declining)
4= 2015-16)
 BR (Birth rate)= {  REASONS (FACTORS) FOR HIGH
 India BR= 17.6
POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA
 Total fertility rate (TFR)= number of children a A. POVERTY
woman reproduce in her life time  Directly affects BR,
 High Poverty ∝ High BR E. HIGH INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR)
 Poor families require more members to increase
 IMR= Number of children per 1000 birth, who
household income, each member is considered don’t live for more than one year
as an asset  High IMR ∝ High BR
 NFHS-5 Says
 High IMR leads to High BR
a) Poor states like Bihar, UP, RJ, MP have high a) In high IMR countries Probability of child survival
fertility rates (TFR near about 3.1), (NFHS-5) is very low after one year, therefore people have
b) while developed states like Kerala, fear and they produce.
Karnataka, TN have low TFR= 1.8 (NFHS-5) b) Vaccination rates are low (77% at present)
c) upper class TFR=1.6
 Present IMR in India = 30/1000 (2019-21)
d) Lower class TFR=2.6
 Kerala IMR= 6/1000 (Very Low)
B. LACK OF AWARENESS ABOUT FAMILY  Delhi- 11/1000, TN= 15/1000
PLANNING METHODS  Solution:-
 People are not aware about:- a) Institutional deliveries (NFHS-5 = 89% in
a) Types and use of contraceptives India under janani suraksha yojana deliveries
 Like oral contraceptives are now happening in Institutions )
 Injectable contraceptives b) Increase immunization after birth
 IUCT (intrauterine contraceptive device) F. PATRIARCHY
 Sterilization (vasectomy (male) and a) Private patriarchy
tubectomy (female)  Men control the reproductive organs of female
b) Advantage of having a smaller family  Women don’t have any control over her
C. POOR USE OF CONTRACEPTIVES reproduction (they have no reproductive rights)
 Even people know but have a fear and  Solution
misconceptions of using contraceptives  SHGs= Self-help groups is the best model for
 Reason is cultural lack (material and non- women empowerment economically
material culture ) as material culture changes b) Public patriarchy
very fast but adoption of it is very slow like  Not allowing women enter into higher
technology adoption of GM crops, gene editing leadership roles
etc similarly with Contraceptives happening  Patriarchy outside household like
 People are reluctant to use contraceptives  Gender stereotyping (Image attack)
because in developing countries , there is slow  Dominance of males outside household
acceptance of technology as use of  Sexual harassment of women at workplace
contraceptives started very late in India  Low salaries
 for example 2015-16, contraceptives use %age  Not allowing them in roles which are done
was 54% (NFHS-4)(quite low) by males (like driving)
 however, NFHS-5= 67% now (Increased) G. PREFERENCE FOR MALE CHILD
D. POOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT  The phenomenon of reproducing till male child is
a) poor women participation in labor force born is called meta son preference
(women are not working)  Daughters born before the male child will not be
 as per NFHS-5 women who are employed given access to health, education  leading
their poor empowerment,poor empowerment
have low TFR as compare to those , who are
leading to-High birth rate leads to High
un-employed
Population  vicious cycle starts
b) Literacy rates in women affect fertility
 As per NFHS-5, women who have 12 years of  IMPACTS OF HIGH POPULATION
schooling , have TFR=1.8 1. SHORTAGE OF FOOD (MALTHUS)
 While women without 12 years of schooling,  Malthus (famous demographer) says that
have TFR= 2.8 population of a country grows in geometric
 So substantially low in educated women progression because people have natural
c) Marriageable age of women tendency towards sex but the food production is
 Early age marriage = High BR in arithmetic progression (less)
 Therefore state must be cohesive with people
 NFHS-5= 23% of women in India get married
to control population
before 18 years of age.

 However, failed view point now due to green  Dependent population
revolution 2. 64-16 years
2. POVERTY OF THE PEOPLE  57% population= working population
 If their population is high country , then it is facing
 Poverty is Reason as well as consequence of high
demographic dividend (DD)
population
 DD means demography of the country favors high
 Economy has limited resources which can cater
economic growth rate
to limited population, increased population  Example:-1990s east Asian countries experienced
leads to scarcity of resources (poverty) rapid economic growth, as they were going through
 Does poverty leads to population or population phase of demographic dividend
leads to poverty ?
a) Poverty = High BR Less resources = more
 ABOUT DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND
 The demographic dividend is the economic
members, leads to reduction in investment
growth potential that can result from shifts in a
of education, health of child Further leads population's age structure, mainly when the
to reduction in cognitive ability of child  share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is
leads to unemployment poverty  High larger than the non-working-age share of the
BR = Became Vicious cycle population (14 and younger, and 65 and older)
b) Solution:-  Reasons because of low dependent population.
 State invest in health and education So state expenditure on geriatric health care or
 Free and compulsory education welfare is less and also the expenditure of
 Mid-day meals schemes families be less . So more savings  more
investment  more employment more
3. INCREASE IN MIGRATION economic growth
 From high TFR areas to low TFR areas , migration  Working age spends on consumption 
is increasing (from rural to urban ) leading demand for good more investment
 NFHS-5 says  more employment more economic growth
a) TFR of rural area= 2.1  REAP DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND
b) Urban areas TFR= 1.6
1. WORKING POPULATION HAS TO BE
c) Northern states= 3.1
SKILLED
d) Southern states= 1.8
 Skill India mission focus on vocational
 Migration happening from Northern to southern
education
states
 Migration pattern from stage 3 economies to 2. GENERATE EMPLOYMENT
 Focus should be on generating formal
stage 5 economies (of demographic transition)
employment means the companies employ
4. RISE OF CONFLICTS OVER RESOURCES people on permanent basis
 Increased population  leads scarcity of  Company also provide social security
resources (water) benefits
 Like interstate water disputes, regionalism  Two things have great opportunity for
5. INCREASE IN GOVT. EXPENDITURE generation of formal employment
 Increase in govt expenditure On welfare a) Manufacturing sector
schemes over the period of time (increase in  Defense manufacturing
freebees)  Footwear & leather Industry
 Results in no capital expenditure (no  Pharmaceuticals
infrastructure investment would be there)  Food processing
b) Giant companies v/s MSME (Dwarfs)
6. INCREASE IN INEQUALITIES  Giants create formal employment so India
 Rich are becoming more rich and poor are has to bring changes in Labor laws to make
becoming more poor them more able to generate permanent
 India inequality report states that 10% of Indians employment
hold 57% of National Income  As service sector mainly generate in-formal
employment (gig workers) but it also generates
THE AGE STRUCTURE opportunities for self-employment (so it should
also be promotes)
 It refers to proportion of population in different
 India:- At present 93% of the Jobs are in un-
age groups relative to total population organised or informal sector. So needs to
 Divided into 3 groups promote manufacturing and giant companies
1. More than 65 years 3. GENERATE WOMAN EMPLOYMENT
 Population >8%  It will Reap D.D completely

 Need woman skill development, 2) Improving reproductive health care
entrepreneurship, SHGs infrastructure and treating population as an
 India at present female labor force asset
participation ration = only 30% out of 100, 3) Targets assigned :
eligible working woman only 30 are a) Short term targets:- increase use of
employed in India that is we are losing 70% contraceptives
eligible working women b) Medium term target:-reduce TFR by 2.1 by
2020 (achieved)
 WHY FORMAL EMPLOYMENT
c) Long term target:- population stabilization
a) Benefit For employee
by 2070 (to reach stage 5 of Demographic
 Stability
transition)
 Permanent nature of job
 Social security  Empowering women is the key to
 Paid leaves control population in India. Agree or not
b) Benefit For employer  Yes agree Add points
 Up skilling of employee can be done and  Women education data , literacy
employee becomes permanent assets  Late marriage
for company  SHGs
 But companies must be Giant  Patriarchy
 Conclusion:- SHGs must be promoted and be
3. ≤ 15years
 35% population
there, govt incentives
 Add example SHGs movement in southern
 Dependent population
states (TFR =1.8)
 HOW TO CONTROL POPULATION  Do you think Indian should go for One
Child Policy
A. 1976 : FIRST NATIONAL POPULATION
 No, it is a punitive measure and India needs
POLICY preventive measures not punitive
 Use of cohesive measures (forced sterilizations)  Add China case study
was done a) (incentives, high fines, forced sterilization,
 Then govt lost elections majority and change in significant decline in Birth rate, but
policy of forced sterilizations occurred demographic dividend phase ended early,
 This shifted the policy stand from punitive ageing problem, (India average age 29,
(cohesive) to preventive measures like China’s is 37), need to spend very much on
a) Increasing the age of marriage now health care infrastructure, economic
b) Educating people about birth control and family
growth was compromised, people lost habit
planning
O of reproduction {add all points},
c) 360 campaign like TV commercials, Radio,
Posters all sources to educate b) 2016- China two child policy
d) Incentivizing people to go for (vasectomy (male) c) 2020- three child policy
and tubectomy (female) d) But failed as people lost habit of
e) Important role to be played by Accredited Social reproduction (BR 6/1000)
Health Activist (ASHA) (+18 a trained policy of
GOI is same as like in 2016: GOI launched  THE CHILD SEX RATIO {CSR}
mission parivar vikas  As per NFHS-5 , the Adult sex ratio in India is
 Only two main roles 1020women/1000 = Highest ever in History of
 Generating awareness (reducing fears) country but the
 Improving access to contraceptives  CSR is highly skewed = 952girls/1000boys = very
 This mission targets only 146 high TFR low
districts in 7 states (TFR >3)
 States like UP and Haryana , PB and Jharkhand
f) woman activist –only generates awareness
are the major states with low CSR
not a Doctor or nurse note it):- plays role in
Improving access to contraceptives and  REASONS FOR LOW/POOR CSR
generating awareness about family planning a) Girl child is considered as burden (Patrilocal
nd Society= relating to a pattern of marriage in
g) Even Today 2000 : 2 NATIONAL which the couple settles in the husband's home
POPULATION POLICY or community)
 Focus was on b) Women wages are lower than Boys so boys birth
1) No cohesive measures , only preventive is preferred
measures
c) States like UP,PB ,Haryana prosperous states for hatred is every group wants to have control
have very poor CSR. And they have land which over the resources
becomes good source of giving economic returns  The control over the resources by one group is
and they could afford devices to determine sex considered as loss of control by other group and
of infant. And if the girl is born, land will be this feeling of loss generates feeling of hatred.
taken by her, so more preference is given to  So communalism is a strong sense of loyalty to
Boys to make land remain in family the interests of one particular group (religious,
 ADD THESE POINTS ALSO ethnic, etc.) rather than to society as a whole
 As in 1970s Ultrasound devices came to which can lead to extreme behaviour or violence
India to determine abnormalities in the towards others
Child, but its use was started to be done for  COMMUNALISM HISTORY:-
determining sex of Infant
A. 1857 REVOLT :-
 Poor and late GOI responded
 Hindu + Muslim unity was seen and British
 1980s sex determination became criminal
crushed and started policy of “Divide 7 rule”
offense
 1994= PCPNDT Act:- -Pre-Conception and B. 1875:- BIRTH OF ARYA SAMAJ
Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT)  Initially Was a reformist organisation then
Act, 1994 is an Act of the Parliament of India became revivalistic
enacted to stop female foeticides and arrest  Reform :- try to bring social change
the declining sex ratio in India. The act  Revivalist:- they start to take pride in their
banned prenatal sex determination. {people glorious past like when Hindus taking pride in
order portable devices at home) Ancient past it will create suspicion in minds of
 Implementation was very poor Muslims and muslims will try to revive their
medieval past and a division had started
 IMPLICATIONS OF POOR CSR  For example:-
a) Increase in crime towards women (men will not
a) Arya samaj = “back to vedas”
be sensitized towards women as they would not
b) Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan = “Aligarh
have sisters or women interaction)
movement”
b) It will start the phenomenon of Bride price (girl
 This division led to seed of communalism
may be treated as commodity and will be shared
 So reformist movement is never about
among all members of the family)
communal tendency while revivalist movement
c) Average age of marriage will increase for men
always have communal tendency
resulting in the increase of age gap
 1905: PARTITION OF BENGAL
 SOLUTION IS  It was policy of divide and rule and this partition
a) Campaigning increasing awareness about girl child led to birth of extremists
like  Extremists always have tendency of religious
 “beti bachao beti padhao”
revivalism like Shivaji festival, Ganesh festival
 sukanya samriddhi yojana= funds for child
th
education after 8 class
started by Tilak
b) Model campaigning especially sports achievers like  1906:- MUSLIM SEPARATE ELECTORATE
from Geeta Phogat etc  Use of religion in politics and demand for
c) Strict guidelines and implementation of 1994= separate electorates
PCPNDT Act:- -Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal  Muslims vote only for muslims led to Hindus
Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994 cannot take care of the interest of muslims and
………6th class ended,7th started…………… vice-versa
COMMUNALISM IN INDIA  1909: PUNJAB MAHA SABHA

 Later became “Hindu Maha sabha in 1915”
 ISM= PHILOSOPHY, and “zation” means process
 Commune = means groups formed on an
 1909 ACCEPTED SEPARATE ELECTORATE
identity like religion, ethnicity, language etc  Congress rejected
(making groups in society)  1916, LUCKNOW PACT
 Our topic is communes formed on basis of  congress accepted separate electorates (it was a
religion blunder and finally culminates into partition of
India)
 COMMUNALISM MEANING:-  1920 GANDHI’s NC-MOVEMENT
 Meaning feeling of hatred and antagonism of
 Abolition of untouchabality (Harijan 1932)
one group towards the other group and reason
 He said I cannot fight national movement  The Revolt: Fuelled by the fiery speeches by
without the support of Muslims, and he was Muslim religious leaders and anti-british
strongly in favour of H+M unity by aligning the sentiments, the Mopillahs launched a violent
interest of Hindus and Muslims {as said common rebellion. Numerous actions of violence were
enemy of both are British} reported and series of persecutions were
 Gandhi promising muslims if they support in committed both against the British and the
Non-cooperation , he will get justice for muslims Hindu landlords.
in Khilafat wrong {but it was not in hands of  Support: In the initial stages, the movement had
Gandhi, but however , promising} the support of Mahatma Gandhi and other
 1922 gandhi stopped movement without Indian nationalist leaders, but as it turned
fulfilling the promising of Muslims violent they distanced themselves from it.
 Post NCM , muslims lost trust in leadership of  Collapse: By the end of 1921, the rebellion was
Gandhi crushed by the British who had raised a special
 1940: M-LEAGUE LAHORE SESSION battalion, the Malabar Special Force for the riot.
 Demand for Pakistan by Muslim league because  Wagon Tragedy: In November 1921, 67 Moplah
of the fear of Majoritarianism, means fear of prisoners were killed when they were being
hindu majority country will rule without transported in a closed freight wagon from Tirur
protecting the interest of Muslims to the Central Prison in Podanur. They died of
suffocation. This event is called the Wagon
 1947: MOUNTBATTEN PLAN Tragedy.
 Partition plan, Separation of India left a permanent
scar in the hearts of Indians that the two religious 2. DELIVERANCE DAY RIOTS-1939
groups are fundamentally different and in conflict  The Muslim League observed ‘Day of
with each other. Deliverance’ on 22 December 1939 when the
 Hence, Partition left with worst communal riots in Congress Party members who were part of the
country.
Central and provincial governments resigned in
 COMMUNAL RIOTS INDIA mass protesting the Viceroy’s decision to make
India a party to the Second World War without
1. MOPALAH RIOTS 1921 duly consulting Indians.
 Malabar Rebellion or Moplah Uprising or  Background of the Muslim League’s Day of
Mapillah Revolt (1921) Deliverance
 REASONS:  On 3 September 1939, the then Viceroy Lord
The trigger of the uprising came from the Non- Linlithgow declared that India was at war with
Cooperation Movement launched by the Nazi Germany during the Second World War,
Congress in 1920 along with the Khilafat along with Britain.
agitation.  The dominant political party in India at that
 The anti-British sentiment fuelled by these time, the Indian National Congress (Formed
agitations affected the Muslim Mapillahs (also on 28th December 1885), objected to this
known as Moplahs) of south Malabar region decision of the viceroy which was taken without
of Kerala. consulting Indians.
 New Tenancy Laws: After the death of Tipu  The Congress was in power in 7 British Indian
Sultan in 1799 in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore provinces after elections in 1937. The Muslim
War, Malabar had come under British authority League (Founded on December 30, 1906) could
as part of the Madras Presidency. form the government in only one province then.
The British had introduced new tenancy laws  The League wanted to portray a negative image
that tremendously favoured the of the Congress and it directed efforts to
landlords known as Janmis and instituted a far showcase the “plight” of Muslims under
more exploitative system for peasants than Congress rule.
before.  The 1938 Pirpur Report brought out by the
 The new laws deprived the peasants of all League listed cruelties suffered by Muslims in
guaranteed rights to the land, share in the the Congress-ruled provinces. It tried to project
produce they earlier got and in effect rendered a pro-Hindu stance and anti-Muslim bias in
them landless. them. This report became an important
 The Communal Angle: Most of the landlords document used to demand and justify the
were Namboodiri Brahmins while most of the partition of the country.
tenants were Mapillah Muslims.

