QUESTION BANK

(1st Part)

Physics-1 (BS-PH 101)

Discipline: CSE, ME, CSBS
1st Semester

ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Engineering Science & Humanities
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 Group – A (MCQ)
Choose the correct answer from the following:
1. A particle moving on the surface of a sphere (of radius „𝑎‟) having the constraint equation 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎, is
a) a holonomic constraint b) a rheonomic constraint
c) a non-holonomic constraint d) a scleronomic constraint
2. The type of constraint of a rigid body is
a) Rheonomic and Holonomic b) Rheonomic and Non-holonomic
c) Scleronomic and Holonomic d) Scleronomic and Non-holonomic
3. Degrees of freedom of a system of 𝑁 particles having 𝐾 constraints is
a) 3𝑁 b) 3𝑁 + 𝐾 c) 3𝑁 − 𝐾 d) 2𝑁 − 𝐾
4. A Particle constrained to move on the surface of a sphere has degrees of freedom equal to
a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 0
5. For a simple pendulum of constant length, the degrees of freedom will be
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
6. Total angular momentum of a system is conserved, if
(a) total torque acting on the system is zero (b) total force acting is zero
(c) Total torque is of finite value (d) Total force has a net value

7. Value of ∇ ∙ 𝑟 is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
8. Value of ∇ × 𝑟 is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) −1
9. If 𝐵 = ∇ × A, where A and B are any two vectors, then
a)∇ ∙ B = 0 b) ∇ ∙ B = 1 c) 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 0 d) ∇ ∙ B = −1
10. The angle between ∇φ and the surface 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 is
𝜋 𝜋
a) zero b)  c) 2 d) 4

11. If A and B are irrotational then A × B is

a) cylindrical b) irrotational c) rotational d) solenoidal
12. If 𝐹 be conservative force field, then
(a) 𝐹 = 0 (b) 𝐹 ∙ 𝐹 = 0 (c)∇ × 𝐹 = 0 (d)∇ ∙ 𝐹 = 0
13. For a particle executing S.H.M the phase difference between displacement and velocity is
𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2 (b) π (c) 0 (d) 4

14. The potential energy of a particle executing SHM is equal to its kinetic energy when the displacement of
the particle is
𝑎 𝑎
(a) ±a (b)± √2 (c) ± 2 (d) ±𝑎√2

15. A particle executes SHM with a frequency f. The frequency with which the K.E oscillates is
(a) 0 (b) f (c) 2f (d) f/2
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16. For critical damping the motion is
(a) Oscillatory (b) non-oscillatory (c) periodic (d) circular
17. For weak/light damping the motion is
(a) Oscillatory (b) non-oscillatory (c) periodic (d) circular
18. Example of weakly damped harmonic oscillator is
(a) Dead-beat galvanometer (b) Tangent galvanometer
(c) Ballistic galvanometer (d) discharge of a charged capacitor through a resistance
19. At resonance, the phase difference between displacement and velocity of a forced oscillator is
𝜋 2𝜋
(a)  (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3

