Manarat International University

IOT and GSM Based Car Parking System

A Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of “Bachelor of Science” in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Submitted By:

Md. Harun-Ar Rashid ID:1917EEE50759

Md. Ashraful Islam ID:1917EEE50766
Md. Nazmul Hasan ID:1917EEE50797
Krishna Rani Sardar ID:1917EEE50787

Supervised By:
Sayeed Islam
Assistant Professor & Coordinator, EEE (Evening) Program
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Manarat International University (MIU)
Fall 2022

i
 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Manarat International University (MIU)
Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Fall 2022
IOT and GSM Based Car Parking System

Md. Harun-Ar Rashid Author

ID: 1917EEE50759
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Manarat International University (MIU)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Md. Ashraful Islam
ID: 1917EEE50766
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Manarat International University (MIU)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Md. Nazmul Hasan
ID: 1917EEE50797
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Manarat International University (MIU)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Krishna Rani Sardar
ID: 1917EEE50787
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Manarat International University (MIU)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sayeed Islam Supervisor
Assistant Professor & Coordinator, EEE (Evening) Program
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Manarat International University (MIU)

Declaration
i
We to hereby declare that the thesis titled “IOT and GSM Based Car Parking System”
Presented in this project is the outcome of the investigation performed by us under the
supervision of Mr. Sayeed Islam, Assistant Professor & Coordinator, EEE (Evening)
Program, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE) of Manarat International
University (MIU).

We also declare that no part of this project and therefor has been or in being submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree.

Name ID Number Signature

Md. Harun-Ar Rashid ID: 1917EEE50759

Md. Ashraful Islam ID: 1917EEE50766

Md. Nazmul Hasan ID: 1917EEE50797

Krishna Rani Sardar ID: 1917EEE50787

Certificate of Approval

ii
This is to certify that the project entitled “IOT and GSM Based Car Parking System”
being submitted by Md. Harun-Ar Rashid ID: 1917EEE50759, Md. Ashraful Islam
ID: 1917EEE50766, Md. Nazmul Hasan ID: 1917EEE50797, Krisna Rani Sardar
ID: 1917EEE50787 has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the degree of B.Sc. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Board of Examination

__________________
(Supervisor)

Sayeed Islam
Assistant Professor & Coordinator, EEE (Evening) Program
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Manarat International University (MIU)

___________________
(Chairman)

K.M. Aktheruzzaman
Head
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Manarat International University (MIU)

Dedication
iii
We dedicate this book to our parents for nursing us with affection and love and to our
Honorable Teachers for inspiring us.

Acknowledgement

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 “All praises and thanks to ALLAH”

First, we want to express our gratefulness to almighty Allah (SWT) for His diving blessing
makes us possible to complete this thesis successfully. We have benefited a lot from this
thesis work. This project has been a rewarding knowledge. We have learnt about IOT and

GSM Based Car Parking System and also economic estimation by studying various
journals, conference papers, textbooks, notes as well as internet. We would like to express
our most gratitude and appreciation to our thesis supervisor, Mr. Sayeed Islam, Assistant
professor & Coordinator, EEE(Evening) Program, Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering (EEE) of Manarat International University (MIU). For his continuous support
and encouragement throughout the work. It was quite impossible for us to complete this work
without his valuable expertise, advice and motivation. Finally, we must acknowledge with
due respect the constant support and patience of our parents. For any errors or inadequacies
that may remain in this work, of course the responsibility is entirely our own. I would also
like to thank all our faculty member, lab instructor of the Department of Electrical &
Electronic Engineering (EEE) of Manarat International University (MIU). The Authors are
also grateful to Mr. K.M. Aktheruzzaman, Assistant Professor& Head, Department of
Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE). Mr. Mir Muhammad Aminuzzaman, Lecturer,
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE) of Manarat International
University (MIU) and to all respected teachers and significant help for completing the project
work successfully.

Thank you all.

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 Abstract
Due to the proliferation in the number of vehicles on the road, traffic problems are bound to
exist. This is due to the fact that the current transportation infrastructure and car park facility
developed are unable to cope with the influx of vehicles on the road. To alleviate the
aforementioned problems, the IOT and GSM based smart parking system has been
developed. With the implementation of the smart parking system, patrons can easily locate
and secure a vacant parking space at any car park deemed convenient to them. Vehicle
ingress and egress are also made more convenient with the implementation of hassle free
payment mechanism. With vehicle detection sensors aplenty on the market, the choices made
may defer due to the different requirements in addition to the its pros and cons. Subsequently,
the various sensor systems used in developing the systems in addition to the recent research
and commercial system on the market are examined as vehicle detection plays a crucial role
in the smart parking system.
The proposed system illustrates the counter for the cars enter the park and give the order to
the park gate never to open Edited with the trial version of to remove this notice, to any
entered car when the number of cars in the car reach the highest number. In addition, the
same counter made for the exit gate (where is the same the entrance gate in this project) count
in reverse order for the cars exit from the park.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration ii

Certificate of Approval iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

List of Figures ix

List of Tables x

CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................2
1.2 Methodology..............................................................................................2
1.3 History........................................................................................................3
1.4 Infra-Red....................................................................................................4
1.5 Proximity Sensor........................................................................................5
1.6 What is Car Parking...................................................................................6

CHAPTER - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................11

2.1 Literature Review.....................................................................................12
2.2 Microcontroller........................................................................................13

CHAPTER - 3 METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................17
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................18
3.2 Block Diagram.........................................................................................18
3.3 Flow Chart................................................................................................19
3.4 Circuit diagram.........................................................................................20
3.4.1 Working Principle.................................................................................20

3.5 Required Software and their Setup Process.............................................21

3.6 Programming............................................................................................22

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CHAPTER - 4 ANALYSIS OF HARDWARE COMPONENT.........................................23
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................24
4.1.1 Required Equipment..............................................................................24
4.2 Component Description...........................................................................24
4.2.1 NodeMCU.............................................................................................24

4.2.2 IR Sensor...............................................................................................26

4.2.2.1 IR Module Feature.............................................................................27

4.2.3 Servo Motor..........................................................................................27

4.2.3.1 Applications.......................................................................................29

4.2.4 LCD Display.........................................................................................29

4.2.5 I2C Module...........................................................................................29

4.2.5.1 Features..............................................................................................30

4.2.6 Breadboard............................................................................................30

4.2.7 Connecting Wire...................................................................................30

4.2.8 SIM 800L GSM Module.......................................................................31

CHAPTER - 5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT......................................................................32

5.1 Introduction..............................................................................................33
5.2 Result........................................................................................................33
5.3 Outlook of the Project..............................................................................34
5.4 Advantages...............................................................................................34
5.5 Limitations...............................................................................................35

