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138 views18 pagesAnalog Devices
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armysyubtsCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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g Electronics Hub
(https://www.electronicshub.org)
Home (https://www.electronicshub.org) 9 General (https://www.electronicshub.org/category/general/)
Basic Electronic Components
August 30, 2018 By Administrator(https://www.electronicshub.org/author/elktros/)
Ifyou are new to electronics or starting to build electronic circuits, then the important
thing to do is to get familiar with few Basic Electronic Components and Equipment.
Without understanding these basic electronic components i.e. their values, ratings,
purpose etc, your circuit design might not function as expected.
There are many electronic components like Resistors, Capacitors, LEDs, Transistors, etc.
and there are also many equipment like a Power Supply, Oscilloscope, Function
Generator (or Signal Generator), Multimeter, etc.
In this tutorial, you can get a brief overview of few of the most common basic electronic
components. For more information about a particular component, you can check out
the link associated with individual component.
Outline
Basic Electronic Components
Active Electronic Components
Diodes
Transistors
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Vacuum Tubes
Power sources
DC Power Supply
Batteries
Display Devices
16x2LCD
7 ~ Segment Display Passive Components
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Basic Test and Measurement Equipment
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
Function Generator or Signal Generator
Basic Electronic Components
There are many ways to classify different types of electronic components but the most
common way is to classify them in to three types:
1)Active Electronic Components,
2)Passive Electronic Components and
3)Electromechanical Components.
Active Electronic Components
Strictly speaking, an Active Component is a device that acts as a source of energy, like a
battery. But the definition of Active Components differs according to a few electronic
engineers who perform circuit analysis. Active components are defined as the devices
that depend on energy source and can introduce power into a circuit.
For example consider the diode, which is an active component. When the diode is
connected to the circuit and energy source is applied, it immediately does not conduct
the electrons. It starts conducting only when its threshold value is reached. Thus it
depends on the energy source for its working, Hence it is an active component.
Active Electronic Components can control the flow of electrons through them. Some of
the commonly used Active Components are Transistors, Semiconductors(Diodes), ICs
(Integrated Circuits), Power Sources (Batteries, AC and DC Power Supplies), etc. A diode is a non-linear semiconductor device, that allows the flow of current in one
direction. A Diode is a two - terminal device and the two terminals are Anode and
Cathode respectively. The following is the symbol of a Diode.
There are again a variety of components that come under the category of Diodes. They
are PN Junction Diode, Light Emitting Diode (LED), Zener Diode, Schottky Diode,
Photodiode, and DIAC.
Table for different types of diodes
Diode Application
GUNN Diode Used in producing microwave signals
Laser Diode Used in fiber optic communications, barcode readers
CD/DVD drives.
Light emitting Using lightening applications like aviation lightening, traffic
diode signals, camera flashes.
Photodiode Used as high voltage rectifier, photo detector, radio
frequency switch.
Step recovery Used for generation and shaping of high frequency pulses.
Diode
Tunnel Diode Used in microwave applications
Varactor diode Mostly used in radio frequency applications.
Zener Diode Mostly used as voltage reference diodes
Transistors
Transistor, the invention that changed the future of electronic circuits. It is a
semiconductor device that can be used to either switch electrical power or amplify
electronic signals. A Transistor is a 3 terminal device that can be either a current controlled device or a
voltage controlled device. Different types of transistors
(https://www.electronicshub.org/transistors-classification-and-types/) exists.Basically
they are classified as
1) Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) and
2) Field Effect Transistors (FET).
They can be further classified as shown below
More information on TRANSISTORS
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
An Integrated Circuit or an IC is an integration or incorporation of several electronic
components (mainly transistors) on a single device (or chip) made up of a
semiconductor material (usually Silicon). Almost all electronic devices like TVs, Mobile Phones, Laptops, Audio Players, Routers,
etc. have Integrated Circuit in them.