20. Wave front at an infinite distance in free space due to point source of light is
a) spherical b) plane c) cylindrical d) irregular
21. Two sources are said to be coherent when the waves produced by them are of same
a) wavelength b) wavelength and same phase
c) wavelength and constant phase difference d) amplitude and constant phase difference
22. In Fraunhofer diffraction, the wave front is
a) cylindrical b) spherical c) plane d) circular
23. Intensity of the principal maxima in grating spectrum is proportional to
a) 𝑁 −1 b) 𝑁 c) 𝑁 2 d) 𝑁 −2
24. The resolving power of a grating having 𝑁 no. of lines exposed, in 𝑛-th order is
𝑁 𝑛
a) 𝑛 b) 𝑁 c) 𝑛 + 𝑁 d) 𝑛𝑁
25. When a white light is incident on a plane diffraction grating the central maxima will be
(a) dark (b) yellow (c) black (d) white
26. Polarization conclusively proves that light waves are
(a) longitudinal (b) progressive (c) stationary (d) transverse
27. Light is polarized by Nicol prism due to
(a) refraction b) reflection c) scattering d) double refraction
29.The velocities of e-ray and o-ray are same in the direction of
(a) screw axis (b) optic axis (c) normal to the optic axis (d) axis of rotation
30. Nicol prism can be used as
a) a polarizer only b) an analyzer only c) a polarizer and an analyzer d) a spectrum analyzer
31. For Laser action to occur, the medium used must have at least
. a) 2 energy levels b) 4 energy levels c) 3 energy levels d) one energy level
32. Emission of photons due to the transition of an electron from a higher to a lower energy state caused by
external energy is known as
a) stimulated absorption b) amplified emission
c) stimulated emission d) spontaneous emission
33. The critical angle of glass with respect to air is 41. The Brewster‟s angle is
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 a) 65.45° b) 56.65° c) 33.26° d) 44.67°
34. The state of polarization when the x and z component of the electric field are given by
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑦 + 𝜔𝑡 and 𝐸𝑧 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑦 + 𝜔𝑡 is
a) elliptical b) plane c) circular d) partial
35. If N1 and N2 are the number of atoms in ground and excited state respectively, then in population inversion
(a) N1 = N2 (b) N1 > N2 (c) N1 =  , N2 = 0 (d) N1 < N2
36. A quarter wave plate is used to produce
(a) circularly polarized light (b) diffracted light
(c) plane polarized light (d) circular concentric rings
37. In gas laser, population inversion is generally created by
(a) optical pumping (b) electric discharge
(c) magnetic field (d) chemical reaction
38. With insertion of a dielectric, the capacity of a capacitor
a) increases b) decreases c) does not change d) get zero
39. Dielectric materials are essentially
a) insulating material b) conducting material c) magnetic materials d) semiconductor
40. The relation between electric susceptibility and relative permittivity (dielectric constant) is
a) 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 b) 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜖𝑟 + 1 c) 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜖𝑟 − 1 d) 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜖𝑟
41.. Electric susceptibility of vacuum is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 1 d) 1
42. The relation between 𝐷, 𝐸 and 𝑃 is
1
a) 𝐷 = 𝜖0 𝐸 + 𝑃 b) 𝐷 = 𝐸 + 𝜖𝑃 c) 𝐷 = 𝜖0 𝐸 + 𝑃 d) 𝐷 = 𝜖 𝐸+𝑃
0

43. The electric dipole moment of an atom or molecule per unit polarizing electric field is called
a) polarization b) polarizability c) susceptibility d) permittivity
44. Electronic polarizability is related with radius of the atom by
a) 𝛼𝑒 ∝ 𝑅 3 b) 𝛼𝑒 ∝ 𝑅 2 c) 𝛼𝑒 ∝ 𝑅 d) 𝛼𝑒 ∝ 𝑅 0
45. Ionic polarizability is
a) independent of temperature b) directly proportional to temperature
c) depends on square of temperature d) inversely proportional to temperature
46. In comparison to the conduction current, the displacement current through an ideal capacitor in a single
loop circuit, is (a) less b) same c) more d) negligible
47. In comparison to the conduction current, the displacement current through a conductor, is
a) less b) equal c) more d) negligible
48. Displacement current arises due to
a) positive charge only b) negative charge only
c) time varying electric field d) magnetic monopole
49. The displacement current density J𝐷 is given by

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 𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐷 −𝜕𝐷
a) J𝐷 = b) J𝐷 = c) J𝐷 = 𝜖0 d) J𝐷 =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

50. Displacement current can flow through

a) capacitor b) inductor c) resistor d) diode
51. Maxwell‟s electromagnetic wave equation in terms of 𝐵 is
𝜕2𝐵
a) 𝛻 2 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝜕𝑡 2 b) 𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 J𝐶 + 𝐷
𝜕2𝐵
c) 𝛻 2 𝐵 = c 𝜕𝑡 2 d) 𝛻 × 𝐵 = 0
52. The velocity of a plane electromagnetic wave in free space is
1 1
a) 𝜇0 𝜖0 b) 𝜇0 𝜖0 c) 𝜇 d)
0 𝜖0 𝜇 0 𝜖0

Group-B
Mechanics:
1. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both 3i + 2j -5k and 3i+2j-k. Find also the angle between them.
𝑑𝐴
2. If 𝐴 𝑡 has a constant magnitude, then show that is perpendicular to 𝐴.
𝑑𝑡

3. Find the unit outward drawn normal to the surface (x-1)2+y2+(z+2)2=9 at the point (3,1,-4).
1
4. Find  if (a) =ln|r| (b) 𝜙 =
𝑟

