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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
83 views20 pagesMastermind Unit 1&2 (+vocaculary)
Uploaded by
Artemis MiluCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 20
Present and Future Tenses
MIDONOURNOWI
a. Circle the correct answer,
4, Abarbecue this Sunday? That
The flat is currently
‘sounds / is sounding great!
decorated /is currently being decorated
{AS s00n as you've received / you will receive the fax, phone me.
New shopping malls have opened up / are opening up all the time.
‘The drug won't have taken / won't be taken effect yet ~ you only took ita minute ago.
Now that I've lost weight, my jeans fit / are ‘iting me better.
Kate is measuring / measures the window for new curtains.
''m visiting my sister on Sunday.” “Will you be staying / have stayed for lunch?”
Vienow Alex quite well but! don't consider / am not considering him a friend.
11. In our history class we are discussing / have been discussing the causes of World War Il all week
42, Unfortunately, | don’t have / am not having a birthday party this year
2
cI
4
5.
6. He's s0 far ahead — he will be winning /is going to win easily
7.
8
°.
0.
5, Choose the sentence which is closest in meaning to the first one.
4. The show will start any minute now.
a. The shows currently starting,
b. The show is about to start
2, Our taxi has arrived.
a. The taxi is coming,
b. The taxiis here,
3. My brothers stil play chess.
‘a. My brothers haven't finished their chess game,
b. Mybbrothers play chess sometimes.
4, John hasn't been to London for ages.
._Itis along time since John went to London.
John arrived in London a short time ago.
5. Uncle Ron is here for a week.
. Uncle Ron has already spent a week here.
Uncle Ron is spending a week here.
6. Trudy is being very stubborn.
‘a, Trudy is a very stubborn person.
b. Trudy is behaving stubbomly at the moment.
7. Jimis constantly sending me text messages.
a. I get messages from Jim all the time.
b, I sometimes get text messages from Jim,
8. The match is to be played at the stadium.
a, They will play the match at the stadium.
b. They are playing the match at the stadium now.
(Score: RULES:
PRESENT SIMPLE
fact, general truth, permanent situation
habit, regular occurrence:
= state (see Note 1)
= declaration
‘newspaper headline:
= live sports commentary
instructions.
* plot of a film, story or joke
‘= definite event in the future (timetable, schedule, date)
Time expressions: usualy, always, every day, in the morning, once / twice a year, nowadays
PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
* action happening at or around the time of speaking
'* temporary situation
* changing / developing situation
© future arrangement
"> annoying or amusing actions that happen very often
(with always, constantly, foreven
Time expressions: for the time being, currently, at present, now, this week / year, at the moment
Notes
1. Stative verbs Some verbs are not usually used in the continuous form because they describe states, not actions.
(See Grammar Appendix, page 216)
2, The Present Simple form of be + adjective is used to describe character.
Greg is selfish. He would never put himself out to help anyone. (he is always selfish)
‘The Present Continuous of be suggests that somebody is behaving a certain way at one time or about one thing.
‘being selfish. Let the others have a turn on the computer too! (behaviour at a particular time)
Shelly, you ar
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE have /has + past participle
"= recent or past event which is relevant to the present
‘without a definite time reference
‘= state, habit or action which started in the past and
Continues up to the present (with for and since)
= to show completion, achievement, or number of times
something has occurred up to the present
‘= with fist time/ best / ever/ never
Time expressions:
for ages, for a while, for long,
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS have/has been + verb -ing
"= repeated or continuing activity, relevant to the present
fr about to change
“= action which started in the past but has not yet been
‘completed, or to emphasise the duration of an action,
not the results
‘Time expressions: since, for, all day / afternoon, how long, ever since, for a while, for long
Note
have been / have gone
ince, for, just, already, recently, ately, always, yet, so far, ever, never,
Love changes everything,
‘Buses to York depart on the hour
This land belongs to my farily
We apologise for any inconvenience.
Fite breaks out in city centre!
He shoots, Ho scores)
You fry the onion in ol, then add the chicken.
‘In the end Rose Is rescued, but Jack dies.
‘The law comes into effect on May 1st next year
Im warning you -| won't accept any excuses.
‘Sue Is staying with her cousin in Rome.
More families are buying a second car.
The board is meeting In London next month.
Tim Is always losing his keys.
‘The college has Introduced a media studies course.
ee
cin
I've cracked the cot en
They have been to this
‘This is the best book | have ever r
The cast has been rehearsing
‘The council has been debating prop
for years,
Toda’s been to that resort ~ why don't you ask him what it was like? (has visited and returned)
“Where's Jen?” “Oh, she's gone to the library to study,” (went there but hasn't returned yet) FUTURE SIMPLE will + bare infinitive
+ prediction forthe future
+ event considered certain
+ decision, offer, ete, made atthe time of speaking
‘with expressions such as: / think / hope / promise,
Tm sure, definitely, probably
CTS
The new metro fine will
This year's festival will Iast three weeks.
Hl fend you the money if you lke!
They will probably show up late, as Usual
Time expressions: next week / year, tomorrow, shortly, presently, soon, in a while, in 2050, in two weeks’ time
FUTURE CONTINUOUS will be+ verb -ing
+ action that willbe in progress at a specific time in the
future
This time next week, welll be sipping cocktails by the pool!
+ action that is planned (similar to using Present Continuous We'll be Interviewing candidates tomorrow.
to talk about the future)
‘+ what is expected to happen at the moment of speaking
(or s00n after:
‘= polite question about somebody's plans
(Our guests will be arriving any minute now!
Will you be attending the wedding?
Time expressions: this time next year, all day tomorrow, from now on, a week today
FUTURE PERFECT will have + past participle
* prediction that something will be completed before
a specific time in the future.
