Sed at a point by the m the
mirror. The concentrated concaveat Q.15. A ray falls
that point increases the beam of sunlight be the anglenormally on a
of incidence mirror. What will
point. temperature at that
Ans. Angle incidence = Angle of
of
and reflection?
reflection = 0
Experiment B2
AIM
To find the focal length of a convex
mirror using a convex lens.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Optical bench with uprights Convex mirror
" Convex lens Two needles
PRACTICAL PHYSICS--CLASS XII | 43
VIvO Y33T
Ram Kewat
Experime ts
Mirror holder PROCED
" Knitting needle
" Metre scale 1. De
" Lens holder
2. Th
Spirit level
3. U
THEORY/PRINCIPLE/FORMULA
asmnall anor be
an image by aconvex mirror MM having
In different situations, an object AB forms mirror is virtual and erect. Thus, its focal le 4. 1
shown in the figure below. This image formed by convex lens in between the obiect
carnot be determined directly. It can be determined by introducing a convex curvature
h
rays directed towards the centre of
convex mirror. A convex mirror reflects back all incident 5. C
M 6.
M
A' 7.
B P B' F
Point image Image 8.
Object
M M
9.
Object in front of the mirror
Object at infinity
An object AB is placed at point P in front of a thin convex lens such that its real, inverted and magnified
image AB isformed at position C on the otherside of the lens as shown in figure (b). 10.
If a convex mirror is introduced between point C and the convex lens then the real and inverted image A'B 11
coincides with the object AB at point P' as shown in figure (a). The path is retraced when PC is the radius of
curvature Rand half of radius of curvature is the focal length of the convex mirror. It is expressed as f. 12
2 2
RAY DIAGRAM 1
1
Image of object, L' M
pin P.
P B P
B 2F
R
AU Object
pin P, OE
(a)
/
A'
Image of
c object
B pin P,
2F, P F 2F
Object |Image
pin P UA pin P,
(b)
PRACTICAL. PHYSICS--CLASS XI
vivo Y33T
Ram Kewat
Experiments
PROCBDURE
1. Determine the rough focal length of the convex lens.
2 The optical bench is placed on a rigid table.
IJsing the spirit level, make it horizontal with the help of levelling screws
provided at the base of the
e as bench.
gth A The uprights are mounted with pin P, (object pin), convex lens LL' and concave mirror MM on the
the horizontal bench.
E Confirm that the lens, mirror and pin P, are vertically placed on the optical
bench.
6. Also confirm that the tip of pin, optical centre O of the convex lens LL' and pole of the convex mirror
MM´ lies on the same horizontal straight line parallel to the optical bench.
7. Find the index correction for distance between upright holding of the convex mirror and the tip of
the image needle.
8. The object pin P, is placd separated from the convex lens LL' by a distance slightly greater than the
focal length of the lens.
9. Now adjust the position of the convex mirror MM in such a way that the rays from P, are reflected
back from the mirror and pass through the lens. Areal and inverted image is formed coinciding with
the object pin P. There should he no parallax between P, and its image.
10. Remove the parallax between the image and object.
object pin
11. Record the observations in the observation table for the position of uprights holding the
P, convex lens LL' and convex mirror MM.
pin P, on it. Adjust the height of the
12. The convex mirror is removed from its upright. Fix the image
lens such that the tips of pins P,, P,and the
pin P, such that its tip also lies on the principal axis of the
the length of the optical bench.
optical centre O lies on the same horizontal line parallel to
differentiate it fromn the object pin P,.
13. Put a small piece of paper on image pin P, to
object pin P adjust the position of image pin P, on the
14. Without changing the position of lens LL' and with the real and inverted image of the object pin P,
other side of the lens such that it coincides
of the image pin.
formed by convex lens. Record the position
P, and the mirror MM at
Repeat the experiment by changing the separation between the lens LL',pin
15. observations in the given table.
least four times and record different
OBSERVATIONS
cm
convex lens =
1. Rough focal length of the Cm
bench/metre scale =
2. Least count of the optical Cm
I=
3. Actual length of the index needle, mirror upright - Position of pin upright on the
needle, I = position of
4. Observed length of the index
scale = Cm
length - Observed length
5. Index correction, e = Actual
= |->
Cm
PRACTICAL PHYSICS-CLASS XII 45
vivo Y33T
Ram Kewat
Experimen ts
TABLE
Observed Corrected Focal length, Af
S.No. Upright position of distance f= R
distance,
|Object Convex Convex Image R= c- d R= R +e
2 (cm)
pin P lens mirrorpin Py (cm) (cm) A
MM'd(cm)
LL',
(cm) b (cm) c (cm)
1.
2.
3
4
5
Mean
CALCULATIONS
1. Calculate the mean value of radius of curvature of convex mirror.
R= R+R, +R+R4 +R_ Cm.
5
2. Also calculate the mean focal lerngth.
f= 5 cm
3. Calculate error, 4f = A,A A
where Ac, Ad, Al and A> are the least counts of the
(mm)).
measuring instrument i.e., the optical bench. (generally
RESUT
The focal length of the given convex mirror is
given by
ft Af= cm
PRECAUTIONS
1. Al the uprights supporting the
pins, lens and mirror must be rigid and
2. The apertures of the convex lens
will be distorted. and convex mirror should be small, mounted verticaly.
otherwise the image formed
3. The tip of the needle, pole of
the mirror and centre of lerns
4. While removing parallax, the
eye should be kept at a
should be at the same height.
5. Index correction should be minimum distance of 25 cm.
applied between the image needle I and
6. The convex lens the surface of the convex
should be held close to the convex mirrOT:
mirror.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Be
Sure that parallax is removed i.e., the
tip of the image tip of the inverted image of the
pin and must not object pin should touch thé
2. The multiple overlap.
reflections in the back coated mirrors cause
some error.
46 |
PRACTICAL PHYSICS-CLASS XII
VÍVO Y33T
Ram Kewat
