Office of Industry Liaison at SLTC Research

University

Report on Industrial Training

at
Mobitel PVT Ltd

No 21, Jaya Pathirana Mawatha, Kurunegala (2023.03.07 – 20203.09.07)

Name : P P M Tharindu M Pathiraja

Reg. No : 1037
Training No : MOB/TR/ENG/5324
Programme : BSc. (Hons) Engineering in Electronic Telecommunications
Field of Training : Trainee Network Planning & Operations Engineer (Telecommunications)
Period : 6 Months (07/03/2023 – 07/09/2023)
 PREFACE

I have successfully completed my technical training as part of my degree program from March 7,
2023, to September 7, 2023, at Mobitel (pvt.) Ltd. This report serves as a comprehensive
overview of the knowledge, skills, and practical experience I have gained during my tenure at
Mobitel.

The report is structured into three chapters to provide a comprehensive understanding of my

training experience. In the first chapter, I offer insights into the history, current status,
organizational structure, and management procedures of Mobitel, the institution where I
underwent my training.

The second chapter delves into the technical skills, research experiences, and subject expertise I
acquired while actively participating in various projects and applications during my internship.
This section aims to showcase my practical contributions and accomplishments during my
training period.

The third and final chapter focuses on administrative and management practices within the
organization. It encompasses an overview of the organization's processes and includes a
summary and conclusion of my training experiences. Additionally, I provide recommendations
for the development and enhancement of the organization's processes based on my observations
and insights.

Overall, this report encapsulates the valuable experiences and knowledge I have gained during
my technical training at Mobitel and offers recommendations for further improving the
organization's operations.
 ACKNOWLWDGEMENTS

I wish to extend my sincere appreciation to all those who played a pivotal role in facilitating the
successful completion of my six-month technical training at Galle and Badulla branches,
affiliated with Mobitel (Pvt.) Ltd's Engineering Department.

First and foremost, I would like to express my profound gratitude to SLTC Research University
and SLTMobitel for orchestrating this invaluable technical training opportunity. I am profoundly
grateful to my parents, my brother, and my relatives, whose unwavering support and
encouragement acted as my guiding light throughout this journey.

A special acknowledgment is owed to Dr. Ranasinghe Susantha, the Coordinator of the Faculty
of Engineering, for his instrumental role in securing my placement at Mobitel (Pvt.) Ltd. I am
also thankful to Mr. Lanka Bandara and Mr. Dulan Wijenayake, who serve as the key figures in
overseeing Mobitel (Pvt.) Ltd's training program. Their constant care and diligent supervision of
my training activities greatly contributed to my professional development.

Furthermore, I extend my appreciation to Mr. Miyuru Jayasinghe, the Head of the Kurunegala
Mobile Region Office, for generously imparting the essential technical skills and expertise by
frequently involving me in on-site corporate projects.

A heartfelt thank you goes out to the Mobitel staff engineers who graciously conducted training
sessions for the interns. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the entire team, including the
technical assistants, for creating an environment that was both affable and intellectually
stimulating during the entirety of my technical training.

This experience has been immensely valuable in honing my skills and knowledge, and I am
genuinely grateful to all those who have been instrumental in making it a success.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE........................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLWDGEMENTS...........................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................4
TABLE OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................................................7
Introduction..................................................................................................................................7
1.1 About Training Organizations...............................................................................................7
1.1.1 Nature of business...........................................................................................................7
1.1.2. Organizational Chart......................................................................................................8
1.2 Co -Operate Plan..................................................................................................................13
1.3 Management Practices.........................................................................................................15
Recruitment procedures.........................................................................................................15
Training and development.....................................................................................................16
1.4 Health and Safety.................................................................................................................18
1.5. Leave Request Protocol......................................................................................................18
1.6. Compensation Clause.........................................................................................................18
1.7. Provident Fund and Trust Fund Contributions...................................................................19
1.8. Conclusion of Service Period.............................................................................................19
1.9. Training and Development Strategies................................................................................20
CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................................21
Training Experience Theoretical Working Industry Implementation.......................................21
2.1 Network Coverage...............................................................................................................21
2.2. System Architecture of the Base Transceiver Station........................................................22
2.3. Hardware Structure Base Transceiver Station....................................................................24
2.4. CELL Towers.....................................................................................................................26
2.5 Rain Fading..........................................................................................................................27
2.6 Free Space Loss...................................................................................................................27
2.7 Adding Diversity.................................................................................................................28
2.8 GSM Architecture................................................................................................................28
2.9 Base Trans receiver Station (BTS)......................................................................................30
2.10 Transmission Network.......................................................................................................30
2.11 Microwave Network..........................................................................................................32
 2.12 Microwave Equipment Category.......................................................................................33
CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................................36
Instruments Used in Telco.........................................................................................................36
BBU.......................................................................................................................................36
RRU.......................................................................................................................................37
Clamp Meter..........................................................................................................................39
DCDU....................................................................................................................................41
48V Rectifiers........................................................................................................................42
Monitor Module.....................................................................................................................44
Battery Tester.........................................................................................................................45
Feeder Cables.........................................................................................................................47
MRFU & DRFU....................................................................................................................48
Battery....................................................................................................................................50
Tower Site Technical Training..................................................................................................52
BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Swap at the Akkarapanaha site in the Kurunegala Region 52
Power Survey.........................................................................................................................54
Preventive Maintenance.........................................................................................................56
Warehouse Management.......................................................................................................58
PAT Survey...........................................................................................................................59
BTS Battery Testing Using a Battery Tester.........................................................................63
GPS Module Installation Process in Lithium-ion (Li-ion) BTS Batteries.............................65
CHAPTER 4..................................................................................................................................68
Report Conclusion.....................................................................................................................68
SWOT Analysis.........................................................................................................................69
Strengths................................................................................................................................70
Weaknesses............................................................................................................................70
Opportunities.........................................................................................................................70
Threats...................................................................................................................................71
CHAPTER 5..................................................................................................................................72
References..................................................................................................................................72
 TABLE OF FIGURES

1 . Mobitel Logo..............................................................................................................................7
2. Organizational Chart..................................................................................................................10
3. GSM / 3G/ 4G Network Coverage Map....................................................................................22
4. Tower with Base – Trans - receiver Station..............................................................................23
5 . Hardware Structure of Base – Trans receiver Station..............................................................24
6. Network Architecture of Transmission Network......................................................................31
7. Microwave Equipment Category...............................................................................................34
8. All Outdoor Microwave Equipment..........................................................................................35
9. BBU...........................................................................................................................................37
10. Clamp Meter............................................................................................................................40
11. DCDU......................................................................................................................................42
12. Rectifiers..................................................................................................................................43
13. Monitor Module.......................................................................................................................45
14. Battery Tester..........................................................................................................................47
15. MRFU......................................................................................................................................50
16. Batteries...................................................................................................................................51
17. BTS Swap...............................................................................................................................52
18. Measuring the current..............................................................................................................54
19. Site after preventive maintenance...........................................................................................56
20. Warehouse...............................................................................................................................58
21 PAT Details 1...........................................................................................................................61
22. PAT Details 1.........................................................................................................................61
23. PAT Details 2.........................................................................................................................62
24. PAT Details 3.........................................................................................................................63
25. Battery testing..........................................................................................................................64
26. GPS Module Installation.........................................................................................................66
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 About Training Organizations

Mobitel Private Limited commenced its telecommunications operations in 1993 and has since
evolved into the foremost mobile phone service provider in Sri Lanka. Presently, it stands as a
wholly owned subsidiary of Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT). The institution offers a diverse array of
services, encompassing prepaid and postpaid mobile plans, internet payments, messaging
services, and advance ticket booking capabilities. Mobitel has consistently maintained an
advanced mobile phone network, featuring 2G, 3G, 3.5G, and 4G technologies.

1.1.1 Nature of business

Figure 1 . Mobitel Logo

In the earlier stages of cellular technology, Mobitel relied on Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems. Notably, in October 2002,
Mobitel transitioned to becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Sri Lanka Telecom, marking a
significant milestone in its corporate history.
In 2004, Mobitel embarked on an ambitious expansion of its telecommunications operations with
the introduction of a dual band EDGE/GPRS enabled 2.5G GSM network. Subsequently,
Mobitel achieved another pioneering feat by launching a 3.5G HSPA network in 2007,
positioning itself among the first ten mobile phone service providers globally to do so. This
achievement also earned Sri Lanka the distinction of being the first South Asian nation to offer
such advanced services, largely owing to the exceptional 3.5G network provided by Mobitel.

Furthermore, Mobitel's commitment to innovation was evident when it introduced combined

HSPA and MIMO technology, enabling remarkable internet delivery speeds of up to 28.8 Mbps
downlink speed. This groundbreaking move solidified Mobitel's status as the first South Asian
country to introduce 4G/LTE technology, featuring remarkable downlink speeds.

Currently, Mobitel stands as a preferred service provider for numerous government institutions,
highlighting its esteemed reputation and leadership within the information and communication
technology sector. In a collaborative effort with Dialog, Mobitel has spearheaded substantial
investment projects in various sectors, notably in the domains of healthcare and transportation,
contributing significantly to the nation's socio-economic development.

1.1.2. Organizational Chart

Mobitel Organizational Structure

Mobitel's organizational structure is characterized by a matrix framework, combining two
interrelated hierarchies - the functional and divisional structures. Within this matrix, vertical
lines of authority govern functional processes, while horizontal lines oversee divisional
operational functions. This approach is designed to maximize the efficient utilization of human
resources and facilitate adaptability to evolving organizational dynamics.

A team of supervisors plays a pivotal role in overseeing the organization's workforce, working
under the leadership of a senior executive team, with the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at the
helm. Strategic initiatives, investment decisions, and key operational choices that shape the
company's future are entrusted to the board of directors. This board maintains close collaborative
relationships with the various organizational units beneath it and ensures the well-coordinated
execution of operational processes.

Mobitel has adopted the matrix structure to expedite timely decision-making for its future plans.
This approach fosters an environment where direct communication links are maintained between
the top-level executives and the employees across different divisions. To ensure effective
management, Mobitel has established regional offices that encompass the entire geographical
scope of the organization.