CHAPTER - 6 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................36
6.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................37
6.2 Future Work................................................................................................37

References...................................................................................................38

Appendix.....................................................................................................40

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Figure Name Page No
2.1 Microcontroller 16
3.1 Block Diagram 18
3.2 Flow Chart 19
3.3 Circuit diagram 20
3.4 Programming Installation Process 21
3.5 Flow chart of the Compiling Process 22
4.1 NodeMCU Block Diagram 25
4.2 NodeMCU Pin Diagram 25
4.3 IR Module 26
4.4 Lifting Weight By servo 28
4.5 PWM 28
4.6 LCD Display 29
4.7 Bread Board 30
4.8 Connecting Wire 31
4.9 SIM 800L GSM Module 31
5.1 All Slot Empty 33
5.2 Parking Gate Open After Car Detect 33
5.3 Parking Gate Close After Car Out 33
5.5 Mobile App Preview 33
5.6 Outlook 34

LIST OF TABLES
ix
Tables No Tables Name Page No
1.1 Costing For Car Parking Per Two Hours 7
4.1 Technical Specification of NodeMCU 26
4.2 Pins of IR Module 27

x
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction

1
 Introduction

1.1Introduction
Over the decades our country has been developed drastically, now we are in this state that we
have a lot of well contacted roads, commercial building and increasing number of
automobiles. While parking these automobiles in parking space we use the manual procedure
of parking. Which most of the cases is unplanned and lack of discipline due to this, people
can park their cars anywhere they want to, which creates a mess as people do not follow the
particular cue most of the time. As a result of this, a huge traffic jam takes place in that place.
While parking in and retrieving car due mismanagement cars can get dent by bumping with
each other as there is lack of sufficient space. This leads to arguments, fights among people
which sometimes makes huge traffic jam. This is also an economical loss as we need to repair
our damaged car and also cars consumes extra fuel while parking in or out. Traffic jam is an
issue here as it kills our precious time. Due to this chaos in parking our valuable time gets
wasted. It harms the students, office going staffs and emergency patients to a great extent.
It also causes economical loss to commercial places like shopping malls, amusement parks as
people are more likely not to visit these places due to this parking hazard. As we are
advancing with time, the manual car parking system in commercial spaces is creating hurdle
which is causing wastage of time and some economic losses as well. Therefore we need a
solution which can overcome these problems. Here we are introducing Automated Parking
Systems as a solution of these problems as well ascar parking system in commercial spaces is
creating hurdle which is causing wastage of time and some economical losses as well.
Therefore we need a solution which can overcome these problems. Here we are introducing
Automated Car Parking Systems as a solution of these problems as well as a replacement to
the manual car parking systems at commercial spaces. This system not only saves time and
money, it can also earn money by charging for parking spaces.

1.2 Methodology
Embedded Controller: The input from parking lot sensor is given to embedded system. Upon
any changes in input embedded system updates the information collected from sensor to
database server and it also used to drive geared DC motor. In this proposed work NodeMCU
is used as embedded system. Database server: Information regarding registered users, status

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of the parking slot, and time duration of parking is maintained in server. The information
regarding availability of parking lot is shared among all users who use mobile application.
Database server is updated from two terminals. One is from sensors and embedded system.
Another one is from user. Amazon web server is used to host PHP files and maintain
database. Mobile application: It is an android application running on user mobile device. It
facilitates user to check availability status, to book parking lot and also integrated with adhaar
card for unique authentication of user. Android application is developed using android studio
IDE. Sensing nodes: Information regarding status of parking lot is collected by using IR
sensors attached to parking lot. Advantages considered while selection of IR sensor for
vehicle occupancy detection are x Sensor response is not dependent upon color, transparency
of object x IR sensors can work in critical conditions such as dirt and dust x The output is
linear with the distance between sensor and target x Accurate detection even of small object
x Adjustable detection range up-to 30cm DC gear motor: It is used for opening and closing of
parking area main gate. Gate will open when user enters valid booking ID otherwise it will be
closed by doing this it enforces user authentication. It is controlled by embedded controller.
“Creativity is inventing, experimenting, growing, taking risks, breaking rules, making
mistakes and having fun.” Quoted by Mary Lou Cook, encouraged us to think on such a topic
which can make our lives easier by overcoming the most common problem faced by the
whole world. Sometimes, it is very difficult to find a suitable parking place in parking lot. We
have proposed a suitable solution to this problem. NodeMCU has already made a huge
impact on learning. The widespread acceptance gave the open source hardware a new life,
potentially challenging many industrial products and new interests in hardware prototyping
and electronics. Recent transition has been made from 8 bit to 32 bits and it is expected that in
future NodeMCU may be seen in form of a cheap practical computer. You can also presently
make custom cellphones using open source boards like the NodeMCU. Looking at this
actionable advancement towards NodeMCU, allured us to make systematic and organized
parking system for vehicles, using NodeMCU.

1.3 History
Developed in Europe in the latter part of the 19th century, and introduced to the America
soon after, the motor vehicle was still a rare sight on the streets of American cities in the
early 1900s. At that time only 8,000 privately owned motor vehicles had been registered in
the entire country, many of them propelled by steam. The period from 1900 to 1929 saw the

3
introduction of nearly 1,200 new automobile designs with various means of self-propulsion.
This creative wave reached its peak in the year 1907, when 92 new entrants appeared on the
landscape. In 1910, American factories made 181,000 passenger cars and 6,000 trucks and
buses. In 1914, the production of motor vehicles exceeded the output of horsedrawn wagons.
By 1939, 23 million vehicles were registered across the United States. By the mid-20th
century, the motor vehicle was in full control of the transportation scene, and has remained
unchallenged since. Up until 1900, traffic regulations were almost nonexistent in United
States cities. The federal government had not initiated any regulations, and such traffic rules
as existed were almost entirely the result of special legislation by municipalities. This article
is excerpted from Eran Ben-Joseph’s book “Rethinking a Lot: The Design and Culture of
Parking.” Historians attribute the earliest recorded American law regulating speed on the
roads to the Rhode Island Colonial Assembly, which in 1678 prohibited the riding of horses
“at gallop or run speed” on the streets of Newport. Connecticut enacted the first automobile
speed statute in 1901, and in 1907 the village of Glencoe, Illinois installed the first known
speed bumps on its streets to discourage excessive speeding. In New York City an assortment
of ordinances scattered through its Penal Codes, Sanitary Codes, and City Charter attempted
to regulate various driving behaviors. An 1885 city ordinance set a maximum speed for major
streets, and other ordinances passed at intervals through 1903 regulated matters such as on
which side vehicles should pass (on the left side) and on which side of the highway vehicles
have the right of way (north- or southbound). The Father of Parking Rules Although he never
learned to drive a car, William Phelps Eno (1858–1945) was a pioneer in traffic control and
regulation. Eno is known for developing the original traffic plans for major cities including
New York, London, and Paris, and is credited with helping to invent and popularize stop
signs, taxi stands, pedestrian safety islands, and other traffic features commonly used
throughout the world.