ICs are again divided into Analog ICs and Digital ICs. Analog ICs work on Analog Signals
like Temperature, Audio, etc. which are continuously varying in nature. Digital ICs on the
other hand, work on Discrete Signals i.e. zero volts and a non-zero volts (like 5V or 3.3V)
that are represented as Binary 0 and 1.
The commonly used IC in basic electronic circuits are Op - Amps (Operational
Amplifiers) like LM741, Timers like NESSS, Microcontrollers like AT89S52, Counters like
CD4017 and Motor Drivers like L293D.
Vacuum Tubes
Before the invention of transistor vacuum tubes were used in place of transistors. This
is defined as an electron tube that controls the flow of electrons in vacuum. CRT screens
used in old TVs and computer monitors are best examples for vacuum tubes.
Power sources DC Power Supply
Bench Power Supply is an important piece of equipment when it comes to working
around electronic circuits. Electronic components majorly work on DC Power Supply
and hence having a reliable source of DC Power Supply is very important.
There are many types of Power Supplies like AC - to - DC Power Supplies, Linear
Regulators, Switching Mode Power Supply, etc.An alternative to bench power supply is
to use a wall adapter as per the project requirement like SV or 12V.
Batteries
Battery is a device that converts chemical energy in to electrical energy and provides
power to devices like mobile phones, laptops, flashlights, etc. In electronics, we often
use batteries to power our circuits, either to make the circuit portable or just to test the
functionality of the circuit.
Batteries come in different sizes and voltage. Batteries are also classified as Primary and
Secondary. You can use Primary Batteries until they are drained out and discard them
later. In case of Secondary Batteries, you can use them even after they are drained out
by recharging them.in electronic circuits, we often use 1.5V AA Batteries or 9V PP3
Batteries.
Display Devices
16x2LCD
The most commonly used display module in electronic circuits is an LCD Display and in
particular, a 16 x 2 LCD Display. It is an alphanumeric display with two rows and 16
columns and can display a maximum of 32 characters.
7 - Segment Display Another common display module is the Seven Segment Display. It can be used to
display decimal numerals in different electronic devices like clocks, meters, calculators,
public information systems, etc.
Passive Components
Passive Components cannot control the flow of current through them i.e. they cannot
introduce energy in to the circuit but can increase or decrease voltage and current.
These components don't depend on the energy source for their operation.Two terminal
components like Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors and transformers are examples of
Passive Components.
Resistors
The basic of all electronic components are the Resistors. It is a passive electronic
components that introduces electrical resistance in to the circuit. Using resistors, we
can reduce the current, divide voltages, setup biasing of transistors (or other active
elements), etc.
RESISTOR
z Read about Resistors here: INTRODUCTION TO RESISTORS
(https://www.electronicshub.org/tutorials/#Resistors).
Ohm's Law defines the behavior of a resistor which states that the current through a
conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across the conductor. The
proportionality constant is called as Resistance.
The mathematical representation of Ohm's Law is | = V/R.
Different types of resistors (https://www.electroni
defined according to their function,size,characteristics etc.Resistors are divided in to
Fixed Resistors and Variable Resistors.
Fixed Resistors, as the name suggests, have a fixed resistance and its resistance doesn’t
change due to external parameters. Variable Resistors, on the other hand, have a
variable resistance that can either be changed manually or controlled by external
factors like Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or Thermistor. Below image shows different
types of resistors available.
(https://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/201 7/1 0/types-of-resistors.jpg)
Capacitors The second important passive components is a capacitor, a device that stores energy in
the form of electric field (https://www.electronicshub.org/basics-of-electric-field/). Most
capacitors consists of two conducting plates that are separated by a dielectric material.
If Qis the charge on any one of the conductor plates and Vis the voltage between them,
then the Capacitance C of the Capacitor is C = Q/V.