Mobitel's commitment to flexibility and responsiveness is exemplified in its customer-centric

approach, designed to provide prompt solutions to customer inquiries. The organization places a
premium on democratic principles and encourages active participation in operational processes.

A cornerstone of Mobitel's organizational ethos is the recruitment of employees with specialized

expertise who are integral to the decision-making process. Within this structure, functional areas
such as marketing and engineering report directly to the CEO, with department and division
heads being accountable to the CEO as well.

The organizational chart of Mobitel showcases its five key divisions:

I. Engineering Division
II. Financial Division
III. Marketing Division
IV. Human Resources Division
V. Customer Care Division

This matrix structure underscores Mobitel's commitment to efficiency, adaptability, and

customer-centricity, and it serves as a fundamental framework for the organization's continued
success.
 CEO

Project CMO CFO CAO

Director
GSM
Project

GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM

Sales marketing Engineering Finance Corporate Customer

Audit Head Marketing

Communication Switching Financial Corporate Call Center
/Revenue Accounts planning
Quality
Dealers Services Planning
Assurance Big M Head
Budgetary
Project Office
Dealer Points Transmission Management
Treasury
Business
Corporate Sales Network International
Procuremen Center
Roaming
Operation t
Branches Magnate VIP
Credit
VAS
Control
Application
Big M Queens
Site Road
Acquisition

Human
Resources

Administratio
n
Legal

Figure 2. Organizational Chart

Engineering Division
The Engineering Division of Mobitel Private Limited is the largest and most pivotal division
within the organization, comprising approximately 150 employees. It is distinctively located
within SLT premises in Welikada, Colombo, separate from other divisions. The primary mandate
of this division is to ensure the continued growth and maintenance of the mobile telephony
network and switching system, in alignment with the objectives of the "Mobitel GSM Project."
Moreover, it assumes responsibility for essential research and development initiatives, site
surveys, and coverage analysis.

Additionally, the Engineering Division plays a critical role in the maintenance of all value-added
services, including the management of their associated software and hardware components. This
division can be effectively categorized into two core sectors:

1. Planning and Development

2. Operations and Maintenance

The organizational structure of the Mobitel Engineering Division mirrors that of the entire
company. Typically, the leadership of this division is overseen by the General Manager, with
Divisional Managers responsible for each of the aforementioned sectors. This structure ensures
the efficient management and execution of Mobitel's engineering endeavors, making it a
cornerstone of the company's operations.

Site Identification Code

 Established
Site place

KUKUR1

Kurunegala Amont
District of Sites
Code

Site ID Name
KUAKK1 Akkarapanaha

KUALA1 Alakoladeniya

KUAMB1 Ambanpola

KUGAL1 Galgamuwa

KUIBB1 Ibbagamuwa

KUKUB2 Kumbukwewa

KUMAT1 Mathawa
1.2 Co -Operate Plan

Vision

“To lead Sri Lanka towards an info-com and knowledge rich society through our service
offerings”

every employee has a role to play in our vision to lead, helping us to focus our efforts and remain
a truly dynamic and successful organization.

Mission

“To Care, Share & Deliver”

These are the 3 key ingredients in our relationship with our Shareholders, Employees, and
Customers. Committing to these 3 principles as an individual and as a team and by regularly
practicing them as an organization, we can truly achieve our vision to lead.

Objectives

 Enhance Business Value and Revenue

 Reduce inefficiencies and leakages
 Enhancing trust and openness
 Reduce energy consumption
 Connect digitally

Strategic planning

Mobitel is actively engaged in a comprehensive research and strategic planning initiative to

enhance its network expansion efforts. This endeavor encompasses various critical aspects of
project planning and implementation, ensuring a systematic and effective approach. These key
components include:
 1. Annual Budget Planning and Marketing Strategy Development

Mobitel places a strong emphasis on meticulous annual budget planning and the development of
well-thought-out marketing strategies. This involves a detailed analysis of financial resources to
support its expansion goals.

2. Operational Management through Customer Activity Analysis

The company leverages research-based insights into customer behavior to inform operational
management decisions. This includes understanding customer preferences and trends to align
Mobitel's brand and business strategies accordingly.

2. Identification of Tools and Techniques

Mobitel's approach involves identifying the necessary physical and software tools, along with
technical techniques. These selections are based on empirical data analysis, particularly focusing
on customer service quality enhancement.

3. Conceptual Business Framework Design

Mobitel is dedicated to designing a robust conceptual business framework. This framework

serves as the foundation for disseminating information effectively, particularly through media
collaborations, to inform customers about its network services.

4. Strategic Positioning and Policy Planning

Mobitel strategically positions itself to connect with consumers. The company places a strong
emphasis on crafting policies that align with its brand positioning, ensuring that its services reach
the right audience in the most effective manner.

5. Resource Allocation and Expertise

Mobitel places a strong focus on developing cost-efficient arrangements for marketing activities.
This includes the careful allocation of industry resources and the recruitment of experts with a
wealth of experience in system operations to ensure successful execution.

By integrating these crucial elements into their project planning and implementation, Mobitel
aims to foster growth, enhance customer satisfaction, and strengthen its presence in the
telecommunications industry.
1.3 Management Practices

Recruitment procedures

The recruitment procedures employed by Mobitel PVT LTD for new job candidates are outlined
as follows:

Job Analysis: The initial step in the candidate evaluation process involves conducting interviews
to assess whether applicants possess the requisite skills, knowledge, and experience for the
applied position. Candidates are required to submit their CVs to showcase their qualifications
during the application process. A thorough evaluation is conducted during this phase.

Internal Recruitment: Mobitel PVT LTD often initiates an internal call for a vacant position,
considering current employees as potential candidates.

External Recruitment: In cases where internal candidates do not meet the job requirements, the
job vacancy is advertised externally through channels such as newspapers and online job boards.

Screening of Applications: The review of resumes and CVs is carried out, along with
preliminary interviews, to identify candidates who meet the minimum job requirements.

Shortlisting of Candidates: Shortlisted candidates, based on their qualifications and without the
necessity of a CV, are invited to participate in a series of interviews and assessments. This
evaluation process may include technical interviews, psychometric tests, and aptitude
assessments.

Selection of the Successful Candidate: The final selection is made based on merit and
performance qualifications assessed during the interview and assessment tests.

Equal Employment Opportunity: Mobitel PVT LTD adheres to an employment policy that
promotes equality for all. This means that all job applicants are considered for employment
without regard to their race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability.

Moreover, the recruitment practices at Mobitel PVT LTD are underpinned by the following
management principles:
Strategic Planning: Recruitment activities are closely aligned with the strategic objectives of
the company, ensuring that candidates selected are in accordance with the organization's precise
needs, and that these decisions are data-driven.

Performance Management: Recruitment is seamlessly integrated with the company's

performance management system, ensuring that the selected candidates can meet the
performance expectations set by the organization.

Continuous Improvement: The company maintains an ongoing commitment to reviewing its

recruitment processes, often through discussions and audits, in order to sustain and enhance
effectiveness and efficiency, ensuring its future success.

These recruitment and management practices exemplify Mobitel PVT LTD's dedication to
selecting the best-fit candidates who will contribute to the company's success and uphold its
commitment to equal employment opportunities.

Training and development

Training and Development (T&D) is a pivotal component of Mobitel PVT LTD's management
practices, underscoring the company's core belief in valuing its workforce as its most invaluable
asset. Mobitel places a strong emphasis on fostering continuous learning and cultivating a goal-
oriented mindset as fundamental drivers of the company's success. The T&D program is
designed with a primary focus on meeting the evolving needs of both the organization and its
employees, while also addressing the following key objectives:

Enhancing Employee Skills and Knowledge: The T&D program strives to enhance the
competencies and knowledge base of its employees to equip them with the necessary tools for
professional growth.

Improving Employee Performance: Mobitel is committed to elevating the performance levels

of its workforce by providing targeted training and development opportunities.
Preparing for Future Challenges: The company recognizes the importance of preparing its
employees for forthcoming challenges and industry shifts, ensuring that they remain adaptable
and resilient.

Creating a Learning Environment: Mobitel fosters a nurturing learning environment that

encourages employees to actively engage in self-improvement, fostering a culture of continuous
growth.

The T&D program at Mobitel PVT LTD offers a diverse range of training opportunities,
including on-the-job training, e-learning modules, technical training, mentoring, and support for
further education or training. These initiatives are instrumental in identifying and leveraging the
company's strengths, thereby contributing to its overall success.

Key management practices within the T&D program of Mobitel PVT LTD include:

Strategic Alignment: The T&D program is intricately aligned with the company's strategic
objectives, ensuring that training initiatives directly contribute to achieving the organization's
overarching goals.

Employee Engagement: Mobitel meticulously plans and allocates employees to various sectors,
tailoring training and development activities to meet the specific needs of the company and its
workforce.

Continuous Improvement: The T&D program is subject to ongoing review and refinement to
ensure its efficacy and efficiency, adapting to evolving industry dynamics and best practices.

Mobitel PVT LTD's commitment to employee development and growth through its T&D
program, combined with these sound management practices, not only enriches its workforce but
also reinforces the company's resilience and success in the dynamic business landscape.
1.4 Health and Safety

In response to the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic situation in Sri Lanka, a significant portion of
internships have been adapted to a remote working model, commonly known as "working from
home" (WFH). Consequently, there has been a noticeable absence of formal health and safety
guidelines provided by the respective organizations.

1.5. Leave Request Protocol

In the event that an intern requires leave, it is mandatory to formally request leave by submitting
an email to their designated industrial supervisor, providing substantiated reasons for the request.
The types of leaves applicable in this context encompass sick leave, casual leave, and exam
leave. Additionally, for extended leave periods, such as those required for examinations, interns
are required to submit a leave request to the relevant industrial supervisor at least one week prior
to the commencement of the examinations.