1.4 Infra-Red
Infrared (IR), sometimes called infrared light, is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with
wavelengths longer than those of visible light and shorter than radio waves. It is therefore
invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to encompass wavelengths from
around 1 millimeter (300 GHz) to the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum, around 700
nanometers (430 THz) [1]. Longer IR wavelengths (30 μm-100 μm) are sometimes included
as part of the terahertz radiation range [2]. Almost all black-body radiation from objects near

4
room temperature is at infrared wavelengths. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR
propagates energy and momentum, exerts radiation pressure, and has properties
corresponding to both those of a wave and of a particle, the photon. It was long known that
fires emit invisible heat; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter Edme Mariotte showed that
glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat. In 1800 the astronomer Sir
William Herschel discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the
spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer. Slightly
more than half of the energy from the Sun was eventually found, through Herschel's studies,
to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared
radiation has an important effect on Earth's climate. Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed
by molecules when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes
in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for
study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy
examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range. Infrared radiation is
used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision
devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed
without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to
penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds, to detect objects such as planets,
and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe [5]. Infrared
thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe
changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect the overheating of electrical components [8].
Military and civilian applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision,
homing, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths
around 10 μm (micrometers). Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis,
environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of grow-ops, remote
temperature sensing, short-range wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather
forecasting.

1.5 Proximity Sensor

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any
physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of
electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return
signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different

5
proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive proximity
sensor or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity
sensor always requires a metal target.[citation needed] Proximity sensors can have a high
reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of
physical contact between the sensor and the sensed object. Proximity sensors are also used in
machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its
support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use
sleeve-type bearings. A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a
touch switch.

1.6 What is Car Parking

Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied. Parking
on one or both sides of a road is often permitted, though sometimes with restrictions. Some
buildings have parking facilities for use of the buildings' users. Countries and local
governments have rules[1]. for design and use of parking spaces.
Facilities include indoor and outdoor private property belonging to a house, the side of the
road where metered or laid out for such use, a parking lot (North American English) or car
park (British English), indoor and outdoor multi-level structures, shared underground parking
facilities and facilities for particular types of vehicle such as dedicated structures for cycle
parking. In the U.S., after the first public parking garage for motor vehicles was opened in
Boston, May 24, 1898, livery stables in urban centers began to be converted into garages. In
cities of the Eastern US, many former livery stables, with lifts for carriages, continue to
operate as garages today. The following terms give regional variations. All except carport
refer to outdoor multi-level parking facilities. In some regional dialects, some of these
phrases refer also to indoor or single-level facilities. Parking ramp (used in some parts of the
upper Midwestern United States, especially Minneapolis, but sometimes seen as far east as
Buffalo, New York). Elsewhere, the term "ramp" would apply to the inclines between floors
of a parking garage, but not to the entire structure itself. Multi-storey car park Car park (UK,
Ireland, Hong Kong, South Africa; usually single-level) Parking structure (Western U.S.)
Parking garage (Canada and USA, where this term does not always distinguish between
outdoor above-ground multi-level parking and indoor underground parking.) Parking building
(New Zealand) Carport (open-air single-level covered parking) Cycle park (UK, Hong Kong)
Parkade (Canada, South Africa) In addition to basic car parking/parking lots variations of

6
serviced parking types exist. Common serviced parking types are: Park and ride Valet
parking Airport Parking Meet and Greet Parking Park and Fly Parking Peer-to-peer shared
parking Parking spaces may be variously arranged. Parking lots specifically for bicycles are
becoming more prevalent in many countries. These may include bicycle parking racks and
locks, as well as more modern technologies for security and convenience. For instance, one
bicycle parking lot in Tokyo has an automated parking system. Urban parking spaces can
have a high value where the price of land is high. In Boston in 2009 a single parking space
sold for $300,000. According to Parkopedia's 2017 Global Parking Index, the cost for 2 hours
of parking in USD$ for the top 25 cities is as follows:

Country City Price

United States Boston $20.80

United States Chicago $18.66

United Kingdom London $16.26

Japan Tokyo $15.16

United States San Francisco $14.85

United States Washington DC $14.28

United States Philadelphia $12.18

China Hong Kong $11.74

Table 1.1: Costing for Car Parking per two hours.

In congested urban areas parking of motor vehicles is time-consuming and often expensive.
Urban planners who are in a position to override market forces must consider whether and