5. (a) Show that the vector 𝐴 = 3𝑦 4 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 4𝑥 3 𝑧 2 𝑗 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘 is solenoidal.(b) . (b) If 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 −

𝑦 3 𝑧 2 , find 𝛻 𝜙 at the point 1, −2,1
6. (a) If A and B are irrotational, prove that A×B is solenoidal. (b)Find constants 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, if 𝐹 =
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑗 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑘 is irrotational.
7. If 𝛻𝜙 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘 , find 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 if 𝜙 1, −2,2 = 4.
8. If 𝜑 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧, find ∇ ∙ ∇𝜑 .
9. If 𝐴 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑧𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑘 , find curl of 𝐴.
10. A block on an inclined plane just begins to slip if the inclination of the plane is 50o.(a) Find the
coefficient of static friction. (b) If the block has a mass of 2 Kg, what is the actual frictional force just
before it begins to slip?
11. Prove that in a conservative force field, the total mechanical energy is conserved.

12. A grindstone has a moment of inertia of 1.6x10-3 kg.m2. If a constant torque applied, it reaches an angular
velocity of 1200 rpm. In 15 sec. Assuming it started from rest, find (a) angular acceleration (b) the torque
applied.
13. (a) What is meant by moment of inertia of a system of particles about a line or axis? (b) State and explain
the (i) Parallel Axis Theorem (ii) Perpendicular Axes Theorem on moment of inertia.

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14. (a) The moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis passing through it centre is 2/5 MR2. Find the
same about an axis tangent to the sphere.
(b) Two identical solid spheres of mass M and radius R are joined together, and the combination is
rotated about an axis tangent to one sphere and perpendicular to the line connecting them. What is the
rotational inertia of the combination?
15. (a) How do constraints affect the motion of a mechanical system and how does it relate with degrees of
freedom? (b) Distinguish between holonomic constraints and nonholonomic constraints?
16. Determine the degrees of freedom of the following:
(a) A bead moving on a circular wire.
(b)A rigid body rotating in space about a fixed axis.
(c) Two particles connected by a rigid rod moving freely in plane
17. (a) Explain the uses of inertial and non-inertial frames of reference in Newtonian mechanics. (b) Is the
Earth an inertial frame of reference? Justify your answer.
18. A particle of mass m executes simple harmonic motion (SHM). Find the equation of motion of the
particle from the conservation of energy.
19. A body executing SHM has velocities 80 cm/sec. and 60 cm/sec when displacements are 3 cm and 4 cm
respectively. Calculate the amplitude and frequency of vibration.
20. A cubical block of side L and density d is floating in water of density ρ where ρ>d. The block is slightly
depressed and released. Show that it will execute simple harmonic motion. Determine the frequency of
oscillation.
21. 5kg mercury executes SHM in a U-tube of inner radius 1.0 cm about its equilibrium position. Calculate the
time period of oscillation of the mercury column. Ignore frictional force and surface tension. Density of
mercury is 13.6 gm/cc.
22. A simple progressive wave is given by 𝑦 = 0.5 sin(314𝑡 − 12.65𝑥), where y and x are expressed in metre
and t in sec. Find the amplitude, wavelength, speed of the wave and frequency.
23. (a) Obtain the differential equation of motion of damped harmonic oscillator. (b) Write the solution under
weak damping and show that the nature of motion is oscillatory. (c) Show that the ratio of successive
amplitude on either side of equilibrium is constant.
24. (a)What do you understand by „logarithmic decrement‟, „relaxation time‟, „quality factor‟ of a weakly
damped harmonic oscillator? What are the relationships between them?
25. A massless spring suspended from a rigid support, carries a mass 100g at its lower end. The system
oscillates with a frequency of 10Hz and the amplitude of the damped oscillations reduces to half of it
undamped value in one minute. Calculate (i) the resistive force constants (ii) the relaxation time (iii) the
quality factor (iii) the force constant of the spring.
26. Write down the differential equation for forced vibration and explain each of the terms appearing in the
equation. What is the solution in the steady state.

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27. (a) What is amplitude resonance in a forced oscillation Draw the resonance curves for various damping
factor. Find the resonant frequency.(b) Mention the differences between amplitude resonance and velocity
resonance.
28. Write down the differential equation of a discharging series LCR circuit. Identify the natural frequency of
the circuit. Under what ccondition will this circuit show an oscillatory decay ?