* period of time that will be completed at a specific time
in the future
* what wwe expect or know to have happened already
Ii have finished this book by the end of the week.
‘We'll have known each other for 10 years next month!
‘The film will have started by nov,
Time expressions: next month / year, by now / then, by the time
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS will have been + verb -ing
‘action in progress that will be completed jn the future
(to emphasise the duration rather than the action)
Time expressions: by the time, by 11 o'clock
‘be going to
* intention, talking about plans
* prediction for the future based on evidence in the present
Time expressions: see Future Simple
be fo + bare infinitive
* formal schedule, arrangement
* future obligation, pian, instruction
* newspaper headline — future event possible (without be)
EXPRESSIONS WITH FUTURE MEANING
‘be about + full infinitive (= going to happen very soon)
‘be due + full infinitive (= expected)
1. There is often little or no difference in meaning between will and be going to, Intonation attects
Wiilis more common in formal, written English.
{will pass my exams this time. (amphasis on ‘yi
2, Inclauses beginning witha time word with future reference (when, as soon as, once, before,
We use Present Simple or Present Perfect, not future tenses,
We'll hone you as soon as we get tothe hotel. (not: as soon as wo wil get to th
‘Once you've read the book, youl know what | mean. (lo emphasise completion =
By the time we arrive, we will have been travelling for
20 hours.
We're going to organise a schoo! reunion next year
Judging by the reviews, her new record is going to be a hit!
The president Is to meet the prime minister tomorrow,
New students are to report to the office on arrival. (formal)
BECKHAM TO ASK FOR NEW PAY DEAL!
Hurry upt The train is about to leave.
Our ght Is due to take oft at 7.00 but there might be a
ela.
Scientists are on the verge of finding a cure for AIDS,
meaning, though.
implies strong intention)
atte, til, untl, by the time),
1e hotel x)
{YoU have read the whole book)
9 ‘A. Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the verbs given.
1. AU think Toss phone... (Phone) Mary to see if she wants to come to the cinema with us.”
“That's not such a good idea. She .. (ces)."
2, “What are you going to do once your new novel cesses (PUDHH)?”
1 (Go) on an extended publicity tour and then I think Il take it easy for a while
3 (consider) yourjob to be a difficult one?
Not realy. That's why 1 (think) of finding something more challenging.”
a4 (work late every day this week.”
“! suppose that means tha I. ssn (QOt See) you until Saturday.”
Bo “UU YOU smn (be) vor sly today.
“Sorry, Mis. | promise | (pay) attention rom now on.”
ene «(fead) the same newspaper for years
“suppose it (Gotiver to your house every day”
7. “Brn (Get) cord in here”
“You're right. | {turn the heating on.”
—
(stil plan) to do a media studies course next year?”
“Actually, 've changed my mind. . (study) environmental science instead,
Complete the sentences with the time expressions below. There are more words than you need.
all night © from now on ® shortly © nowadays © for long © lately
ever since © forever © all day tomorrow © currently © by now
I'm sorry to say we do not
I've been studying
1 have any vacancies. Possibly there will be some in the near future.
2 ‘and I can't keep my eyes open.
3. The law has been changed: there are going to be tougher penalties for speeding.
4, People are ‘getting me confused with my sister.
5. Have you heard anything from Gavin a 2
6
7.
8
Its not worth calling Janet atthe office, She will have left
Dan and | met in 2001 and we've been sharing a flat
Fasten your seat belts as we will
be starting our descent into the airport.
©. Rewrite the sentences below starting with the words given.
41. It-ill take them three weeks to finish renovating the shop.
In three weeks, they
2. Mr Thomas started teaching 15 years ago.
Mr Thomas has
3. The committee is announcing the name of the new chalrperson tomorrow.
‘The name of the new chairperson will.
4. It seems like Simon and Liz might split up soon,
Simon and Liz are on the
5. John will spend nine months working on his thesis before he completes it.
By the time he completes it, John’
6. When is your next doctor's appointment?
When are you due...
7. You can't know how dificult its to get a novel published until you try.
(Once you've tried to get a novel published,
8. Sally never seems to remember her friends’ birthdays,
Saly is...
10 A
rh union
not submit © welcome © finalise hold
ite yet © take © arrange © driv F Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space.
WHERE LIFE IS LONG
The Italian island of Sardinia holds the world record for the highest percentage
of people who (1)... to be over 100 years old. Most of the locals (2)
that the reason lies in the place itself - the air or the food, for example. But
scientists (3)... another hypothesis, For centuries, the islanders (4)
rarely intermarried with outsiders, so itis very likely that Sardinians are
genetically similar to each other. Therefore, it's logical to assume that they
(6)... a gene for longevity. A team of doctors and biologists (6)... the
proteins which (7)... contained in the Y chromosome. They are (8)
to find the key gene, but the research coordinator confidently () .. his
team to come up with an answer some time in the near future. (10) ... they,
do, the discovery will certainly generate a great deal of interest.
4. A have lived B areliving © are going to live D will ive
2. A ate believing B will believe © have believed D_ believe
3. A arenow investigating B donow investigate Care due toinvestigate now investigate
4A are B will be © have D are being
5. A are sharing B have been sharing © _have shared D share
6. A have been analysing B have been analysed are analysed D analyse
7. A is B_ has been © are D willbe
8. A until B yet C already D still
9. Ais expecting B is going toexpect C_will expect D expects:
10. A By the time B Assoon as © Sofar D Before
G. Complete the passage with the correct auxiliary.
been © will © being © are © has © have © Is © do © be
Unusual Spa Treatments
ty of treatments - some traditional, some more unusual ~ and new treatments
‘Spas all over the world offer a wide variet
tee being developed all the time.