7
how to accommodate or "demand manage" potentially large numbers of motor vehicles in
small geographic areas. Usually the authorities set minimum, or more rarely maximum,
numbers of motor vehicle parking spaces for new housing and commercial developments,
and may also plan their location and distribution to influence their convenience and
accessibility. The costs or subsidies of such parking accommodations can become a heated
point in local politics. For example, in 2006 the San Francisco Board of Supervisors
considered a controversial zoning plan to limit the number of motor vehicle parking spaces
available in new residential developments [7]. Tradeable parking allowances have been
proposed for dense residential areas to reduce inequity and increase urban livability. In
summary, each resident would receive an annual, fractional allowance for on-street parking.
To park on the street, one must assemble a whole parking allowance by purchasing fractional
allowances from others who do not own cars. In the graph to the right or below the value
above the line represents the out-of-pocket cost per trip, per person for each mode of
transportation; the value below the line shows subsidies, environmental impact, social and
indirect costs. When cities charge market rates for on-street parking and municipal parking
garages for motor vehicles, and when bridges and tunnels are tolled for these modes, driving
becomes less competitive in terms of out-of-pocket costs compared to other modes of
transportation. When municipal motor vehicle parking is underpriced and roads are not tolled,
the shortfall in tax expenditures by drivers, through fuel tax and other taxes, might be
regarded as a very large subsidy for automobile use: much greater than common subsidies for
the maintenance of infrastructure and discounted fares for public transportation. Cars parked
on the sidewalk in Moscow. Where car parking spaces are a scarce commodity, and owners
have not made suitable arrangements for their own parking, ad hoc overspill parking often
takes place along sections of road where there is no planned scheme by a municipal authority
to allocate roadspace. Heated social discourse sometimes revolves around the sense of
"ownership" that informally arises. Many use parking chairs and other markers, usually
without approval of municipal authorities. For example, during the winter of 2005 in Boston,
the practice of some people saving convenient roadway for themselves became controversial.
At that time, many Boston districts had an informal convention that if a person shoveled the
snow out of a roadspace, that person could claim ownership of that space with a marker.
However, city government defied that custom and cleared markers out of spaces. Festivals
and sporting events often spawn a cottage industry of parking. Homeowners, schools, and
businesses often make extra money by charging a flat-rate fee for all-day parking during the
event. In some countries, such "cottage industry parking" has become large-scale business.
8
The UK airport parking industry is currently estimated to be worth 1.3 billion GBP per year.
According to the International Parking Institute, "parking is a $25 billion industry and plays a
pivotal role in transportation, building design, quality of life and environmental issues". The
cost of motor vehicle parking plays a major role in transportation choices (US, 1999 dollars).
The value above the line represents the out-of-pocket cost per trip for each mode of
transportation, while the value below the line accounts for subsidies, environmental impact,
social and indirect costs. Annual parking revenue in the US alone is $10 billion. Some
airports charge more for parking cars than for parking aircraft. Parking control is primarily an
issue in densely populated cities in advanced countries, where the great demand for parking
spaces makes them expensive and difficult. In urban locations parking control is a developing
subject. Parking restrictions may be public or private. Local government, as opposed to
central government, is the primary activator in public parking. The emphasis is on restriction
of on-street parking facilities; and parking charges and fines are often major income sources
for local government in North America and Europe. Most colleges and universities in the
U.S. charge for parking. Some colleges even have a parking services department that issue
daily, weekly and annual parking permits as well as enforce parking ordinances. An example
of one such department is at Western Michigan University. Typically, communication about
the parking status of a roadway takes the form of notices, e.g. fixed to a nearby wall and/or
road markings. Part of the requirements for passing the driving test in some countries is to
demonstrate understanding of parking signs. Motorists parking on-street in big cities often
have to pay for the time the vehicle is on the spot. There are fines for overstay. The motorist
is often required to display a sticker beneath the windscreen indicating that he has paid for the
parking space usage for an allocated time period. Private parking control includes both
residential and corporate property. Owners of private property use signs indicating that
parking facilities are restricted to certain categories of people such as the owners themselves
and their guests, or staff members and permitted contractors only. Electronic Parking System
exit gate It is often necessary not only to communicate parking restrictions, but also to have
available a workable deterrent. The deterrent can take physical forms such as vehicle
immobilization exemplified by the wheel clamp, and non-physical forms such as levying
parking charges on the registered vehicle owners. Sometimes photography is used to record
violations. On both public and private land, physical restrictions include: parking bollards,
parking poles that swivel from horizontal to vertical, gated entry and exit with time-
dependent charges. This is an expanding subject.

9
Parking Generation is a document produced by the Institute of Transportation Engineers
(ITE) that assembles a vast array of parking demand observations predominately from the
United States. It summarizes the amount of parking observed with various land uses at
different times of the day/week/month/year including the peak parking demand. While it has
been assailed by some planners for lack of data in urban settings, it stands as the single
largest accumulation of actual parking demand data related to land use. Anyone can submit
parking demand data for inclusion. The report is updated approximately every 5 to 10 years.
Automated Parking Guidance System (APGS) systems, or PGS, present drivers with dynamic
information on parking within controlled areas (like parking garages and parking lots). The
systems combine traffic monitoring, communication, processing and variable message sign
technologies to provide the service. There are a variety of technologies and approaches,
including: Mobile apps that help drivers find parking take different approaches, including:
Appy Parking displays both the cheapest and nearest on and off street parking rules for 14
major cities in the UK including London, as well as seeing live availability of parking bays
where available. It also includes daily petrol prices for every petrol station in the UK through
an in-app subscription. ParkWhiz, SpotHero, JustPark, which allows for mobile booking at
participating lots, garages and hotels, MonkeyParking, which lets drivers departing a parking
space sell that information to drivers looking for parking. This type of app has been outlawed
in Boston and San Francisco. Vallie, an on demand valet parking service that meets users in
Central London, parks their vehicle and then delivers it subsequently Peer-to-Peer parking
aggregators, such as Parqex, Rover Parking and Simple Parker, that match private parking
space owners with drivers. Some connected cars have mobile apps associated with the in-car
system, that can locate the car or indicate the last place it was parked. Cars with Internavi
communicate to each other indicating recently vacated spots. San Francisco uses a system
called SFpark, which has sensors embedded in the roadway. It allows drivers to find parking
via mobile app, web site, or SMS, and includes "smart" parking meters and garages that use
variable pricing based on time and location to keep approximately 15% of parking spaces
open. Some South Boston spots also have sensors, so users of an app called Parker can find
vacancies. Ford Motor Company is developing a system called Parking Spotter, which allows
vehicles to upload parking spot information into the cloud for other drivers to access. Parking
guidance and information system provides information about the availability of parking
spaces within a controlled area. The systems may include vehicle detection sensors that can
count the number of available spaces and display the information on various signs. There
may be indicator lights that can lead drivers to an exact available spot.[citation needed] An
10
amusing alliterative slang term for finding an ideal parking spot directly in front of ones
destination is Doris Day parking named for the American singer and actor who in numerous
romantic comedy films was shown to immediately drive into the perfect spot time after time.
Statistically, the optimal strategy is to drive past the first empty spot and park in the next
available spot.

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review

11
 Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review

More than half of the world population lives in the urban areas so the cities have reached its
full occupancy. As a result number of vehicles in the cities is also increased. Due to this most
of the people spend their valuable time on searching parking slots to park their vehicles. It is
hectic job to find parking space to park their vehicles [3]. Work proposed in this paper is an
attempt to solve above mentioned problem. The system developed here is an integration of
internet of things (IoT), cloud technology, android application and user authentication for
ADAS system. Internet of things is the internetworking of physical device embedded with
electronics that enables those physical devices to connect to internet [1]. IoT was first
introduced in 1999 at auto ID center and first used by Kevin Aston. In this system IoT
technology is used to connect parking slots in parking area to the internet. Here cloud
technology is related to creating, updating and deleting database which is maintained at
central server and android application provides user interface, allows user to get real time
status of parking slots, to book parking slot and also displays parking charge which has to be
paid. User authentication is accomplished by using unique ID which adhaar card number. The
system not only provides ease to user for car parking but also reduces traffic which occurs
due to dead locking of cars while parking and also saves fuel consumption of car by avoiding
unnecessary traveling through filled parking lots which in turn reduces carbon dioxide
emission in atmosphere [12].