 On 22 October 1939, the Congress called upon turned out to be very common with armed men
all its ministries to resign in the wake of the attacking innocents.
Viceroy’s declaration.  Who would’ve thought freedom would come at
 On 2 December that year, League chief such a great price which innocent people had to
Muhammad Ali Jinnah called upon Indian pay with their lives?
Muslims to celebrate 22 December as  Violence Against Women
‘Deliverance Day’ from Congress. He stated, “I  In their paper, “Unveiling the Layers: A Journey
wish the Muslims all over India to observe Friday into the Covertures of Women Partition
22 December as the “Day of Deliverance” and Survivors”, published in the Delhi University
thanksgiving as a mark of relief that the Journal of Undergraduate Research and
Congress regime has, at last, ceased to Innovation, Neenu Kumar, Punita Gupta and
function.” Neena Pandey write, “Partition, as a whole,
 The Congress criticised this move of the League. affected the social lives of everyone. However, it
Mahatma Gandhi appealed to Jinnah to desist affected the women contrastively. Women were
from observing this day. not the ones who were deciding their fate, their
 Jawaharlal Nehru (November 14, 1889) offered killing or living or migrating. Women faced
Jinnah to deal with the allegations of anti- violence at various levels; communal, family and
Muslim bias by the party but his attempts fell macro levels. They were being abducted,
through because the League was adamant on molested, kidnapped, raped, and killed. They
being the sole representative of Indian Muslims. were forced to commit suicide in order to
This was unacceptable to Nehru as there were protect the ‘family's honour.’ Furthermore, in
several Muslims in the Congress party. the name of recovery, they were disowned by
 The observance of this day was also disapproved their families, and their children were tagged as
by senior congress leader Abul Kalam Azad illegitimate and were deprived of basic rights."
(November 11 1888)  There were approximately 1,00,000 women who
 The day was observed by the League in India as were killed and raped, kidnapped and abducted,
decided. Some other parties also joined the publicly humiliated and genitally mutilated as a
celebration. They were the All-India Depressed result of the post-partition communal riots.
Classes Association and the Independent Labour There were instances of women being publicly
Party. Prominent leaders who joined Jinnah in raped and burned alive as a way of
the observance included Dr B R Ambedkar and E communication between the opposing
V Ramasami (Periyar) of the Justice Party. communities.
3. PARTITION RIOTS 1947  Andrew Major, a scholar, noted that the
 In 1947, the partition caused widespread terror abduction of women in the Gurgaon region near
and fear among the members of the Indian the outskirts of Delhi was regarded as a part of
community. Anyone moving in large crowds or the ‘ethnic cleansing.’ Women from all
with hoards of their belongings was murdered communities were subjected to public stripping,
by men on horses with swords in their nude processions and various other derogatory
hands. Anyone moving in small groups or forms of humiliation. They were forced to
without any belongings was spared. convert their religions.
 Hamida Bano Begum (born in 1936) said, "We  Several women jumped into wells and were
heard stories of massacres along the way, but coerced to kill themselves to ‘protect their
didn’t witness any violence. The one incident I honour’ and avoid ‘forcible conversion’. This was
can never forget happened right after we just the tip of the iceberg of the terror that was
crossed the Ravi River – while walking, we saw in unleashed on women in 1947.
front of us in the distance, a bare leafless tree  Kamla Bhasin and Ritu Menon wrote a book
from which hung the bodies of five dead men.” called “Borders & Boundaries: Women in India’s
 During the Partition, it is estimated that 2 million Partition” mentioning that the count of women
people lost their lives in the communal riots and who were abducted on their way to Pakistan
violence that ensued. Moreover, around 25 stands at roughly around 50,000 whereas the
million (i.e. 1% of the world’s population) were count of women who were abducted for trying
further displaced with no place to live and find to migrate back to India stands at 33,000.
shelter at. However, the real number of abductions and
 When the Partition was announced, there was atrocities is uncertain as many accounts went
anger as well as joy. Neighbourhood riots soon missing amidst the Partition.

 Women's breasts were branded with religious  In 1984, Hindu groups form a committee to
slogans and signs, their bodies were tattooed spearhead the construction of the Ram temple at the
without their consent. The abducted women on Janmabhoomi site.
 In 1990, Volunteers of the VHP partially damage the
both sides of the border were turned into
mosque. The then PM intervenes and tries to resolve
domestic slaves and sex workers.
the issue through negotiations, but these fail.
4. 1984:-ANTI-SIKH RIOTS  On 6 December 1992, a large crowd of Hindu
 After operation blue star karsevaks (volunteers) demolished the 16th-century
 Anti-Sikh pogrom of 1984 was a watershed event in Babri Mosque in the city of Ayodhya. The demolition
India’s secular consciousness. occurred after a political rally at the site turned
 In June 1984, Operation Bluestar was launched to violent.
‘flush out’ armed Sikh separatists who had taken  This leads to some of the most deadliest riots across
refuge in the Golden temple premises, Amristar. the country, leading to the deaths of more than 2,000
 Most of the Sikh community was angered by the people.
damage caused by the Army’s assault on the Golden  The central government, headed by P V Narasimha
Temple. Rao, sets up a commission of enquiry under Justice M
 On October 31 1984, the then Prime Minister Indira S Liberhan on December 16.
Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards as a  In February 2002, in an attack on a train from Godhra
revenge. in Gujarat, believed to be carrying karsevaks to
 The assassination was followed by the anti-Sikh riots Ayodhya, at least 58 people are killed.
in 1984.  Riots erupt across the state and over 1,000 people
 The riot lasted three days with Sikhs raped and are said to have been killed during the riots.
murdered, their homes and businesses torched,  The High Court orders the Archaeological Survey of
especially in Delhi. India (ASI) to excavate the site to determine if it was
 In the Mahilapur case, Delhi, a mob of about 500 earlier a temple.
persons, led by the two convicts, had encircled the  The ASI begins the survey to determine whether a
house of the victims and had killed them. temple existed on the site.
 It was just one of the incidents out of several others  It finds evidence of the presence of a temple under
in Delhi. the mosque. Muslim organisations dispute the
 Of the 650 cases registered in connection with the findings.
anti-Sikh riots in Delhi, 267 were closed as untraced  In 2010, the Allahabad High Court pronounces its
by the Delhi Police judgment on the four title suits relating to the dispute
and said that the disputed land be divided into three
5. 1992:BABRI MASJID DEMOLITION
parts equally.
 6-Dec,1992Babri Masjid Demolished, muslims
sentiments were hurt and there were communal riots 6. 1993: BOMBAY COMMUNAL RIOTS
in country  Due to Bombay bomb attacks
 What’s the dispute?  The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of 12
 It is about a plot measuring 2.77 acres in Ayodhya terrorist bombings that took place in Bombay,
that houses the Babri mosque and Ram Maharashtra, on 12 March 1993. The single-day
Janmabhoomi. attacks resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400 injuries.
 This particular piece of land is considered sacred The attacks were coordinated by Dawood Ibrahim,
among Hindus as it is believed to be the birthplace of leader of the Mumbai-based international organised
Lord Ram. crime syndicate D-Company
 Muslims argue that the land houses Babri mosque, 7. 2002; GODHRA RIOTS
where they had offered prayers for years before the  Claimed Train fire incident resulted in communal riots
dispute erupted.  On February 27, 2002, Sabarmati Express arrived at
 The controversy is over whether the Babri mosque Godhra station in Gujarat. A coach of the train--
was built on top of a Ram temple after demolishing Coach S6--was set ablaze and 59 passengers
or modifying it in the 16th century. travelling in that coach were charred to death. The
 Muslims, on the other hand, say the mosque was victims included 27 women and 10 children. Injuries
built by Mir Baqi in 1528 and that Hindus took were suffered by another 48 passengers in the train.
control over it in 1949, when some people placed  The Sabarmati Express had begun its journey
idols of Lord Ram inside the mosque from Muzaffarpur and was on its way to Ahmedabad.
 What are some of the important incidents At least 2,000 kar sevaks, who had gone to attend the
happened? Purnahuti Maha Yagna at the instance of Vishwa
 In 1853, he first recorded incident of violence over Hindu Parishad, had boarded the train from
the holy site takes place during the reign of Nawab Ayodhya. The yagna was part of Ram Temple building
Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh. Nirmohis, a Hindu sect, programme.
claim that a Hindu temple had been destroyed during  The train burning incident had within hours triggered
Babur's times to build the mosque. violent riots across the state. The riots broke out on
the evening of February 2 and continued for 2-3

months across the state. The Centre in 2005
informed Rajya Sabha that the riots claimed the lives  ERP:- ESSENTIAL RELIGIOUS
of 254 Hindus and 790 Muslims. A total 223 people
were reported missing. Tens of thousands were
PRACTICE DOCTRINE:-
rendered homeless as well. The details were later  Doctrine is a kind of principle
published at the recommendation of the National 1. SC,1954, SRIRUR MATT V/S UOI
Human Rights Commission.  In this SC invented the doctrine of ERP {essential
8. 2013: MUZFFARNAGAR RIOTS religious Practices}
 The clashes between the Hindu and Muslim  SC said that any religious practice can be essential or
communities in Muzaffarnagar district of Uttar non-essential
Pradesh, India in August–September 2013, resulted in 1) Essential practices:-
at least 62 deaths including 42 Muslims and 20 a) are those which are present at the time of origin of
Hindus and injured 93 and left more than 50,000 religion and without these practices religion cannot
people displaced. survive and gets collapsed.
 It took place in Muzaffarpur district of U.P. where 42 b) So these practices are mentioned in religious
Muslims and 20 Hindus were killed and 93 others textbooks
injured. c) State cannot put a ban on these
 It started with eve-teasing of Hindu Girls that led to 2) Non-Essential practices:-
murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the a) Are those which were not present at the time of origin
murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot of religion and developed over a period of time and
between the Hindu and the Muslim community. without these practices religion can survive
9. 2020: DELHI RIOTS b) So these practices are not mentioned in religious
textbooks
 Read by own from internet c) State can put a ban on these
 ARTICLE 25 d) Example :- untouchability was abolished under Art-17
as a Non-essential practice
 Art 25(i)  SC will decide which is essential or non-
 Right to profess, practice, propagate religion essential, once SC decides any practice as essential
 This right is given to individuals not to a religious practice
group a) It will be protected under Article-25
 Individual Right to profess means right to b) Cannot be banned by state , as if state does
conscience (right to choose) any particular religion of religion will collapse
individuals choice
 After choosing a religion, individual has Right to 2. 1993 ISMAIL FAROOQUI v/s UOI
practice means practicing customs, practices, rituals  After baburi demolition state took it under control
associated with that religion. It is all about external (own) and restricting muslims to not perform
expression of what is internal (internal right to religious practice
profess)  This matter went to court about violating Art-26 by
 Propagate means individual has right to tell others restricting practicing religious practices and as right
about individual’s religion and state of mind to own religious properties is of religious groups
 Right to convert individual’s religion comes  SC said
under right to profess. a) State has right to acquire any property including
 However, forceful & allurement religion conversion is not “Religious property” however, state cannot
allowed acquire places of particular significance of a
 Art25(ii) religion {like Golden temple is for Sikh}, but place
 State has right to interfere in religious matters court , it looks case to case
 because of religious diversity, diverse religious b) Reading Namaz only inside the mosque is not an
customs (some are derogatory in nature like Sati, ERP of Islam religion of particular significance has
Nikah-halala, triple talak), so state has right to not been cleared by
interfere and stop c) . {State have right to not allow religious practices
in these type of cases}
 ARTICLE 26 –TO R-GROUPS 3. SC,1954, SRIRUR MATT V/S UOI
 Right given to religious group (religious group is  In this SC invented the doctrine of ERP {essential
called denomination) religious Practices}
 Right is given to denomination to  SC said that any religious practice can be
a) Manage and own their religious properties essential or non-essential
{example wakf board controls mosques, Akhada
of Hindu) 3) Essential practices:-
b) Manage their own affairs (everything , but state a) are those which are present at the time of origin
can interfere SC rulings) of religion and without these practices religion
cannot survive and gets collapsed.

b) So these practices are mentioned in religious enshrined in the constitution then
textbooks that custom can be banned by the
c) State cannot put a ban on these state
4) Non-Essential practices:-  Followers of Ayppa don’t
a) Are those which were not present at the time of constitute a separate
origin of religion and developed over a period of denomination as they don’t
time and without these practices religion can qualify to be denomination {as
survive
they don’t have distinct religious
b) So these practices are not mentioned in religious
identity as they are part of Hindu
textbooks
c) State can put a ban on these religion}
MINORITY  The one judge says The court should
d) Example :- untouchability was abolished under
VIEW {1} not determine which practice is
Art-17 as a Non-essential practice
essential and which is non-essential.
 SC will decide which is essential or non-essential,
 Court or state should interfere the
once SC decides any practice as essential practice religious practices only if a religious
c) It will be protected under Article-25 practice is derogatory in nature (like
d) Cannot be banned by state , as if state does sati, untouchabality not like entering
religion will collapse temple etc)
4. 2015:Nikhil Soni v/s St. Of RJ  Different religious customs are part of
our religious diversity which make our
 A appeal was made in HC of RJ about a Jain practice
culture unique and distinct {religious
called Sallekhana or santhara (starving to death:-
diversity}
non-essential practice, it is like a suicide attempt)
 It is duty of the state to maintain the
 Suicide is a criminal offence under IPC-Section 309.
religious diversity rather than
(Art-21 gives right to life)
unnecessary interfering in religious
 Rajasthan HC said Sallekhana or santhara is a Non-
practices.
essential practice of Jainism, but The Supreme Court
 Unity in Diversity (Indian Model of
on Monday restored the Jain religious practice of a
secularism) is basic structure of the
ritualistic fast unto death by staying an order of the
Indian Constitution
Rajasthan High Court, which compared it to an act of
suicide. 6. 2019:AYODHYA LAND TITLE DISPUTE
 Sallekhana or santhara is a controversial religious  The judgement was in favor of Hindus and entire
practice in which a Jain stops eating with the site was given to Hindus
intention of preparing for death. It is seen as the
 Secularism is a part of basic structure of the
ultimate way to expunge all sins and karma,
liberating the soul from the cycle of birth, death
constitution {means we have to protect our
and rebirth. diversity}
 The Rajasthan High Court in a public interest  The SC upheld PLACES OF WORSHIP ACT 1991 to
litigation (Nikhil Soni v. Union of protect the diverse character of the country
India) criminalised the ancient religious practice POWA:- PLACES OF WORSHIP ACT 1991
of the Jain community called
 To solve any religious site dispute, To check the
Santhara/Sallekhana, or fast-unto-death. The
status of religious site on 15August 1947, if on
court equated Santhara to “suicide” under the
this date, this site was a hindu site it will
Indian Penal Code.
continue to remain hindu site forever and apply
5. 2018 YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION for other faiths also.
 Courts will also decide the matter as per POWA
V/S STATE OF KERALA 1991.
 It was a five judge bench divided into 4:1  An Act to prohibit conversion of any place of
 The majority ruled that Sabarimala's exclusion of worship and to provide for the maintenance of
women violated the fundamental rights of women the religious character of any place of worship as
between the ages of 10 to 50 years. They further held it existed on the 15th day of August, 1947, and
that the devotees of Lord Ayyappa were not a for matters connected therewith or incidental
separate religious denomination thereto.
MAJORITY  View of court  The main purpose behind the Act was to check
 Not allowing women inside the
VIEW {4} and control communal hatred and promote
temple is not an ERP of Hinduism peace and harmony in the country.
 Art-14 and Art-25 for women was  There are two exceptions of POWA
uphold 1) Archaeological sites are exempted
 SC-the constitutional morality is 2) Baburi Masjid was also exempted
above the customary morality  If the religious site is put under archaeological
 If a custom violates any principle site , then it can be decided by the courts and
exempted from POWA-1991, {same hindus are  Very important Note:-
trying to bring gyanvapi mosque under
a) sects don’t enjoy Art-26, only denominations
archaeological sites}
enjoy
 WHAT IS DENOMINATION? b) Denominations can also demand for
Minority religion status , they will start enjoy
 SECT:-
Art29 & Art-30 {State will determine this
a) a religious group
status}
 REASONS FOR COMMUNALISM
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
a) Religious revivalism
b) Policy of divide and rule
b) G1 has some different practices from R1, c) Partition of India
and have some common practices 2. LINKING POLITICS WITH RELIGION
c) G1 is a sect part of the main religion a) Religion is used as a means to acquire political power
d) Over the time T, G1 may spread to other  Elites mobilize masses in the name of power
areas or regions, as more people become b) Right wing political parties -usually follow agenda of
members of G1 and G1 has stabilized also majoritarianism
over a long period of time. In this case ,  Act, rules policies favoring majority at the cost of
minority
usually not always, the sect separates from
 Can also go to the extent of trying to assimilate
main religion R1
minorities into the culture of majority (imposing
beef ban and cow vigilantism)
 Political parties link nation with religion, any
attack of religion is considered as an attack on
nation itself (by building narrative like today
“Hindu should reproduce more etc )
3. Lack of inclusive growth creating inequalities and
feeling of relative deprivation among members of
e) G1 separated from R1 and now have distinct minorities
identify and became denomination. Example a) Relative deprivation breeds hatred (hatred leads
Lingyatas , Buddhism, Jainism all to communal conflict)
denominations as once they were started as b) As per Sachar committee report 2006, condition
sect of Hinduism of Muslims is worst than condition of SC/STs
f) G1 now become new religion called R2 4. Jobless growth, unemployment makes radicalization
g) Note:-when sect becomes denomination , of youth easier
5. Negative role played by media-by sensationalization
denomination starts to enjoy Article-26
of issue- charges up the atmosphere communally
h) When a sect become a denomination, the {like highlighting and sensationalizing the cases of
Religious practices can be viewed from the love-jihad , mob lynching that creates communal
angle of denomination in courts not the tensions. Media also has aligned to the view of
Religion. Like Jainism Santhara practice , majority}
court view this matter in context of Jainism 6. Police is not sensitized towards minorities
not Hinduism a) Police is politicized (aligned to elites as it is not
neutral due to no police reforms)
 COURT HAS GIVEN A THREE LAYER TEST TO b) No law to deal with mob lynching
IDENTIFY A SECT AS DENOMINATION:- c) Lack of representation of minorities in police
 They should have force (policies stereotype the minorities)
1) Common faith:- 7. Globalization has increased communal tensions
 Let the case of Sabrimala case has not common a) Events in one country impact events in another
faith, as people from every faith come to country
Sabrimala temple. So it is not a denomination.  SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM
2) Common organisation
 Rules & regulations are stabilized and codified OF COMMUNALISM
 Ike Buddhism practices are well codified in 1. Politics must be separated for religion
religious textbooks and stabilized a) Code of ethics for political parties
 It was not in case of Ayyapan (Sabrimala) etc b) Strict implementation of Section 123(3) of
3) Distinct name RPA- declares use of religion during the time
 Must have its own distinct name like Buddhism, of elections as corrupt practice
Jainism etc
c) Make separate law on “hate speech” ban separate sections i.e 105C & 505A and with
use of hate speech during elections these two separate sections will have three
d) Implement MCC (modal code of conduct) of keywords
conduct neutrally 1) Incitement
2. Bring Police reforms 2) Violence
a) Police should not be biased against 3) Discrimination
minorities  Means if any one of them is provoked then
b) Increase representation of minorities in only it becomes a case of hate speech and
police force there will be not confusion about whether it
3. Inclusive growth is anti-blasphemy or not, freedom of speech
 o Skilled development of minorities (like ustaad & expression or not, hate speech or not
scheme)  SC said in debate of anti-blasphemy and
 o Modernization of madrassas Freedom of speech & expression, the Freedom
4. Controlling spread of fake news circulating on of speech & expression wins
\\
social media platforms ………7th class ended,8th started……………