“The Yunessun Spa in the hot spring town of Hakone, Japan has 1ong (2) nr known for its novelty
treatments. For years now, the establishment (3) been attracting clients with treatments such as its
{green tea spa and its wine bath. Now yet another new treatment is (4). .« enjoyed by clients: the
noodle bath. According to oficial atthe spa, a noodle bath is highly beneficial to the health. By taking one, they claim,
you be speeding up your metabolism but cleansing your skin too. Because of health
rot only (6)
regulations, patrons (6)... not
bathe in water with edible noodles floating init
but in water containing the pork broth that this
Japanese staple ()
traditionally cooked in. Whether or not taking a
dip in pork broth is realy good for us is yet to
Oe _ proved. What is really
attracting the public is probably the novelty
value of the noodle bath rather than its health-
‘giving properties. Before long, the spa will no
doubt @) ‘come up with
another novel idea to attract attention and draw
inthe crowds. | wonder what this will be. (PRACTICE
A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
4, The lecture halls ull of students, but Professor Wilkins 5. ‘Ate you over your illness now?’
TStehvcautel “Almost, but |... ted easily
eel a stil get
bast) b. have stil got
epereny) ©. willstil have got
a het 4. still am getting
2, When the ferry... the Island, get ready to disembark 6. ‘lim going away next weekend.”
a. is approached Wl YOU wn. @ camera?”
b. will approach a. taking
©. approaches b. be taking
4. willhave approached ©. have taken
3. Allapplicant ... out this form on arrival ae
a. are filed 7. The demonstration is due .. in an hour.
b. tof a. willstart
©. filing b. of starting
. areto il c tostart
4, The statfhas known... that they might lose their jobs 4. be starting
a. recently 8. I'm taking the dog to the vet as it
Seer anything for days
me oa a. won't be eating
a GRO hasn't to eat
b
©. Isn't eating
d. hasn't eaten
B. OPEN CLOZE Read the text below and think of the word which best fits
‘each gap.
each gap. Use only one word in
SPACE TRAVEL: GOING WHERE NO MAN HAS GONE BEFORE
Scinfsis and businesspeople ake are waking up to the idea thatthe next development In tourism is probably
. «. 10 be mass participation in space travel Up @) now, space exploration
and research have been the domain of governmental organisations, but private enterprises are (3)
| involved because they recognise that (4)
| predict that spacecraft wil).
| 87-2090, Infact, the technology (7).
| not yet (8)
Is a huge demand for this new experience. Analysts
making a5 many as five milion trips (6). year
exists to transport and accommodate people but it has
developed for commercial purposes, despite the large numbers of people who are
s {for the experience of seeing earth from orbit. It is simply a matter
before the first few passengers get their chance, and once it becomes more common,
fall and an increased range of activities
| iting to pay whatever i)
00).
ces 1)
i. will be made availabe,
|
|
|
i
|
In space, gravity has no effect as (12).
‘16 in orbit, travelers wil feel weightless. (19).
the idea of afew days floating around a supexmodern hota, wth a
‘view of the stars and the earth outside the window, appeal to you?
(14) , you may be Interested to learn that the
first fuly commercial spacecraft is going to bast of in the very near
fulure. Bookings are already (18) taken, so what
‘1@ you waiting for?
sow a8 they
— ‘A, COLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS
Use each word only once.
Choose two verbs from the list that combine with the nouns below.
Sel ° cliculate © hold » select © negotiate © demand
Setup @ draft © run © recruit ® meet © chair
8B. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED Cor
Make any necessary changes.
1
a.
b.
cE
age
mplete the sentences using the correct word,
‘Shop assistants are trained to handle........ difficult customers.
‘Anew department was set up to .. the building project. 7 YW
Regular exercise helps me. with stress.
You must state your name, ag@ ANd cna On the form,
Ruth loves nursing ~ she says she has found her tru.
What Of Work are you in these days?
Chioe is a loving and... child
The new secretary is very .. at organising our schedules,
The government believes that the new measures are the most.
‘way to tackle unemployment,
‘The managing director is responsible forall
Professor Jarvis is considered an expert in is...
| can’t answer technical questions about the product ~ that's the
of the engineers,
-~ Of the business,
You have to ask your supervisor for.
Foreign nationals need to have a work
Each employee is entitled to 20 days’
- to leave work early,
to be legally employed.
per year.
The ie for the economy In this country is quite good,
From a financial. » the decision to lay
A position with a large corporation can offer good,
‘work hard,
off the workers was a good one,
if you're willing to
This firm must make customer service its...
‘The trade agreement is of great
Sarah has considerable
- for this country’s future,
in international sales.
15 10N , RELATEDWORDS increase decrease
1, Mark the following verbs + (an increase in size or strength) or ~ (a decrease in size or strength).
boost ..t. contract ... diminish ue enlarge wn extend swell.
broaden deteriorate wu downsize OxpANG vie SHTINK vane widen
Complete the sentences using the correct form of a verb from Exercise 1
Don't wash that T-shirt at high temperatures — it will ADIDK e
When | twisted my knee, it wasn't too painful but it started to... _.. immediately.
At 105, it's hardly surprising that Mary's health is. :
The managers gave the team a bonus to... .» their confidence.
Wyo heat metal it scornensnnne j when it Cools, It
We were enjoying our holiday so much that we... our stay by three nights.
That's a beautifull photo! You should... itand have it framed!
Working abroad for a year was a great opportunity t0 san. my horizons.
After such heavy losses, the company's directors have no choice but to
There are plans t0 rn ww the business by opening two new shops.
|. The main road needs to be «0 cope with increased trafic
Houses in the af@ ou ransnnimnns in Value by 20% last year.
E, METAPHOR AND MEANING.
