The document summarizes the microcontroller PIC16F877A. It discusses that the PIC16F877A is a popular microcontroller due to its low cost and ease of use. It then describes the architecture of the PIC16F877A, including its memory components like program memory, data memory, and registers. The document also includes pin diagrams and block diagrams to illustrate the external interfaces and internal structure of the PIC16F877A microcontroller.
The document summarizes the microcontroller PIC16F877A. It discusses that the PIC16F877A is a popular microcontroller due to its low cost and ease of use. It then describes the architecture of the PIC16F877A, including its memory components like program memory, data memory, and registers. The document also includes pin diagrams and block diagrams to illustrate the external interfaces and internal structure of the PIC16F877A microcontroller.
The document summarizes the microcontroller PIC16F877A. It discusses that the PIC16F877A is a popular microcontroller due to its low cost and ease of use. It then describes the architecture of the PIC16F877A, including its memory components like program memory, data memory, and registers. The document also includes pin diagrams and block diagrams to illustrate the external interfaces and internal structure of the PIC16F877A microcontroller.
The document summarizes the microcontroller PIC16F877A. It discusses that the PIC16F877A is a popular microcontroller due to its low cost and ease of use. It then describes the architecture of the PIC16F877A, including its memory components like program memory, data memory, and registers. The document also includes pin diagrams and block diagrams to illustrate the external interfaces and internal structure of the PIC16F877A microcontroller.
1 Outline – Introduction – Types of Microcontrollers – Microchip PIC • PIC16F877a – External view of PIC16F877a • Pin diagram and functionality of PIC16F877a – Block diagram and description of functionalities(PIC16F877a) • Architecture • Internal block diagram – Memory » Program memory » Data memory • GPRs • SFRS • Memory banks – PIC16F877a Registers » CPU register – I/O ports and peripherals modules 2 Introduction What is a microcontroller? A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. It can only perform simple task. A microcontroller is often described as a ‘computer-on-a-chip’.
3 Introduction • Microcontrollers are purchased ‘blank’ and then programmed with a specific control program. • Once programmed the microcontroller is build into a product to make the product more intelligent and easier to use.
• A designer will use a Microcontroller to:
- Gather input from various sensors - Process this input into a set of actions - Use the output mechanisms on the microcontroller to do something useful. The Difference between microcomputer system and microcontroller based system Embedded System • Microcontrollers are sometimes called embedded microcontrollers, which just means that they are part of an embedded system -- that is, one part of a larger device or system.
• The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded
in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded system.
6 Examples of Embedded System • Consumer Electronic : DVD player, wi-fi, air-conditioner, washing machine etc. • Medical Monitoring Devices : ECG (electrocardiogram), blood pump, blood pressure meter, etc. • Security System : Alarm, remote sueveilance, smart card + reader etc. • Closed Loop Process Control : Motor speed control, robot, etc. • Personal Computing : Keyboard, printer, USB hub, SCSI HD, etc. • Automotive : Ignition control, Automatic transmission, anti-lock brake system (ABS), active suspension, etc • Military : Missile, torpedo, ejection seat, etc • Communications : Handphone, modem, radar, satelite etc.
7 Types of Microcontroller • Parallax Propeller • Freescale 68HC11 (8-bit) • Intel 8051 • Silicon Laboratories Pipelined 8051 Microcontrollers • ARM processors (from many vendors) using ARM7 or Cortex-M3 cores are generally microcontrollers • STMicroelectronics STM8 (8-bit), ST10 (16-bit) and STM32 (32-bit) • Atmel AVR (8-bit), AVR32 (32-bit), and AT91SAM (32-bit) • Freescale ColdFire (32-bit) and S08 (8-bit) • Hitachi H8, Hitachi SuperH (32-bit) • Hyperstone E1/E2 (32-bit, First full integration of RISC and DSP on one processor core [1996]) • Infineon Microcontroller: 8, 16, 32 Bit microcontrollers for automotive and industrial applications. …cont’d • MIPS (32-bit PIC32) • NEC V850 (32-bit) • Microchip PIC (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33/PIC24) • PowerPC ISE • PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip) • Rabbit 2000 (8-bit) • Texas Instruments Microcontroller MSP 430 (16-bit), C2000 (32- bit), and Stellaris (32-bit) • Toshiba TLCS-870 (8-bit/16-bit) • Zilog eZ8 (16-bit), eZ80 (8-bit) • etc Microchip PIC • PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontroller made by Microchip Technology. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller“ . PIC microcontrollers were the first RISC microcontroller.
Why PIC is popular?
• PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to:- – Low cost, wide availability with high clock speed – Availability of low cost or free development tools – large user base and extensive collection of application notes – Serial programming and re-programming with flash memory capability – Its code is extremely efficient, allowing the PIC to run with typical less memory than its larger competitors Two Different Architectures PIC Microcontroller product family • 8-bit microcontrollers • 32-bit microcontrollers – PIC10 – PIC32 – PIC12 • 16-bit digital signal – PIC14 controllers – PIC16 – dsPIC30 – PIC17 – dsPIC33F – PIC18 • 16-bit microcontrollers – PIC24F – PIC24H PIC Microcontroller product family • The F in a name generally indicates the PICmicro uses flash memory and can be erased electronically. • The C generally means it can only be erased by exposing the die to ultraviolet light (which is only possible if a windowed package style is used). An exception to this rule is the PIC16C84 which uses EEPROM and is therefore electrically erasable.
1: Why use PIC16F877A?
Why PIC16F877A is very popular?
