Synthesis Matrix

Source Aims Methods Significant Recommendation

Findings
Source 1 The aim of the There are no The study finds The study
study is to direct methods that membrane suggests that
Renewable energy powered membrane address the instead the water treatment integrating
technology: A leapfrog approach to rural water issue of the study only technologies renewable
treatment in developing countries? lack of access proposed ways have the energy sources,
to safe drinking on how to potential to such as solar or
(Schäfer et al., 2014) water in properly effectively wind power,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.164 developing implement a remove both should be a key
countries, water microbiological consideration
especially in treatment and chemical when
rural areas. It system with contaminants implementing
discusses how specified from a wide membrane water
membrane processes. range of water treatment
water treatment sources. This systems in
technologies, highlights their remote areas.
particularly suitability for This
when powered addressing recommendation
by renewable water quality highlights the
energy sources, challenges in importance of
have the various sustainable
potential to settings, energy sources.
provide a particularly in
reliable rural areas of It advises
solution to this developing conducting a
problem. The countries. careful cost
study aims to analysis to
highlight the The study determine the
advantages of emphasizes economic
using that when these feasibility of
renewable membrane using renewable
energy- systems are energy-powered
powered powered by membrane
membrane renewable technology
systems to energy sources compared to
remove (such as solar traditional water
microbiological or wind treatment
and chemical power), they methods. This
contaminants become implies a
from various autonomous. recommendation
water sources This finding to prioritize cost-
in remote underscores the effectiveness
communities. feasibility of when planning
using water treatment
sustainable solutions.
energy sources
to provide The study
reliable water implies the
treatment in recommendation
remote to assess the
communities. suitability of the
technology based
The study on specific
compares the location and
estimated costs context.
associated with Different
water locations may
treatment, have varying
membrane needs and
plant conditions, so
installation, tailoring the
and related technology to
infrastructure. local
It suggests that, circumstances is
in general, the crucial.
costs of
decentralized The study
membrane underscores the
systems are significance of
within the considering
range of sustainability
untreated water factors beyond
costs in cost. This
developing includes ensuring
countries. This the availability of
finding skilled personnel
highlights the for operation and
potential cost- maintenance,
effectiveness of access to spare
this approach. parts,
development of
The study service networks,
recognizes that socio-economic
specific system integration, and
costs for the community's
implementing adaptive
renewable capacity. The
energy- recommendation
powered here is to view
membrane sustainability as
technology can a critical aspect
vary of technology
significantly implementation.
depending on
the location Although not
and the water explicitly stated,
treatment the study implies
process used. the
This finding recommendation
underscores the to involve local
importance of communities in
tailoring the planning,
solutions to implementation,
local and maintenance
conditions and of water
requirements. treatment
systems.
One of the Engaging
most communities can
significant foster ownership,
findings is that, increase the
despite likelihood of
potential cost success, and
advantages, the promote
adoption of technology
renewable adaptation to
energy- local needs.
powered
membrane
technology in
remote
locations may
face challenges
related to
sustainability.
These
challenges
include the lack
of skilled
personnel for
operation and
maintenance,
the absence of
service
networks,
difficulties in
obtaining spare
parts, socio-
economic
integration, and
the adaptive
capacity of
communities.
This finding
highlights that
successful
implementation
requires
addressing
 these non-cost-
related barriers.