1.6. Compensation Clause

According to the terms and conditions outlined in the training agreement issued by Mobitel PVT
LTD, it is expressly stated that interns shall not be regarded as employees of SLT, nor shall they
be entitled to assert any claims of employment against SLT. Interns are further informed that
they are not entitled to assert any rights or privileges typically associated with regular employees
of SLTMobitel. As a result, they are precluded from seeking any form of compensation during
their participation in the Intern Program (Sri Lanka Telecom PLC, 2021a).
1.7. Provident Fund and Trust Fund Contributions

In the context of retirement benefits, both the Employee Provident Fund (EPF) and Employee
Trust Fund (ETF) are significant components for employees at SLTMobitel. Regular employees
are required to contribute a percentage of their basic salary, with the company reciprocally
contributing to the EPF. The contribution details are as follows:

i. EPF - Employees contribute 10% of their basic salary, and the company contributes 12% of
the basic salary.

ii. ETF - Employees contribute 3% of their basic salary.

However, it is important to note that these contributions are not applicable to interns during their
tenure at SLTMobitel.

1.8. Conclusion of Service Period

This section outlines the procedures related to resignation and fixed-term contracts for interns at
SLTMobitel.

Resignation

i. Resignation Notification - Should an intern wish to resign from their position at SLTMobitel,
they are required to submit a formal resignation letter or email to their supervisor, giving a
minimum notice of two weeks.

ii. Acceptance of Resignation - Upon submission of the resignation letter or email to the
industrial supervisor, the acceptance of the resignation will be confirmed by the Internship
Recruitment Board of SLTMobitel within a maximum of one week. Subsequently, they will
issue an acceptance letter or email to the intern.

iii. Return of Property - Interns are obliged to return research documents and other materials,
including design documents, source codes, and organizational email accounts, to their industrial
supervisor within two weeks. Furthermore, the intern is required to document the progress of
their final project and submit it to their supervisor within the same timeframe. A service letter
will be provided to the intern once they have achieved an attendance rate of 80% during their
training period.

Fixed-Term Contract

Interns at SLTMobitel have the flexibility to determine the duration of their internship. The
maximum allowable duration for an internship is six months from the commencement date. The
fixed-term contract applies throughout this specified internship period and will be concluded by
the organization once the end date specified in the training contract is reached.

1.9. Training and Development Strategies

This section elucidates the training and development strategies implemented for interns recruited
at SLTMobitel:

• The organization offers comprehensive training, providing interns with valuable exposure to
various Mobitel sites across different geographical areas.

• SLTMobitel actively encourages interns to present their innovative ideas and concepts,
fostering improved scientific communication.

• Regular progress presentations and knowledge-sharing sessions with Region Engineers and
Technical Officers enable interns to stay updated on Mobitel site technical operations.

• Additionally, SLTMobitel promotes skills development among interns, encompassing technical

and engineering skills, human resource management skills, data analytics and administration
skills, as well as communication skills, throughout the internship.

• Furthermore, SLTMobitel motivates interns to take calculated risks in technical site

implementations, contributing to the creation of innovative services, technologies, and concepts
through site network planning and operations.
 CHAPTER 2

Training Experience Theoretical Working Industry Implementation

2.1 Network Coverage

Mobitel (Private), a telecommunications provider with a substantial subscriber base exceeding 5

million, maintains a comprehensive island-wide network infrastructure. This network
encompasses a blend of advanced telecommunications technologies, including 2G, 3.5G, and 4G.

The company has strategically deployed 3000 GSM (2G) base stations alongside 1200 3.5G base
stations, ensuring extensive coverage and capacity throughout the nation. This infrastructure
underpins Mobitel's commitment to delivering a seamless and efficient mobile experience to its
customers.

One of Mobitel's notable offerings is its 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, characterized
by impressive downlink speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s for swift data downloads and uplink speeds
of up to 50 Mbit/s for efficient data uploads. This high-speed 4G network provides subscribers
with the capability to engage in data-intensive applications and services, enhancing their overall
connectivity experience.

In addition to its domestic services, Mobitel extends its reach internationally by offering GSM
(2G) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) roaming coverage in more than 120 foreign
countries. This means that Mobitel subscribers can enjoy connectivity and roaming services
while traveling abroad, thanks to Mobitel's partnerships and agreements with telecom operators
in these numerous countries.

Mobitel's commitment to providing versatile and dependable telecommunications services, as

exemplified by its multi-generational network technologies, extensive base station infrastructure,
and international roaming capabilities, positions it as a prominent player in the telecom industry
with a focus on meeting the diverse needs of its substantial subscriber base.
 Figure 3. GSM / 3G/ 4G Network Coverage Map

2.2. System Architecture of the Base Transceiver Station

The system architecture of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) is not uniform and varies depending
on factors such as the manufacturer, BTS version, and applicable industry standards. Mobitel
telephony network employs three prominent BTS architectures that cater to its operational
requirements:

1. BTS3900 GSM:

The BTS3900 configuration comprises three key components: the Baseband Unit 3900
(BBU3900), the Digital Radio Frequency Unit Subrack (DRFUS), and the indoor macro cabinet.

Both the BBU3900 and the DRFUS are housed within the indoor macro cabinet.

2. HUAWEI BTS3012:

The BTS3012 is structured around the Double Transceiver Unit (DTRU) and the Dual
Transceiver Main Unit (DTMU).

This type of BTS possesses the capability to manage two distinct frequency bands, notably the
900 and 1800 GSM bands.
 3. HUAWEI DBS 3800:

The DBS 3800 configuration encompasses two essential units: the Baseband Unit (BBU) and the
Radio Remote Unit (RRU).

The BBU and RRU are installed separately, each responsible for processing baseband signals
and radio frequency (RF) signals, respectively.

These varying BTS architectures serve as the backbone of Mobitel's telephony network
infrastructure, offering flexibility and versatility to adapt to different operational requirements
and technological standards. The selection of a specific BTS architecture is determined by
factors such as network design, capacity, and the specific services offered by Mobitel.

Figure 4. Tower with Base – Trans - receiver Station

2.3. Hardware Structure Base Transceiver Station

Figure 5 . Hardware Structure of Base – Trans receiver Station

DTMU (Transmission, Timing, and Management Unit for DTRU BTS):

The DTMU plays a pivotal role in the operation of the DTRU BTS (Double Transceiver Unit).
Its primary functions encompass several critical aspects:

External Inputs: DTMU receives external inputs, including GPS synchronization, BITS
synchronized clock, and 4-route or 8-route E1 inputs. These inputs are fundamental for precise
timing and synchronization of the BTS.

Backup Provision: DTMU offers backup capabilities between active and standby boards,
ensuring system resilience and uninterrupted service in case of board failures.

Control and Maintenance: DTMU is responsible for the control, maintenance, and overall
operation of the BTS. It plays a central role in configuring and managing the BTS.
Management Functions: DTMU handles various management functions, including fault
management, configuration management, performance management, and security management.
These are vital for the efficient and secure operation of the BTS.

Digital Alarm Input: DTMU supports up to 8-route digital alarm inputs, providing a
comprehensive monitoring system for identifying and responding to potential issues.

DTRU (Double Transceiver Unit):

The DTRU comprises three core subsystems, each serving distinct purposes:

RF Subsystem Transmits: This component converts baseband signals from two Transceivers
(TRXs) into RF signals. It also supports up-frequency conversion, RF frequency hopping, and
signal filtering, amplification, and output.

RF Subsystem Receives: The RF subsystem receives RF signals, and it supports transmit,

receive, and RF frequency hopping.

Baseband Processing: This part processes signals, including coding, decoding, interleaving, de-
interleaving, modulation, and demodulation. It supports various services, including voice, fax,
data services, GPRS, and EDGE services. Additionally, it enables transmit diversity and 4-way
receive diversity and amplifies output power.

DEMU (Environment Monitoring Unit for DTRU BTS):

The DEMU is primarily responsible for monitoring environmental factors, such as variations in
smoke, water, temperature, humidity, and infrared levels. It also manages access control and
responds to alarms, ensuring the equipment's normal operation.

DATU (Antenna and TMA Control Unit for DTRU BTS):

The DATU serves essential functions, including transmitting remote electrical tilt unit (RET)
control signals, providing power to the Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA), and communicating
with the DTMU through CBUS3 for control and alarm reporting.
DDPU (Dual Duplexer Unit for DTRU BTS):

The DDPU is integrated with the DCOM (Combining Unit for DTRU BTS) in the DAFU
(Antenna Front-end Unit for DTRU BTS) sub-rack within the RF subsystem. Its key functions
involve managing multi-RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to the antenna through the
duplexer. It also sends amplified and split signals from the antenna back to the transceiver, while
detecting standing wave alarms in the Antenna Feeder system and regulating the gain control of
the low noise amplifier. Typically, one to three DDPU units are employed, depending on system
requirements.

In essence, these various units and subsystems collectively form a complex yet integral part of
the DTRU BTS, ensuring the seamless operation and management of telecommunications
equipment while monitoring and responding to environmental conditions and alarms.

2.4. CELL Towers

Cell towers, also known as cell sites, come in various types and designs to meet specific
coverage and capacity requirements. The types of cell towers used by Mobitel, or any other
mobile network operator, in the Kurunegala region can vary based on factors like terrain,
population density, and network design. Some common types of cell towers or cell sites include:

Macro Cell Towers: These are the most common type of cell towers and are typically tall
structures, often mounted with large antennas. Macro cells provide broad coverage for large
geographic areas and are commonly used in urban and suburban regions.

Micro Cell Towers: Micro cells are smaller and have a more limited coverage area compared to
macro cells. They are often used to enhance coverage and capacity in densely populated urban
areas or to fill in coverage gaps.

Small Cell Towers: Small cells come in various forms, including femtocells, picocells, and
microcells. They are deployed in smaller, more targeted areas to provide additional capacity and
coverage in high-traffic locations.
Monopole Towers: These are single-pole structures that are less obtrusive than traditional lattice
or guyed towers. Monopole towers are often used in urban or suburban areas where aesthetics are
a concern.

Guyed Towers: Guyed towers are tall structures supported by guy wires anchored to the ground.
They are often used in rural areas and can support multiple antennas.