The many efforts have made to solve the above mentioned problem and are explained as
follows: IoT based smart car parking system in paper ultrasonic sensors are used for detecting
the availability of parking slot. Each sensor is attached with a Wi-Fi chip. The gateway
comprises raspberry pi board which updates the cloud using MQTT [2] protocol. Mobile
application is provided for user interface. Implementation cost of system is high as every

12
sensing node has its own Wi-Fi chip. Parking availability prediction for sensor- enabled car
parks in smart cities in paper the waiting time is predicted based on [5] the variable
parameters such as time of the day, day of week , weather, temperature, humidity. The
algorithm used for prediction is Regression tree, Support vector regression, and neural
network. Parking is easier by using context information of a smart city in paper. The system
defines four parking states which are Available parking space, Reserved parking space, In use
parking space, load/unload parking space. The NFC technology is used here for wireless
payment. Geomagnetic sensors are used for detecting presence of car [4]. Major disadvantage
of geomagnetic sensor based vehicle occupancy detection is sensor response is prone to
magnetic interference A cloud based intelligent car parking services for smart cities in paper
the entire system developed with three layers sensor, communication, and application layer
[6].

The server finds the best available car parking lot for the user based on his preference and
driving direction is returned to him. 2017 2nd IEEE International Conference On Recent
Trends in Electronics Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT), May 19-20,
2017, India 2189 [7] Intelligent parking lot application using wireless sensor networks
proposed the use of a combination of magnetic and ultrasonic sensors for accurate and
reliable detection of vehicles in a parking lot, also describing a modified version of the Min-
max algorithm for detection of vehicles using magnetometers [8]. All the above discussed
works are not considered a valid authentication and the cost effectiveness [9] of the system
and this proposed work considered x User authentication x Eliminating false charge that
occurs when user parks car in parking slot other than his booked slot x System is developed
by using low cost IR sensors to reduce overall cost [10].

2.2 Microcontroller
A microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit) is a small computer on a single VLSI
integrated circuit (IC) chip. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores)
along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the
form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well
as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in
contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose
applications consisting of various discrete chips. In modern terminology, a microcontroller is

13
similar to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip (SoC). An SoC may connect the
external microcontroller chips as the motherboard components, but an SoC usually integrates
the advanced peripherals like graphics processing unit (GPU) and Wi-Fi interface controller
as its internal microcontroller unit circuits. Microcontrollers are used in automatically
controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable
medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other
embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate
microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to
digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are
common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. In
the context of the internet of things, microcontrollers are an economical and popular means of
data collection, sensing and actuating the physical world as edge devices. Some
microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at frequencies as low as 4 kHz for low
power consumption (single-digit milliwatts or microwatts). They generally have the ability to
retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power
consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts,
making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers
may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal
processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption [11]. The microcontroller
has played a fundamental—I would even say dominant—role in the technological revolution
that has shaped modern life. Microcontrollers are small, versatile, inexpensive devices that
can be successfully implemented and programmed not only by experienced electrical
engineers but also by hobbyists, students, and professionals from other disciplines. The list of
possible microcontroller applications is so long that I hesitate to even give examples. Low-
cost wearables, medical equipment, high-end consumer electronics, rugged industrial devices,
state-of-the-art military and aerospace systems—these adaptable, affordable, user-friendly
components are a welcome addition to just about any electronic product. This arbitrary
waveform generator is one of many circuit boards that I have designed around an 8-bit
microcontroller. In this article, we'll go over the definition of a microcontroller and consider
what purpose it serves in a design. What Is a Microcontroller? A microcontroller is an
integrated circuit (IC) device used for controlling other portions of an electronic system,
usually via a microprocessor unit (MPU), memory, and some peripherals. These devices are
optimized for embedded applications that require both processing functionality and agile,
responsive interaction with digital, analog, or electromechanical components. The most
14
common way to refer to this category of integrated circuits is “microcontroller" but the
abbreviation “MCU” is used interchangeably as it stands for “microcontroller unit”. You may
also occasionally see “µC” (where the Greek letter mu replaces “micro”). “Microcontroller”
is a well-chosen name because it emphasizes defining characteristics of this product category.
The prefix “micro” implies smallness and the term "controller" here implies an enhanced
ability to perform control functions. As stated above, this functionality is the result of
combining a digital processor and digital memory with additional hardware that is
specifically designed to help the microcontroller interact with other components.
Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors People will sometimes use the term “microprocessor”
or "MPU" when referring to a microcontroller, but these two devices are not necessarily the
same. Both microprocessors and microcontrollers function as small, highly integrated
computer systems, but they may serve different purposes. The term “processor” is used to
identify a system that consists of a central processing unit and (optionally) some memory; a
microprocessor is a device that implements all of a processor’s functionality within a single
integrated circuit. Microcontrollers, by comparison, place greater emphasis on additional
hardware modules that allow the device to control a system rather than simply execute
instructions and store data. The diagram below illustrates this concept. Overall, using the
terms "microprocessor" and "microcontroller" interchangeably is not a major problem when
we’re speaking informally or when we’re trying to avoid saying the same word over and over
again. However, in the context of a technical discussion, it’s important to maintain the
distinction between the two concepts. Microcontrollers vs. Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
A digital signal processor (or "DSP") is a microprocessor that is optimized for demanding
computational tasks such as digital filtering, mathematical analysis of real-time signals, and
data compression. A highly sophisticated microcontroller may be able to function as a
replacement for a digital signal processor, but it is still considered a microcontroller if a
significant portion of its internal circuitry is intended to control, monitor, and communicate
with the surrounding system. The Elements of a Microcontroller A microcontroller consists
of a central processing unit (CPU), nonvolatile memory, volatile memory, peripherals, and
support circuitry [12]. The Central Processing Unit The CPU performs arithmetic operations,
manages data flow, and generates control signals in accordance with the sequence of
instructions created by the programmer. The extremely complex circuitry required for CPU
functionality is not visible to the designer. In fact, thanks to integrated development
environments and high-level languages such as C, writing code for microcontrollers is often a
fairly straightforward task. Memory Nonvolatile memory is used to store the
15
microcontroller’s program—i.e., the (often very long) list of machine-language instructions
that tell the CPU exactly what to do. You will typically see the word “Flash” (which refers to
a specific form of nonvolatile data storage) instead of “nonvolatile memory.” Volatile
memory (i.e., RAM) is used for temporary data storage. This data is lost when the
microcontroller loses power. Internal registers also provide temporary data storage, but we
don’t think of these as a separate functional block because they are integrated into the CPU.
Peripherals We use the word “peripheral” to describe the hardware modules that help a
microcontroller to interact with the external system. The following bullet points identify the
various categories of peripherals and provide examples. Data converters: analog-to-digital
converter, digital-to-analog converter, reference-voltage generator This plot shows three-axis
accelerometer data that I digitized using a microcontroller’s on-chip ADC [7]. Clock
generation: internal oscillator, crystal-drive circuitry, phase-locked loop Timing: general-
purpose timer, real-time clock, external-event counter, pulse-with modulation Analog signal
processing: operational amplifier, analog comparator Input/output: general-purpose digital
input and output circuitry, parallel memory interface Serial communication: UART, SPI, I2C,
USB My colleague Mark Hughes designed this sensor subsystem around a 16-bit
microcontroller [8]. Support Circuitry Microcontrollers incorporate a variety of functional
blocks that cannot be classified as peripherals because their primary purpose is not to control,
monitor, or communicate with external components. They are, nonetheless, very important—
they support the internal operation of the device, simplify implementation, and improve the
development process. Debug circuitry allows the designer to carefully monitor the
microcontroller as it is executing instructions. This is an important, and sometimes
indispensable, method of tracking down bugs and optimizing firmware performance.
Interrupts are an extremely valuable aspect of microcontroller functionality. Interrupts are
generated by external or internal hardware-based events, and they cause the processor to
immediately respond to these events by executing a specific group of instructions.
Microcontroller programs written in C are organized into functions. An interrupt causes
program execution to “vector” to an interrupt service routine (ISR), and after the ISR has
completed its tasks, the processor returns to the function that was executing when the
interrupt occurred [1].