5. Media should self-regulate themselves (code of
ethics for Media) Uniform civil code TOPIC:- SECULARISM
TOPIC:THE HATE SPEECH:-  Three models of secularism
1. WESTERN MODEL
 2017 SC: Shreya Singhal v/s UOI  Which believes that religion and state should
 Sec-66(A) of IT Act was declared null and void stay apart
 SC said :- Any speech or expression can have  Both will not interfere b/w either of the works
three parts  Absolute separation b/w state and religion
1) Advocacy 2. NEGATIVE OR COMMUNIST MODEL
 You may hurt the religious sentiments of  Based on philosophy of Karl Marx
individual or groups  State here tries to suppress the religion
 SC:- This is not hate speech, this is just  E.g , cannot follow religious practices at public
difference of opinion and must be protected places
under Art-19(1)(a)
 However Religious sentiments may be hurt
3. POSITIVE OR INDIAN MODEL
when someone has different opinion , SC  Unique model, as there lies “unity in diversity”.
says it is a matter of freedom of speech and Both are equally important
expression but it is not allowed banned  Indian culture has remained diverse for a long
under Sec-295A (Anti-Blasphemy law} time and has unity as different cultures remain
 SC is not in favor of Sec-295A, even if hurts co-existed
religious sentiments, but court didn’t take  Indian cultures are Tolerant, Assimilative,
any action to make it null 7 void. Accommodative Towards other culture
2) Discussion  FEATURES OF INDIAN MODEL OF
 Discussion on difference in opinions SECULARISM
3) Incitement { } a) State is not anti-religion
 Provoking G1 against G2 b) State is non-religious in nature i.e. state has no
 Provoking for violence or discrimination official religion
c) State believes in Unity & diversity
 SC said:- This is hate speech, hence state
d) State has to promote both unity and diversity by
should interfere in hate speech providing protection and promotions to religious
 Law commission in 2017 report stated that minorities
there must be sections for hate speech e) State is a reformist state because state can interfere
1) Section-105C in matters of religion
2) Section-505A A. INDIAN MODEL OF SECULARISM
 But there is ambiguity still that  State maintains impartiality towards religion i.e, it
a) anti-blasphemy is there or not gives equal treatment to all religious group All are
b) freedom of speech & expression equal in the eyes of state
c) Is it hate speech or not  State promotes religious diversity and also maintains
 At present hate speech has provisions 105A & Unity and harmony b/w religious groups
505 but they are not defined clearly so law  State has right to interfere in religious matters – ERP
doctrine State is a reformist stat
commission is recommending different and
 State is duty bound to protect religious minorities
and their rights- A-28,29,30  State cannot interfere in matters of personal
 Right to religion is FR not only to individuals but also laws of Muslims’
to Denominations A-25,26  1985: SHAH BANO V/S M.AHMED KHAN
 India – freedom to follow religious practices u/a 25,  SC gave justice to Shah Bano using section-125
subject to reasonable restrictions (constitutional
of CRPC. {wife, children & parents have rights to
morality
maintenance in case they are dependent)
B. WESTERN MODEL OF SECULARISM Supreme Court delivered a judgment favoring
 State maintains apathy towards religion i.e state is maintenance given to an aggrieved divorced
not concerned about religion
Muslim woman
 State- Neutrality towards religion i.e state doesn’t
 SC lost historic opportunity in giving justice to
promote religious diversity
 State maintains apathy towards religion i.e state is all muslim women as justice was only given to
not concerned about religion Shah Bano not to all muslim women
 State- not concerned about religious minorities and  SC directed the state to bring UCC (uniform civil
their right code) {it was not the work of court otherwise it
 No FR to religion given by state was a judicial outreach}
 State sometimes follow active model of secularism-
Banning use of religious symbols in public places-
 1996:SARLA MUDGAL v/s UOI
Turban and burqa ban in France  Jitendra mathur wanted to marry another
woman without giving divorce to first wife (as he
UNIFORM CIVIL CODE(UCC) had to give alimony}, so he converted to Islam
 Law is of two types  Therefore a woman activist Sarla took this
matter to Court
1. CIVIL LAW:-  Mathur gave Right to change of conscience
 deals with personal matters (marriage, adoption,
inheritance etc). in personal matters people follow their under Art 25, but here there is no change of
customs coming from religion. conscience as motive is different
 State also has made laws on personal matters as per  SC said “right to convert is a fundamental right,
customs means state passing customary or personal laws. however, in this case conversion is with the
 These are not-uniform in nature, there is no uniformity in
this and they change according to religion
purpose of misusing the difference in personal
 State has passed customary laws for each religious group laws
2. CRIMINAL LAW :-  SC declared this conversion as null and void
 codified under CRPC & IPC uniformly applicable for  SC directed the state to bring UCC to prevent
all, misuse
 {for Children we have juvenile justice law}  Judgement in 1995 laid down the principles
against the practice of solemnizing second
HISTORY OF ARTICLE-44:- marriage by conversion to Islam, with first
 Art 44 :- directs the state to bring uniform civil marriage not being dissolved.
code  The verdict discusses issue of bigamy, the
conflict between the personal laws existing on
Dr. Ambedkar was asked to in constitute assembly that
when India is so diverse, then why are you inserting Art matters of marriage and invokes article 44 of
44, he replied that India should have voluntary adopt the Indian Constitution. It is considered a landmark
uniform civil code, and should not be imposed on any decision that highlighted the need for a uniform
religious group. That is why Art-44 was put under DPSP. civil code
 1955 Hindu code bill was passed in parliament,  2017 SHAYARA BANO v/s UOI
Under this 4 Acts were passed which codified  It was about instant triple talaq (ITT)
personal laws of Hindus.  SC said
 Hindu marriage Act 1955  ITT given in any form is null and void
 Hindu succession Act 1956  ITT is not an ERP of Islam (as ITT has no
 These 4 Acts shall be uniformly applicable to 4 mention anywhere). SC used its own ruling
religious groups (hindu, Buddhist, Sikhs , Jains) of 2002 Shamim Ara v/s St. Of UP, in which
 Muslims, parsi, Christian were kept outside to court said ITT is a customary practice which
avoid majoritarianism developed over a period of time , it was not
 FOR MUSLIMS:- present at the time of origin
 1937:- shariat Act (Muslim personal law application  This customary practice violates
Act) was passed fundamental rights under Arrt-21 (Right to
 In personal matters of muslims ,refer to Quran or live with dignity violated for women as
Sharia (sharia is interpretation of Quran) woman has to live under fear of ITT)

 The five-judge bench of the Supreme Court gave its  Inherited property:- by virtue of birth, one
decision in favour of Shayara Bano and others. It becomes coparcener or co-owner of the
declared the practice of Triple Talaq unconstitutional inherited property (co-parcenery rights
by a 3:2 majority and directed the legislature to take given to boys not daughters)
measures against it in order to stop the abuse against
 Self-acquired property :- acquired by
women.
individual by his own in his life
 WHY UCC IS REQUIRED?  2020 VINEETA SHARMA v/s RAKESH
a) A-44 directs the state to bring UCC SHARMA
b) Personal laws are gender discriminating in  SC said Even daughter have co-parcenery rights
nature, some even violate human rights and FR by virtue of birth
c) PL are subject to misuse
 State can bring UCC provided they take assent
d) It will strengthen cultural unity of the country
from the president.
e) Reduce communal tensions- bring homogeneity
among diverse groups  SPECIAL MARRIAGE ACT 1954
f) It will promote interfaith marriages- reduce  Deals with inter-faith marriages
difference between religious groups  Problems with SMA 1954
 WHY THE STATE HAVE NOT BEEN a) 30 days of mandatory notice period to be served by
couple before registering their marriage. During these
ABLE TO BRING UCC? 30 days the court displays information related to
a) PL (personal laws) are very dear (people are marriage and inviting objections to the marriage.
emotional connected) to a particular religion, b) During these 30 days the couple are subject to
attack on personal law is considered as an attack harassment, kidnapping (mainly girl child), honor
on religion itself killing and displaying information also violates right to
b) Diverse customary practices of religious groups- privacy of Individuals
difficult to bring consensus c) 30 days period leads to forceful religion conversion as
c) Indian model of secularism (state promotes Couple has one choice either of them will convert
religious diversity and customary laws are their religion to get their marriage registered
important aspects of religious diversity) immediately (under other Act). Such religious
d) Customary practices find refuge under the conversions come in conflict with Anti-conversion
umbrella of article 25 laws of the state
 LAW COMMISSION REPORT ON UCC d) Problems with UP anti-conversion law
 This is also a conclusion to write in exam  It prohibits the conversion for the purpose of
marriage
 Law commission gave report in 2018 and  Such marriages shall be declared null & void.
says  However, Allahabad court, Safiya sultana v/s
 UCC is neither desirable nor required State of UP, said 30 day notice period is no
 Indian model of secularism promotes diversity & longer to be served under SMA 1954.
different personal laws are important aspects of
diversity
 Secularism is part of basic structure of the
TOPIC REGIONALISM
constitution (1994:-SR Bommai case v/s UOI)
 Feeling of love & attachment of locals towards
 However, diversity doesn’t justify discrimination , their region. so it is a positive concept
therefore discriminatory practices must be A. POSITIVE REGIONALISM
removed from personal laws  people to develop sense of brotherhood which helps
 How to remove discriminatory practices in development of the region
 Codify the personal laws of any religion  Demand for separate state or special category
 Once codified apply the test of fundamental because the region is backward or underdeveloped
rights and human rights to every provision in  National interest > Regional interest
 No separatist tendencies are seen from the nation
PL
 Locals don’t blame outsiders for underdevelopment
 If a provision violates or fails the test, the
and unemployment in their region
provision must be amended or removed
from the personal law (or to be made B. NEGATIVE REGIONALISM
 Excessive attachment to a region detrimental for unity and
gender neutral)
integrity of the nation
 Like hindu marriage act 1955, girl age =18,  Demand for separate state on the grounds of religion,
boy=21 age for marriage , why such ethnicity and other cultural identities- Khalistan, Nagalim
discrimination ?  Regional interest > National interest
 Separatist tendencies are seen from the nation
 Hindu succession Act says properties are of two
 Locals blame outsiders for underdevelopment &
types unemployment of their region- SONS OF THE SOIL

DOCTRINE  Bodoland region is economically backward

 CAUSES OF REGIONALISM INDIA In 2003:- Bodoland territorial administration was
th
formed as a 6 Schedule area having 46
1. LINGUISTIC REORGANIZATION:- members district council. {total there are 10 6
th
 (States reorganization Act1956). There were many schedule areas 9 have 30 maximum members,
regional issues due to this but exception is bodoland where number is 46}
a) Inter-state water dispute 3. UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF A REGION
 Rivers don’t understand the boundaries of state
 Upper riparian states consider rivers as their own
WITHIN THE STATE:-
property and refused to share water with lower
 State doesn’t go for inclusive development of
riparian state the region as all the state funds are diverted to
b) Rise of regional political parties (RPPs) prosperous regions of the state
 RPPs give more importance to regional issues  Many of the regions within the state are Dryland
than national issues (for vote bank) areas
 This started with rise of DMK in Tamil Nadu ,  Buundelkhand in UP
followed by Akali’s in PB, National Conference in  Vidharbha and Marathawada in MH
J&K.  Saurashtra in GJ
2. ETHNIC MAJORITARIANISM:-  They want to get separated from their state
 Majority tries to impose its culture on minorities  State exploits the resources of on region to
 This leads to demand of separate state develop other regions, and the source regions
a) Gorkhaland in WB has been demanding becomes underdeveloped. It led to separation of
separate state because Jharkhand from Bihar and Chhattisgarh from MP
 Majoritarianism of asserting Bengali culture on 4. IMBALANCED REGIONAL GROWTH
Gorakha by making Bengali language compulsory
in Gorakha schools
ACROSS THE COUNTRY
 Gorakha are economically backward and feel  India has islands of prosperity in the ocean of
relatively deprived poverty
 Tea estates owned by Bengali , workers =  Green revolution belt:- PB, HR, W-UP
Gorakha , same in case of restaurants, so  GJ, MH, S-India are heavily Industrialized
Gorakha feel exploited  IT cities (Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad,
 In 2011 GOI created Gorakha land territorial Pune, Gurgaon)
administration as an autonomous administrative  This leads to migration from backward areas
body to administer Gorakha land region. (BIMARU states) to forward areas (Islands of
b) Demand of Bodoland (from Assam) prosperity)
 Assamese follow Majoritarianism by making
 Migration creates problem of son’s of the soils
assamese language compulsory in Bodo schools
 Bodo feels there is change in demography in
doctrine {locals blame outsiders for taking away
bodoland due to influx of Bengalis in Bodoland their group-C & D jobs because migrants offer to
(fear of being minority in future) do the same work at very lower wages when
compared with locals }
 Migrants come into conflict with locals
 Regional political parties so try to cater the
locals
 In Bengaluru locals destroyed Hindi sign
boards in Metro station
 2020 Haryana, Andhra Pradesh started
giving 75% reservation to locals in private
jobs where wages are less than 30,000Rs.
 SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS
OF REGIONALISM :-
1. Pass interstate water dispute Bill for speedy
resolution of cases- Tribunals- time bound
manner
2. Dispute between the states
 Inter-state council –Art.263
 Zonal council
3. Inclusive growth
 Identify the potential of the region
 Important role of finance commission- after some time merge with each other . this is
allocation of funds also called as urban agglomerate. It must also
 Watershed approach for Dryland areas satisfy one criteria that its minimum population
4. Create autonomous regions within the state must be 20,000. (20thousand)
instead of creating separate states
 Eg- Gorkhaland territorial administration
(bring it under 6th schedule areas)
 Autonomy should be given in true spirit
5. Instead of giving reservations to locals in private
jobs- minimum wages for particular works
should be defined by state.
………8th ended,9th started……………
class
 TOPIC:- URBANISATION
 Any area like A1 can become an urban area provided
it satisfies any of the two criteria
a) Whether it becomes census town or
b) It becomes statutory town
A. FOR CENSUS TOWN
 It is made by census commission after every 10 years
when census is done. To become a census town it
should satisfies three criterias
a) Minimum population should be 5000
2
b) Density of population should be 400p/km
c) 75% of male population should be engaged in
non-agricultural activities.
 If area A1 satisfies all three of these, it can
become an census town
 Urban means area will be densely populated
B. FOR STATUTORY TOWN
 Statutory town if area A1 is brought under
municipality , municipal corporation, nagapalika,
NTAC, cantonment board
 If area A1 comes under anyone of the above, it can  Example :- NCR , Chandigarh, Mohali all are
become urban area irrespective of the fact whether it examples of urban agglomerate
is satisfying census definition or not
 The term “urban agglomeration” refers to the
 If area A1 doesn’t satisfy the definition of urban area ,
population contained within the contours of a
it will be called rural area
contiguous territory inhabited at urban density
 THE URBAN AGGLOMERATE levels without regard to administrative boundaries.
 An urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration
 If the boundary of a town T1 is rural area outside the
urban area but it is growing as fast as the inner urban is a human settlement with a high population density
area, so this boundary area is called outgrowth and and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas
the entire area is called urban agglomerate. are created through urbanization and are categorized
 It must satisfy one criteria that its minimum by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations
population must be 20,000. (20thousand) or suburbs
 URBAN AGGLOMERATE TYPE
1. Class-1 Urban agglomerate
 Minimum population = 1lakh
2. Million + urban agglomerate
 Minimum population = 10lakh
3. Megacities or mega urban agglomerate
 Minimum population = 1crore
 NOTE:- METROPOLITAN CITIES:-