The specific types of cell towers used by Mobitel in the Kurunegala region may depend on their
network design, coverage goals, and the local environment. The type of tower chosen will be
based on the specific requirements of the area and the desired network performance. If you need
detailed information about the specific types of towers used in the Kurunegala region by
Mobitel, it would be best to contact Mobitel directly or consult with local regulatory authorities.

2.5 Rain Fading

Rainfall has a notable impact on signal attenuation due to the dispersion and absorption of
electromagnetic waves by raindrops. This effect becomes particularly pronounced over long
transmission distances, exceeding 10 kilometers. It's essential to note that vertical polarization is
less susceptible to the attenuation caused by rainfall in comparison to horizontal polarization
frequencies.

2.6 Free Space Loss

As signals emanate from a radiating source, their energy disperses over a progressively larger
surface area. Consequently, the strength of the signal diminishes. The Free Space Loss (FSL),
typically measured in decibels (dB), quantifies the extent to which a signal weakens over a
specified distance.
2.7 Adding Diversity

1. Space Diversity

Space diversity configuration addresses issues arising from multipath fading. In this setup, the
receiving end is equipped with two antennas. When a signal is transmitted from another station,
both antennas receive it simultaneously. The system automatically selects the stronger signal for
further processing, based on measurements of Bit Error Rate (BER) and signal strength.

2. Frequency Diversity

Frequency diversity configuration is designed to mitigate problems stemming from interference.

In this arrangement, both the transmitter and receiver operate with dual systems, capable of
functioning on two distinct frequencies. At any given moment, one frequency is actively
transmitting, while the other remains in a standby mode. If the quality of the received signal
deteriorates, the receiving end signals the transmitter about the issue, prompting a switch to the
alternate frequency.

2.8 GSM Architecture

Introduction
The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) stands as a universally accepted standard
for digital cellular communication. Established in 1982 by the European Telecommunication
Standards Institute (ETSI), GSM aimed to create a standardized mobile telephone framework for
Europe, specifying a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz.
Moreover, GSM's reach extended beyond Europe, as many countries worldwide considered
joining the GSM partnership.

The interfaces defined by ETSI for GSM paved the way for a multi-vendor network approach to
digital mobile communication, forming a cohesive GSM mobile network, as depicted in Figure
2.
GSM Subsystems and Entities

To support the services and features within the GSM mobile network, a series of functions and
subsystems are vital components of the GSM architecture, as illustrated in Figure 2.2. These
include the Base Station Subsystem (BSS), Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS), and the
Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS).

Mobile Station (MS)

The Mobile Station (MS) comprises terminal equipment and subscriber data. The terminal
equipment, known as Mobile Equipment (ME), combines with the subscriber's data stored in a
separate module called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). In essence, MS = ME + SIM.

Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) encompass critical switching functions within the
GSM system, housing databases necessary for subscriber operations and mobility management.
It is primarily responsible for managing communications between GSM and other network users.
The MSC (Mobile Switching Center) is the component handling switching functions within
NSS. The Home Location Register (HLR) stores subscriber information essential for service
provisioning, while the Visitor Location Register (VLR) provides data relevant to an MSC's
designated geographical area.

Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS)

The Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMSS) assumes the responsibility for ensuring
system security by validating the identities of various telecommunications entities. These
functions are executed within the Authentication Center (AuC) and Equipment Identity Register
(EIR). The AuC is accessed by the HLR to determine whether an MS should be granted service,
while the EIR maintains a record of legitimate, fraudulent, or faulty mobile stations (MSs).

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) comprises the physical equipment that delivers radio
coverage to defined geographical areas referred to as cells. It includes the necessary equipment
for communication with mobile stations (MS). Functionally, the BSS is divided into a control
function handled by the Base Station Controller (BSC) and a transmitting function executed by
the Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The BTS, serving as the radio transmission equipment,
covers individual cells, and a single BSS can serve multiple cells by employing multiple BTS
units.

2.9 Base Trans receiver Station (BTS)

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) plays a pivotal role in the network infrastructure,
responsible for maintaining the air interface and minimizing transmission issues. The air
interface is particularly sensitive to disturbances, making the BTS a critical component. The BTS
is known by various names, including Radio Base Station (RBS), Node B in 3G networks, and
eNB in the LTE standard. Typically, a BTS is equipped with multiple transceivers (TRX) that
enable it to handle various frequencies and different sectors of the cell. Key BTS parameters are
vital for managing handovers, paging organization, radio power level control, and BTS
identification.

Mobitel (private) Limited deploys several types of BTS, such as Ericsson, Huawei, and ZTE
BTS units. Notably, the maintenance and operation of Huawei DBS 3900, Huawei BTS3012,
Huawei BTS3900, Huawei DBS 3800, Ericsson RBS 2206/RB82207, and various ZTE outdoor
BTS units are part of the responsibilities.

2.10 Transmission Network

The maintenance of the transmission network is a crucial responsibility held by the Mobitel
regional engineering office. This encompasses the upkeep of all links between the BTS units.
The transmission network is a fundamental element in the mobile network, impacting the
services offered and their quality, as well as the overall operational costs. Within Mobitel's
mobile network, there are distinct transmission needs, which can be broadly categorized into two
primary application areas, each with its unique characteristics:
1) Access Network:

The Access Network connects the base stations to the nearest network control or network hub
point. This segment is referred to as the "Base Station Access Network."

2) Core Network:

The Core Network establishes connections between the control or hub points and the Mobile
Network Switching Centers. This segment is known as the "Core Transmission Network."

Key characteristics of the Base Station Access Network transmission include the presence of
numerous base stations located in various types of locations. Microwave access technology is
prevalent in Base Station Access Network implementations due to its swiftness in network
deployment and capacity expansion.

Figure 6. Network Architecture of Transmission Network

Mobitel Private Limited has successfully optimized its operational costs through the utilization
of microwave transmission, as opposed to the alternatives of laying proprietary cables or leasing
external connections. Notably, a significant majority, at least two-thirds, of all base station
connections are currently reliant on microwave technology. In the network infrastructure, the
incorporation of fiber optics serves a vital role by enhancing transmission capabilities to regional
hub sites. These hub sites then facilitate the efficient distribution of capacity to individual base
stations through the use of wireless media. Mobitel Private Limited typically procures its fiber
connections from SLTMobitel.

The establishment of hub sites becomes essential within the Base Station Access Network
transmission, particularly when addressing the challenges of traffic management and protection
mechanisms. This necessity becomes more pronounced as the distances between the Base Station
Controller (BSC) and individual base stations increase. On a global scale, the majority of GSM
operators operate with approximately 5 MHz of allocated bandwidth, enabling the allocation of 3
to 4 Transceivers (TRX) per call. Given the prevalence of three-sector base station sites, each
base station accommodates a range of 9 to 12 TRX units, thereby necessitating a transmission
capacity of 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s per site. In rural areas, where the number of transceivers per cell tends
to be lower, the corresponding transmission capacity requirements are likewise reduced.

In scenarios where the company is assigned additional carrier channels, whether on the same
frequency band or through a dual-band solution, the maximum transmission capacity per site
naturally scales up in direct proportion to the number of carriers. Although the introduction of
WCDMA technology offers an alternative route for high-speed data services, it is noteworthy
that the transmission capacity requirements per site are generally higher than those of GSM and
slightly more demanding than those of EDGE-based stations.

2.11 Microwave Network

In the contemporary telecommunications landscape, a significant 80% of all Base Transceiver

Station Sites (BTSS) are interconnected via microwave links. As the demands for voice and data
traffic continue to escalate within mobile networks, the deployment of PDH-based point-to-point
microwave solutions can be effectively complemented with ATM-based point-to-multipoint
solutions and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) equipment. This integration results in a
unified, fully harmonized, and cost-effective transmission solution, thereby equipping operators
with optimal network control and profitability.
For microwave links of relatively short distances, the allocation of higher frequencies is common
practice. This approach is dictated by the principle that higher frequencies are associated with
increased losses in the air, thus making them best suited for shorter distances. In contrast, lower
frequencies are employed for longer distances, typically spanning around 20-35 kilometers. It's
essential to note that the terms "high" and "low" regarding frequencies are relative, and their
values can be exemplified by frequency bands like 15/18 GHz or 6/7 GHz, as appropriate.

In the context of the Kurunegala District regional Mobitel microwave transmission network, the
following types of microwave links are regularly utilized:

 NEC (Nippon Electric Company) links

 Huawei OPtix RTN links

 Ericsson MINI-LINK

2.12 Microwave Equipment Category

Microwave equipment can be categorized based on its multiplexing mode, capacity, and
structural configuration. Two prevalent microwave transmission multiplexing modes are PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) and SDH. Additionally, microwave equipment structures
primarily fall into three main categories:

 Trunk

 Split-mount

 All-outdoor

These distinctions in microwave equipment categories enable network operators to select the
most suitable solutions tailored to their specific transmission requirements and operational needs.
 Figure 7. Microwave Equipment Category

Trunk Microwave Equipment

Trunk microwave equipment is renowned for its robust transmission capacity and steadfast
performance, making it the ideal choice for long-haul and trunk-level data transmission. Within
this equipment, key components such as the RF (Radio Frequency), IF (Intermediate Frequency),
signal processing, and MUX/DEMUX (Multiplex/Demultiplex) units are all housed indoors. The
only exterior component is the antenna system.

More specifically, the RF unit functions as an outdoor unit (ODU), while the IF, signal
processing, and MUX/DEMUX units are thoughtfully integrated within the indoor unit (IDU).
The connection between the ODU and IDU is established through an IF cable, enabling the
seamless transmission of microwave signals. Notably, the ODU can be affixed directly to the
antenna or linked to the antenna via a short, flexible waveguide. Although the transmission
capacity of this equipment is marginally smaller than trunk microwave systems, its ease of
installation and maintenance, along with its rapid network deployment capabilities, render it the
most widely employed microwave equipment in practice.