16
Figure 2.1: Microcontroller

17
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology

18
 Methodology

3.1 Introduction
In this chapter we are going to elaborate about our system and how it comes in our mind also
how its important. How the whole system work on. About the block diagram also about
flowchart.

3.2 Block Diagram

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram

First we programmed our microcontroller then connect all sensors, display, GSM module.
When proximity sensor got sensed by any vehicle then it send a signal to microcontroller.
Then it process the signal as per program. Show the result to display and mobile app. Send
SMS to mobile using GSM.

19
3.3 Flow Chart

Figure 3.2: Flow Chart

We can see in our flowchart that after starting the system the sensor trying to take signal for
vehicle. When a vehicle comes to it then it sense that and send a signal to NodeMCU for
decision that in the parking area have any spaces or not. Then if area have space then a gate
will be open and display shows that how many spaces have. At the end the system will end
the end is not the end here basically it waits for the new vehicle.

20
3.4 Circuit diagram

Figure: 3.3: Circuit Diagram

3.4.1 Working Principle

Firstly total number of car is zero so the gate will be open if any car is present in front of the
ultrasonic sensor. In the entrance there is an IR sensor which can sense the entry of a new car
and it will automatically increase the total number of car from zero to one. There is an IR
sensor on the exit point which will subtract one from the value of total number of car if any
car goes out. If the total number of car is 2, then the ultrasonic sensor will not open the gate.
Because the maximum limit of car is 2.There are two parking lot on the parking zone with an
IR sensor attached to each parking lot. If any car take place to one of the parking lot then the
sensor will send command to start counting time for the specific parking lot. In this situation
when a car will try to move from the parking lot there will be a bill printed to lcd display.
Certain amount of money will be charged for every hour and the bill will be calculated
respect to that amount. After submitting the bill the car can go outside of the parking zone
and a push button will reset the data of the specific parking lot. If there is no car present in a
parking lot then the lcd will print parking is empty.

21
3.5 Required Software and their Setup Process
To complete our project, we need many types of software, most important of them are
following
Arduino IDE-1.8.9

The software that is used to program the microcontroller is open-source-software and can be
downloaded for free on www. Arduino.cc. With this “Arduino software” we can write little
programs with the microcontroller. These programs are called “Sketch”.

In the end the sketches are transferred to the microcontroller by USB cable. More on that
later on the subject “programming”

Arduino IDE Installation

Now one after another the Arduino software and the USB driver for the board have to be
installed.

Installation and setup of the Arduino software

1. We have downloaded the Arduino software from www. Arduino.cc and installed it on the
computer (This was NOT connected to the PC). After that we opened the software file and
installed the program named Arduino.exe.

Figure 3.4: Program installation process -2 [4]

22
3.6 Programming
The development cycle is divided into 4 phases:

Edit Compile Run

Figure 3.5: Flowchart of the compiling process

Compile: Compile means to translate the sketch into machine language, also known as
object.
Code Run: NodeMCU sketch is executed as soon as terminates the step of uploading on the
board.
NodeMCU Program Development
Based on C++ without 80% of the instructions.
A handful of new commands.
Programs are called 'sketches'.
Sketches need two functions:
void setup ( )
Void loop ( )
Setup ( ) runs first and once.
Loop ( ) runs over and over, until power is lost or a new sketch is loaded.

23
 CHAPTER FOUR
Analysis of Hardware Component

24
 Analysis of Hardware Component

4.1 Introduction
In this chapter we are going to present our equipment list also elaborating about the whole
equipment that we have used in our project.

4.1.1 Required Equipment

1. NodeMCU

2. IR Sensor

3. Servo Motor

4. GSM Module

5. 16*2 LCD Display

6. Bread Board

7. Connecting wire

4.2 Component Description

Here is our components description below:

4.2.1 NodeMCU
The main use of NodeMCU is to create IoT projects that require wireless connectivity. It can
be used to build smart home devices, remote sensors, data loggers, and other internet-enabled
devices. NodeMCU is a microcontroller development board with wifi capability. It uses an
ESP8266 microcontroller chip. Whereas Arduino UNO uses an ATMega328P
microcontroller. Besides the chip, it contains other elements such as crystal oscillator, voltage
regulator, etc.

25
Figure 4.1: NodeMCU Block Diagram

26
 Figure 4.2: NodeMCU Pin Diagram

Table 4.1 Technical specifications of NodeMCU

Microcontroller Tensellica

Architecture AVR
Operating Voltage 5V
32 KB of which 2 KB used by
Flash Memory
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Analog IN Pins 8
EEPROM 1 KB
DC Current per I/O Pins 40 mA (I/O Pins)
Input Voltage 7-12 V
Digital I/O Pins 22 (6 of which are PWM)
PWM Output 6

Power Consumption 19 mA

PCB Size 18 x 45 mm

4.2.2 IR Sensor
IR receiver modules are used to receive IR signals. These modules work in 3, 8 KHz
frequency. When the sensor is not exposed to any light at its working frequency, the Vout
output has a value equal to VS (power supply). With exposing to a 38 kHz infrared light, this
output will be zero.