 Urban agglomeration also means two or more  As per the definition given by census 2011, these
town geographically very close to each other are cities having more than 4 million population.
with their outgrowth are growing very fast and
Now we have 9 metropolitan cities as per 2011 over large expanses of land, with little concern
census. for urban planning
a) Delhi (old)
b) Bombay (old)
c) Calcutta (old)
d) Madras (Chennai) (old)
e) Surat
f) Hyderabad
g) Bangalore
h) Pune
i) Ahmedabad
OUTGROWTH CONCEPT:-
 Let there is an urban area A1, there is a nearby
area in the vicinity of urban area but not within
boundary of urban area A1but growing as fast as
the area A1 is growing then that area can be
a) Rural area or
b) university campus or
c) Railway colony or
d) PSU colony
 An Out Growth (OG) is an
urban settlement contiguous to another urban
area like Statutory towns, Census towns or a
City. Though it possess all the urban URBAN SPRAWL TYPES:-
characteristics, it is not qualified as an
1. Ribbon sprawl:-
independent town. It should not possess any
 People sprawl along highway and when they are
uninhabited areas and strictly be a contiguous to
sprawling along highway it is called Ribbon
the town
sprawl.
THE URBAN SPRAWL:-  People have to travel to CBD everyday as
 Urban Sprawl (US)- The process of moving out economic activities are still in CBD. And must
of CBD (Central Business District) and settling in have their private vehicles.
suburbs. It is a natural process (it is bound to  Ribbon sprawl is the development that follows
happen) which is bound to happen, however major transportation corridors outward from
Urban sprawl happens in an unplanned manner urban cores
 Urban area is urban because there is main  Example:- Gurgaon (whole settled around NH-8)
secondary and tertiary activities present 2. Contiguous urban sprawl:-
 Urban areas have a center called as CBD (center  People settle in areas which are contiguous to
Business district) where all economic activities CBD. Generally done by upper class , joint
are concentrated. Generally in CBD commercial families. It is very near to CBD. They need space
activities are done like trading, wholesale so buy a huge space of land outside CBD.
marketing etc.  Example:- sainik farms, chaatarpur farm house
 Initially people settle within the CBD so that their 3. Rural urban fringe sprawl
travel time gets reduced. And over the period of time  Sometimes people sprawl little far away from
population of CBD will increase through migration
CBD and near to the boundary of rural areas
and reproduction of existing population and CBD will
become over-populated and congested
called as rural urban fringe sprawl.
 Once CBD becomes over-populated and congested ,  These are generally done by whom who have
people start settling in areas outside the CBD and land holdings in rural areas
these areas are called as Suburbs. And the process of  They are generally connected by rail network
moving out of CBD and settling into suburbs is called  Example:- sonipat, Ghaziabad etc

as urban sprawl
Urban sprawl is defined as "the spreading of
 PUSH FACTOR FOR US
urban developments on undeveloped land near a) Over populated and congested
a city." Urban sprawl has been described as the b) Lack of space
unrestricted growth in many urban areas of c) High cost of living (housing becomes non-
affordable)
housing, commercial development, and roads
d) Noise and air pollution b) Public transport- especially Metro in ribbon
e) Overcrowding re creational space- schools and sprawl areas
hospitals c) Creating alternative CBDs in Suburbs
 PULL FACTOR OF SUB-URBS B. Solution in Areas where Sprawl may
a) Space happen in future
b) Peaceful environment  TOD- Transit oriented development:-
c) Lower cost of living  transit-oriented development is a type of
d) Availability in schools and hospitals urban development that maximizes the
e) Connectivity to CBD via highway and trains amount of residential, business and leisure
 PROBLEMS IN SUB-URBS space within walking distance of public
transport. It promotes a symbiotic
a) Lack of basic infrastructure facilities
relationship between dense, compact urban
 No drainage, sewage septage leading to
form and public transport us
problem of floods and poor liquid waste
 let us suppose there are two highways along
management.
CBD, Highway no-1 is over populated and
 No piped drinking water supply (people use
congested, now people can sprawl towards
ground water)
highway number 2. So govt can do here is to
 Erratic power supply (people will use
create a transit like metro line (A,B,C) and
generators and generators will cause air
govt will go for the development of the
pollution)
areas along the metro line. This
b) Lack of public transport facilities , especially in
development will happen by creating zone
Ribbon sprawl
of influence around metro stations/transit
 Dependent on private vehicles (making
stops A,B,C. radius of the zone of influence
prone to accidents)
must be 500meters and distance b/w two
 Increases congestion in CBD increasing
metro stations will be 1km.
burden of non-Communicable diseases (as
 Each zone of influence must have
due to sprawl people not get time for a) Mixed land use pattern :- means each zone
exercise) of influence will have all kind of facilities like
c) Poor law and order situation hospitals, schools, shopping complex,
d) Change in land use pattern residential apartments
 Agricultural land being converted into non- b) Will be of high density zones means there
agricultural land will be large number of people will be
 Urban forest is diverted for non-forest use accommodated by constructing high rise
 Concretization of Wetlands buildings in each zone of influence
e) Artificial increase on land prices due to c) Radius is kept 500meter to increase
accessibility within walking distance. This is
speculative increase in prices of property-
to discourage the use of private vehicles.
inflates property prices in suburbs  Areas outside the zone of influence are declared
f) Problems of urban floods and Urban droughts as Green zones means no construction will be
alternatively (as excess of water is not getting done here and radius of zone of influence will
absorbed and in absence of rain droughts not be increased
happen due to not recharge of ground water)
 PROBLEMS WITH URBAN AREAS
IN INDIA:-
A. Unplanned urban sprawl:-
B. Public transportation infrastructure
C. The solid waste management problems
(swm rules 2016)
D. Problems of urban housing
E. Urban poverty
A. UNPLANNED URBAN SPRAWL:-
A. Solution: in areas where sprawl has already
happened
a) Provide basic infrastructure facilities in
suburbs like drainage, sewage, septage etc

c. Cab aggregators must also use EVs. Like
Blue smart is 100% Electric cab
aggregator.
B. Two modes of public transport
a) Buses
a. Provide last mile connectivity
b. Doesn’t require heavy infrastructure
investment
c. Serves low density areas
d. Prone to congestion
b) Metro
a. Requires heavy infrastructure investment
(so metro should be feasible)
b. Serves high density population (metro
project fails in low density areas)
c. Not prone to congestion
d. New metro policy -2017 :- center will give
funds to states for metro only if the
following things will be done
i. Viability study for metro project for
states (check high density and long
distances cities)
ii. Adopt TOD model while planning metro
project
iii. PPP (public private partnership) in metro
project
 In order to increase use of public transport
there are three core areas to work upon
1) Design city specific PT road map
 with a well-defined hierarchy of modes of PT
B. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE (public transportation) along with feeder network
 Here two things must be done supporting the main network
a) To make infrastructure better 2) Create multi-model network with last mile
b) To make people use public transport connectivity
 So there are many works done like the  There should be seamless connectivity b/w
following:- different modes of transport. For example use
A. National Transport policy 2014 of smart cards which can be used across all
a) Moving people not vehicles modes of transport. For example the hongkong
b) Creating space for non-motorized octopus card can be used for shopping, dining,
commuters on roads (like for cycling & waking) transportation , withdrawing money etc
c) Used Shared Mobility like carpooling, taxi 3) Make PT attractive for urban areas
pooling. Use of OLA share, Uber share.  Use principles of TOD to ensure commercial
d) Green mobility technology- to address the activity around transit hubs.
problem of pollution. Govt came up with  NEW METRO POLICY-2017
FAME-2 scheme: -. FAME is faster adoption  The policy opens a big window for private
and movement of electric vehicles. FAME-1 investments across a range of metro operations
came from 2015-2019. FAMW-2 is from making PPP component mandatory for availing
2019 to 2024. central assistance for new metro projects.
 Now in FAME-2,  Private investment and other innovative forms
a. state should promote use of electric use of financing of metro projects have been made
of vehicles first in Public transportation, compulsory to meet the huge resource demand
then use of EVs as two wheelers and for capital intensive high capacity metro
three wheelers. projects.
b. Creating charging infrastructure.  Private participation either for complete
Manufacturers get subsidy for provision of metro rail or for some unbundled
manufacturing EVs components (like Automatic Fare Collection,
Operation & Maintenance of services etc  States would also be required to enable low cost
 In view of inadequate availability and even debt capital through issuance of corporate
absence of last mile connectivity at present, the bonds for metro projects.
new policy seeks to ensure it focusing on a  Seeking to ensure financial viability of metro
catchment area of five kms. on either side of projects, the new Metro Rail Policy requires the
metro stations requiring States to commit in States to clearly indicate in the project report
project reports to provide necessary last mile the measures to be taken for
connectivity through feeder services, Non- commercial/property development at stations
Motorised Transport infrastructure like walking and on other urban land and for other means of
and cycling pathways and introduction of para- maximum non-fare revenue generation through
transport facilities. advertisements, lease of space etc., backed by
 States, proposing new metro projects will be statutory support.
required to indicate in project report the  The new policy empowers States to make rules
proposals and investments that would be made and regulations and set up permanent Fare
for such services. Fixation Authority for timely revision of fares.
 Seeking to ensure that least cost mass transit States can take up metro projects exercising any
mode is selected for public transport, the new of the three options for availing central
policy mandates Alternate Analysis, requiring assistance.
evaluation of other modes of mass transit like  These include; PPP with central assistance under
BRTS (Bus Rapid Transit System), Light Rail the Viability Gap Funding scheme of the
Transit, Tramways, Metro Rail and Regional Rail Ministry of Finance, Grant by Government of
in terms of demand, capacity, cost and ease of India under which 10% of the project cost will
implementation. be given as lump sum central assistance and
 Setting up of Urban Metropolitan Transport 50:50 Equity sharing model between central and
Authority (UMTA) has been made mandatory state governments. Under all these options,
which is to prepare Comprehensive Mobility private participation, however, is mandatory.
Plans for cities for ensuring complete multi-
C. THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
modal integration for optimal utilization of
capacities. PROBLEMS (SWM RULES 2016)
a) 62 million tonnes of waste is generated in urban areas
 The new Metro Rail Policy provides for rigorous
throughout the India and in this:-
assessment of new metro proposals and  19MT is untraced
proposes an independent third party  43MT is collected by urban local bodies
assessment by agencies to be identified by the b) From this collected 43MT waste
Government like the Institute of Urban  12MT treated → recycled and reused
 31 MT waste→ is dumped in landfill
Transport and other such Centres of Excellence
whose capacities would be augmented, as  GOI :SOLID WASTE RULES:-
required in this regard.  There are steps in sequence note it
 Taking note of substantial social, economic and
1) SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE
environmental gains of metro projects, the
 Wet waste:- kitchen and garden waste. I
Policy stipulated a shift from the present
 Dry waste:- newspaper, plastic, tin
‘Financial Internal Rate of Return of 8%’ to
 Hazardous waste:- e-waste, empty bottles of
‘Economic Internal Rate of Return of 14%’ for
chemicals, sanitary pad, medical waste
approving metro projects, in line with global
practices. 2) TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT WASTE
 The new policy mandates Transit Oriented a) FOR Wet waste-
Development (TOD) to promote compact and  Wet waste is 100% treatable by the methods of bio
dense urban development along metro methanation, bio composting
a. bio methanation:- anaerobic degradation of wet
corridors since TOD reduces travel distances
waste into methane and CO2. Methane can be
besides enabling efficient land use in urban
burnt to generate energy
areas. b. bio composting:- means aerobic degradation of
 Under the policy, States need to adopt wet waste into compost. Compost is a natural
innovative mechanisms like Value Capture fertiliser.
Financing tools to mobilize resources for b) For Dry waste-
financing metro projects by capturing a share of  Should be recycled, reused as much as possible
increase in the asset values through ‘Betterment  Non-recycle waste:- compress into pellets , called as
Levy’. refuse derieved fuel (RDF). RDF can be burnt with fuel

(like coal) to generate energy.  POLLUTION OF ground water
 Plastic waste management rules 2016:- these were d) Release of GHG
amended in 2021 and are related to plastic carry  Bio-methanation of wet waste in landfill
bags. These say thickness of plastic bag should not be  Release of CH4, CO2. Methane is highly
st
less than 100microns (acc. To 2021) and by 31 Dec
inflammable and prone to fire. So fire incidents
2022 thickness of plastic bag should not be less than
125 microns (for promoting reuse).
are very high at landfill sites.
 Ban on single use plastic 2022:- single use plastic was  SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES
completely banned in 2022. These are objects made  salient features of SWM Rules, 2016:
of very thin plastics which can be used only once.
1. The Rules are now applicable beyond Municipal
There are 21 items in the banned list like ear birds
etc. they have low utility and high littering potential. areas and extend to urban agglomerations,
This plastic also causes soil plastic. However, ban census towns, notified industrial townships,
doesn’t cover plastic packaging waste like cold drink areas under the control of Indian Railways,
water bottles are not covered. airports, airbase, Port and harbour, defence
c) For Hazardous waste establishments, special economic zones, State
 It must be scientifically treated (it can go into and Central government organizations, places of
landfill) before sending to land fill like pilgrims, religious & historical importance.
a. Remove reusable items (heavy items 2. The source segregation of waste has been
removed from e-waste) mandated to channelize the waste to wealth by
b. Scientific disposal of e-waste recovery, reuse and recycle.
3) UNTREATED WASTE TO - LANDFILL 3. Responsibilities of Generators have been
 Landfills are of three types introduced to segregate waste in to three
a) Sanitary landfill streams, Wet (Biodegradable), Dry (Plastic,
b) Industrial landfill Paper, metal, wood, etc.) and domestic
c) Demolition landfill hazardous wastes (diapers, napkins, empty
 We are now discuss about the sanitary landfill containers of cleaning agents, mosquito
 PROBLEMS WITH LANDFILLS repellents, etc.) and handover segregated
a) Finding a suitable piece of landfill wastes to authorized rag-pickers or waste
collectors or local bodies.
4. Integration of waste pickers/ ragpickers and
waste dealers/ Kabadiwalas in the formal system
should be done by State Governments, and Self
Help Group, or any other group to be formed.
5. Generator will have to pay ‘User Fee’ to waste
collector and for ‘Spot Fine’ for Littering and
Non-segregation.
6. The bio-degradable waste should be processed,
treated and disposed of through composting or
 Note:- As first the suitable land is found, then a bio-methanation within the premises as far as
huge landfill is dug out, then layering is done with possible. The residual waste shall be given to the
clay, then the landfill is started to be filled with waste collectors or agency as directed by the
waste and waste is constantly compressed to stop local authority
volume increase. After the filling of whole landfill, 7. New townships and Group Housing Societies
landfill is sealed and land is reclaimed. have been made responsible to develop inhouse
 Note:- landfill must not be filled with wet waste, waste handling, and processing arrangements
 but it is happening and leading to anaerobic
for bio-degradable waste.
degradation and release of methane.
 Also hazardous waste is also being dumped
8. All such brand owners who sale or market their
into landfill without scientific treatment products in such packaging material which are
b) Problem of Leachate non-biodegradable should put in place a system
 Water is an excellent solvent, it mixes harmful to collect back the packaging waste generated
chemical with itself and forms a sludge called due to their production.
leachate 9. All industrial units using fuel and located within
 Leachate puts pressure on layering and if 100 km from a solid waste based RDF plant shall
layering cracks it will pollute ground water make arrangements within six months from the
c) Release of toxic chemicals date of notification of these rules to replace at
 From e-waste and hazardous waste least 5 % of their fuel requirement by RDF so
 Toxic chemicals- lead, mercury, arsenic, silicon produced
10. Non-recyclable waste having calorific value of aim to:
1500 K/cal/kg or more shall not be disposed of 1) Increase minimum thickness of plastic carry
on landfills and shall only be utilized for bags from 40 to 50 microns and stipulate
generating energy either or through refuse 2) minimum thickness of 50 micron for plastic
derived fuel or by giving away as feed stock for sheets also to facilitate collection and
preparing refuse derived fuel. recycle
11. High calorific wastes shall be used for co- 3) of plastic waste,
processing in cement or thermal power plants. 4) Expand the jurisdiction of applicability from
12. Construction and demolition waste should be the municipal area to rural areas, because
stored, separately disposed off, as per the 5) plastic has reached rural areas also;
Construction and Demolition Waste 6) To bring in the responsibilities of producers
Management Rules, 2016 and generators, both in plastic waste
13. Special provision for management of solid waste management system and to introduce
in hilly areas:- Construction of landfill on the hill collect back system of plastic waste by the
shall be avoided. A transfer station at a suitable producers/brand owners, as per extended
enclosed location shall be setup to collect producers responsibility;
residual waste from the processing facility and 7) To introduce collection of plastic waste
inert waste. Suitable land shall be identified in management fee through pre-registration of
the plain areas, down the hill, within 25 the
kilometers for setting up sanitary landfill. The 8) producers, importers of plastic carry
residual waste from the transfer station shall be bags/multi-layered packaging and vendors
disposed off at this sanitary landfill. selling the same for establishing the waste
14. In case of non-availability of such land, efforts management system;
shall be made to set up regional sanitary landfill 9) To promote use of plastic waste for road
for the inert and residual waste. construction as per Indian Road Congress
 As per information available for 2013-14, guidelines or energy recovery, or waste to
compiled by CPCB, municipal authorities have so oil etc. for gainful utilization of waste and
far only set up 553 compost & vermi-compost also address the waste disposal issue; to
plants, 56 bio-methanation plants, 22 RDF plants entrust more responsibility on waste
and 13 Waste to Energy (W to E) plants in the generators, namely payment of user charge
country as prescribed by local authority, collection
 Problems of unscientific MSW disposal and handing over of waste by the
 Only about 75- 80% of the municipal waste gets institutional generator, event organizers.
collected and out of this only 22-28 % is 10) An eco-friendly product, which is a complete
processed and treated and remaining is disposed of substitute of the plastic in all uses, has not
indiscriminately at dump yards. It is projected that by been found till date. In the absence of a
the year 2031 the MSW generation shall increase to
suitable alternative, it is impractical and
165 million tonnes and to 436 million tons by 2050. If
cities continue to dump the waste at present rate
undesirable to impose a blanket ban on the
without treatment, it will need 1240 hectares of land use of plastic all over the country. The real
per year and with projected generation of 165 million challenge is to improve plastic waste
tons of waste by 2031, the requirement of setting up management systems.
of landfil for 20 years of 10 meters height will require
66,000 hectares of land. E-WASTE RULES, 2016:-
 Government Notifies Plastic Waste  The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Management Rules, 2016 Change notified the E-Waste Management
 The Government has notified the Plastic Waste Rules, 2016 on 23 March 2016 in supersession of
Management Rules, 2016, in suppression of the the e-waste (Management & Handling) Rules,
earlier 2011.
 Plastic Waste (Management and Handling)  E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 -
Rules, 2011. What’s New?
 FACT: 15, 000 tonnes of plastic waste is 1. The manufacturer is also now responsible to
generated every day, out of which 9, 000 tonnes collect e - waste generated during the
is collected manufacture of any electrical and electronic
 and processed, but 6, 000 tonnes of plastic equipment and channelise it for recycling or
waste is not being collected. disposal and seek authorization from SPCB.
 The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 2. Manufacturer, dealer, refurbisher and Producer