Optics :
Write the expression of intensity due to interference in Young‟s double slit experiment. From this find the
condition of constructive and destructive interference.
1. How does diffraction differ from interference? What are the differences between Fraunhofer diffraction and
Fresnel diffraction?
2. Write the expression of intensity due to single slit. Find the positions of diffraction minima and maxima in
terms of angle of diffraction. Draw the variation of intensity with angle of diffraction.
3. Write the expression for intensity due to double slit Fraunhofer diffraction. Find the positions of various
intensity minima and maxima.. Draw the intensity distribution graphically.
4. (a) Explain Missing orders in double slit pattern.(b) In a double slit diffraction experiment if the slit width is
2 𝑚𝑚 and the separation between the slits is 4 𝑚𝑚 then find the missing orders.
5. (a) Write the expression for intensity due to N- slits Fraunhofer diffraction.(b) Explain the „Absent
Spectra‟.(c) Why is the spectra formed due to grating for white light.
6. (a) A monochromatic light of wavelength 5000 Å incidents normally on a plane transmission grating of 2
cm. width. The second order spectrum is formed at an angle of diffraction 30°. What is the total number of
lines in the grating? [Ans. 10000]
(b) How many orders of spectrum is visible with sodium light of wavelength 5890 Å by a plane
transmission grating with 1000 lines per cm? [Ans. 16]
7. A plane transmission grating at normal incidence gives a green line 𝜆1 = 5400 Å in a certain spectral
order superposed on a violet line 𝜆2 = 4500 Å of the next higher order. If the angle of diffraction is 30°,
obtain the number of lines per cm of the grating. [Ans. 1852 per cm]
8. (a) State the Rayleigh‟s criterion of resolving power of an optical instrument?
(b) A grating of width 5 𝑐𝑚 with 6000 lines per cm is used to just resolve wavelength separation 0 ∙ 22 Å.
Calculate the mean wavelength. [Ans. 6600 Å]
(c) What is minimum number of lines of a grating required to resolve sodium D-lines 5890 Å & 5896 Å
in the 3rd order? [Ans. 328]
10. State and explain Brewster‟s law of polarization indicating clearly the nature of polarization of the reflected
and refracted waves. Show that the reflected and refracted components are mutually perpendicular.
11. A ray of light is incident on the surface of a glass plate of refractive index 1.63. Calculate the angle of incidence for
which the reflected light is completely plane-polarized? What is the corresponding angle of refraction?

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12. What is Brewster‟s angle? What is the value of this angle for glass of refractive index 1.58 immersed in water of
refractive index 1.33?
13. The critical angle of glass with respect to air is 3718. Find the polarizing angle?
14. State Malus law of polarization. Prove that the maximum transmission through polarizer is half of the
maximum even if the polarizer is ideal.
15. Un-polarized light is incident on two polarizing sheets placed on top of the other. What must be the angle between
1
the characteristic directions of sheets if the intensity of the transmitted light is 3 of the intensity of the incident
beam?
16. Suppose you have two crossed Polaroids. A thin Polaroid is placed between them and made to rotate at a rate of ω
about their common central axis. An unpolarised light of intensity I0 is incident on the first polaroid. Show that
the intensity of the transmitted light is given by I = I0(1-cos4ωt)/16
17. What is birefringence or double refraction? What are ordinary rays and extraordinary rays?
18. What are the differences between positive crystal and negative crystals? Give one example for each.
19. What are retardation plates? Find the thickness of half-wave plate and quarter-wave plate.
20. The refractive indices of calcite for ordinary and extra-ordinary rays are 1 ∙ 65 and 1 ∙ 48 respectively for wavelength
5890 Å. Calculate the thickness of the calcite crystal which will convert plane polarized light into circularly
polarized light. [Ans. 0 ∙ 87𝜇𝑚]
21. Find the state of polarization when the x and y component of the electric field are given by
(i) 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧 and 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧
𝐸
(ii) 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧 and 𝐸𝑦 = √20 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧 + 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
(iii) 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡 + 3 and 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡 − 6

22. State the characteristic properties of a laser that differ from those of ordinary light.
23. What are Einstein‟s A and B coefficients? Obtain a relation between Einstein‟s A and B coefficient.
24. (a) Why is optical pumping not generally employed in case of a gas LASER?
(b) Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission to the spontaneous emission at a temperature 300K for sodium D-
lines (λ=5890Ǻ).
25. Illustrate spontaneous emission and stimulated emission. Describe in brief why stimulated emission
generates highly intense coherent beam?
26. What is the role of optical resonators in LASER? What is the relation of the length of the resonator with the
frequency of the laser beam?
27. What is population inversion? State the different methods of achieving population inversion?