27
 Figure 4.3: IR Module

4.2.2.1 IR Module Feature

 5VDC Operating voltage

 I/O pins are 5V and 3.3V compliant
 Range: Up to 20cm
 Adjustable Sensing range
 Built-in Ambient Light Sensor
 20mA supply

Table 4.2: Pins oIR Module

SL Pin Name Description

1 VCC Power Supply Input

2 GND Power Supply Ground

3 OUT Active Digital Output

4.2.3 Servo Motor

Selecting your Servo Motor
There are lots of servo motors available in the market and each one has its own specialty and
applications. The following two paragraphs will help you identify the right type of servo
motor for your project/system.
Most of the hobby Servo motors operates from 4.8V to 6.5V, the higher the voltage higher
the torque we can achieve, but most commonly they are operated at +5V. Almost all hobby
servo motors can rotate only from 0° to 180° due to their gear arrangement so make sure you
project can live with the half circle if no, you can prefer for a 0° to 360° motor or modify the
motor to make a full circle. The gears in the motors are easily subjected to wear and tear, so if
your application requires stronger and long running motors you can go with metal gears or
just stick with normal plastic gear.
Next comes the most important parameter, which is the torque at which the motor operates.
Again there are many choices here but the commonly available one is the 2.5kg/cm torque
which comes with the Towerpro SG90 Motor. This 2.5kg/cm torque means that the motor can

28
pull a weight of 2.5kg when it is suspended at a distance of 1cm. So if you suspend the load
at 0.5cm then the motor can pull a load of 5kg similarly if you suspend the load at 2cm then
can pull only 1.25. Based on the load which you use in the project you can select the motor
with proper torque. The below picture will illustrate the same.

Figure 4.4: Lifting Weight by Servo

After selecting the right Servo motor for the project, comes the question how to use it. As we
know there are three wires coming out of this motor. The description of the same is given on
top of this page. To make this motor rotate, we have to power the motor with +5V using the
Red and Brown wire and send PWM signals to the Orange color wire. Hence we need
something that could generate PWM signals to make this motor work, this something could
be anything like a 555 Timer or other Microcontroller platforms like NodeMCU, PIC, ARM
or even a microprocessor like Raspberry Pie. Now, how to control the direction of the motor?
To understand that let us a look at the picture given in the datasheet.

Figure 4.5: PWM

29
From the picture we can understand that the PWM signal produced should have a frequency
of 50Hz that is the PWM period should be 20ms. Out of which the On- Time can vary from
1ms to 2ms. So when the on-time is 1ms the motor will be in 0° and when 1.5ms the motor
will be 90°, similarly when it is 2ms it will be 180°. So, by varying the on-time from 1ms to
2ms the motor can be controlled from 0° to 180°

4.2.3.1 Applications

 Used as actuators in many robots like Biped Robot, Hexapod, robotic arm etc..
 Commonly used for steering system in RC toys
 Robots where position control is required without feedback
 Less weight hence used in multi DOF robots like humanoid robots

4.2.4 LCD Display

This is a 20 character x 4 line Green background Super Twisted Nematic (STN) LCD with
built-in HD44780 equivalent controller (also known as alphanumeric displays). Interfacing is
simplified with 4 bit or 8 bit communications and programming code is widely available for
many different controllers and systems.

Figure 4.6: LCD Display

30
4.2.5 I2C Module
This is another great blue/yellow backlight LCD display. As the pin resources of NodeMCU
controller is limited, your project may be not able to use normal LCD shield after connected
with a certain quantity of sensors or SD card. However, with this I2C interface LCD module,
you will be able to realize data display via only 2 wires. If you already has I2C devices in
your project, this LCD module actually cost no more resources at all. It is fantastic for
NodeMCU based project.

4.2.5.1 Features
 Interface: I2C
 I2C Address: 0x27
 Pin Definition : VCC、GND、SDA、SCL
 Back lit (Green with white char color)
 Supply voltage: 5V
 Size : 27.7mm×42.6mm

4.2.6 Breadboard
A breadboard (or prototype board) is usually a construction base for prototyping of
electronics. The term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to a solder less breadboard
(plug board).Because the solderless breadboard for electronics does not require soldering, it
is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting
with circuit design.

Figure 4.7 Bread Board

4.2.7 Connecting Wire

31
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit to another
because electricity needs a medium through which it can move. Most of the connecting wires
are made up of copper or aluminum.

Figure 4.8: Connecting Wire

4.2.8 SIM 800L GSM Module

SIM800L is a miniature cellular module which allows for GPRS transmission, sending and
receiving SMS and making and receiving voice calls. Low cost and small footprint and quad
band frequency support make this module perfect solution for any project that require long
range connectivity.

Figure 4.9: GSM Module

32
 CHAPTER FIVE
Experimental Result

33
 Experimental Result

5.1 Introduction
We have successfully run the project. The outcome of this work, its scoops, limitations and
future improvements have been enlisted in this chapter. Along with that we have made a cost
estimation.

5.2 Result
All the programming is done by the NodeMCU IDE and the program is loaded in to the
NodeMCU board. After interfacing of all components according to the circuit diagram we get
the desired output we have successfully completed our project.

Figure 5.1: All Slot Empty Figure 5.2: Parking Gate open after car detect

Figure 5.3: Parking Gate close after car out Figure 5.4: Mobile App Preview

34
5.3 Outlook of the Project

Figure 5.4: Outlook of the Project

5.4 Advantages
 Advantages of Automated Parking Facilities
 There is a greater sense of security due to the fact that patrons do not actually walk to
and from their own space.
 It is highly feasible for extremely small sites that are unable to accommodate a
conventional ramped parking structure.
 There is high parking efficiency (i.e. sf/space and cf/space).
 There is no need for driving while looking for an available space. Emissions are
greatly brought down and reduced.
 The patrons wait for their car in a highly controlled environment. There are less
chances for vehicle vandalism.

35
  There is a minimal staff requirement if it is used by known parkers. It is possible
that the retrieval time is lower than the combined driving/parking/walking time in
conventional ramped parking structures.
 There is an easier facade integration since there are no ramping floors or openings
in exterior walls.

5.5 Limitations
Potential Disadvantages Of IOT and GSM Based Car Parking Facilities
 There is a greater construction cost per space (but this may be offset by the chance for
lesser land costs per space and the system manufacturers say that the operating and
maintenance cost will be lower as compared to a conventional ramped parking
structure).
 Use of redundant systems will result in a greater cost.
 It may be a bit confusing for unfamiliar users.
 It is not recommended for high peak hour volume facilities.