‘Words and expressions connect success with up or high.
Failure and negativity are sometimes connected with down or low.
atop job (= a very good job) ow status
1. Mark the following words (for up) or (for down) .
top -f. under fa
bottom .. fly FIS0 sn
2. Match the words and phrases in colour to their meanings,
When the economy does bauly itis the small =. a, sudden success
businesses that go under.
The actress was flying high after she won the Oscar, ~~ b. did not work out as planned
‘The company is looking to recruit high-fiying = happy as a result of success
salespeople,
(Our holiday plans fell through because Josh . 4. very poor people
Couldn't get leave,
You often see down-and-outs sleeping under
bridges in central London,
The young novelist was unprepared for his soe f, successful and determined
meteoric rise to fame, to achieve more
0 out of business
Explain the meaning of the words and expressions in colour,
Maria will do whatever it takes to reach the top in her profession, succeed
This suburb is popular with young up-and-coming businesspeople.
‘The stock market {ook a dive yesterday,
\'m sure business will pick up before Christmas.
His career really took off after he appeared on TV.
He started out as a fowly shop assistant.
‘Gregson is the new rising star of the computer industry. F MULTIPLE MEANINGS apply deal resign
Words can have more than one mearing oF take on hew meanings when they combine with different words,
Match the words in colour to their meanings. Give the part of speech for apply, deal and resign in each sentence,
I apply but | don't think I'l get accepted. verb a. concentrate one's efforts
1
2. Inthe laboratory, you have to apply the theory you have stucied. b. leave a job
3. Robert needs to apply himself more to his studies. ¢. unfair treatment
4. The special offer only applies to people traveling together. 4. give out cards
5. Ileamt a great deal on the course, @. put into practice
6. I won that hand! Whose tur is it to deal now? f. agreement
7. How should | deal with angry customers? ‘9, accept an unpleasant situati
8. A British firm has just made a billion dollar deal with a French company. J... formally ask for a position
8. We felt we'd been given a raw deal i. handle
0. Under pressure from the club chairman, the manager resigned. J. large amount
11. John resigned himself to a few years of low pay unti he qualified kde valid
G. PREPOSITIONS Complete the following newspaper article with the correct prepositions.
GRADUATE JOBLESSNESS
Large numbers of young people who completed university finish
and went out in search (1) ...2f, “So Sa
Sil) OF WORK, A Hse 3) cn the number
‘graduates this year, together with cuts (4) 0 graduate
training schemes, have resulted in record levels (5) a
‘graduate unemployment this year. What can you do to make
ssure that you're not (6) ........ this position when you
H. INOTHER WORDS Match the words or phrases in colour to their meanings.
1. twas none of their business. von @ Increased profits :
2. It won't work in practice. 'b. told me what they thought of my work
3, They boosted company earings. c. isnot feasible
4. They got down to business. 4d. found the task dificult
5. They are our superiors. |. @ didn't concern them
6. They had their work cut out for them. 1. offered to work unpaid
7. They gave me detailed feedback. 9. started working f
8. They did voluntary work. h._have higher status than us
aa
KEY WOROTRANSFORMATIONS Complete the second sentence so that thas a similar meaning to thet
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six
Including the word given.
Key Word Transformations often test
‘gerunds or infinitives). i
Helena ms
Do you think Julie could manage the department? CAPABLE
Is Julie
George has: ae
4, They were about to make a deal, but they couldn't agree on the price, FELL
The deal 5. He decided to change jobs because he didn't like working long hours, COPE
He decided to change jobs because ..
66, The factory laid off 20 workers last month, REDUNDANT.
Twenty workers...
7, The best solution to the problem is to downsize the company, EFFECTIVE
Downsizing the company
8. You'll find it very difficult to finish the project on time, CUT
You'll have your work...
the long working hours,
last month
solve the problem.
finishing the project on time.
8, WORD FORMATION Use the word given in capitals at the end of some lines to form
‘aword that fits in the gap in the same line,
Cook Your Way to the Top
‘When a vacancy for a senior (1).
Post comes up, theremay MANAGE
‘be more than a thousand (2) + $0 many corporations hire APPLY
@ Consultants to handle the selection process. PROFESSION
‘One team in Germany uses an unusual method for putting potential
@.. to the test: they get them to cook a meal together! EMPLOY
This way the process of (6)... becomes a highly RECRUIT
© ssessns ON Because it demonstrates how a candidate EFFECT
performs under pressure when faced with a (7) task. PRACTICE
Human resource managers attend the sessions and assess the candidates!
(8) enssesnsnesesnnsns and communication skills. Cooking, they say, is an ORGANISE
ideal task since it allows for (9) -- contact with those they PERSON
are thinking of taking on, without ereating a (10). COMPETE,
environment, as participants must work together to create the menu.
© MULTIPLE CHOICE CLOZE Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space.
WHERE MANNERS ARE THE KEY TO SUCCESS
Whatever (1)... of work you're in, there's a ot to leam when you start a new jb. A big Japanese companies, new
mloyees have to undergo several wosks of forma isinicton inthe tases of how to behave at work. Aer rasering
the company song, new (2)... ar taught eventhing from how to shake hands to how te hand over a cup of toa
ore In Japan, manners pla an important cen all)... of adult ie, Business has is ov rules of behaviour
which must be adhered to. Gusiness card, fr example, must be presenta and received with the body ald at «
specific angle. Cards must bo (4)... respectful as they are considered an (6)
businessman, for instance, who put a card he had just 7)
Would seriously (8.
Of the holder's identity. An (6)
ino his trouser pocket would cause great offence. This
his chances of closing a deal. Therefore, the correct gestures have to be learnt and practised
Even after completing the training course, new employees may stl find that corporate leis not easy. Workers at
Jarge Japanese firms are expected to sacrifice a great (9)
‘accommodation with their colleagues and put in (10)
for the company. They often live in company-owned
hours at work. In offices, workers are not (11)
toleave
Until their (12)... have done so.