Responsibility Organization (PRO) have been educational and cultural aspects have made it
introduced as additional stakeholders in the difficult for them to find an alternate profession.
rules.  The social stigma of untouchability continues to
3. The applicability of the rules has been extended stick, in one form or the other largely because of
to components, consumables, spares and parts the unclean nature of their occupation.
of EEE in addition to equipment  REASONS FOR MS
4. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other  Manual scavenging exists primarily because of
mercury containing lamp brought under the absence of water borne latrines(dry latrines).
purview of rules.  Absence of technological advancement to clean
5. Collection mechanism based approach has been sewer and septic tanks
adopted to include collection centre, collection  Poverty and practice of untouchability in India
point, take back system etc for collection of e -  Absence of alternative livelihood either as self
waste by Producers under Extended Producer employed or alternative jobs for MS- their
Responsibility (EPR). rehabilitation is very difficult
6. Option has been given for setting up of PRO , e -  Stigma continues to stay with MS because of
waste exchange , e - retailer, Deposit Refund skin infections
Scheme as additional channel for  Bank don’t give loans to MS for self employment
implementation of EPR by Producers to ensure opportunities
efficient channelization of e - waste.  They push themselves back to MS creating a
7. Deposit Refund Scheme has been introduced as vicious cycle
an additional economic instrument wherein the
producer charges an additional amount as a
 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
a) before 1980, the main efforts of the
deposit at the time of sale of the electrical and
Government were concentrated on improving
electronic equipment and returns it to the
the working and living conditions of scavengers
consumer along with interest when the end - of -
and not the core problem of converting dry
life electrical and electronic equipment is
latrines to pour flush latrines in any systemic
returned.
manner.
8. The e - waste exchange as an option has been
b) In 1908-81, the Ministry of Home Affairs took up
provided in the rules as an independent market
the Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Liberation
instrument offering assistance or independent
of Scavengers by way of conversion of existing
electronic systems offering services for sale and
dry latrines into low cost pour flush latrines and
purchase of e - waste generated from end - of -
providing alternative employment to the
life electrical and electronic equipment between
unemployed scavengers as one of the measures
agencies or organizations authorised under
for removal of Untouchability and providing
these rules
financial assistance in selected towns.
 MANUAL SCAVENGING ISSUES c) In 1992, the scheme of ‘Liberation of
 BACKGROUND Scavengers’ was bifurcated. For conversion of
dry latrines into water borne flush latrines, an
 Scavenging has been an occupation imposed
‘Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) Scheme,
upon certain citizens of the country by the
was started. The National Scheme for Liberation
society, which later on continued as a traditional
and Rehabilitation of Scavengers and their
occupation where a section of people among
Dependents (NSLRS) was started for providing
Scheduled Castes was ordained to clean the
alternative employment to the liberated
night soil and carry it manually on their heads.
scavengers and their dependents.
 They are exposed to the most virulent forms of
 Taking into consideration the seriousness of the
viral and bacterial infections that affect their
problem and the requests of the State
skin, eyes, limbs, respiratory and gastrointestinal
Governments, Parliament enacted the
systems.
“Employment of Manual Scavengers and
 Their children are also caught up in this
Construction of Dry Latrines(Prohibition) Act,
quagmire. Under these circumstances, it is
1993”. The Act, inter alia, provides that no
almost impossible for their children to become
person shall:-
educated.
a) Engage in or employ for or permit to be
 Mostly, the women of the families of the
engaged in or employed for any other
scavengers are engaged in scavenging. Even
person for manually carry human excreta; or
though, in modern times these people desire to
b) Construct or maintain a dry latrine.
leave the profession, their social, economic,
 Self-Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of

Manual Scavengers (SRMS), a successor scheme and the training period from 1 to 2 years.
to NSLRS, was introduced in January, 2007, as a  Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is
scheme of national priority, with the objective to responsible for rehabilitation of manual
rehabilitate remaining manual scavengers and scavengers and it implements the ‘Self
their dependents in alternative occupations, in a Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of
time bound manner. Manual Scavengers’(SRMS).
 The Houselisting and Housing Census, 2011  Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has
reported that there are about 26 lakh insanitary associated reputed NGOs like Safai Karamchari
latrines in the country. Accordingly, the Andolan, Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan, Sulabh
Parliament passed the ‘Prohibition of International etc. for identification of manual
Employment as Manual Scavengers and their scavengers and their rehabilitation.
Rehabilitation Act, 2013’ (MS Act, 2013) which  The Ministry has assigned the responsibility of
came into effect from 6th December, 2013. rehabilitation of the identified manual
This Act intends to, inter alia, achieve its scavengers to the National Safai Karamcharis
objectives to:- Finance and Development Corporation.
1) Eliminate the insanitary latrines.  JAL SHAKTI under its Swachh Bharat
2) Prohibit:- Mission(Gramin) {SBM(G}provides for an assistance
a) Employment as Manual Scavengers of Rs, 12,000/- (Rs. 9,000/- as Central grant and Rs.
b) Hazardous manual cleaning of sewer and 3,000/- State/UT contribution). Although SBM(G)
septic tanks. also targets identification of insanitary latrines and
their conversion, the pace of implementation of the
3) Survey of Manual Scavengers and their
Scheme does not match with the targets of
rehabilitation, within a time bound manner. eradication of manual scavenging. Under SBM(G), so
 Main features of the Act are:- far 1.89 lakh insanitary latrines have been identified,
a) Definitions of manual scavengers and insanitary of which 1.56 lakh are dry toilets and 1.13 lakh have
latrines widened to cover not only dry latrines been converted into sanitary latrines. About 0.55 lakh
but other insanitary latrines as well. dry toilets are yet to be converted into sanitary
b) Offences under the Act are cognizable and non- toilets.
bailable and attract stringent penalties.  Ministry of Urban Development, under the Swachh
c) Vigilance/Monitoring Committee at sub-Division, Bharat Mission(Urban) provides a grant of Rs. 4000/-
for conversion of insanitary latrine. The provision of
District, State and Central Govt. levels.
the remaining fund for conversion will be made by
d) National Commission for Safai Karamcharis the States/UTs.
(NCSK) would, inter alia, monitor  Under Indira Awas Yojana of the Ministry of Rural
implementation of the Act and enquire into Development, there is provision for providing
complaints regarding contravention of the assistance for construction of new houses and
provisions of the Act. upgradation of kuchcha or dilapidated houses.
e) Provision of construction of adequate number of Assistance of upto Rs.75,000/- it provided to the
sanitary community latrines in urban areas, eligible households. A provision has been made under
within three years from the date of Indira Awas Yojana for special coverage of identified
commencement of this Act to eliminate the manual scavengers for providing them housing
facilities in rural areas irrespective of their BPL status.
practice of open defecation.
The new Scheme of ‘Housing for All’ under the
 The SRMS has also been revised in Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
November, 2013 with the following major aims at providing housing facility to the citizens of
modifications, in sync with the MS Act, India.
2013:-  Under the Scheme of “Pre Matric Scholarship to the
a) Definition of manual scavenger as per MS Act, Children of those engaged in Occupations involving
cleaning and prone to health hazards”, being
2013.
implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and
b) Provision of one time cash assistance of Rs. Empowerment, the children of manual scavengers
40,000/-, are also provided scholarship @ Rs. 110 to Rs. 700
c) Enhancement of the maximum project cost from per month.
the existing Rs. 5 lakh to Rs. 10 lakh, and Rs. 15  The Problems being faced in Elimination of
lakh in case of sanitation related projects. Manual Scavenging
d) Enhancement of capital subsidy from the The States/UT’s are slow in identification of

existing maximum Rs. 20,000 to maximum of Rs. insanitary latrines and manual scavengers as
3.25 lakh, based on the project cost. there is no time-bound plan for identification of
e) Revision of the rate of monthly stipend during insanitary latrines and manual scavengers.
training from the existing Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 3,000  Further, in a case filed in the Supreme Court of
India, many States/UTs gave affidavit that there goal of meaningful and sustainable rehabilitation
are no insanitary latrines in their jurisdiction. of the identified manual scavengers would be
Due to fear of contempt of the Court, they achieved.
hesitate in reporting existence of insanitary  National Safai Karamcharis Finance &
latrines in their States/UTs. Development Corporation(NSKFDC), A wholly
 At present the work of conversion of insanitary owned Govt. of India Undertaking under the
latrines into sanitary latrines is being attended Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (M/o
to as a part of broad programme of construction SJ&E) was set up on 24th January 1997 as a
of toilets. There is a need to have a time-bound Company “Not for Profit” under Section 25 of
approach as per the mandate of the MS Act, the Companies Act, 1956.
2013, for conversion of insanitary latrines  NSKFDC is in operation since October, 1997, as
 Rehabilitation of manual scavengers is also slow an Apex Corporation for the all round socio-
and in many cases not adequate due to various economic upliftment of the Safai Karamcharis,
problems being faced, which include:- Scavengers and their dependants throughout
a) Manual scavengers are mostly illiterate and have India,through various loan and non-loan based
no exposure to any work, other than sanitation schemes.
related work. Many of them are old. They lack  Apart from operating various loan and non-loan
confidence for running self employment based schemes for the upliftment of the target
projects. Many of them are not willing even to group, NSKFDC is playing a vital role in
avail any skill development training. elimination of manual scavenging - the worst
b) Banks are hesitant about providing loan to surviving symbol of untouchability. NSKFDC has
manual scavengers. Even many State been designated as the Nodal Agency for
Channelising Agencies, due to low rate of implementation of the Central Sector Self
recovery of loan from safai karamcharis, are not Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of
willing to extend loan to manual scavengers. Manual Scavengers (SRMS) under the aegis of
 Due to low confidence levels the identified the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.
manual scavengers demand that they may be D. PROBLEMS OF URBAN HOUSING
provided jobs of safai karamchari in local
 Unaffordable housing:- Because urban housing
authorities.
are non-affordable there is birth of slums in
 ROADMAP urban areas
 National Safai Karamcharis Finance and  SLUMS- closed dwelling (60-70units) overcrowded &
Development Corporation, an apex Corporation congested w/o access to basic facilities like piped
for the socio-economic development of safai drinking water, individual household toilets.
karamcharis and manual scavengers and their  Problems with slums
dependents is the nodal agency of Government a) They Encroach land in Urban areas (illegal
of India for rehabilitation of the identified encroachment of state land)
manual scavengers and their dependents. b) They are Breeding grounds for
 The Corporation has adopted camp approach for communicable diseases due to
mobilization of the target group and readying overcrowdings
them to avail the benefits of government c) No SWM (solid waste management in slums)
Schemes for their rehabilitation in alternate d) They Increase in crime rates in urban areas
dignified occupations. (due to relative deprivation, juvenile crime
 So far, such camps have been held at Bareli, rates are high). But now these juveniles (16-
Moradabad, Meerut, Lucknow, Roorkee, 18 years old especially) are involving in doing
Asansol, Bengaluru and Ratlam, and many more heinous crimes due to the influence of social
will be organized at other places. In these media
camps, apart from the manual scavengers and e) Slums have their Own Sub-culture- mother
their dependents, various concerned headed household. It is mix of rural and
departments of the State, training providers, urban culture.
representatives of banks and NGOs are invited. f) Hotspots of Covid-19
All the stakeholders are made aware of the  IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON SLUMS
benefits to be provided to the target group and  Write positives and negatives by your own
motivated to provide all possible cooperation
and assistance for rehabilitation of manual  SLUMS ARE FUNCTIONAL ALSO:-
scavengers and their dependents. a) They provide cheap labor for construction
 With the camp approach, it is hoped that the activity and household work

b) They provide immediate shelter to migrants they are un-skilled and due to sudden shift from
from rural areas agriculture to non-agricultural activities.
c) They are important vote bank for political  Govt has brought NRLM scheme for urban poor
parties as they vote in large numbers. people.
 PM AWAS YOJNA -HOUSING FOR ALL  NATIONAL URBAN LIVELIHOODS MISSION:-
 To make housing affordable in urban areas  It has 4 components
launched in 2015 up-till 2022. 1) One family member to mobilise into SHGs
 Housing for all has two components Rural and  One member from every poor Household,
urban especially woman, is mobilised into SHGs.
 PM AWAS YOJANA HAS 4 COMPONENTS Members of SHGs then are imparted with skill
1) In situ development of slums training and linked with credit institutions to
 Means where there are slums, houses will be make them self-employed and to make them
built there and following are provided start their micro enterprise
 Pacca houses 2) Skill development of individual
 Gas connection  Individual will receive vocational education in ITI
 Water connection and Polytechnic collages
 Individual household toilet 3) Component for street vendors
 Houses will be built in PPP (like Adani has  They have three problems i.e space, credit and
took contract for Dharavi slums). harassment.
 This scheme for Economic working sections  For their credit PM SVA-NIDHI scheme was
earning less than 3 lakhs launched in 2021 in which 10,000Rs will be given
2) Interest subvention scheme as credit to street vendors and in return they
 It is for EWS (0-3lakh) , LIG (3-6lakh) and MIG (6- have to use QR codes and have to do digital
18lakh per annum) payments
 Understand by example:- let a person A wants to  For space:- Street vendors Act2016:- street
construct his house for 19lakh Rs and he has vending zones will be made in each wards for
10lakh rupees as saving and he needs 8 lakh specifically for street vendors.
more. Bank will give loan usually at 9%, but Mr.A 4) 24×7 Shelter homes -ब
will get loan at only 6% under this scheme. This  They migrants who don’t have place to live can
facility can be availed by EWS+LIG+MIG. live in shelter homes run by the states under
 Loan must be taken to get this benefit. NULM
3) Private sector led construction of EWS houses
 DLF housing society project  SCHEMES FOR URBAN AREAS
आ अब अग 35% of the total project DEVELOPMENT:-
area reserve housing for EWS, प  There are three main schemes
EWS घ ब ग DLF benefit ग
1. AMRUT
 In this private sector will receive certain benefits
 It is for tier-II,III cities
from the state if they reserve 35% of the space
 It talks about giving basic infrastructure
for EWS housing
amenities
4) Private sector led construction of House
 Amurt 1.0- piped drinking water to every
 Understand by example:- let a person A wants to
household
construct his house for 19lakh Rs and he has a) Drainage facilities, sewage, septage
10lakh rupees as saving and he needs 8 lakh b) Creating open public spaces-garden
more. He has now two ways either to take loan  Amrut 2.0(4700 towns/urban areas)
from bank or to manage money by its own. a) increasing water supply
 In this case beneficiary will receive DBT (direct  100% coverage -household
benefit transfer) of 1.5lakh Rupees, only 6.5 lakh  Non- revenue water should not be more
now he has to arrange from the 8lakh. than 20%