Equipment of Split-Mount Microwave

The split-mount microwave equipment comprises several essential components, each playing a
specific role in the efficient transmission of microwave signals:
 Antenna: The antenna system is responsible for focusing RF signals emitted by ODUs and
enhancing signal gain during transmission.
 ODU: The Outdoor Unit (ODU) handles RF processing and facilitates the conversion of IF
(Intermediate Frequency) signals to RF signals.
 IF cable: The IF cable serves as the conduit for transmitting IF signals, managing control
signals, and delivering power to the ODU.
 IDU: The Indoor Unit (IDU) serves a pivotal role in facilitating access, dispatching,
multiplexing, demultiplexing, as well as modulating and demodulating various services.

These components work in tandem to ensure the efficient and reliable operation of split-mount
microwave equipment, which is commonly employed in telecommunications networks.

Figure 8. All Outdoor Microwave Equipment

 CHAPTER 3

Instruments Used in Telco

BBU

BBU stands for Baseband Unit in the context of telecommunications and wireless
communication. It is a critical component in a cellular network, particularly in 4G LTE and 5G
networks. The BBU is responsible for processing the baseband signals, which are the digital
signals that carry user data and control information. Here are some key points about the BBU:

1. Baseband Processing: The BBU is responsible for various baseband processing tasks,
such as modulation and demodulation, error correction, encoding, and decoding of data.
It takes digital data from user devices and prepares it for transmission over the radio
interface.

2. Centralized Processing: In some cellular network architectures, the BBU may be

centralized in a data center, serving multiple remote radio units (RRUs) or cell sites. This
centralized processing is often referred to as Cloud RAN (C-RAN) or Centralized-RAN.

3. Distributed Processing: In other cases, the BBU functions may be distributed, with each
cell site having its own BBU. This is known as a Distributed RAN (D-RAN) architecture.

4. Remote Radio Units (RRUs): The RRUs are located at the cell sites and are responsible
for handling the radio frequency (RF) functions. The BBU and RRU work together to
transmit and receive data between user devices and the core network.

5. Latency Reduction: Centralized BBUs in C-RAN architectures can help reduce latency
in the network because processing is performed in a centralized data center, closer to the
core network. This can be beneficial for latency-sensitive applications like online gaming
and virtual reality.

6. Flexibility: The separation of baseband processing from the radio units in C-RAN
architectures allows for more flexibility and scalability in network deployment. It's easier
to upgrade or expand processing capacity in a centralized data center.
 7. 5G Networks: BBUs are especially important in 5G networks due to the increased data
rates, low latency requirements, and support for massive IoT (Internet of Things) devices.
The BBU plays a crucial role in ensuring 5G network performance.

The BBU is a vital component in modern cellular networks, responsible for processing and
managing the baseband signals that carry user data and control information. Its architecture can
vary, with centralized and distributed options, depending on the specific needs of the network.

Figure 9. BBU

RRU

RRU stands for Remote Radio Unit. It is a key component in modern cellular networks,
particularly in the context of 4G LTE and 5G networks. The RRU is responsible for handling the
radio frequency (RF) functions of the network. Here are some key points about the RRU:

1. Radio Frequency Functions: The RRU is responsible for transmitting and receiving
radio signals to and from user devices. It handles the modulation and demodulation of RF
signals, as well as other RF-related functions.

2. Remote Location: RRUs are typically located at the cell sites or base stations, where
they are responsible for interfacing with user devices. These cell sites are often
distributed throughout an area to provide wireless coverage.

3. Antenna Connection: The RRU is often physically connected to the antennas at the cell
site. It amplifies and conditions the RF signals before transmitting them over the air to
user devices. It also receives and processes signals from user devices and sends them to
the baseband unit (BBU).
 4. Distributed or Centralized Architectures: In some cellular network architectures,
RRUs may work in a distributed manner, with each cell site having its own RRU. In other
cases, they may be part of a centralized architecture where the RF functions are separated
from the baseband processing, which is handled by a centralized BBU (Baseband Unit) in
a data center.

5. Scalability and Flexibility: RRUs provide flexibility in network design and deployment.
They can be added or upgraded at cell sites as needed to meet increasing demands for
coverage and capacity.

6. 5G Networks: In 5G networks, RRUs play a critical role in supporting the higher

frequency bands and advanced antenna technologies, such as massive MIMO (Multiple-
Input, Multiple-Output), beamforming, and millimeter-wave communications.

7. Energy Efficiency: RRUs are designed to be energy-efficient, which is important for

reducing the operational costs of cellular networks and minimizing their environmental
impact.

In summary, the RRU, or Remote Radio Unit, is responsible for handling the radio frequency
functions in a cellular network. It is an essential part of providing wireless coverage and
supporting the connectivity of user devices. Depending on the network architecture, RRUs can
be distributed at cell sites or part of a centralized network design.
Clamp Meter

A clamp meter, also known as a current clamp or an amp clamp, is a versatile electrical
measurement tool used by electricians and technicians to measure electrical current flowing
through a conductor without physically disconnecting it. Here are some key features and uses of
a clamp meter:

1. Non-Invasive Current Measurement: One of the primary advantages of a clamp meter

is its ability to measure electrical current without interrupting the circuit or breaking the
conductor. The clamp meter features a hinged jaw-like structure that can be clamped
around a wire or conductor to measure the current passing through it.

2. Current Measurement: Clamp meters are typically used to measure alternating current
(AC) and direct current (DC) in a wide range of electrical applications. They can measure
current in circuits ranging from household wiring to industrial systems.

3. Amperage Measurement: The main function of a clamp meter is to measure amperage,

providing a digital readout of the current in amperes (A). This is essential for
troubleshooting and maintaining electrical systems.

4. Voltage Measurement: Many modern clamp meters have additional functions, including
voltage measurement (both AC and DC), resistance measurement, and even capacitance
measurement. This makes them versatile tools for a wide range of electrical testing.

5. Safety: Clamp meters are safer to use than traditional probes because they do not require
direct contact with live conductors. This minimizes the risk of electric shock or damage
to the circuit.

6. Easy to Use: Clamp meters are generally user-friendly and do not require breaking the
circuit, which can be time-consuming and sometimes not possible in certain situations.
They provide quick and accurate current measurements.

7. Applications: Some common applications of clamp meters include measuring current in

power distribution systems, checking current in electrical panels, diagnosing electrical
problems in appliances, verifying current in HVAC systems, and troubleshooting
industrial machinery.
 8. Auto-Ranging: Many modern clamp meters have auto-ranging capabilities, which means
they automatically select the appropriate measurement range, making it easier for the user
to obtain accurate readings.

9. Data Logging and Connectivity: Some clamp meters are equipped with data logging
capabilities and the ability to connect to a computer or mobile device for data storage and
analysis.

Overall, a clamp meter is an essential tool for electricians and technicians involved in electrical
maintenance, diagnostics, and repair work. It provides a safe and convenient way to measure
current, voltage, and other electrical parameters, helping to ensure the proper functioning of
electrical systems and devices.

Figure 10. Clamp Meter

DCDU

BTS (Base Transceiver Station) in telecommunications, a "Direct Current Distribution Unit"

(DCDU) is a critical component of the power distribution system. BTSs are a key part of cellular
networks, and they require a reliable source of electrical power for their operation. The DCDU
plays a role in managing and distributing direct current (DC) power to various components of the
BTS. Here's what you need to know:

1. Power Distribution: The DCDU is responsible for distributing the DC power needed to
operate various elements of the BTS, including amplifiers, radios, transceivers, and other
electronic equipment.

2. Power Conversion: In many cases, the power coming from the main electrical grid is
alternating current (AC). The DCDU may include components such as rectifiers or
converters to convert the incoming AC power to the DC power required by the BTS.

3. Battery Backup: BTSs often have battery backup systems to ensure that they remain
operational in case of a power outage. The DCDU can also manage the charging and
monitoring of these backup batteries.

4. Power Monitoring: DCDUs typically have built-in monitoring capabilities to track the
status of the power supply and the health of the DC power distribution system. This
includes voltage and current measurements, which are crucial for ensuring the proper
operation of the BTS.

5. Remote Management: Many DCDUs are equipped with remote monitoring and
management features, which allow network operators to check the status of the power
supply and perform troubleshooting without physically being at the BTS site.

6. Efficiency and Redundancy: Efficiency is critical in power distribution to minimize

energy consumption and operational costs. Redundancy in the DCDU setup can also be
crucial to ensure BTS operation even in the event of a power supply failure.

Direct Current Distribution Unit (DCDU) in a BTS is an essential component that plays a vital
role in distributing and managing DC power to support the operation of the base station. It helps
ensure that the BTS remains operational, even during power outages, and often includes
monitoring and remote management capabilities to maintain the network's reliability and
performance.

Figure 11. DCDU

48V Rectifiers

In a BTS (Base Transceiver Station) and other telecommunications infrastructure, 48V rectifiers
play a crucial role in providing a stable source of direct current (DC) power to power various
equipment and components. Here are the key points related to 48V rectifiers in BTS:

1. Power Conversion: The power supplied from the electrical grid is often alternating
current (AC), which needs to be converted into DC to power the sensitive electronic
equipment in a BTS. 48V rectifiers are used for this purpose.

2. Output Voltage: The 48V refers to the nominal output voltage of the rectifier. This
voltage level is commonly used in telecommunications and networking equipment
because it provides a balance between power efficiency and equipment requirements.

3. Redundancy: To ensure the high availability and reliability of the BTS, multiple 48V
rectifiers are often used in a redundant configuration. Redundancy helps maintain power
supply to the BTS equipment in case one rectifier fails.

4. Battery Charging: Many BTS sites have backup battery systems to ensure uninterrupted
operation during power outages. The 48V rectifiers are responsible for charging and
maintaining the health of these backup batteries.
 5. Efficiency: Modern 48V rectifiers are designed to be highly efficient to minimize energy
consumption, reduce operating costs, and reduce heat generation within the equipment
room.

6. Monitoring and Control: 48V rectifiers are typically equipped with monitoring and
control features that allow network operators to remotely manage and monitor the
rectifier's status, performance, and alarms. This remote management capability is crucial
for maintaining network reliability.

7. Flexibility: 48V rectifiers are designed to be adaptable to various BTS configurations

and can handle different load requirements. They are scalable to meet the specific power
needs of the site.