A ine B way © route D_ ladder
‘A employers B contracts © reoruits D resources
A. perspectives B aspects © worlds Deere
‘A delegated B demanded © handled Daa
‘A. extension B expansion © asset D_ occupation
A innovative B impersonal © unemployed D inexperienced
‘A. taken on B received © circulated D setup
LA fal B shrink © downsize D diminish
Aerts B deal © increase D tioid
| A broad B high © long D- groat
‘A. clear B fee © official D feasible
A employees B stat © prospects D superiors
19 Busy people, whether they are mothers or executives, hi
‘je ‘out for them getting everything done in 24 hours, but there (2)
principles of time management that can be applied (9)
Planning your time not only helps you get more done, but also
® they are broken down into the steps that (8)
writing assignments, plan (9)... ‘many hours you will nee
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word
in each gap.
‘TAKE CONTROL OF YOUR TIME
lave to manage their time. Most people have their work
. some useful
. almost any line of (4)
relieves stress (5) making you feel
3s, which will seem less daunting
required. For instance, when
“3 for research, writing your first draft, checking
.. practice there will
be satisfied when you meet
plans cover all areas,
in control. Planning also helps you cope (6) .. large task
and so on. It is best to overestimate the amount of time a task will take, a5 (10)
probably (11) interruptions or delays. Others (12)
1d even more impressed if you manage to deliver the assignment early. The Dest
time with family and friends only when we
including personal time in your schedule will result in
your deadline an
(of your life, not just work. Typically, we (13)
(14) sss flfled our other obligations. However,
a better balance (15) work and leisure.
TION Use the word given in capitals at the end of some lines to form a word
that fits in the gap in the same line.
Superwoman
In the 1970s, as more and more women began fo pursve careers, a new icon wos
created: Superwoman. Women were fold that they could (1)... suns Combine SUCCEED
‘rotherhood, homemaking and a career, Nowadays, when wo salaries are considered
(2) on, an meceesiy, working mothers ore the norm rather hon the exception. FINANCE
Most (3) “are open fo women today, from surgery to stockbroking, and ‘occurY
there are many women wih (4). «positions in government and business INFLUENCE
positions. Despite the MANAGER
= In Britain, women now hold about 25% of (5)
(6) ess a4ec38, many women are ding he struggle fo mee! he demands PROFESSION
‘of home and work incredibly (7) ‘A recon! survey revealed that most STRESS
= women believe that children sufer (8)... «if both parents work. It seems EMOTION
= hot ethough women have proved that they can equal male (9)... ce fn the ‘ACHIEVE
coord of work, ot all women oe convinced tat being Superwomon i worth the sacrifice
job market, it's not easy to take time off to COMPETE
However, in today's (10) .
stoy home with children
‘Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
the athlete's confidence.
your vocabulary.
ED SENTENCES
4. A victory in this race would realy.
Working through the exercises in this book will :
The advertising campaign helped to sone POMS.
2. We've ‘on a new warehouse assistant on a temporary contract.
‘Sales of NeW CAPS HAVE. ronrsnsnmnanen a dive this Season.
His career as an actor has really off,
4, you successfully pass the training course, you will be offered a permanent.
1'm thinking of applying for the . sno Of teaching assistant.
‘Many of my friends’ exam results were not good enough for university, but luckily | was not in the
estes ieee
4, There has been a ren
t must be difficult to cope with a sudden.
Employees were given a 10% pay
in the number of Internet users this year. 4
«to fame,
» at the beginning of the financial year. J unr 2
Business and Employment
TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 14)
24 on the dole = receiving money from the government
because you are unemployed: oro tauelo avepylag
ames can't find a job; he has been on the dole for
almost a year
22 make redundant = dismiss from a job because the
Person is not needed: anohiw (Adyw nepioptouou
8eoev epyaciac) | was made redundant at my
company and now must find a new job.
Der: redundancy (n)
2a
situations vacant = a newspaper listing of avaliable
jobs: omHAn oe eqnuepiba ye ayyeniec via 8015
pYaCIaG The company ran an advertisement in the
‘situations vacant column for the receptionists position.
24 foreman (n) = a person in charge of a group of
workers: entrain, apxtepyarng He worked his way
{Up at the factory from the assembly lin to foreman in
charge of 50 men,
25 board (of directors) (n) = group of people responsible
for making decisions about how a company of
‘organization is managed: aupBoUNo, BioueytKA
‘uaa The board will make a decision on the matter
at its next meeting
28 make cutbacks = to reduce the amount or number
of something: kava mepikoné¢ Due to the economic
situation, the company was forced to make cutbacks;
15 people lost their jobs.
27 lay off (phy s) lad, lac) = stop employing someone,
especially when there is not much work to do:
‘anoAtke (npoowpIvA) After the fire at the factory, the
‘owner laid off half the workers.
28 manufacturing (n) = the business of producing large
Guantities of goods in a factory: Biounxavia Clothing
‘manufacturing used to be a significant part of the
region's economy, but many factories have closed.
Der: manufacture (n)
manufacturer (0)
manufacture (V)
29. sector (n) = part (of economy, a country’s business
etc): Toueag Teachers and police workin the public
sector
2.10 freelance (adi) = working Independently for various
organisations: eheUepog (ertayyehuatlac) Tom
works as a freelance photographer for several
different magazines.
2.11. permanent (adi) = continuing for an unlimited time:
oviwog Margaret had a temporary position for a
while, but now she's on permanent staff
2.12 contract (n) = a written agreement: cuLBOAa\0 She
signed a contract withthe publishing company,
agreeing to write two books a year.