Electromagnetism and Dielectric and Magnetic properties of Materials:

1. Write Maxwell‟s equations in differential and integral forms explaining symbols.
2. Explain the idea of displacement current. Distinguish between conduction current and displacement current.
3. Write down Maxwell‟s equations for free space and static field.

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4. . Write down the Maxwell‟s equations for good conductors and dielectric materials.
5. . What is polarization of dielectric? What are polar and non-polar dielectric materials?
6. Find the relation between electric polarisability and atomic radius.
 0 ( r  1)
7. Show that electronic polarizability  e is  e  , where symbols have usual meaning.
N
8. Define polarization vector. Write its dimension and SI unit. Write expression of polarization charge
densities in terms of polarization vector.
9. Write the relation between displacement vector, electric field and polarization vector. Then show that
𝐷 = 𝜖𝐸 . Find the modified Gauss‟s law for dielectric.
10. What are the different kinds of polarization? Discuss the reason of their occurrence
11. Write the relationship between dielectric constant and refractive index.
12. Derive the relation between polarizability and electric susceptibility. Form this express relative permittivity
in terms of polarizability.
13. a) CO2 is a di-atomic gas but still non-polar. Explain with diagram.
b) Explain that atoms with spherically symmetric charge distribution will always have zero inherent dipole
moment.
14. What does one men by linear, homogeneous and isotropic dielectric medium?
15. Show that for a dielectric material the polarization is equal to the surface density of polarization charges
16. Explain with diagram why the electric field inside a dielectric gets weaken compared to the applied field.
17. Calculate the dimension of (a) electric field, (b) electric displacement, (c) permittivity, (d) dielectric
constant, (e) dipole moment, (f) polarization, (g) polarizability and (h) susceptibility.
18. . What is dielectric breakdown? Write its significance.
19. Distinguish between dia, para and ferromagnetic material.
20. Establish the relation B = µoM + µo H.
21. . What do you mean by hysteresis effect? Derive an expression for it. What does the area of hysteresis curve
signify?
22. . Discuss what kind of material can be a good electromagnet and good permanent magnet. Why?
23. .(a) Discuss about the information that can be obtain by studying the hysteresis curve of a ferromagnetic
material. (b) Define with example hard and soft magnetic material. What are their applications?
24. . An iron sample is demagnetizing continuously, what will be the nature of B-H curve?

Group - C
Mechanics
1. As shown in fig. a uniform solid sphere rolls on a horizontal surface at 20m/s. It then rolls up the inclined
plane. If friction losses are negligible, find the height (h) where the ball stops.
2. (a) The force acting on a moving particle is 𝐹 = 𝑓(𝑟)𝑟. Prove that the angular momentum of the particle is
conserved.
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 (b) Show that the work done in moving an object in the field 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 from the
point (1, -2, 1) to (3, 1, 4) is independent of the path.
3. Find the directional derivative of 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 at (1, −2, −1) in the direction of the vector 2𝑖 − 𝑗 −
2𝑘 .
4. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3 at the point (2, −1, 2).
5. Show that ∇ ∙ 𝑣 = 0 and ∇ × 𝑣 = 2𝜔, where the angular velocity 𝜔 and the linear velocity 𝑣, are related by
𝑣 = 𝜔 × 𝑟.
6. Show that ∇2 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑟 −2
7. State Stokes‟ theorem and Gauss‟s Divergence theorem. Using them show that ∇ ∙ ∇ × 𝐴 = 0.

8. (a) Using Gauss‟ theorem prove 𝑆

𝑟 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = 3𝑉, where 𝑉 is volume bounded by surface 𝑆.

(b) Prove that, 𝑆

𝐴 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑉, where 𝑆 is any closed surface enclosing a volume 𝑉 and

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏𝑦𝑗 + 𝑐𝑧𝑘 .