4+ 3
NON POLARIZED POLARIZED
In electronics circuits, a capacitor is mainly used to block DC Current and allow AC
Current. The other
ications of capacitors
(https://www.electronicshub.org/a apacitors/) are filters, timing circuits,
power supplies and energy storing elements.
There are many types of Capacitors (htt
/www.electronicshub.org/types-of-
capacitor/) like Polarized, Non - Polarized, Ceramic, Film, Electrolytic, Super Capacitors
etc. Also Read INTRODUCTION TO CAPACITORS
(https://www.electronicshub.org/tutorials/#_Capacitors).
Inductors
If capacitors store energy in the form of electric field, then inductors are devices that
store energy in the form of Magnetic Field. Inductor is nothing but a wire that is wound
in the form of a coil.
Inductor is widely used in AC equipment like filters, chokes, tuned circuits etc.
INDUCTOR
IRON CORE AIR CORE
—
q,
>
The core around which the coil is wound i. air, iron, ferrite etc. will determine the
strength of the magnetic field. Inductors opposes the change in electric current through
them and the changes in current will result in induction of voltage.
More information on INDUCTORS
(https:/Awww.electronicshub.org/tutorials/#Inductor). Basic Test and Measurement Equipment
When it comes to designing electronic circuits, testing and measuring various
parameters like current, voltage, frequency, resistance, capacitance, etc. is very
important. Hence, the Test and Measurement Equipment like Oscilloscopes,
Multimeters, Logic Analyzers, Function Generators (or Signal Generators) are often used
regularly.
Oscilloscope
The most reliable Test Equipment for observing continuously varying signals is an
Oscilloscope. With the help of an Oscilloscope, we can observe the changes in an
electrical signal like voltage, over time.
Oscilloscopes are used in a wide range of field like Medical, Electronic, Automobile,
Industrial and Telecommunication Applications.
Digital Oscilloscope
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
OSCILLOSCOPES
Mini DIY Oscilloscope
Originally, Oscilloscopes are made up of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays but
nowadays, almost all Oscilloscopes are Digital Oscilloscopes
(https://www.electronicshub.org/best-oscilloscope/) with advanced features like storage and memory
Multimeter
A multimeter is a combination of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Ohmmeter. They provide an
easy Way to measure different parameters of an electronic circuit like current, voltage
etc.
Multimeters can measure values in both AC and DC. Earlies Multimeters are Analog and
consists of a pointing needle. Modern Multimeters are Digital and are often called as
Digital Multimeters or DMMs.
Analog Multimeter Digital Multimeter Bench Multimeter
MULTIMETERS
DMMs are available as handheld devices as well as bench devices. A Multimeter can be
very handy in finding basic faults in a circuit.
Function Generator or Signal Generator
A Signal Generator, as the name suggests, generates a variety of signals for testing and
troubleshooting electronic circuits. The most common types of signals are Triangular
Wave, Sine Wave, Square Wave and Sawtooth Wave. aaaaa
———— 52
FUNCTION GENERATORS
Along with a bench power supply and oscilloscope, a function generator is also an
important piece of equipment when designing electronic circuits.
In this article, we have seen few Basic Electronic Components and Test Equipment that
we come across very frequently when designing or testing electronic circuits.
There are a lot more components like Transformers, Buttons, Switches, Connectors, etc.
which we can explore as we move forward with a project.
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How to Test a Diode? Using Analog and Digital Multimeter...
(https://www.electronicshub.org/test-a-diode/) 14 Responses
i October 27, 2017 at 2:46 am thttps//www electronicshub.org/basic-electronic-
Satish Kumar componenis/tcomment-295632), °
says’
The details and information about the electronic components given above are very good
and full of knowledge and all are collected in a single article.
Reply
g Arvind i988 32 201721056 pm (tps/amelectoncshub.org/oasie-lectroniccomponents/#eomment.
says’
Diode is a passive device. Rectify this
Reply
January 9,2018 at 12:32 am (https//wnwuelectronicshub.org/oasic-electronic-
a Siddharth