Der: contract (v)
contractual (ad)
2:39 career ladder = levels of progress in a profession:
wiyaxa enayyedyarixh EEENENe People who
‘choose to climb the career ladder often have to
sacrifice their personal ife to reach the top.
236
aar
239
220
222
220
224
225
228
2a
apprenticeship (n) = time spent working for someone
in order to learn a skill: uabntela She is doing an
‘apprenticeship as a hairdresser at a central salon and
hopes this will help her establish her career.
Der: apprenticeship (n): wa8nreia
apprentice (v)
take on (phr v) = 1. employ: npooAapBavw They are
taking on temporary staff for the holiday season.
2. accept a job or responsibility: avakayBave She
took on extra work to earn more money.
post (n) = a position of employment or responsibility:
{on epyaaiag, nboto She accepted the post even
though it meant relocating to China and accepting
much more responsibilty.
Der: post (v)
long-term (ad) = lasting for a long period of time:
akporipd8eouog Borrowing money is not a long-term
solution to your money problems if you don’t have a
Job.
‘Opp: short-term (adi)
prospects (n) = possibilty that something will
happen: npoormixés His promotion prospects are
excellent because he has both first-rate qualifications
and great people skill.
‘executive (n) = high-level manager: aviotep0
‘atéAexoc erixeipfioewe She was the first woman
executive in her company.
delegate (v) = to give part of your work or
responsibilty to a subordinate: wopazia
appobiomntes The director always delegates the less
important tasks to his deputy.
Der: delegate (n): avrinpdaunog, aneorakuévor
Paperwork (n) = office work related to letters, forms,
reports, etc.: ypawpixt| epyagia There is a lot of
paperwork involved in banking,
PA (personal assistant) = someone who is employed
to help a manager with organizational tasks: ‘iaitépa
Yeaiuaréag The manager's PA spent over a month
‘making all the arrangements for the conference.
overtime (r) = extra hours worked: unepwpia People
Jn tourism work overtime in summer
‘workload (a) = amount of work a company or person
has to do: @éptog epyaoiag The travel agency's
Workload is much lighter in the winter as fewer people
book holidays at that time of year.
Salary (n) = money paid regularly by employers to
employees: 11086 Her monthly salary is stil the
‘same as it was three years ago.
Dor: salaried (adi): wo8wrdq
perk (n) = extra benefit that you get at your job:
Tpovouto One of the perks of working at a hotel is
that you can use the gym.
put in (phr v) = spend time or effort: agrepaoves
(X96vo) The office staff put in about 10 hours of
overtime last week.
‘Supervise (also -ize)(\) = oversee others’ work to
‘make sure they do tasks correctly: ertmnp The
‘manager supervised the new employee's work.
Der: supervision (n)
‘supervisor (n)
supervisory (ad): enormxKag UNIT 2
233
2a
235
236
2ar
238
209
240
2a
24
clerical (ad) = related to office work: tov ypaypeiou,
unaAAnAins The ob requires clerical skis such as
pina
Der: clerk (n)
promote (\} = give someone a higher position: divs
Rooayaiyn Lisa has been promoted fo manager and
‘now superses five peopl.
Der: promotion (7)
duty (r) = something you have been assigned to do:
a@kov {t's my duty fo lock up the office each night.
Der: dutiful (ad): undxovos, evouveiSntog
administration (n) = activities involved in running
business or organisation: dioiknon, Biaxeigion It
‘seems that more of the doctors time is spent on
office administration than on patient care.
Der: administrator (n)
administer (¥)
administrative (adi)
<*fficiency (n) = ability to do something successfully
wathout waste: anodonKomta We are impressed with
Tony’ efficiency; he does a lot of workin a short time.
Der: efficient (ad)
Opp: inefficiency (ny
People skills = ability to get on well wth others:
twavornta BianpoowriKiv oxéoeuv She is a good
manager because of her people skils.
colleague (n) = person who works with you:
‘uvabehgor My colleagues and | get on so well that
we even socialise after work
rise to a challenge = manage to do something new
(oF dificult: avraroxpivouat oF sia npdxAnon Tony
was a weak maths student but he rose to the
Challenge and got good results on his final exams.
‘managerial (ad) = related to the work of a manager:
BieuBUVTIKEG Alex Was hired because of his
‘managerial skis.
Der: management (n)
manager (n)
manage (v)
further (v) = help something to proatess or develop:
‘npowew You can further your career by learning
foreign languages.
human resources = personnel: avpiorivo SuvauiKd
(tunua eraipelag nou exnaiBever Kat ppovtizes Toug
unadAtiouc) Ifyou are interested in a job, send your
application to the human resources department.
staff (n) = group of people who work for a business
Or an organisation: npoowriKé The teaching staff
meets regulary with the principal of the school.
Der: staff (v)
firm (n) = company: eraipela The firm | work for is
very generous to the workers.
maternity leave = paid time away from work before /
after giving birth: abe untpomntag After Sue gave
birth, she took three months maternity leave.
CV (n) = written account of education, work experience
and personal detais; résumé: BloypapiKe onjelwha To
‘apply for @ job, send a letter and your CV.
asset (n) = something valuable or especially useful:
aAcovextna Helen's English skils are an asset to
her employer
‘Opp lata (r)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
COLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS (page 15)
2a
246
248
250
282
250
set (v) = decide when or whore something wit
take place: opigw The board seta date for
‘esting Serine
Der: set (ad
Circulate (\) = pass something around: Biavéy,
urhowpopid Could you please cireviate this eter
amongst the stat?