9. (a) A particle in SHM has velocities v1 and v2 when it is at distances x1 and x2 respectively from the mean
𝑥 22 −𝑥 12
position. Show that the time-period of the motion is given by 𝑇 = 2𝜋 𝑣12 −𝑣22

10. (a) The displacement of a moving particle at any time is given by 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos⁡
(𝜔𝑡) + 𝑏 sin⁡
(𝜔𝑡). Show that
the motion is simple harmonic.
(b) In an LCR series circuit, L = 0.5 H and C = 5 F. Find the maximum value of R for the discharge to be
oscillatory?
11. (a) Define sharpness of resonance and how is it related to the quality factor (Q-value) of a forced
oscillator. (b) Show graphically the variation of average power dissipated by the oscillator with the driving
force frequency and indicate the bandwidth.
12. How does resonance take place when an inductor (L), a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R) are connected in
series along with an ac voltage. Find the resonant frequency.

OPTICS (diffraction of light)

1. Laser light (630 nm) incident on a pair of slits produces an interference pattern in which the bright fringes
are separated by 8.3 mm. A second light produces an interference pattern in which the bright fringes are
separated by 7.6 mm. What is the wavelength of this second light? [Ans. 577 nm]
2. (a) Explain that diffraction pattern can be observed clearly when the slit width is of the order of
wavelength of light. (b) Explain the occurrence of missing orders in the case of double slit diffraction
pattern.
3. A diffraction grating having 7000 lines per cm is illuminated normally red light from a He-Ne laser. If its
2nd order spectral line is at 62.4˚, what is the wavelength of red laser light?

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4. Light of wavelength 5000 Å is incident normally on a slit. The first minimum of the diffraction pattern is
observed to lie at a distance of 5 mm from the central maxima on a screen placed at a distance of 2 m
from the slit. Calculate the width of the slit. [Ans. 0.02 cm.]
5. A black dot is marked on a white piece of paper. It is then viewed through a calcite crystal from the top.
(a) How many images are expected to be seen and why?
6. Two polarizers are at crossed position (angle between the polarizing planes is 90˚), a third polarizer with
angle θ with the first one is placed between them. An unpolarized light of intensity I is incident on the
first one and passes through all three polarizers. Find the intensity of light that comes out.
7. Two Nicol prisms are crossed to each other. Now, one of them is rotated through 60. What percentage of
incident unpolarized light will pass through the system? [Ans.
37.5%]
8. An unpolarized light wave of intensity 12 mW/ cm2 passes through two polaroids with principal section at
35.5. Calculate the intensity of the transmitted wave.
9. A tube 20 cm long filled with a solution of 15 gms sugar in 100 cc of water is placed in the path of a
polarized light. Find the angle of rotation of polarization if the specific rotation of sugar is 66 dm/g/cm3.
10. A plane polarized light is incident on a quartz plate cut with faces parallel to the axis. Find the least
thickness for which O-ray and E-ray will combine to form plane polarized light. Given, n0=1.542 and ne=
1.553 and = 5000A0.
11. How can you convert a L.H. circular polarized light into a R.H circular polarized light.
12. Explain the concept of negative temperature in connection with the operation of a laser.
13. Show that population inversion is impossible by direct pumping in a 2-level system.
14. Explain that a typical laser system can be treated as an oscillator. Find the threshold condition for laser
oscillation.
Electromagnetism and Dielectric and Magnetic properties of Materials
1. State the significances of Maxwell‟s four electromagnetic field equations.
2. Derive the Maxwell‟s modification of ampere‟s law
3. An ac voltage is connected across an ideal parallel plate capacitor. Prove that the displacement current at the
capacitor is equal to the conduction current through the wire.
5. Prove that E = sin (y-t)k and B = sin (y-t)i constitute a possible electromagnetic field.
6. Calculate the induced dipole moment per unit volume of helium gas placed in an electric field of 6×10 5 V/m.
the polarisability of helium is 2.33×10-41 F m2 and the density of helium is 20.6×1025 molecules/m3.
[Ans. 2.88×10-9 C/m2]
7. Calculate the total dipole moment of a water molecule assuming that all the ten electrons in the molecule
circulate symmetrically about the oxygen atom. Given that OH distance is 0.96×10-10 m and that the angle
between two OH bonds is 1040 [Ans. 1.89×10-38 C-m]
8. Explain the origin of local field in solid dielectric.
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9. Discuss the characteristics of displacement current.
10. Starting from Maxwell‟s last two equations derive first two Maxwell‟s equations.
11. Show that equation of continuity is contained in Maxwell‟s equations.
12. Starting from Maxwell‟s equations derive Coulomb‟s law.
13. Define the following (with unit where applicable): Magnetic moment, Magnetization, Magnetic
susceptibility, relative permeability, Magnetic induction, Magnetic field, magnetic flux
14. What is meant by hysteresis loss? Find an expression for it. What does the area of hysteresis curve signify?