 It is unconditional in regard of loan; person  City water plan (identify major sources of
doesn’t need to take loan in this matter. water and supply to water deficit areas)
 Pay Jal sarvekshan to check
E. URBAN POVERTY:-  Equitable distribution of water
 Migrants from rural areas are the main victims  How much waste water to be reused
of urban poverty. The reason for poverty is that  Mapping of water bodies(quality of
water)
b) Restoration of water bodies in urban areas j) The Ministry is also supporting the States in conduct
 Rejuvenation of water bodies like of credit rating of the Mission cities that will help
wetlands them raise resources from the market. The Ministry is
 Aquifer (ground water) mapping also helping them to conduct energy audit of the
 Rain water harvesting pumping systems in the cities in order to improve the
energy efficiency
c) Water treatment of grey water (liquid base
management) 2. SMART CITIES MISSION
 Grey water treatment 100%  This is for tier-I cities
 Treated water can be Reused as 20%  Basic infrastructure is already present in these cities,
waste water in household and 40% in need is to give smart solution through technology like
a) smart power through smart meters, smart grids
industries
b) smart mobility through intelligent transport
 Use of latest technology in water systems which gives real time information of
treatment public transport (like Uber)
d) Other components c) smart factories
 Better land use efficiency d) smart homes
 GIS based master planning of urban e) e-governance/smart governance through apps
areas  SMART CITIES PROGRAM
 Promoting PPP  The Government of India has launched the Smart
 The Government of India has launched the Atal Cities Mission on 25 June 2015.
Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
(AMRUT) with the aim of providing basic civic
amenities like water supply, sewerage, urban
transport, parks as to improve the quality of life for
all especially the poor and the disadvantaged.
 The purpose of “AMRUT” mission is to
a) ensure that every household has access to a tap with
assured supply of water and a sewerage connection
b) increase the amenity value of cities by developing
greenery and well maintained open spaces e.g. parks
and
c) reduce pollution by switching to public transport or
constructing facilities for non-motorized transport
e.g. walking and cycling.
d) The major project components are Water Supply
system, Sewerage, Septage, Storm Water Drainage,
Urban Transport, Green Space and Parks, Reforms
management and support, Capacity building etc. in
that order of priority.
e) The universal coverage of water supply and sewerage
services have first charge in the Mission. There is a) The objective is to promote sustainable and inclusive
maximum allocation of 2.5% of project cost for cities that provide core infrastructure and give a
development of parks with children and elderly decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and
friendly features. sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’
f) The Mission covers covering 500 cities that includes Solutions.
all cities and towns with a population of over one lakh b) Some of the core infrastructure elements in a Smart
with notified Municipalities. Total outlay for AMRUT City would include adequate water supply, assured
is Rs. 50,000 crores for five years from FY 2015-16 to electricity supply, sanitation, including solid waste
FY 2019-20 and the Mission and is being operated as management, efficient urban mobility and public
Central Sponsored Scheme. transport, affordable housing, especially for the poor,
g) The project fund is divided among States/UTs in an robust IT connectivity and digitalization, good
equitable formula in which 50:50 weightage is being governance, especially e-Governance and citizen
given to the urban population of each State/UT and participation, sustainable environment, safety and
number of statutory towns. security of citizens, particularly women, children and
h) The Mission is encouraging and supporting the States the elderly and health and education.
in conducting reforms that will improve the financial c) The strategic components of the Smart Cities Mission
health of the ULBs, delivery of citizen services, are city improvement (retrofitting), city renewal
transparency and cut the cost of services. (redevelopment) and city extension (Greenfield
i) The Ministry has circulated model building bylaws development) plus a Pan-city initiative in which Smart
and has advised the States to adopt them, specifically Solutions are applied covering larger parts of the city.
its 14 essential features. d) Area-based development will transform existing areas

(retrofit and redevelop), including slums, into better f) The implementation of the Smart Cities Mission is
planned human settlements, thereby, improving done by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to be set up
liveability of the whole cities at city level in the form of a limited company under
e) Development of well-planned and fully serviced new the Companies Act, 2013 and will be promoted by the
areas (greenfield) will be encouraged around cities in State/UT and the Urban Local Body (ULB) jointly both
order to accommodate the rapidly expanding having 50:50 equity shareholding.
population in urban areas. Application of Smart g) After selection, each selected Smart Cities have to set
Solutions will enable cities to use technology to up SPVs and start implementation of their Smart City
improve infrastructure and services. Proposal, preparation of Detailed Project Reports
f) Comprehensive development in this way will improve (DPRs), tenders etc.
quality of life, create employment and enhance h) The SPV will convert the Smart City Proposal into
incomes for all, especially the poor and the projects through Project Management Consultants
disadvantaged, leading to inclusive cities. (PMCs) and implementation thereafter
3. RURBAN MISSION
 It is the project of ministry of rural development
 SELECTION PROCESS to create smart villages in urban areas by
a) The selection process of Smart Cities is based on the providing Urban like infrastructure facilities in
idea of Competitive and Co-operative Federalism and rural area (to stop migration)
follows a Challenge process to select cities in two  RURBAN MISSION(Smart Villages)
stages.
 The Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission
b) In January 2016, based on the All India Competition,
(SPMRM) is a scheme launched by Government
20 smart cities were selected in Round 1 . 13 more
Smart Cities were selected in May 2016 in fast track of India in 2016 to deliver integrated project
round. based infrastructure in the rural areas, which will
c) In Round 2, 63 potential smart cities participated of also include development of economic activities
which, 27 Smart Cities have been selected in and skill development.
September 2016  The preferred mode of delivery is through Public
d) In Round 3, 45 potential smart cities participated of Private Partnerships (PPPs) while using various
which, 30 Smart Cities have been selected in June scheme funds for financing
2017
 BACKGROUND
e) In Round 4, 15 potential smart cities participated of
 Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission
which, 9 Smart Cities have been selected in January
2018 (SPMRM) was announced in the Union Budget
2014-15. This was following the Rurban reducing the migration from rural to urban
development model of urbanization of the rural areas. PURA was for holistic and accelerated
areas, adopted in the state of Gujarat through development of compact areas around a
which people living in the rural areas are given potential growth center in a Panchayat (or group
efficient civic infrastructure and associate of Panchayats) through Public Private
services. Partnership (PPP) by providing livelihood
 Ensuring availability of amenities to rural opportunities and urban amenities to improve
populace is on the top priority of the central the quality of life in rural areas. It included
government as 69% of India’s population resides a) Simultaneous delivery of different schemes
in villages. b) Deployment of funds for operations and
 FEATURES maintenance of assets along with capital
 The Mission aims at development of rural investment for creation of assets
growth clusters which have latent potential for c) Synergy in operations of schemes – leading to
growth, in all States and Union Territories (UTs), optimal use of resources
which would trigger overall development in the d) Standards for service delivery in rural areas at
region. par to those set for urban areas
 These clusters would be developed by
provisioning of economic activities, developing
skills & local entrepreneurship and providing
infrastructure amenities. The Rurban Mission
will thus develop a cluster of Smart Villages.
 For the purposes of SPMRM, Rurban areas refer
to a cluster of 15-20 villages having about 30 to
40 lakh population. The clusters will be
geographically contiguous Gram Panchayats with
a population of about 25000 to 50000 in plain
and coastal areas and a population of 5000 to
15000 in desert, hilly or tribal areas. Solid waste new rules:- Do it from October recital for
 In the first year of SPMRM, 100 Rurban growth 2021 new rules
clusters will be developed. The mission aims to ………9th ended,10th started……………
class
create 300 such clusters over the next 3 years,

across the country.
 IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON
 The funding for Rurban Clusters will be through INDIAN SOCIETY:-
various schemes of the Government converged  Globalisation means increasing openness, growing
into the cluster interdependence & integration
 To ensure an optimum level of development,  Globalisation has considerably increased in the last
fourteen components have been suggested as 30 years post 1991 LPG reforms
desirable for the cluster, which would include  There are three dimensions to globalisation
skill development training linked to economic 1. Political dimension:-
activities.  Birth of supra national bodies like UN, G-20, WTO, ILO
 The State Governments identify the clusters in

etc
 There is a concept of global citizenship means you
accordance with the Framework for
can be citizen of any country but can travel anywhere
Implementation prepared by the Ministry of
e.g concept of green card holders, Overseas citizen of
Rural Development. India (OCI)
 For the selection of clusters, the Ministry of
2. Economic dimension (important)
Rural Development is adopting a scientific  This is driving force of all other dimensions. It has
process of cluster selection which involves an further dimensions
objective analysis at the District, Sub District and  Interdependence:- resources are unevenly
Village level, of the demography, economy, distributed across the world. E.g
tourism and pilgrimage significance and  oil and Gas ,
transportation corridor impact.  Active Pharmaceuticals (API),
 A predecessor to SPMRM was the Provision of
 rare earth elements like lithium, silicon,
cadmium, arsenic etc (used to make
Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA),
semiconductors),
announced in 2003, aimed at Provision of urban
 interdependence for technology also like USA is
amenities and livelihood opportunities in rural only country which can design semiconductors
areas to bridge the rural urban divide thereby then designed is transferred to China, South

Korea, Taiwan and they go for mass  They are achievement oriented
manufacturing and their markets are south Asia (individualism)
 Birth of multinational companies :- companies  They focus on higher education
are usually registered in tax heaven companies  They are highly consumeristic
and operations are done in other countries and c) Prefer to live in nuclear families and consider
they hire people from other countries, they marriage as a source of economic opportunity ,
migrate people and give employment to people however they suffer from work pressure, stress ,
all over the world leading to migration which unrest and health issues because they have to
leads to cultural exchange work under constant work pressure
3. Social dimension d) They are also oriented towards fast fashion
 Social contact is increasing .This is happening because (these brands change fashion trends according to
of global culture very fast and at the same time
a) Migration:- cheaper mode of travel make it affordable. they have spread over Tier-II
b) Internet and social media:- has increased people cities also through online delivery of goods
to people contacts means App shopping)
c) Netflix and other OTT platforms :- B. IMPACT ON INDIVIDUAL ELEMENT
d) Global education & Global employment :- 1. Impact on family:-
immigrants are increasing because countries are  Breakdown of joint family systems (because of
facing aging problems consumerism + individualism)
 IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON  Strong desire for privacy
 Marriage is considered as economic opportunity
INDIAN SOCIETY  However, some sociologists believe that only
A. IMPACT ON CULTURE households have broken not families means kitchen
1. Homogenisation:- and roof have separated but joint-ness is intact. For
 developing a mono culture like example:- family reunion, deaths, marriages, serving
 dress (Jeanization) parents as moral responsibility :- so emotional bonds
 food patterns:- Mcdonaldization (fondness are very strong making jointness intact. On the other
toward fast food culture) hand western societies have gone for complete
 birth of fast fashion Industry (making local nuclearisation means breakdown of emotion bonds
culture to global , like Zara, H&M Brands) 2. Impact on Children and youth
2. Hybridization :-  Increase in use of global brands (youth became brand
 Mix of Culture C1 with Culture C2 and some new conscious)
culture is evolving because there is a pressure of local  Increased use of fast fashion
culture from below  Change in food trends
 Example:- Indo-Western Clothes, Bhangra-Pop  Youtubisation of Youth:- youtube has created has
3. localization economic/employment opportunities for youth ,
 Global MNC adapting to the local culture to do youth leaning skills becoming youtubers , taking their
business in India talent to global. However, crimes and extreme flow of
 Example:- in Indian McDonald sells Aloo tikki burger information create confusion and dilemma In the
and Chicken Burger (which it nowhere sells in world minds of youth
except India) + channels like discovery now in Hindi C. IMPACT ON START-UP INDUSTRY:-
4. Individualism increased  Global business copied in Indian economy for
 Individualism means self is more important than example:- Flipkart copied the business model of
others Amazon in US which led to birth of start-up culture n
5. Consumerism increased the country , Brands like Nayaka (copied Sephora in
 Consumerism means propensity to consume more US), Shark Tank culture (copied from US), concept of
and more goods , we connect our happiness with GIG economy , venture capital fund is raised from
goods , materialistic things , Consumption becomes a abroad by start-ups
habit D. IMPACT ON WOMEN
 When consumerism increases , individualism also  Women have challenged the institution of patriarchy
increases by claiming their rights and asking for equality
6. Birth of New Middle class  They have got new employment opportunities like in
 New middle class means class which is consuming MNCs, GIG economy
more and saving less (old middle class:- saves more  Voice of women raised at global level , awareness has
consumes less) increased because of
 Features of new middle class  international women organisations like CEDAW
a) They are new class of salary professionals mainly (Conference for elimination of all forms
employed in IT services or working with GIG discrimination against women adopted in 1979
economy by UN General Assembly , often described as
b) They have their own sub-culture International Bill for Women Rights)