Der: circulation (n)
select (v) = choose: eriAtyws We can
person rom th ee qualied cance eo
Der: selection (n): envhoyh
selectivity (n) emAeKtxdmmra
selective (adi)
negotiate (v) = discuss a conflict (usually in poltics
‘or business) in order to reach an agreement:
Bianpayyaredoyat The workers met with the
‘managers to negotiate an end to the strike.
Der: negotiation (0)
negotiator (n)
demand (¥) = ask for something in a forceful way:
trata This coat is torn. I demand my money back!
Der: demand (n)
demanding (ad)
set up (phr v) = make arrangements that are
necessary to start something: ovivw, Sow
(emxeionon) We helped Tom set up his new business.
draft (¥) = write the first copy of a speech, letter or
book: npoxeipoypape, eromazin npooxééio (olay,
emotoNg kth.) My assistant drafted the letter for me
but | made several changes before sending it.
Der: daft (r)
run (¥) = be in charge of an activity or business:
Bwevedve (envxeionan) Mrs Green has been running
a sweet shop for more than 30 years.
recruit (v) = get new people to join an organisation:
enavipiivw, otparohoyi The basketball club is
hoping to recruit some new players this season.
Der: recruit (n); veo Uéhos, veooUNAEKToS
recruitment (n)
chair (\) = be in charge of a meeting: nooedpetw
Dr Robertson chaired the session on women's heath
at the medical conference.
Der.chair / chairperson ()
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 15)
255
256
287
250
250
260
‘handle (v) = manage a difficult situation or Job:
xerplCo}ot, averonige
Cope (with) (\) = deal with a problem: ra Byatw néPo
avtuierwniga
line (of work) = type (of work): e150 epyaoios,
endyyeAua
‘occupation (n) = profession or job: enayyehva
Der: occupy (y}: artaaxohe
‘occupational (adi)
vocation (r) =a job someone does because they
think they are particularly suited to it: enayyeNHO
AetToupynua
Der: vocational (ad)
effective (ad) = producing the intended result
amoreAeovankos, anadoTKOG 262
263
204
265
266
2658
269
270
an
27
273
affectionate (ad)) = showing love, warmth or caring:
oropyiKds,
domain (n) = area of activity or interest: toyed,
YwworiK6 avtiKEluevo
field (n) = area of activity or study: roueac,
emiotmpovixés xspog
aspect (n) = part, feature or quality: nAeupd, drown
leave (a) = time off from work: adeia (BvaKoniv KAM.)
permit (n) = official paper giving permission to do
something: enionun adeia
Der: permit (v)
‘permission (n) = the act of allowing somebody to do
Something: GBe1a, cuykaréecn
‘outlook (0) = view of a situation: amon
prospect (7) = chance of success: npoontiKh
perspective (r) = point of view: aroun
‘significance (0) = special meaning or importance:
‘onuasia, vonua
priority (n) = more important thing: npotepaérnra
‘expertise (n) = expert knowledge: neipa, ewxKoTHTa
WORD FORMATION (page 16)
am
278
278
270
200
2a
29
beneficial (adj) = having a good effect or influence:
agediyog, evepyeniK6s The new sports programme
‘has been beneficial to students’ health.
Der: benef (n)
benefit (v)
‘commercial (ad)) = related to business activites:
eunopiKég The town's commercial centre has @ bank
and some shops.
Der: commerce (n): eunépi0
‘commercialise ()
commercialised (adi)
competitive (adi) = trying very hard to be more
successful than others: avraywmorix6g We will have
to offer competitive prices if we want to boost sales.
Der: competition (0)
compete (v)
confidential (adi) = not to be shared with others:
umuoteutix6g Medical information is confidential
Der: confidence (n}: euructoouvn
confidentiality (o): exewd8eua
constructive (ad)) = useful and helpful:
erioKOBoLNTKos Maggie's comments always help
because she gives constructive criticism.
co-operative (ad)) = working well with others:
‘auvepydaiyiog A co-operative person works well on
ateam.
Der: co-operation (0)
co-operate (yv)
‘emotional (ad)) = relating to strong feelings:
‘uvaidénarix®g Brenda gave me emotional support
when my father was il
Der: emotion (n)
excessive (ad)) = too much: unepBoNk6 The floods
were caused by excessive rainall
Der: excess (n)
exceed (¥)
large in amount or degree:
exterauevos The shop has an extensive stock of
Der: extension (n)
extend (y): naparelvia, eneKreives
26
20
205
206
2a7
208
280
290
290
294
UNIT 2
financial (ad) = related to money: xonyarikés,
o1KovoUKs Sue works as a financial adviser in a bank.
Der: finance (n): xenbatooiKovoLIKG ovaTn Ha
{inances (n): Ta OKOVORKG, OKOVOKIK KarGoTaaN
financier (: xonuaroborn,
finance (v)
Inclusive (adi) = containing everything: nou
uunepiAauBavet ta reavTa The price of the cruise is
inclusive so you don't pay extra for meals.
Der: inclusion (n): auvunodoyioubs, reooerKn
include (v)
influential ad) = having the power to affect others:
Loxupés, Tou aoKel Erippor The president of the
bank is a very influential person in the community.
Der: influence (n)
influence (¥)
Innovative (adi) = using new and creative methods or
‘ideas: xaivoroyog Our designer has an innovative
idea for redecorating the living room.
Der: innovation (n)
innovator (n)
innovate (v)
instructive (ad) = giving useful information
BxBaxxd¢ if you want fo learn about aerobics, you'l
find this video very instructive.
Der: instruction (n)
instructor (A)
instruct (¥)
intentional (ad) = on purpose: oxémuos I’m sorry |
hurt your feelings; it wasn't intentional.
Der: intent (n): oxonb, npd8_ean
intention (}: oxorég, rod8eon
(Opp: unintentional (ad)
inventive (ad) = creative; having new ideas:
eqeupeT6 Barbara is very inventive; she makes
Useful items from junk.