8. Maintenance: Regular maintenance and servicing of 48V rectifiers are essential to

ensure their continued reliable operation. Maintenance includes checking the health of the
rectifier, cooling systems, and other components.

48V rectifiers in a BTS are a critical component of the power infrastructure, responsible for
converting incoming AC power to the required DC voltage, maintaining battery backup systems,
and ensuring the continuous operation of telecommunications equipment. They are an integral
part of providing power reliability and uptime in the telecommunications network.

Figure 12. Rectifiers

Monitor Module

In a BTS (Base Transceiver Station) and similar telecommunications equipment, monitor

modules are used to keep track of various operational parameters and ensure the proper
functioning of the equipment. These modules are part of the BTS's monitoring and control
system and help network operators maintain and troubleshoot the network. Here are some of the
monitor modules commonly used in a BTS:

1. Power Monitor Module: This module monitors the power supply, including AC mains
voltage, DC power supply voltages, and battery voltages. It provides information about
the status of the power sources, ensuring that the BTS has a stable power supply. If there
are voltage irregularities or power failures, it generates alarms for immediate attention.

2. Temperature and Environmental Monitor Module: This module monitors the

environmental conditions within the BTS equipment shelter or cabinet. It measures
temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors. Temperature monitoring is
particularly crucial to prevent overheating of sensitive electronic components. If the
temperature exceeds safe levels or if other environmental conditions become unfavorable,
the module triggers alarms.

3. Battery Monitor Module: In BTS sites with backup battery systems, the battery monitor
module is responsible for monitoring the status of the batteries. It tracks the charge level,
voltage, and overall health of the batteries. This module ensures that the backup power
source is ready to kick in if there's a power outage.

4. Fault Monitor Module: The fault monitor module continuously checks for faults and
malfunctions in various BTS components. It can monitor the performance of individual
transceivers, antennas, power amplifiers, and other key elements of the BTS. If it detects
an issue, it generates alarms or notifications.

5. Remote Access and Control Module: This module allows network operators to
remotely access and control the BTS equipment. It provides secure remote management
capabilities, enabling operators to perform software updates, configuration changes, and
maintenance tasks without physically visiting the site.
 6. Alarms and Notifications Module: This module collects and centralizes alarm and
event data from the different monitoring modules. It can send alerts and notifications to
network operators through various communication methods, such as SMS, email, or
SNMP traps. This ensures that operators are informed of any issues in real-time.

7. Performance Monitor Module: This module monitors the performance of the BTS,
including traffic levels, signal quality, and call statistics. It helps network operators track
the overall performance of the network and identify areas that may need optimization.

8. Security Monitor Module: In some cases, a security monitor module may be used to
detect unauthorized access to the BTS site. It can include surveillance cameras and
sensors to monitor physical security.

These monitor modules collectively play a vital role in ensuring the smooth operation of the BTS
and the overall telecommunications network. They help detect and respond to issues promptly,
enabling network operators to provide reliable and high-quality service to end-users.

Figure 13. Monitor Module

Battery Tester

A battery tester used for BTS (Base Transceiver Station) batteries is a specialized piece of
equipment designed to test and monitor the batteries used in telecommunication infrastructure,
such as mobile network cell towers. These batteries are crucial for ensuring uninterrupted power
supply to the BTS equipment, especially during power outages or other emergencies. BTS
batteries are typically lead-acid or lithium-based batteries.

The specific features and functionalities of a BTS battery tester may include:
 1. Battery Voltage Testing: It measures the voltage of the batteries to ensure they are
within the acceptable range. Low voltage can indicate a depleted or failing battery.

2. Battery Capacity Testing: It can assess the remaining capacity of the battery, helping
you determine if it can continue to support the BTS during a power outage.

3. Battery Resistance Testing: This tests the internal resistance of the battery. A high
internal resistance can be an early warning sign of a failing battery.

4. Load Testing: BTS battery testers may be capable of simulating the load that the
batteries need to support when the BTS is in operation. This test helps ensure that the
batteries can handle the required load.

5. Continuous Monitoring: Some advanced BTS battery testers offer continuous

monitoring and remote management features. They can report real-time battery status and
alert maintenance personnel in case of any issues.

6. Data Logging: Many BTS battery testers log test results and battery performance data
over time. This data can be helpful for predictive maintenance and planning battery
replacements.

7. Alarms and Notifications: They can provide alarms or notifications via email, SMS, or
other means when the battery's condition falls outside of acceptable parameters.

8. User-Friendly Interface: A user-friendly interface is essential for technicians to easily

interpret the results and perform tests.

The primary purpose of a BTS battery tester is to ensure the reliability and availability of the
telecommunication network by monitoring and maintaining the health of the backup batteries.
These tests help network operators avoid unexpected power interruptions and downtime. Battery
testing for BTS equipment is typically part of regular maintenance and should adhere to industry
standards and best practices to ensure the network's stability and performance.
 Figure 14. Battery Tester

Feeder Cables

Feeder cables are an essential component of the telecommunications infrastructure, especially in

telecom sites like cell towers, data centers, and other network facilities. These cables play a
crucial role in connecting various equipment and components, such as antennas, radios, and base
stations, to ensure the transmission of voice, data, and other communication signals. Feeder
cables are designed to carry high-frequency signals efficiently and typically come in two main
types: coaxial cables and fiber optic cables.
1. Coaxial Cables:
 Coaxial cables consist of an inner conductor, dielectric insulator, metallic shield,
and an outer insulating layer. They are widely used in telecommunications for
their ability to transmit RF (radio frequency) signals effectively.
 Feeder cables using coaxial cables are commonly used for connecting antennas to
base stations or radios in cell towers. The most common types of coaxial cables
used in telecommunications include LMR (Land Mobile Radio) cables and RG
(Radio Guide) cables.
 Coaxial feeder cables are known for their durability, weather resistance, and the
ability to minimize signal loss over long distances.
 2. Fiber Optic Cables:

 Fiber optic feeder cables are designed to transmit data using light signals instead
of electrical signals. They are made of glass or plastic fibers that carry data in the
form of light pulses.

 Fiber optic cables are commonly used in telecommunications for high-speed data
transmission. They are essential for connecting data centers, carrying internet
traffic, and providing backhaul connectivity for cell towers.

 Fiber optic feeder cables offer significant advantages over coaxial cables, such as
high bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), and lower
signal loss over long distances.

When selecting feeder cables for a telco site, factors such as the required bandwidth, distance,
and environmental conditions should be taken into consideration. Coaxial cables are often
chosen for shorter distances and lower bandwidth requirements, while fiber optic cables are
preferred for high-capacity, long-distance connections. Additionally, proper installation and
maintenance of feeder cables are essential to ensure the reliability and performance of the
telecommunications network.

MRFU & DRFU

MRFU (Main Radio Frequency Unit) and DRFU (Diversity Radio Frequency Unit) are terms
often associated with telecommunications equipment, particularly in the context of radio access
networks and base station installations. These units play a role in the operation and functionality
of cellular networks, ensuring the efficient transmission and reception of signals. Here's a brief
overview of each:

1. MRFU (Main Radio Frequency Unit):

 The Main Radio Frequency Unit (MRFU) is a key component in a base station or
cell site equipment. It is responsible for transmitting and receiving the primary
 radio signals, usually in a cellular network. The MRFU is connected to the
antennas and communicates with user devices such as mobile phones.

 In a cellular network, the MRFU typically handles the primary traffic and is
associated with the main carrier frequency. It is responsible for providing the
primary coverage and capacity for the cell or sector it serves.

 MRFUs are designed to ensure reliable and high-quality voice and data
communications to mobile devices within the cell's coverage area.

2. DRFU (Diversity Radio Frequency Unit):

 The Diversity Radio Frequency Unit (DRFU) is a complementary unit to the

MRFU. Its primary purpose is to enhance the quality and reliability of the radio
signals in challenging radio environments, such as areas with signal fading or
interference.

 The DRFU typically employs diversity techniques to improve signal reception.

This involves having multiple antennas, often placed in different locations or
orientations, to capture the radio signals. The DRFU then selects the strongest
signal or combines the signals from these antennas to reduce signal degradation
due to multipath fading or interference.

 By using diversity reception, the DRFU can help mitigate issues like signal fading
caused by obstacles, buildings, or other interference sources.

MRFU is responsible for handling the main radio traffic in a cellular network cell, ensuring
coverage and capacity, while the DRFU is designed to improve signal quality and reliability by
employing diversity reception techniques. Both units work together to provide a robust and
reliable wireless communication service to mobile users in various radio environments.
 Figure 15. MRFU

Battery

Telecommunications sites, including cell towers and base stations, often rely on batteries as a
critical component of their backup power systems. These batteries are essential to ensure
uninterrupted operation of the telecom infrastructure, particularly during power outages or other
emergencies. There are several types of batteries used in telco sites:

1. Lead-Acid Batteries:

 Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries: VRLA batteries, which include

absorbed glass mat (AGM) and gel-cell batteries, are a common choice for
telecom backup power systems. They are maintenance-free and sealed, making
them well-suited for remote locations. VRLA batteries are known for their
reliability and relatively low cost.
 2. Flooded Lead-Acid Batteries:

 Flooded or vented lead-acid batteries are another type, though less common in
telecom sites. They require regular maintenance, including adding water, and are
typically found in older installations.

3. Lithium-Ion Batteries:

 Lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly popular in telecom backup power

systems due to their high energy density, longer cycle life, and compact size.
They offer improved performance and reduced maintenance compared to lead-
acid batteries. Telecom operators often use lithium-ion batteries in combination
with advanced battery management systems (BMS) to ensure safe and reliable
operation.

The choice of battery type depends on various factors, including the site's location, power
requirements, available space, maintenance considerations, and budget. Battery banks are
typically integrated into uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, ensuring a seamless
transition to backup power when needed.

Regular maintenance, monitoring, and replacement as needed are crucial for ensuring the
reliability of backup power systems in telecom sites. Batteries should be inspected, tested, and
replaced according to manufacturers' recommendations and industry best practices to ensure
continued uptime in the event of power disruptions.