Metoo Movement raised awareness about 2. Suffer from social exclusion (Problem is not
women sexual harassment at workplace biological)
 NEGATIVE Impact of globalisation on Women 3. Society has not created disabled friendly
 Dual burden on women (especially in Middle class):- infrastructure
household work is still done by women and they also 4. Infrastructure- Disabled friendly (Reasonable
work outside for income accommodation)
 Job + Household responsibilities due to increase in  AIC (ACCESSIBLE INDIA CAMPAIGN) is
consumerism but non-sharing of household launched for making it possible. It has three
responsibilities components
 Most women are still paid less (gender pay Gap is a) Making public transport disabled friendly
high)  Delhi Metro 100% disabled friendly
 Women are considered fit only for desk-jobs or part  Low floor buses
time jobs , call center jobs  Mobility- ensure economic empowerment
TOPIC:- GIG ECONOMY b) Public buildings will be made disabled friendly
 Slopes, ramps, audio guidance, tactile tiles,
 Any economy which gives short-term contractual toilets for disabled
employment or free lancing as opposed to c) ICT (mode of access to information)
permanent work  VIP (Visually impaired persons)
 Their employment is usually associated with • 0-39% visibility
 Job insecurity,  Braille Printers
 Complex contract (one sided contacts),  Audio reading of text
 Changing rates of incentives randomly (random  Magnifying features
change of targets),  Input through audio commands- Alexa
 Lack of control over impossible targets (Swiggy • Braille keyboards
used to pay 35 rs , now they pay 10-15 rupees  Nay
per delivery) and very low wages  an – stylus reading tablet for blind
 No social security or wage protection  Govt- target make 100 websites disabled
 Their exploitation has increased with birth of hyper- friendly
laps consumerism means propensity to consume
5. INITIATIVES BY GOVT
more and more goods instantly . for example:- Blinkit,
 1995- Persons with disability Act
Zepto (deliveries are made as fast as possible
 Give list of 7 disabilities
exploiting gig workers).
 National commission for disabled- to
 They feel more alienated due to extreme work
monitor implementation of the act
pressure, low wages. so they get disconnected with
 2007- India signs UN convention on Rights of
their families and what they earn , they cannot spend
persons with disabilities
due to low wages . they feel so disconnected
 2012:- Incheon strategy was signed for PWDs in
 Benefits of GIG economy:- Asia and Pacific to reduce poverty and increase
a) But GIG economy created employment participation , to provide social security and
opportunities for migrants gender equality
b) They have option to work part time , this has  2016- Rights of person with disability act
given them an additional source of income. It is  Increase disabilities from 7-21- disability is
benefit more for women who need part time an evolving and dynamic concept
jobs  Acid attack victims, specific learning
c) GIG economy promotes self-employment, micro disabilities, speech and language disabilities
entrepreneurship like small restaurants have  Benchmark disabilities- 40% &above
emerged due to online apps access disabilities
 THE VULNERABLE SECTION  Reservation benefit in higher
educational institutions and public
 VULNERABLE SECTIONS employment
1. Disabled  Rights given to disabled-
2. LGBTQ  Right to equality
3. Children  Protection from inhuman treatment
4. Women  Right against discrimination
 Reservation(Horizontal)- In higher
A.DISABLED (DIVYANGJANS) educational institutions(5%)
 Face social exclusion as there is no infrastructure  Public employment (4%) (identified jobs
made for disabled section friendly which are suitable for disabled people)
 Way to include them socially is done through creating (therefore disabled are excluded for
disabled friendly infrastructure many jobs like in IPS disabled are not
 ISSUES WITH DISABLED:- taken:- we have to increase the scope
for disabled people)
1. Disabled constitute around 2.2% of the population
 Reasonable accommodation- necessary and ▪ Other
appropriate modification and adjustment  Right to Gender identity and self-determine
without imposing disproportionate and gender identity
undue burden on others, so that PWD  Rights against discrimination on the basis of sex-
exercise rights equally with others A-14,15,16,17- no discrimination on the basis of
 State and central advisory board on sex
disabilities  Transgender- SEBC- enjoy reservation u/a- 15(4),
6. 2021- SC- disabled shall enjoy reservations in 16(4)
promotions  Separate toilets for Transgenders and HIV testing
 GOVT INITIATIVES FOR DISABLED facilities in Hospitals
 Centre, state must ensure- transgender are not
1. Sugamya pustakalya (Accessible library for treated as untouchables
VIP) b) 2015 Ram Singh vs UOI (
 Digital library for disabled- audio books
 Reiterated NALSA case
2. AIC app- crowdsourcing of information
 Transgender to be included in OBC list
3. India signatory of Marrakesh Treaty
 In 2014
c) 2018- Navtej singh Jauhar vs UOI
 2016- treaty comes into force  Sec 377 was decriminalised (only homosexuality
 Designed by WIPO provision was stroked down)
 Bridges the “book famines” for VIP  Section 377- of IPC is colonial legacy which
 If a copyright book has been republished in a doesn’t hold relevance now
format which is suitable for VIPs and blind- no  Decriminalized sexual activity done in pvt
copyright violation between two consenting adults
4. New Initiatives  However, sexual activity with children and
 Skill development- identify appropriate skills for animal -continues to a offence u/s377
specific disabilities  Right to privacy -FR
 Sports
 Technology- rescue  TRANSGENDER ACT (PROTECTION OF
 Jaipur foot- prosthetic legs and arms RIGHTS), 2019
 Electronic wheel chairs a) Defines who are transgender
 Medical insurance  Intersex (transsexual are also called intersex)
 Research and development
 Transgender :- common name is given
 Separate Ministry for disabled
 Queers +sociocultural identity
B. THE TRANSGENDERS:- b) Right to self determination
 Sex is a biological term means based on your sex  Transgender certificate issued by DM
organs , doctors assign you sex (male or female) (making it controversial)
 Gender is a sociological term means c) Protection against discrimination
 Biologically male is expected to show male  Right to reside and employment-
appropriate behaviour
d) Providing healthcare facilities for
 Biological female is expected to show female
appropriate behaviour transgender
 They are called Cis-gender means normal e) However the act doesn’t talk about benefit
 Trans-Gender:- who show opposite behaviour as of reservation
expected like Biologically male is expected to  Yet SC ruling is not implemented as identify them
show male appropriate behaviour but he is as OBC
showing female behaviour  Transgender have been demanding horizontal
 Trans-sexual:- doctor is not able to assign the reservation for themselves
binary male or female identity  Karnataka govt- 1% horizontal reservation to
 Homosexuality :- Homosexuality is romantic transgender
attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior  TN – recruitment of transgender as constables
between members of the same sex or gender. As a  Delhi govt- YUVA scheme for transgender
sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring  Kerala- census for transgender
pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual
attractions" to people of the same sex.
C. THE CHILDREN-
 SC CASES RELATED TO TRANSGENDERS a) Child labor (reasons)
 Around 10.1 million suffer from child labour and
a) 2014- NALSA vs UOI
 Transgender have to be identified as a third
main reason is poverty
Gender  Poverty (vicious cycle of poverty)
▪M  Supply of child labour
▪F
 Demand- certain specific industries demand adult then Children’s court will give
child labour- brick kiln, garments, domestic judgement)
services, food and refreshment services,  STREAM LINES THE PROCESS OF ADOPTION
mining, carpet weaving , fire crackers (INTRACOUNTRY AND INTERCOUNTRY)
industry  CARA-Child Adoption Regulatory Authority-
 Poor implementation of prevention of child central body regulates all process related to
labour act, 2016 adoption
 High population with poverty and illiteracy  CARA made Adoption Rules in 2017 for
 Not giving access to education for procedure of adoption of children
children  CARA made Software- Carings for online
b) CHILD labour act,2016 adoption of children
 <= 14 years- cannot be employed anywhere  Register-
during school hours  Adoption rules were amended in 2022
 After school – engaged in household  Adoption process signatory authority :-
activities, theatre, entertainment DM is made
industry  Adoption:- can be done in same state
 14-18 years- Adolescents- can be employed also
only in non-hazardous industries-(list of 14  Foster homes:- can be adopted now
hazardous industries) after 2 years (earlier it was 5 years)
 ILO conventions on child labour  Process of adoption to be done legally only any
 ILO-182- bans worst form of child labour informal adoption is illegal
 UN convention on rights of child
 Defines children< 18 years of age
 CHILD SEXUAL HARASSMENT
 In India around 53% of children are sexually
 Bans any form of child labour
abused (underreported). Child sexual abuse
c) STEPS TAKEN BY GOVT TO BAN includes child sexual molestation, pornography,
CHILD LABOUR viewing child pornography and using children for
 PENCIL (PLATFORM FOR EFFECTIVE sexual excitement
 Recently in India- no of registered cases under
ENFORCEMENT OF NO CHILD LABOUR)
CSA have increased
▪ Child Tracking System
 Increase in awareness about CSA
▪ Complaint Corner
 Celebrities have come out openly about CSA
▪ State Government
 CSA- happen in dual working families,
▪ National Child Labour Project and
usually close relatives and domestic help
▪ Convergence.
 CSA in upper class families- don’t register
 National child labour project-
cases- underreporting
rehabilitate the children who are rescued
 POCSO act, 2012
from child labour with the help of NGOs
▪ Protection of children from sexual offences
 Govt is running a campaign- 100 men- 100
▪ Defines “what is Sexual abuse”?
children- mobilize 100 youth to rescue 100
▪ Definition of child <18years
children from child labour
▪ Child friendly procedure for reporting crimes
 CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH LAW (JUVENILE
and recording evidences
DELINQUENCY):- means when child is ▪ Creating special courts for trial of CSA cases
committing crime (less than 18 years) we book
him under Law- Juvenile Justice act 2000 . this  CHILD ISSUES
Act is totally focused on rehabilitation of child  INDEX:
into society 1. Child rights

 AMENDED IN 2015 2. Constitutional provisions
3. POCSO act, 201
 Defines child- those below the age of
18years  CHILD RIGHTS
 If child is <16years- crimes- matter will go a) Child rights are specialized human rights that
to Juvenile justice board and board will have apply to all human beings below the age of 18.
complete discretion for judgement Universally child rights are defined by the United
 If child is in age group of 16-18years- and he Nations and United Nations Convention on the
commits a heinous crime- he may be tried Rights of the Child (UNCRC).
as an adult (decided by juvenile justice board b) There are four broad classifications of these
whether he is treated as child or adult, if as rights. These four categories cover all civil,
political, social, economic and cultural rights of guaranteed protection of childhood and
every child. These are: youth against exploitation and against moral
c) Right to Survival, which is inclusive of the child and material abandonment (Article 39 (f)).
rights to be born, right to minimum standards of  Indian Constitution also obliges states to take
food, shelter and clothing, and the right to live steps for the protection of child rights. The State
with dignity. must:
d) Right to Protection: A child has the right to be  Make special provisions for women and
protected from neglect, exploitation and abuse children (Article 15 (3)).
at home, and elsewhere.  Protect interest of minorities (Article 29).
e) Right to Participation: A child has a right to  Promote educational interests of weaker
participate in any decision making that involves sections of the people (Article 46).
him/her directly or indirectly. There are varying  Raise the level of nutrition and standard of
degrees of participation as per the age and living of its people and the improvement of
maturity of the child. public health (Article 47).
f) Right to Development: Children have the right to  Besides these rights, children also have rights
all forms of development: Emotional, Mental similar to any other adult male or female. These
and Physical. are:
 CHILD RIGHTS AND INDIA  Right to equality (Article 14).
 Right against discrimination (Article 15).
a) The term ‘Child’ is not defined in the Indian
 Right to personal liberty and due process of
Constitution. The legal definition of child tends
law (Article 21).
to depend upon the purpose. There are a
 Right to being protected from being
number of legislations in India which defines the
trafficked and forced into bonded labour
term ‘Child’ depending upon the purpose.
(Article 23).
b) Under the Indian Majority Act 1875, the age of
 Right of weaker sections of the people to be
majority is eighteen years & in case of a minor
protected from social injustice and all forms
for whose person & property a guardian is
of exploitation (Article 46).
appointed or whose property is under the
 Other Legislations: Apart from the Constitution,
supervision of the Court of Wards the age of
there are a number of legislations which deals
majority is twenty-one years.
with children. The following are some of them -
c) Under the Child Labour (Prohibition and
 The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929
Regulations) Act 1986, child means a person who
 The Child Labour (Prohibition And
has not completed his fourteenth year of age.
Regulation) Act
d) Under the Child Marriage Restraint Act 1926,
 The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Technique
child means a person who, if a male, has not
(Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act of
completed twenty-one years of age and, if a
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
female, has not completed eighteen years of
Children) Act
age.
 Besides, the government has also
e) Under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act
formulated National Policy for Children 2013
2000, ‘Juvenile’ or ‘Child’ means a person who
to ensure that the principles of this Policy
has not completed eighteenth year of age.
are respected in all sectors at all levels in
f) The Constitution of India guarantees all children
formulating laws, policies and programmes
certain rights, which have been specially
affecting children.
included for them. These include:
 Right to free and compulsory elementary  CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE (CSA) IN INDIA
education for all children in the 6-14 year  It is a fact that millions of girls and boys
age group (Article 21 A). worldwide are being sexually abused within
 Right to be protected from any hazardous homes and outside. They are abused by families
employment till the age of 14 years (Article and known persons. The perpetrator can be
24). anyone who exploits the child's vulnerability to
 Right to be protected from being abused and gain sexual gratification.
forced by economic necessity to enter  A significant study in this regard, at the pan
occupations unsuited to their age or Indian level, has been the National Study on
strength (Article 39(e)). Child Abuse (2007). According to the study:
 Right to equal opportunities and facilities to  53.18 % children in the family environment
develop in a healthy manner and in not going to school reported facing sexual
conditions of freedom and dignity and abuse.

 49.92% children in schools reported facing Assault, the burden of proof is shifted on the
sexual abuse. accused.
 50% abusers are persons known to the child g) The media has been barred from disclosing the
or in a position of trust and responsibility. identity of the child without the permission of
 REASONS FOR CSA the Special Court.
a) In Indian context, Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is  WAY FORWARD
snowed under many different suppositions and a) Trained personnel should interview the victim
oppositions. Some assumptions are: children. The language of the child is to be
b) Out of sheer curiosity children must have asked understood by the legal system.
for sexual contact. b) The investigation of trial of sexual offences have
c) Sexual abuse is part of the process of growing up to be made time bound. Special courts need to
and does not lead to any negative be set up.
consequences. c) There is a need for a special provision relating to
d) Very young children cannot be abused sexually. medical examination of child victim in the CrPC.
e) Boys cannot be abused, only poor are abused.  The absence of a proper medical report in the
f) Women being the caregivers can never be case of a sexual assault goes against the child
offenders etc. assaulted the mental health of victim needs to
g) A form of child sexual abuse in India are child be attended to, as the trauma has to be
marriages which is widely prevalent. However, reduced.
the reality contradicts these assumptions.
Hence, child sexual abuse in India thrives on this D.WOMEN & ISSUES
very mentality. Parents have no idea how  Childhood  Adulthood  Old age
adversely this crime can affect children in their  WOMEN ISSUES
adulthood.  Violence against women
 Laws Relating to Child Sexual Abuse: A. BIRTH AND INFANCY-
a) In 2012, the Indian Parliament passed the  Sex selective abortion, female infanticide, lack of
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act. nutrition
b) Ministry of Women and Child Development  Beti bachao beti padhao
(MWCD) has issued Model Guidelines for  Started in 2015, panipat dist of Haryana
POCSO.  2 pronged approach
 Highlights of the 'Protection of Children o Campaign(generating awareness)
from Sexual Offences Act 2012' o Multi sectoral intervention like crating
a) The Act defines a child as any person below the separate toilets for girls in secondary
age of 18 years and provides protection to all school in order to increase enrolments in
children under the age of 18 years from the secondary education
offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment o Nutrition of girl child
and pornography. o Sukanya Samridhi yojna
b) This is the first time that an Act has listed B. CHILDHOOD-
aspects of touch as well as non-touch behaviour Child Marriage(Amendment act) 2022

(eg: photographing a child in a obscene manner) o Min age of marriage for girls- 21
under the ambit of sexual offences. o Arguments in favour-
c) The Act incorporates child friendly procedures  Health of women will improve(no early
for reporting, recording of evidence, age pregnancy)
investigation and trial of offences  Decline in MMR, IMR
d) The attempt to commit an offence under the Act  Increase female labour force
has also been made liable for punishment for participation
upto half the punishment prescribed for the  Uniformity in Personal laws
commission of the offence. o Child marriage act will overrule all personal
e) The Act also provides for punishment for laws and also amend personal laws of
abetment of the offence, which is the same as religion other than muslims
for the commission of the offence. This would o Arguments not in favour
cover trafficking of children for sexual purposes.  Increase in illegal marriages
f) For the more heinous offences of Penetrative  Age group (20-24) safest for pregnancy
Sexual Assault, Aggravated Penetrative Sexual  Conflict with personal law
Assault, Sexual Assault and Aggravated Sexual  Average age of marriage will increase for
girls
C. ADULTHOOD- employment status, and it covers clients, customers
 victims of Domestic violence, sexual harassment and domestic workers.
 It expands ‘workplace’ beyond traditional offices to
at work place
include all kinds of organisations across sectors, even
 Identified 4 types of violence
non-traditional workplaces (for example those that
 Physical, sexual, verbal and economic abuse involve telecommuting) and places visited by
 Section 498A- Husband/relative of husband employees for work.
subjecting her to cruelty because of which-  It mandates the constitution of the internal complaint
She commits act of suicide committee (ICC) — and states the action to be taken
o Also include any kind of harassment for if an ICC is not formed — and the filing of an audit
dowry report of the number of complaints and action taken
 POSH at workplace Act at the end of the year.
 Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan  It lists the duties of the employer, like organising
o >=10 employee- Internal complain regular workshops and awareness programmes to
educate employees about the Act.
committee
 If the employer fails to constitute an ICC, or does not
o <10 employee District complain abide by any other provision, they must pay a fine of
committee up to ₹50,000. If the offender is a repeat offender,
o Underreported- SHe Box- online portal the fine gets doubled. The second offence can also
for complains lead to cancellation or non-renewal of his licence.
 Maternity benefits act  The Act drew on the 1997 judgment of the Supreme
 FLFPR Court (known as the Vishaka judgment) to codify
 Low and declining measures that employers need to take to address
D. OLD AGE IN THIS AGE WOMAN IS VICTIM sexual harassment at the work place
b) Issues in implementation
OF
 70% of the women do not report sexual
a) Widowhood,
b) Extreme form of alienation:- especially new harassment by superiors due to the fear of
middle class gets alienated repercussions.
 According to a 2015 research study, 36% of
 REASONS FOR LOW FLFPR
Indian companies and 25% of multinational
 Sexual harassment at workplace
companies had not yet constituted their Internal
 More women entering secondary education
Complaints Committee (ICCs) which is
sector
mandatory under the Act.
 Increase in household income- subsidiary
 Cases remain pending in court for long time
income not needed
enhancing the agony of victims
 Occupational segregation- low economic
 The Act does not fix accountability as to who is
opportunities
in charge of ensuring that workplaces comply
 Socio cultural barriers also high- motherly role of
with the Act.
women glorified
c) Steps proposed for better implementation
 Poor maternity benefits
 Ministry of WCD recently launched an online
o High dropout rate
complaint management system titled Sexual
o Difficult to join work with child
Harassment electronic–Box (SHe-Box) for the
o Maternity benefits act-
effective implementation of the SH Act, 2013.
 12-26 weeks
 This will enable a monitorable and transparent
 50 or more employee- creche facility
system of grievance redressal under the Act.
 Solutions  Monthly reporting to WCD ministry on the
o Mobilizing women SHGs- micro enterprises
number of complaints received, disposed,
o Gender budgeting
o POSH act
pending and action taken etc.
 The Ministry of WCD will set up an inter-
o Stand-up India Scheme- loan for greenfield
enterprise led by women ministerial committee headed by a senior official
o Increase participation in MSME of the WCD Ministry.
 SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORK  This committee will review the progress of
disposal of complaints of sexual harassment, get
PLACE BILL:- a standardized training module prepared.
 Application: Improving female participation  The committee will also make sure that the
ratio heads of ICCs of all
a) Provisions of Sexual Harassment Act  ministries/departments are given training on
 It widens the definition of ‘aggrieved woman’ to how to handle the complaints.