Der: invention (a)
inventor (9)
invent (vj: epeupionw
official (ad) = approved by someone in authority:
enionpog There has been no official confirmation ofthe
rumour that the company Is going out of business.
Der: official (n): unaAAMADG
preferential (ac) = treating one person or group
Detter than others: npovoutaxéc People with physical
sabiltes get preferential seating on the bus.
Der: preference (r)
prefer (\)
Preferred (ad): nponunréog
professional (ac) = relating to work that needs
special knowledge or training: eriayyeAyarnég Could
‘you give me your professional opinion as a lawyer?
residential (ad) = relate to an area with houses and
without factories or businesses: KaToIKnuévoc We live
ina quiet residential aoa,
Der: residence (n)
resident (n)
reside (v)
‘supportive (ad) = helpful and sympathetic: nou
npocrpepe: Borie1a Kat unoartién Tom's friends
were very supportive when he lost hs job.
Der: support (0)
supporter (ni)
support (¥)
supporting (ad): evoxuTiK6g UNIT 2
[RELATED WORDS (page 17)
295 boost (v) = make something increase or become
more successful: evioxvus, evBappuves His
colleague's kind words boasted his self-confidence.
Der: boost (r)
booster (0)
broaden (v) = become wider: Sieupuvw, natalv
The company has broadened its appeal by adding
new products.
Der: broad (adi)
contract (v) = become smaller or tighter:
‘uote AAU, aueTayal As you fit the weights, you
will feel your arm muscles contract ~ when you put
them down allow your muscles to relax.
Der: contraction (ri)
deteriorate (v) = become worse: xeipotepetw Their
relationship deteriorated after they quarrelied.
Der: deterioration (n)
diminish (V) = become less: yewveo, -ouor Dan's
hopes of buying his own home have diminished since
he lost his job.
downsize (v) = make smaller: kavw nepiKonés Many
high-tech companies have downsized because of the
poor economy.
enlarge (v) = make bigger: ueyeBuvw My uncle
enlarged his living room by knocking down a wall
Der: enlargement (n)
enlarged (adi)
expand (\) = become larger: enexteivw Sales are
good and our company is expanding its market share,
Der: expansion (n)
expansive (ad))
extend (v) = make something longer or bigger:
enexteiva, napareivw Bob's company has extended
his contract so he can finish the project.
‘shrink (v) (shrank, shrunk) = become smaller:
uaZeve, uixpalvw Our expenses have shrunk
following severe budget cuts.
‘swell (v) (swelled, swollen) = to become larger than.
normal due to a build-up of liquid: npnfouat My fest
tend to swell in hot weather so | have to wear loose-
fitting shoes.
Der: swelling (n)
swollen (adi)
widen (v) = become bigger: Stevpivu, enexteive Our
‘company is widening its range of products for the
Christmas season.
Der: width (n): nAaTog
wide (ad)
298
2.100
2101
202
2x08
2.08
METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 17)
2107 go under (phr v) = go out of business:
aTaorpépoual, xpeoKonG Times were bad during
the war and thousands of businesses went under.
fly high = feel very happy and successful: netéw ova
‘obwwe9a ano xapd We've been flying high since we
won the lottery.
high-flying (adj) = very ambitious and successful:
AOBOENG kt enuTuxNBeVOS Anne Is a high-fying
executive with two secretaries.
fail trough (phrv) = not work out as planned
notuyxavw George's sking plans fll through
because there was no snow.
2.108
2.108
ano
am
ane
aaa
2am
ans
ane
aur
aaa
ama
down-and-outs(o) = homeless people without jobs
‘1 Gareyot Unfortunate down-and-outs had to sleep
‘on the streets last winter
meteoric rise = sudden increase: anéroun avon /
‘voB0g The singer had a meteoric rise to farne and
won many awards
reach the top = become the most successful in a
fild: @@avw omnv ropLON Jim reached the top of his
profession before he retired.
up-and-coming (ad) = likely to succeed:
‘avepxéuevos Our club gives up-and-coming singers
‘chance fo perform in ont ofa lve audience.
take a dive = fall suddenly: avi Bound, négre The
value ofthe dollar took a dive during the war.
pick up (phr v) = 1. improve: BeAtu»vopat,
aAutepeiw The hotel hopes business wil pick up
now that they are advertising more, 2. learn a kil
without much effort: uadaivi She picked up some
Spanish while she was on holiday in Spain, 3, notice:
‘avrAcuBavoyat Nobody picked up Mark's problems
with maths unti he was 12.
take off (ohr v) = 1. become popular or successful:
aveBaivw oe envtuxia h Bnuonnornra Sales of tha
book took off ater the author was interviewed on TV
2. leave in a hurry: @edyn BlaotiKG She jumped in the
car and t00k off at high speed.
Jowly (ad) = low in importance: aatyavtoc, xattep0
Pople working in lowly postions are paid vey it
rising star = person on the way to being very
successful: avepxouevo aatépi The latest rising star
in Holywood has appeared on all he tak shows,
[MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 18)
an
2321
2a
apply (v) = 1. request to be accepted to a job, club or
academic institution: kava aitnan I applied for sx
different jobs after | graduated. 2. pul into practice:
e@apLdCw We must apply the rules equally to
everybody. 8. be relevant: 1oxUw, awopa These prices
apply to all students.
Der: applicant (n)
application (n)
applicable (ad): eapuociuos
applied (ad): ewapuoouevos
apply (myself) (v) = concentrate hard for a long time:
‘apootvouat if! apply myself, ' do well on the exam.
deal = 1. (n) agreement: cuuavia Boeing made a