Group - D
Mechanics
1. Evaluate 𝛁 × (r / r2)
2. If U and V are differentiable scalar fields, prove that 𝛁 U × 𝛁 V is solenoidal.
3. Verify the divergence theorem for A = 4x i – 2 y2 j +z2 k taken over the region bounded by x2 + y2 = 4,
z = 0 and z = 3.
4. Show that the energy of a particle executing S.H.M. is constant.
5. Show that displacement and velocity graph of a simple harmonic oscillator is elliptical.
6. When a man weighing 60 kg on the earth gets into a car, the center of gravity of the car is depressed by
0.3 cm. Assuming the mass of the car to be 1000 kg, find the frequency of the vibration of the car when
it is empty.
7. A root mean square voltage of 100 V is applied to a series resonant circuit having R = 10 ohm, L = 10
mH and C = 1 µF. Calculate (a) natural frequency (b) the current in resonance (c) the Q- value of the
circuit at resonance and the bandwidth of the circuit.
8. A hollow sphere is filled with water, used as pendulum bob. If water trickles out slowly through the
hole made at the bottom, how will the time period be affected?
9. A vibrator of mass 10 gm is acted upon by a restoring force of 5 dyne / cm and a damping force of 2
dyne-sec/cm. Find whether the motion is over-damped or oscillatory. If at t = 0, the vibrator was at x =
0, when a velocity of 1 cm/sec is imparted to it, then calculate the maximum derivation along positive
x-axis.
10. Show that for weak damping the logarithm of the ratio of successive amplitudes on either side of the
equilibrium position is constant.
OPTICS :(Diffraction of light)

1. How would you use the grating to find the wavelength of light?
2. Distinguish between magnifying power and resolving power of optical instruments.
3. An oil immersion microscope just resolves the ruling of a grating having 3900 lines per mm when a
light of wavelength 400 nm is employed. Find the numerical aperture of the microscope.

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 4. Consider two grating, one of width 2 cm has 2000 lines and the other of width 1 cm has 1000 lines.
Compare their angular dispersion and resolving powers in the second order.
5. A diffraction grating produces an angular separation of 0.01 rad between two wavelengths observed at
an angle of 30o. If the mean wavelength is 5000 Å and the spectrum is observed in the second order,
calculate the difference in two wavelengths. [Ans. 86.6 Å]
6. In a grating spectrum, which spectral line in 5th order will overlap with 4th order line of 5890 Å.
7. A telescope objective has a focal length of 4m and a diameter of 0.01m. Find the distance between the
centres of the images of the two stars which are just resolved by it. The wavelength of light is 5500 Å.
1.22𝜆
[Hints: limit of resolution, 𝜃 = ; also distance 𝑥 = 𝑓𝜃;] [Ans. 0.0268 cm]
𝑎

8. “Light waves can be polarized but sound waves cannot.”- why?

9. Write an expression for a linearly polarized light wave of angular frequency ω propagating in the +z
direction with its plane of vibration making an angle 60o to the xz plane.
10. What is optical rotation? Mentions the types of optically active substances
11. A sugar solution in a tube of length 20 cm produces optical rotation of 13. The solution is diluted to
one-third of its previous concentration. Find optical rotation produced by 30 cm long tube containing
the diluted solution. [Ans. 6.5]
12. Explain why masers were achieved earlier than laser.
13. What is an optical resonator? Discuss the role played it in a laser system.

Electromagnetism, dielectric and magnetic properties:

1.Explain that Ampere‟s law is bound to fail in a time varying field.
2.Show that an electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave. (Hints: 𝑘 ∙ 𝐸 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 ∙ 𝐻 = 0 )
3.Show that for a magnetic material the relative permeability and magnetic susceptibility are related by
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒.
𝑒ℎ
4.Show that orbital magnetic moment of an electron is 𝜇𝐵 =
4𝜋𝑚

5.What is the difference between Curie‟s law and Curie-Weiss law in paramagnetism?
6. Define coercivity and retentivity of a ferromagnetic substance and interpret with the help of hysteresis
curve.

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