This is because PIC16F877A is very cheap. Apart from that it is also very easy to be assembled. Additional components that you need to make this IC work is just a 5V power supply adapter, a 20MHz crystal oscillator and 2 units of 22pF capacitors. What is the advantages of PIC16F877A? This IC can be reprogrammed and erased up to 10,000 times. Therefore it is very good for new product development phase. What is the disadvantages of PIC16F877A? This IC has no internal oscillator so you will need an external crystal of other clock source. Features of Key Features PIC16F877
Pin Diagram of PIC16F877 Quad Flat Package Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier Package (QFP) (PLCC) Pin Diagram of PIC16F877
• Plastic dual in-line
package (DIP) PIC16F877 Architecture PIC16F877 Architecture • The PIC contains – ALU – which does arithmetic and logic operations – program counter – stores the address of the next instruction to be fetched – instruction register –stores instructions read from the program memory – Instruction decoder – it decodes the instruction – memory section • RAM – which is also called the “register-file” • program Memory – stores users program – Different peripheral modules – for additional capabilities – “W” register – working register (also called an “accumulator”) • The ALU, the RAM, the “W” register, and the data EEPROM each manipulate & hold 8-bit-wide data, which ranges in value from 0 -255 PIC16F877 Architecture • The PIC’s program Memory has addresses that range from 0 to 8191 (0x1FFF). The user’s program occupies this memory space – data bus has 14 wires and address bus has 13 wires • Every instruction is represented by a 14-bit binary number. – If the instruction is a move to/from a data memory location the address of this memory location will be contained in the instruction • The PIC’s RAM addresses range from 0 to 511 but the user can only access a RAM byte in a set of four “banks” of 128 bytes each and only one bank at a time. – data bus has 8 wires and address bus has 9 wires – Not all of this RAM is available to the user as read-write memory, however. – Many addresses are dedicated to special functions within the processor but they “look-like” RAM and are accessed the same way PIC16F877 Internal Block Diagram(simplified)
• The basic architecture of PIC16F877 consists
of Program memory, file registers and RAM, ALU and CPU registers.
PIC16F877 Internal Block Diagram
Memory of the PIC16F877 • divided into 3 types of memories:
1. Program Memory – A memory that contains the program (which we
had written), after we've burned it. As a reminder, Program Counter executes commands stored in the program memory, one after the other. 2. Data Memory – This is RAM memory type, which contains a special registers like SFR (Special Function Register) and GPR (General Purpose Register). The variables that we store in the Data Memory during the program are deleted after we turn of the micro. These two memories have separated data buses, which makes the access to each one of them very easy. 3. Data EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) – A memory that allows storing the variables as a result of burning the written program. …cont’d • Each one of them has a different role. Program Memory and Data Memory two memories that are needed to build a program, and Data EEPROM is used to save data after the microcontroller is turn off. PIC16F877A Program Memory • Is Flash Memory • Used for storing compiled code (user’s program) • Program Memory capacity is 8K x 14 bit Each location is 14 bits long Every instruction is coded as a 14 bit word • PC can address up to 8K addresses • Addresses H’000’ and H’004’ are treated in a special way PIC16F877A Program Memory • Addresses H’000’:-’being a go to mainline’ instruction • Address H’004:-’being a go to in service’ instruction can be assigned to this addresses to make the CPU jump to the beginning of the interrupt Service routine located elsewhere in the memory space • When we deal with tables they are assigned to address in the range H’005-H’0FF b/c for most applications this space is enough PIC16F877A Data Memory (RAM) • Memory storage for variables • Data Memory is also known as Register File and consists of two components. – General purpose register file (same as RAM). – Special purpose register file. • Addresses range from 0 to 511 and partitioned into 4 banks each bank extends up to 7Fh (128 bytes). • The user can only access a RAM byte in a set of 4 banks and only one bank at a time. The default bank is BANK0. • To access a register that is located in another bank, one should access it inside the program. There are special registers which can be accessed from any bank, such as STATUS register. General Purpose Registers (GPR) • GPRs are used for storing temporary data and result created during operation. – e.g. if the program performs counting(product on the assembly), it is necessary to have a register which stands for what we in the everyday life call ‘sum’. – As the MC is not creative at all, it is necessary to specify the address of some general purpose register and assign it that function • Data can be written to each 8-bit location, updated and retrieved any number of times • These register files can be accessed either directly, or indirectly, through the File Select Register (FSR) Special Function Registers (SFR) • The special function registers are also memory registers which is used for special dedicated functions. • Unlike the GPRs, the SFRs purpose is predetermined during manufacturing process and cannot be changed • Each special function inside this PIC chip is controlled by using these registers. • These registers are used by the CPU and peripheral modules for controlling the desired operation of the device. • These registers are normally implemented as in the form of static RAM memory. • The Special Function Registers can be classified into two sets: – core (CPU) – peripheral. Special Function Registers(SFR) How to Use SFRs? • There is a long list of SFRs and their bits. Each of them controls some process. • It looks like a big control table with a lot of instructions and switches • Thus select field you are interested in and study what you need to know. – when you completely understand the h/w operation, study SFRs which are in control of it(there are usually a few of them) Memory Banks • RAM memory bank is partitioned into four banks • Prior to accessing any register during program writing, it is necessary to select the bank which contains that register • Handling banks may be difficult only if you write a program in assembly language. • When using higher programming languages such as C and cross-compilers MikroC PRO for PIC, all you have to do is specify the register name – The compiler selects necessary bank and appropriate instructions used for bank selection will be built in the code during the process of compilation PIC16F877A register file map