include all women, irrespective of age and
 It was also decided that the Act, the rights of a fathers don't need to spend time with new-born.
woman official and the responsibility of the ICC Also it is silent on paternity leave issue.
must be given adequate publicity through  As the amendment excludes the men, it may
different methods including the websites of the lead employers to pay men more than the
ministries/departments/attached offices women due to different work conditions. It
 MATERNITY BENEFITS ACT 2017 weakens the directive "equal pay for equal
work" enshrined in the constitution.
 Application: Increasing gender labour force
 The amendment ignores single father or
participation, women empowerment transgender who might want to adopt a child.
a) Key Features of the Act  The amendment may deter employers from
 The act is applicable to all establishments hiring female work force, thus making women
employing 10 or more persons. less desirable as male employees in free market
 Duration of maternity leave: The Act states that enterprises, perpetuating gender gap in
every woman will be entitled to maternity employment.
benefit of 12 weeks. The amended act increases  Increasing maternity leave from 12 to 26 weeks
this to 26 weeks. could have an adverse impact on the job
 Under the Act, this maternity benefit should not opportunities available for women as the
be availed before six weeks from the date of amendment requires the employer to pay full
expected delivery. The amendment changes this wages during maternity leave. It could increase
to eight weeks. costs for employers and result in a preference
 In case of a woman who has two or more for hiring male workers.
children, the maternity benefit will continue to d) Challenges Ahead
be 12 weeks, which cannot be availed before six  Smaller companies may struggle to meet the
weeks from the date of the expected delivery. increased financial burden of providing longer
 Option to work from home: an employer may
paid maternity leave.
permit a woman to work from home even after  The provisions are limited to the organised
the leave period. sector, thus benefitting less than a quarter of
 Cr che facilities: it is a mandatory provision
working women.
requiring every establishment with 50 or more  The women on leave may spend more time on
employees to provide cr che facilities within a domestic work than nurturing the child
prescribed distance. defeating the purpose of the amendment.
 Informing women employees of the right to
 Due to longer leaves women will lose touch with
maternity leave: every establishment to intimate work-related developments and will lag behind
a woman at the time of her appointment of the their colleagues after they resume work.
maternity benefits available to her.
b) Why maternity leaves are important?  BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO
 Six month of breastfeeding is important for the PROGRAMME (BBBPP)
infant to develop immunity against diseases.  Applications: GS-1 declining sex ratio,
This step will lower the infant mortality rate. missing women, ethics paper case studies
 Article 42 of the Constitution guarantees
maternity benefits to all working women. a) About the Programme
 The amendment provides a maternity leave of  Beti Bachao Beti Padhao was launched as a
26 weeks which exceeds ILO’s minimum convergent effort of Ministries of Women and
standard of 14 weeks. It will improve India's Child Development, Health & Family Welfare
ranking in terms of the number of weeks for and Human Resource Development in 2015 to
maternity leave. address the declining Child Sex Ratio and related
 The amendments will help 18 lakh women issues of empowerment of women over a life-
workforce in organised sector. cycle continuum.
 The increase in maternity leave as mandated by b) Objectives
law from 12 weeks to 26 would help new Prevent gender biased sex selective elimination
mothers bond with their babies and also to  Ensure survival & protection of the girl child
enable them to breastfeed leading to enhanced  Ensure education of the girl child Key
nutrition and immunity for the child. Components
c) Cons  Enabling girls' education
 The amendment recognizes mothers as primary  Enforcement of Pre-Conception & Pre Natal
care giver and ignores role of father in childcare. Diagnostic Techniques (PC&PNDT) Act.
Thus, it perpetuates gender role stereotypes i.e.  Awareness for changing mindsets
c) Strategies  volunteering, travel related to household
 Implement a sustained Social Mobilization and activities and other unpaid activities for men and
Communication Campaign to create equal value women aged 15–64 years.
for the girl child & promote her education.  According to the report, the proportion of
 Place the issue of decline in CSR/SRB in public “unpaid work” per day is far higher for women
discourse, improvement of which would be an than men globally.
indicator for good governance. b) Reasons For Gender Pay Gap In India
 Focus on Gender Critical Districts and Cities low 1. Occupational Segregation
on CSR for intensive & integrated action.  Preference is given to male workers while
 Mobilize & Train Panchayati Raj Institutions/ recruiting or promoting to senior roles.
Urban local bodies/ Grassroot workers as  The rate of female participation in the paid
catalysts for social change, in partnership with labour market is generally low, and is primarily
local community/women’s/youth groups. concentrated in rural areas in the agricultural
 Ensure service delivery structures/schemes sector.
&programmes are sufficiently responsive to  Women's participation is also higher in light
issues of gender and children’s rights. industries and the unorganized sector, where
 Enable Inter-sectoral and inter-institutional the wages are usually lower.
convergence at District/Block/Grassroot levels. 2. Cultural Barriers:
 Women are not promoted to seek gainful
d) Reasons For Pan-India Expansion
 Drop in Sex-Ratio at Birth: Scaling up of Beti Bachao
employment outside their home.
Beti Padao Programme country-wide comes at a time  Due to role stereotyping, childcare, cooking etc.
when NITI Aayog in its report stated that sex-ratio at is viewed primarily as women’s job.
birth nationwide had dropped from 906 in 2012-2014  It leads to interrupted careers of women
to 900 in 2013-2015. (women take career-breaks for certain personal
 Million ‘Missing girls: Economic Survey 2017-2018 and societal reasons)
highlighted the issue of skewed sex ratio at birth in 3. Education and Training:
favour of males leading to the identification of 63  Biased socialization processes do not encourage
million missing women in 2014. The prevalence of women to pursue higher education or to
‘Missing Women’ is either due to sex selective
upgrade their skills.
abortion, disease, neglect, or inadequate nutrition.
 The literacy rate for women in India is far lower
 While active sex selection via foetal abortions is
widely prevalent, parents may choose to keep having than the rate for men, and it has been observed
children until they get the desired number of sons. that many girls drop out of school and fail to
This is called son meta preference. fully complete their education.
 A son meta preference does not lead to sex-selective 4. Unpaid Work: According to the Human
abortion. However it may be detrimental to female Development Report 1995, women spend about
children because it may lead to fewer resources two- thirds of their working time on unpaid
devoted to them and therefore can contribute to work, while men spend only one-fourth of their
missing women at a later stage. time towards unpaid labour.
 THE GLOBAL -GENDER-GAP REPORT c) Way Forward
2017:-  Introduction of women friendly policies in
 The World Economic Forum has released “The Global organisations on voluntary basis can help in
Gender Gap Report 2017”. India slipped 21 places on improving the situation. E.g. - Very recently, Tata
the index to 108. Sons announced a seven months’ maternity
 The Global Gender Gap Report is across four thematic leave for its women with an extension of up to
dimensions: 18 months.
o Economic Participation and Opportunity,
 Leadership intent to engage women, especially
o Educational Attainment,
o Health and Survival, and
returning women, is crucial. This is ‘inclusion in
o Political Empowerment. action’.
a) Key Highlights  Training the hiring team on how to assess
 According to the report, on average, 66% of women on breaks, how to identify potential and
women’s work in India is unpaid, compared to to match the same with the right job is essential.
12% of men’s. Unpaid work measures the  Having a clear strategy in place, as well as
average minutes spent per day on routine policies that direct and guide are also critical.
housework, shopping, care for household But, most important is the realisation that
members, care for non-household members women are a crucial talent pool that needs to be
engaged at all life-stages.

 It is also the responsibility of women to stay up- values and modernization of Indian
to-date of these changes, and up skill tradition (discussed in handout no 1),
themselves constantly, especially when they and its continuity in present times
need to take career breaks. Women must • In the body briefly explain the factors which led to
this continuity
identify a re-entry path. It could be through an
• like- harmony, tolerance, liberalism,
internship (there are many such internships assimilation of different cultures with ease-
being offered – primary among them being the which played a role in the continuation of
Tata SCIP programme) or through a second the culture.
career programme of a company. • Allowing different ideas and values to
nurture in Indian society like growth of
 PRADHAN MANTRI MAHILA SHAKTI Buddhism, Jainism, Bhakti movement
• Role of caste in assimilation of various
KENDRAS religious groups and tribes
 The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has
• Accommodation of Islamic values
approved a new scheme called 'Pradhan Mantri • However, we still maintained differences,
Mahila Shakti Kendra' which involves not complete assimilation
establishment of 920 Mahila Shakti Kendras at • Secularism as the fundamental principle
block-level in the 115 most backward districts. since ancient times
 It aims at empowering rural women through
• Tolerance as preached in Buddhism
community participation to create an • In the second part briefly discuss how in recent
environment in which they realise their full times Indian society has seen the emergence of
potential. divisive tendencies on the lines of caste, religion,
 The scheme is part of the Umbrella Scheme
language, region etc. which stands in sharp contrast
"Mission for Protection and Empowerment for with the glorious past.
Women" of the Ministry Of Women And Child • Factors like negative regionalism,
Development communalism, caste conflict, etc
 National Mission for Empowerment of • Conclude by stressing the importance of those
Women factors even in the present to help India maintain its
 It is envisioned as a one-stop convergence cultural identity- EK Bharat Shreshta Bharat
support service for empowering rural women  To what extent globalization has impacted
with opportunities for skill development, the core of cultural diversity in India?
employment, digital literacy, health and
Explain
nutrition.
 Approach
 It will aim to improve declining child sex ratio,
 In the intro part define what is Globalization-
ensure survival and protection of the girl child,
interconnected trade, ideas and culture
ensuring her education and empowering her to
 Body: give points to explain how globalization
fulfil her potential. It will provide an interface for
has not impacted the core but the peripheral
rural women to approach the government for
areas of Indian society
getting their entitlements and for empowering
 Question of old value system by modern
them through training and capacity building.
value system like triple talaq, grant of
HAND-OUT MATERIAL women rights, equality in treatment,
 2019 1. What makes Indian society unique religious freedom---main impact of
Globalization
in sustaining its culture? Discuss
 Language- Adoption of English but people
 Approach still prefer to speak local languages o
• The question demands the factors which made it Movies, Music and dance forms-
possible for it to sustain its culture from ancient Netflixization of urban India, but largely
times. untouched, revival of local dance forms and
• The word ‘unique’ is used because of the great large preference of local level music, dance
ancient cultures of the world like Mesopotamian, and movies, revival of regionalism
Greek, etc. that failed to achieve the feat.  Dress- Jeansization and modernization of
• In intro briefly describe how Indian culture is a dress but mostly in urban India, rural India
continuation of its past culture without a break. mostly prefer Local attires
 Discuss trends that developed in past  Tribal values and culture-mainly impacted
like caste system, adoption of Islamic because of Hindusization and
Christianization, not much globalization,  Cultural tradition vs secular tradition-
except for displacement during development Challenging appointment of priests on the
and mining project basis of Agamas,
 Religion- most religious festivals intact,  Challenging of Triple talaq and polygamy
however accommodation of western practiced by the Muslims for long,
festivals like celebration of father’s day,  banning of certain food consumed by a
mother’s day, valentine days section of society by the government,
 Family- largely Jointness maintained, no  demand for Uniform Civil code,
major nuclearization  Jallikattu issue.
 Marriage- Most impacted sector, change in  Conclude by the stressing need to balance the
age of marriage, equal rights of women, no two-role of courts in doing so, the need for the
sati etc secular ethos in the society and preservation of
 Conclusion: Mixed response, core largely our culture
unaffected, peripheral changes  Do we have cultural pockets of small India
all over the nation. Elaborate with
 Empowering women is the key to control examples (250 words)
the population growth. Discuss  Approach:
 Approach  Intro: explain what is the meaning of small India
 In the intro, highlight the high TFR and growth start with accepting the argument given in the
rate in India and the need to control it question AND also explain factors which led to
 Especially in areas like Bihar, UP, Rajasthan, this
MP, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand  Migration for work and employment, freedom of
 In the body, discuss how women empowerment movement A19, tolerance
could help in the control of population growth  Explain idea of melting pot culture
rate-  However effect mainly related to urban and
 it promotes women’s agency, informed metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai not in rural areas
decision making- women becoming  Body:
contributor in household income  Give examples to support you statement
 Discuss how SHG movement has helped  Delhi- many regional pockets- as per region,
control population in states like Karnataka, Bihari colony in north delhi, Kallatta colony in
Kerala, Tamil Nadu (refer class notes) south Delhi- chitrranjan park, west delhi being
 Independent thinking and resisting the mainly occupied by Punjabis
family pressure to have more babies,  Explain how once finds local cultural practices,
food and dress of that region
 Awareness and informed use of
 Multi storey housing in Mumbai and delhi, each
contraceptives storey occupied by a family from different region
 Delay in age of marriage for girls  educational institutions- students from all over
 increase in awareness-all these factors help India attend premium institutions like IIT, NIT,
her decide on giving birth to a baby. IIM
 In the next part cite the statistics from  Multinational organizations have employed
different states of India about female people from all India, we find people from North
literacy rate and TFR of that state. India finding jobs in South Indian states
 Conclusion- discuss govt. inititaives for women  One can find many cultural practices of north India in
empowerment like NRLM (refer class notes) southern regions, like famous Punjabi restaurants in
Chennai
 What are challenges to our cultural  People migrating from south to North is also very
practices in the name of secularism? common, south Indian food is very famous in north
Approach india
 Question has been directly asked from notes  conclusion:
(Right to religion vs Secularism values) and  very good example of Diversity of India and
Sabrimala verdict Indian secularism
 In the intro, briefly describe India’s model of  What are continued challenges to women
secularism which is unique in itself in India against time and space? (250
 In the body, words)
 describe instances that involve the conflict
 Approach
between the idea of secularism and our
 Intro:
cultural practices.
 Women in India face many socio-cultural,
 Sabarimala verdict,
economical and political challenges. These  However, Indian culture has adjusted to global
challenges can be classified as: forces a process called glocalization
 Body:  Dual citizenship like accepting OCI, NRIs
a) Challenge against time status
 Age of practice of patriarchy continue till  Adjusting to the demands of multilateral
present times groups demands as per local needs-
 Access to health and nutrition to girl since Agreement on Agriculture
childhood  Many political leaders giving speech in Hindi
 Poor access to maternal health care and in UN GA
timely intervention  Observance of International Yoga Day on
 No access to education even in present 21st June: This has popularized Yoga
times throughout the globe.
 Early marriage  Food habits: McDonald adapted to Indian
b) Challenge against space style by including a vegetarian menu,
 Lack of equal opportunity in jobs- stereotyping recently introduced masala dosa burger
of jobs, glass ceiling effects  Music: The fusion of Indo western music is a
 Sexual harassment at the workplace: good amalgamation of Indian as well as
 Lack of political participation of women: The western identity. Indian classical music is
Indian Parliament currently has 11.8% women being liked all across the world and it is
representation, and state assemblies have only appreciated at Berklee school of music. SPIC
9%. MACAY, an NGO has promoted the Indian
 Even though the 73rd constitutional amendment classical music and culture among youth
act mandates 33% of panchayat seats to be across the world
reserved for women.  Joint family cycle reverting back to joint
c) Conclusion: Way Forward family
 Awareness generation and sensitization  How is affordable and efficient urban
 SHG movement and gender budgeting transport key to rapid economic
 Maternity benefits and access to menstrual development of India? (250 words)
hygiene  Approach
 Gender-based legislation  Intro: Urbanization data and National transport
 Women should be respected at home policy- moving people not vehicles
 Developing and resourcing national plans and  Body: explain the link between urban transport
policies to address violence against women. and economic development
 Gender-based surveys  Affordable and efficient transport systems
 Technological interventions such as improving like Metro and Buses have largely benefited
CCTV coverage in urban areas, the panic button people in cities like Delhi and Mumbai
in smartphones, initiatives such as SHe-Box, etc  Supports urban growth in sub-urbs and
 Are we losing our local identity for global facilitates urban sprawl in a planned
identity? (250 words) manner- TOD concept (refer notes)
 Approach:  Saves fuel as it discourages use of private
 Intro: explain globalization is exchange of goods, vehicles- foreign exchange is saved
service but also largely Ideas, values, culture  Faster movement of people saves time and
 Body: improves efficiency of workers
• Explain ideas of increase in travel --- global  Helps in better urban management and
citizenship and green card holder, dual decongesting urban areas
citizenship concepts  Investment in urban transport infrastructure
• Increase in influence of multilateral will create jobs
organizations like- UN, WTO, UNHRC  Enhances labour access
o WTO- farmer issues  Reduces pollution and hence saves Govt
o UNHRC- A370 effort in diverting resources towards
• Language influence, political leaders giving mitigating pollution
speech in English –English in schools to a large  Reduced global warming
extent pressure of Globalization  Conclusion: Govt efforts in these direction, TOD,
• Pressure on dress- homogenization new metro policy, etc
• Food choices- mcdonaldization, All -10- CLASSES DONE OF SOCIETY
cocacolaization

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NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022

INDIAN SOCIETY  Society S1 = values V2

C1majority C1 C1 + C2  Equal status to women- attended sabha and

other  No caste system

C2 completely Promotes Each group feels C. Later Vedic period

D. Pre Mauryan period

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untouchables India. However census is done for only SCs and

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 The minority number of is of haves and their minds

 Therefore he suggested a solution that benefits of reservation are taken by Dalit’s

 He believed that at the end of the violent be

self-sufficient and stateless societies ,there shall be compulsory identification of the

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 SC observed that in order to make 2. INDIRECT ATROCITIES:-

making the arrest. judicial overreach by the critics. While judiciary

 UNIQUENESS OF TRIBES 3. ODISHA , JHARKHAND ,CHHATTISGARH

 Extremely backward Parhaiya, Santhals, Savar, Kharwar, Banjara,

C. Dafla Nagas, Sema, Ao, Chakhesang, Konyak, Lotha,

TRIBES 3. INTEGRATIVE APPROACH

a) Become part of Socio-economic  Applicable in all states other than Assam,

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COMMUNALISM IN INDIA  1909: PUNJAB MAHA SABHA

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social media platforms ………7th class ended,8th started……………

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 NOTE:- METROPOLITAN CITIES:-

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now he has to arrange from the 8lakh. than 20%

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create 300 such clusters over the next 3 years,

 The State Governments identify the clusters in

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into society 1. Child rights

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 It widens the definition of ‘aggrieved woman’ to how to handle the complaints.

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