Figure 16. Batteries

Tower Site Technical Training

BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Swap at the Akkarapanaha site in the

Kurunegala Region

Figure 17. BTS Swap

The following site assessment is initiated to evaluate the existing infrastructure, including the
tower, power supply, and shelter. Additionally, the reasons for the BTS swap, whether it is an
upgrade, maintenance, or any other specific requirement, are to be determined.
In the equipment selection phase, the existing BTS equipment to be installed at the
Akkarapanaha site is to be chosen. It is imperative that this equipment is selected in a manner
that ensures compatibility with the network requirements and frequency bands utilized in the
region.

The necessary permits and approvals from regulatory authorities to perform the BTS swap
should be verified, and strict adherence to local regulations regarding tower work and
telecommunications equipment is to be ensured.

For the shutdown of the old BTS, the safe powering down and disconnection of the BTS that is
intended to be removed from the Akkarapanaha site is to be carried out. All associated
equipment, including antennas, cables, and power connections, should be disconnected and
removed.

Installation of the new BTS is to be executed with careful consideration. This encompasses the
installation of the existing BTS equipment at the Akkarapanaha site, with a focus on proper
anchoring and alignment. The connection of antennas, transmission lines, and power supplies is
to be performed following manufacturer guidelines.

The next step involves the integration and configuration of the new BTS equipment to align with
network settings. Various integration tasks, such as the configuration of IP addresses, alarms,
and network parameters, are to be carried out.

Comprehensive testing must be conducted to ensure the correct functioning of the new BTS and
its capability to provide the expected coverage and capacity. Furthermore, the optimization of the
new BTS settings is to be implemented to ensure seamless network performance in the
Kurunegala region.

All relevant documentation is to be updated to reflect the changes made at the Akkarapanaha
site, encompassing equipment inventory and network configurations.

Upon successful testing and optimization, the new BTS is to be commissioned for regular
operation, with a particular focus on confirming its proper transmission and reception of signals.
The establishment of a maintenance plan for the new BTS is critical to ensure ongoing
performance and reliability, with regular monitoring and maintenance of the equipment in
accordance with industry best practices.

Safety is to be prioritized throughout the entire process, encompassing working at heights and
around telecommunications equipment. Additionally, it is imperative that all personnel involved
are adequately trained in safety protocols.

Following the BTS swap, the new BTS is to be monitored for a specified period to ensure its
performance aligns with expectations. Any issues or necessary fine-tuning of configurations are
to be addressed as required.

Power Survey

Figure 18. Measuring the current

A power survey within the context of BTS (Base Transceiver Station) infrastructure entails a
comprehensive assessment of various critical parameters aimed at ensuring optimal operational
efficiency and resource management. This survey encompasses the measurement of key elements
within each BTS cabinet on a site.

First and foremost, measurements are obtained for the number of RRU (Remote Radio Units),
DRFU (Digital Radio Frequency Unit), and MRFU (Main Radio Frequency Unit) within each
BTS cabinet. This data serves as a fundamental basis for understanding the equipment
configuration and resource allocation at the site.

Battery-related information is also documented, including the type of batteries employed and the
quantity present. This aspect is crucial in safeguarding against power interruptions and
ascertaining the readiness of backup power sources.

Additionally, the number of links, free space availability, and the nature of AC (Alternating
Current) and DC (Direct Current) loads within each BTS cabinet are diligently recorded. These
details offer valuable insights into the site's capacity and potential for future expansion.

A critical aspect of the power survey involves the measurement of AC current drawn from the
electricity board to the site, which is conducted utilizing a clamp meter. This procedure provides
a direct assessment of the electrical power supply from the external source.

The next phase of the power survey involves a meticulous comparison of the load consumption
within the BTS cabinets with the current draw from the electricity board. This comparative
analysis is pivotal in ascertaining the efficiency of power utilization and the alignment of
consumption with the supplied electrical current.

A power survey within the BTS environment is a multifaceted process that encompasses the
measurement and evaluation of numerous critical parameters. It serves as a vital tool for
optimizing resource utilization, ensuring uninterrupted BTS operation, and verifying the
efficiency of power consumption. This meticulous survey is integral to the seamless functioning
of telecommunications infrastructure and the delivery of reliable services to end-users.
Preventive Maintenance

Figure 19. Site after preventive maintenance

Preventive maintenance tasks encompass routine activities such as cleaning, lubrication, part
replacement, and equipment repair. These tasks are carried out on a regular basis to ensure the
continued functionality of essential components, including fans, seals, cables, connections, and
batteries. Additionally, attention is given to the upkeep of the supporting infrastructure at cell
sites, such as towers, shelters, mounting ancillaries, and fences. Preventive maintenance involves
the systematic cleaning of both the site and the BTS, accompanied by a thorough examination for
errors in RRUs, antenna orientations, feeder clamps, and the earthing system. These routine
checks and services are conducted according to a predetermined schedule to proactively identify
and rectify potential issues, mitigating the risk of more significant problems arising. This
encompasses the inspection of fans, seals, cables, connections, as well as the servicing of
telecommunications infrastructure, including towers, shelters, and fences, to ensure their optimal
condition. The primary objective of preventive maintenance is to preempt equipment failures and
malfunctions.

In contrast, corrective maintenance is performed to restore equipment and facilities that have
encountered failures. This form of maintenance is focused on reinstating functionality and
repairing damage caused by unforeseen events, such as natural disasters or acts of vandalism. It
is also implemented when equipment replacement is deemed necessary.

The maintenance of telecom BTS and MW sites in a state of operational excellence necessitates
the systematic application of preventive maintenance (PM). By conducting routine PM
procedures, you actively contribute to the prevention of service outages and the maintenance of
uninterrupted connectivity for your clients.

1. Power Check: This encompasses the assessment of LLVD and BLVD, verification of
site load, availability of lugs, and examination of the CB trip sensor alarm cable.

2. Labeling: This includes the affixing of labels to rectifier CBs and associated cables,
DCDU input and output power cables, BBU, RFU, RTN, NE40 fibers, BBU alarm
cables, RTN login cables, external alarm cables, as well as labeling for BTS, TX rack,
shelter components, and materials designated for dismantling.

3. Cleaning: This involves the cleaning of fan units (e.g., BBU, RTN, IPASO) using
blowers, cleaning of all devices (e.g., BBU, RTN, IPASO, NE40, OSN) with blowers,
cleaning of cabinets, racks, BTS, and rectifier modules using blowers and cloths, and
cleaning the BTS filter (located within the BTS door) by removal and external cleaning.

4. Tower Work: This includes the inspection of waterproofing, tightness of antennas and
mounts, assessment of routing, application of WG tape, and verification of protection
caps.

5. Local Login: This entails checking door alarms, low battery alarms, VSWR, active
alarms, and reviewing the history on BBU control cards (GTMU, UMPT, LMPT…). It
also involves the examination of active alarms, history, performance checks (PMON
errors), RSL, and XPD on RTN/NEC for each IDU.
 6. Overall: This encompasses the verification of BBU and RFU dummy components,
Roxtec, cable tray, indoor and outdoor cable routing, retightening of power connectors on
RFU and BBU, as well as retightening of jumper connectors on RFU. It also includes the
examination of equipment fixations, identification and escalation of snags related to
RO/EM/Civil aspects, TDI data collection, sharing of tower climbing videos (up/down),
checks on dismantled materials, recording of completed and pending tasks in the access
log book, and the assessment of RTN380 ODU login cables.

As a trainee, I looked after the condition about BTS unit. Riggers updated the antenna conditions
and cable management.

Warehouse Management

Figure 20. Warehouse

The Kurunegala Regional Engineering Office's warehouse currently houses a substantial
inventory of telecommunication equipment, which includes items such as Remote Radio Units
(RRU), Radio Signal Units (RSU), Digital Radio Frequency Units (DRFU), Rectifiers, Monitor
Modules, and various cards denoted as UMPT, CC, FS, BPK, BPN. Additionally, the warehouse
stores feeder cables, BBU sub racks, and fiber cables.

In order to streamline and organize this inventory, it has been categorized into two distinct
groups: transmission items and power items. The transmission items consist of RRU, RSU,
DRFU, fiber cables, BBU sub racks, and the various cards, while the power items encompass
rectifiers, monitor modules, and feeder cables.

To ensure an orderly and efficient workspace, a thorough cleaning of the warehouse is planned.
Furthermore, an Excel spreadsheet will be maintained to meticulously record and track the count
of each item within the inventory. This organized approach will facilitate inventory management
and enhance the overall efficiency of the warehouse operations.

PAT Survey

A PAT survey is a critical process in the telecom industry that ensures the proper functioning of
passive antenna systems used in wireless communication networks.

A Site PAT survey is an essential part of maintaining and optimizing the performance of a
telecom network. It involves a comprehensive assessment of passive antenna systems, including
antennas, cables, connectors, and associated infrastructure. The survey aims to identify and
rectify any issues that may affect the network's quality and reliability.

Before conducting a Site PAT survey, thorough planning is necessary. All relevant equipment,
tools, and documentation should be gathered. This includes test equipment, schematics, safety
gear, and access permits. Ensure that safety procedures and guidelines are adhered to throughout
the survey.
A professional survey begins with a detailed inspection of the site. This includes a visual
assessment of the antenna placement, cable routing, connectors, grounding systems, and
structural integrity.

The core of a PAT survey involves measuring the key parameters of the PAT. Measurements are
made using specialized equipment such as spectrum analyzers, power meters, and vector network
analyzers. These measurements include return loss, insertion loss, and VSWR. The aim is to
identify any signal degradation or losses in the system.

The collected data is then analyzed to pinpoint the source of any issues. Professional tools and
software are employed to process the measurements and identify anomalies.

A critical aspect of a PAT survey is meticulous documentation. The findings, measurements, and
analysis results are recorded in a comprehensive report.

Based on the survey's findings, recommendations for rectification and optimization are made.
These may include replacing damaged components, adjusting cable lengths, or improving
grounding.

After implementing the recommendations, a follow-up survey is conducted to ensure that the
issues have been addressed and the system is performing optimally.

Conducting a Site PAT survey is a critical undertaking in the telecom industry to maintain the
integrity and reliability of sites.