36
CHAPTER SIX
Conclusion

37
 Conclusion

6.1 Conclusion
The proposed system reduce drive frustration and traffic by providing nearest parking area
and available slot. As smart parking system increase the service levels in operation, there is a
lot of scope for innovations and implementation through data standardization and
management. Basically smart car parking system save time, money, space and help to
simplify the often tedious task of parking. This intelligent parking system which is simple,
economic and provides effective solution to reduce carbon footprints in the atmosphere. It is
well managed to access and map the status of parking slots from any remote location through
the display outside the parking slots. Thus, it reduces the risk of finding the parking slots in
any parking area and also it eliminates unnecessary travelling of vehicles across the filled
parking slots in a city. So, it reduces time and it is cost effective also. By implementing this
system we could be able to save the nature and control air pollution and also we could be able
to control manpower through this and there will be a great reduction of cost for both the
customers and the merchants who make parking slots for their customers.

6.2 Future Work

 In future we add AI with this system.
 In future we add automatic billing system.
 In future we add double decker parking
system.

38
 References

[1] S. T. Senini and P. J.Wolfs, “Systematic identification and review of hybrid

active filter topologies”, in Proc. IEEE 33rd Annu. Power Electron. Spec.
Conf., 2002, vol. 1, pp. 394–399.

[2] P. Salmer´on and S. P. Litr´an, “A control strategy for hybrid power filter to
compensate four-wires three-phase systems”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1923–1931, Jul. 2010.

[3] Luo, Z. K. Shuai, Z. J. Shen, W. J. Zhu, and X. Y. Xu, “Design considerations

for maintaining dc-side voltage of hybrid active power filter with injection
circuit”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 75–84, Jan. 2009.

[4] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “A practical approach to harmonic compensation in

power systems: Series connection of passive and active filters”, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appl., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1020–1025, Nov./Dec. 1991.

[5] Z. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nabae, “A new approach to harmonic

compensation in power systems: A combined system of shunt passive and
series active filters”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 983–990,
Nov./Dec. 1990.

[6] S. Park, J.-H. Sung, and K. Nam, “A new parallel hybrid filter configuration
minimizing active filter size”, in Proc. IEEE 30th Annu. Power Electron.
Spec. Conf., 1999, vol. 1, pp. 400–405.

[7] D. Rivas, L. Moran, J. W. Dixon, and J. R. Espinoza, “Improving passive

filter compensation performance with active techniques”, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 161–170, Feb. 2003.

[8] H. Akagi, “New trends in active filters for power conditioning”, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1312–1322, Nov./Dec. 1996.

[9] W. Tangtheerajaroonwong, T. Hatada, K. Wada, and H. Akagi, ”Design and

performance of a transformer less shunt hybrid filter integrated into a three-
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 1889, Sep. 2007.

[10] R. Inzunza and H. Akagi, “A 6.6-kV transformer less shunt hybrid active
filter for installation on a power distribution system”, IEEE Trans. Power
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[11] S. Srianthumrongand H. Akagi, “A medium-voltage transformer less ac/dc

Power conversion system consisting of a diode rectifier and a shunt hybrid
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[12] H.L. Jou, K. D. Wu, J. C. Wu, C. H. Li, and M.S. Huang, “Novel power
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40
 Appendix

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <Servo.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>

Servo myservo;
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);

#define s1 D5
#define s2 D6
#define s3 D7
#define s4 D3
#define s5 D4

int L= 0;
int L1= 0;
int L2= 0;

int i,o=0;
int S1,S2,S3,S4,S5=0;
int flag=0;
int count=0;

char auth[] = "9npYUfwg1JfpCaYM33VbokNc9PTqcvCF";

char ssid[] = "iot";

41
char pass[] = "iot12345";

BLYNK_WRITE(V0)
{
int L = param.asInt(); // parameter as int
if(L == HIGH)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("B");
delay(100);
Serial.println("B1");
}

else{lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("E");
delay(100);
Serial.println("E1");
}
}

BLYNK_WRITE(V1)
{
int L1 = param.asInt(); // parameter as int
if(L1 == HIGH)
{
lcd.setCursor(5,1);
lcd.print("B");
delay(100);
Serial.println("B2");
}

else{lcd.setCursor(5,1);

42
 lcd.print("E");
delay(100);
Serial.println("E2");
}
}

BLYNK_WRITE(V2)
{
int L2 = param.asInt(); // parameter as int
if(L2 == HIGH)
{
lcd.setCursor(11,1);
lcd.print("B");
delay(100);
Serial.println("B3");
}

else{lcd.setCursor(11,1);
lcd.print("E");
delay(100);
Serial.println("E3");
}

void setup()
{
Wire.begin();
lcd.begin();
lcd.backlight();
Serial.begin(9600);

43
 Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass, "blynk.cloud", 80);
myservo.attach(D0);
myservo.write(0);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Smart Parking By");
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print("DIU");
delay(2000);
pinMode(s1, INPUT);
pinMode(s2, INPUT);
pinMode(s3, INPUT);
pinMode(s4, INPUT);
pinMode(s5, INPUT);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop()
{
Blynk.run();
S1 = digitalRead(s1);
S2= digitalRead(s2);
S3 = digitalRead(s3);
S4= digitalRead(s4);
S5 = digitalRead(s5);

if(S1==HIGH || S2==HIGH || S3==HIGH)

{Serial.println("Empty");
if(S4==LOW )
{
myservo.write(0);
delay(3000);
myservo.write(130);
Serial.println("g OPEN");
}
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 if(S5==LOW )
{
myservo.write(0);
delay(3000);
myservo.write(130);
Serial.println("G close");
}
}
else {myservo.write(130);
Serial.println("All Full");}

if(digitalRead(s1)==LOW)
{lcd.setCursor(2,1);
lcd.print("F");
delay(100);
Serial.println("F1");

Blynk.virtualWrite(V5, " Full");

}
else{lcd.setCursor(2,1);
lcd.print("E");
delay(100);
Serial.println("E1");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V5, " Empty");
}

if(digitalRead(s2)==LOW)
{lcd.setCursor(7,1);
lcd.print("F");
delay(100);
Serial.println("F2");

Blynk.virtualWrite(V7, " Full");

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 }
else{lcd.setCursor(7,1);
lcd.print("E");
delay(100);
Serial.println("E2");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V7, " Empty");
}

if(digitalRead(s3)==LOW)
{lcd.setCursor(13,1);
lcd.print("F");Serial.println("F3");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V9, " Full");
}
else{lcd.setCursor(13,1);
lcd.print("E");
delay(100);
Serial.println("E3");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V9, " Empty");
}

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("RS1 RS2 RS3");
delay(200);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V4, " Slot 1");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V6, " Slot 2");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V8, " Slot 3");

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