21 PAT Details 1
Figure 23. PAT Details 2
Figure 24. PAT Details 3
BTS Battery Testing Using a Battery Tester

Figure 25. Battery testing

Battery testing is a critical aspect of maintaining BTS (Base Transceiver Station) equipment, as it
ensures the reliability and functionality of the backup power supply. To perform a thorough
assessment of BTS batteries, a battery tester is employed.
 1. Preparation of the Battery Tester: Before batteries can be tested, the battery tester
should be properly prepared. This entails ensuring that the equipment is appropriately
calibrated and functioning optimally. The battery tester should be set to the specific
battery type and capacity, as recommended by the manufacturer.

2. Safety Precautions: Safety should always be a primary concern during battery testing.
Before the test is initiated, personnel should wear appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE), and the testing area should be well-ventilated to mitigate any potential
hazards.

3. Battery Connection: The batteries under examination should be disconnected from the
BTS system.

4. Test Initiation: The battery tester is activated.

5. Data Collection: The battery tester will proceed to collect data regarding the battery's
capacity, voltage, and internal resistance. The readings are recorded for later analysis.

6. Analysis of Results: The data collected during the testing process is analyzed.

7. Comparative Evaluation: The test results are compared to the manufacturer's

specifications, or the expected standards for BTS battery performance.

8. Interpretation of Findings: If any discrepancies or anomalies are detected

9. Action Planning: In the event of any battery performance issues, a plan for corrective
action is developed.

10. Reporting: A formal report is generated to document the testing process and its results.
Passive voice is used throughout the report to maintain an objective and professional
tone.

11. Reconnection of Batteries: After testing and any necessary maintenance, the batteries
are reconnected to the BTS system, emphasizing the passive construction to underscore
the process's completion and its importance to the BTS system's continued operation.

Battery testing in the context of BTS equipment maintenance is a crucial and systematic process
that demands an objective and professional approach. This approach ensures that BTS batteries
are tested comprehensively, accurately, and professionally, contributing to the overall reliability
of the telecommunication infrastructure.

GPS Module Installation Process in Lithium-ion (Li-ion) BTS Batteries

Figure 26. GPS Module Installation

The installation process of a GPS module in lithium-ion (Li-ion) BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
batteries, designed to accurately locate their whereabouts and prevent potential theft, is a crucial
aspect of modern telecom infrastructure security.

To begin with, the GPS module installation procedure entails several essential steps that must be
carefully followed to ensure the successful integration of this anti-theft technology into Li-ion
BTS batteries. The aim of this process is to covertly embed a GPS module within the battery
housing, allowing the real-time tracking of the battery's location in the event of unauthorized
removal or movement.

1. Battery Preparation: Initially, the battery is thoroughly inspected to confirm its

compatibility with the GPS module. This includes ensuring that the battery housing
 provides adequate space to accommodate the module without compromising the integrity
of the battery.

2. Module Integration: A GPS module, specifically designed for this application, is

selected. Subsequently, a technician expertly embeds the module within the battery
casing, ensuring a seamless fit. This procedure is conducted with meticulous attention to
detail to prevent damage to the battery or the module.

3. Power Supply Arrangement: An essential part of the installation process is the

establishment of a power supply arrangement for the GPS module. A power source,
typically connected to the battery's internal circuitry, is used to enable the module to
function autonomously.

4. Antenna Placement: The GPS module's antenna is discreetly situated within the battery
housing, ensuring that it remains inconspicuous while allowing for efficient signal
reception. This placement ensures that the module can effectively communicate its
location information.

5. Secure Encapsulation: After the module and its associated components are properly
installed, the battery is securely resealed to prevent tampering. This step involves
reattaching any removed portions of the battery casing to conceal the GPS module's
presence.

6. Activation and Configuration: Once the installation is complete, the GPS module is
activated and configured to transmit location data at specified intervals. This data is
securely transmitted to a central monitoring system, allowing authorized personnel to
track the battery's whereabouts in real-time.

7. Testing and Validation: To ensure the effectiveness of the GPS module installation, a
comprehensive testing phase is conducted. This phase involves assessing the module's
accuracy, signal strength, and communication reliability. Any issues identified during this
testing phase are promptly addressed and resolved.
 8. Monitoring and Maintenance: After installation, ongoing monitoring and maintenance
are essential to ensure the GPS module's continued functionality. Regular checks and
battery status assessments are carried out to guarantee the system's reliability over time.

Installation of a GPS module in Li-ion BTS batteries for the purpose of preventing battery theft
is a meticulously planned and executed process. It involves integrating the module seamlessly,
establishing a reliable power supply, concealing the components, configuring the tracking
system, and conducting rigorous testing. By following these steps with precision,
telecommunication companies can safeguard their valuable infrastructure assets and enhance
security measures.
 CHAPTER 4

Report Conclusion

During my twenty-four-week internship as a Network Planning & Operations Trainee Engineer

at Mobitel (Pvt.) Ltd., I had the privilege of working at the Kurunegala branch of the
Engineering Department. This experience has undoubtedly been one of the most enriching and
inspiring periods in my academic and professional journey.

Mobitel (Pvt.) Ltd. is a renowned organization with a highly skilled workforce, and I am
immensely proud to have been a part of their team. Throughout my internship, I gained valuable
insights into the theoretical and practical aspects of the electronic and telecommunications
engineering field. I had the opportunity to collaborate with technical experts who provided
immediate assistance, making it easy to resolve various technical challenges that emerged during
my training.

My time at Mobitel (Pvt.) Ltd. allowed me to develop a range of technical skills and expertise. I
was involved in activities such as troubleshooting and investigating outdoor telecommunication
power cabinets, conducting earth testing, participating in tower construction projects, and dealing
with antenna and optical communication systems. Climbing towers, inspecting and
troubleshooting power supply issues, and performing earth testing were among the tasks I
undertook, which pushed me to maximize my contributions and enhance my skills.

One significant lesson I learned during my tenure was the interconnectivity between different
fields within the telecommunications industry. I discovered that by leveraging information
technology and fostering connections between telecommunications, electronics, and software
engineering, solutions can be found to address existing challenges.

While I encountered some theoretical complexities during my technical training, the unwavering
support from my colleagues at Mobitel (Pvt.) Ltd. was instrumental in my learning process.
However, I also identified certain limitations within certain activities, which, if reduced, could
significantly enhance the training experience. Mitigating these limitations is crucial, as it could
minimize potential adverse effects during emergency situations. It would be advantageous to
update the training curriculum to align it with modern technological advancements and consider
the inclusion of research and development components to better prepare trainees for future
planning.

Furthermore, there is an opportunity to explore the impact of unique geographical features on

communication activities by providing training opportunities for electronic communication
agencies across the island. By studying communication activities in areas with differing
topographies, such as Mannar, Nuwara Eliya, and Rathnapura, research and development efforts
can be focused on optimizing tower and antenna installations, among other aspects.

Introducing an integrated program that includes guided tours with other organizations and
sponsors can provide trainees with a comprehensive understanding of organizational processes.
Additionally, implementing a learning management system for trainees would streamline their
learning and training processes.

Finally, it is essential to recognize that the benefits of training should be leveraged as a valuable
investment for decision-making within the organization. Regular bi-weekly meetings between
interns and the executive board could serve as a platform for interns to present their ideas and
suggestions, thereby contributing to the improvement of organizational operational processes.

In conclusion, my internship experience at Mobitel (Pvt.) Ltd. has been a tremendous

opportunity for personal and professional growth, and I believe that implementing the suggested
enhancements can further enhance the training program and its outcomes.

SWOT Analysis

In the context of the internship program, the SWOT analysis, which stands for Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, is a valuable framework for understanding and
evaluating an individual's attributes, challenges, and the prospects available to them, both in the
present and the future. This section outlines the specific strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats that were identified during the internship experience.
Strengths

a) Proficient Communication Skills: The ability to effectively convey ideas and information.

b) Competent Programming Skills: Proficiency in programming languages and software

development.

c) Exceptional Presentation Skills: The capacity to deliver compelling and engaging

presentations.

d) Effective Time Management: The skill of efficiently organizing and utilizing time.

e) Critical Thinking Skills: The capability to analyze and solve complex problems.

f) Conflict Resolution Proficiency: The capacity to mediate and resolve conflicts.

g) Self-Motivation and Confidence: The ability to self-initiate tasks and exhibit self-assurance.

h) Leadership Skills: The aptitude to lead and guide a team effectively.

Weaknesses

a) Lack of Confidence in Risk-Taking: A hesitancy to undertake ventures that involve

significant risk.

b) Propensity for Overcommitment: A tendency to assume excessive responsibilities,

potentially leading to overextension.

Opportunities

a) Participation in Organizational Meetings: Engaging in activities such as proposal

presentations, project progress meetings, discussions, and knowledge-sharing sessions.

b) Enhanced Communication Skills: The opportunity to further improve and refine

communication abilities.
Threats

a) Limited Multi-Tasking Ability: A potential vulnerability in managing multiple tasks

simultaneously.

b) Resistance to Change: A tendency to adapt slowly to evolving circumstances and changes in

the environment.

SWOT analysis serves as a comprehensive overview of the intern's core competencies, areas for
development, and the potential avenues for growth and challenges to be mindful of. It provides a
structured framework for leveraging strengths, addressing weaknesses, capitalizing on
opportunities, and mitigating threats for a more productive and successful professional journey.
 CHAPTER 5

References

a) Business Model. Sri Lanka Telecom PLC(Accessed by 2022) https://www.slt.lk/reports-

html/annual/2015/business_model/strategic-direction.html (Accessed by 2015)

b) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., L. (n.d.). 0ME201102 H UA WEI BTS3 012. HUAWEI

TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. (Accessed by 2018)

c) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLTMobitel (Accessed by April 15, 2017)

d) Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.0rg/wiki/M0bitel_(Sri_Lanka)

(Accessed by March 20, 2016).

e) Transmission Planning Retrieved from www.gsmbasics.com:(Accessed by March 11,2016)

f) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/GSM-Basic-architecture_fig1_228059972 (Accessed by
June 12, 2012)