Source 2 The study aims The study used The study finds The study
to investigate a 22-item out that access suggests that a
Clinical and Microbiologic Efficacy of a Water the use and questionnaire to clean water, proximal use of
Filter Program in a Rural Honduran effectiveness of to collect data the use of clay-based filters
Community water filters in from water filters, are not enough to
rural Honduras, participants. and the filter out
(Arquiette et al., 2014) with a focus on This use of other bacteria’s in the
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/734254 their questionnaire water treatment water and
microbiological likely included methods recommends use
and clinical questions differed within of appropriate
efficacy, as about water these filtering systems.
well as their sources, how geographically
potential as water was proximal
sustainable obtained and communities.
water treatment stored, water Individuals
solutions. It purification living in
also seeks to methods used, La Hicaca
understand the and the demonstrated a
prevalence of incidence of higher
gastrointestinal gastrointestinal percentage of
diseases in disease in the respondents
relation to household. with consistent
water source access to a
and treatment Water samples clean water
methods. were collected source and a
from home greater use
clay-based of water filters.
filters in the The self-
La Hicaca reported
area. These incidence of
samples were diarrheal
collected illness
following was lower in
standardized La Hicaca than
procedures to in the
ensure surrounding
consistency villages.
and reliability
of the data.
Source 3 This study The study The study
aims to develops and successfully
Combined dual-size foam glass media develop and employs a developed a
filtration process with micro-flocculation for evaluate a Combined combined
simultaneous removal of particulate and combined Media media filtration
dissolved contaminants in urban road runoff media filtration Filtration with with micro-
process with Micro- flocculation
(Lee et al., 2021) micro- flocculation (CMF) process
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111475 flocculation (CMF) process for the
(CMF) for the as the primary treatment of
simultaneous method for urban road
treatment of treating urban runoff. This
particulate and road runoff. suggests that
dissolved This method CMF can be an
contaminants combines effective
in urban road media method for
runoff. The filtration with addressing the
study micro- contaminants
investigates the flocculation in urban road
efficiency of techniques. runoff.
road runoff
treatment using Dual-size The CMF
CMF under foam glass process
various media with demonstrated a
experimental stone and sand consistently
conditions, layers are high removal
including the applied in the rate of
stone/sand CMF system. suspended
layer ratio, This indicates solids (SS),
linear velocity, that the with a removal
and coagulant selection of efficiency
types. specific filter maintained
Furthermore, media is a above 84.1%
the study method used in even under
assesses the the study. increasing
removal pressure
efficiencies of The study conditions.
various investigates This indicates
pollutants such the efficiency the capability
as suspended of road runoff of CMF to
solids (SS), treatment effectively
phosphorus, using the CMF remove
organic carbon, process under particulate
and heavy various contaminants
metals (Zn, Cu, experimental from road
Pb, Cd) using conditions. runoff.
CMF. It also This involves
compares the altering factors The study
performance of such as the found that
CMF to media stone/sand micro-
filtration only layer ratio, flocculation
(MF) processes linear velocity, with alum was
and identifies and the type of more effective
the removal coagulants in removing
mechanisms used. The phosphorus
associated with assessment of than using
CMF. removal ferric
efficiencies for coagulants.
different This
contaminants conclusion was
is also part of based on a
this higher initial
investigation. floc growth
rate and
The study increased
assesses the particle size.
removal This finding is
efficiencies of significant for
various addressing
pollutants, nutrient
including pollution in
suspended road runoff.
solids (SS),
phosphorus, CMF was
organic shown to be
carbon, and effective in
heavy metals removing
(Zn, Cu, Pb, heavy metals
Cd) using the (Zn, Cu, Pb,
CMF process. Cd) from road
It quantifies runoff, which
the is crucial for
effectiveness preventing
of CMF in contamination
removing of receiving
these water bodies
contaminants. and
ecosystems.
The study
compares the The CMF
performance process
of the CMF outperformed
process with a the media
media filtration only
filtration only (MF) process
(MF) process. in removing
This both particulate
comparison and dissolved
involves contaminants.
evaluating the This suggests
differences in that the
pollutant inclusion of
removal and micro-
efficiency flocculation in
between the the treatment
two methods. process
significantly
The study enhances its
identifies and efficiency.
discusses the
removal Notably, CMF
mechanisms was effective in
 associated removing
with both dissolved
CMF and MF phosphorus,
processes. It which is often
distinguishes challenging to
between address using
physical traditional
removal filtration
mechanisms processes. The
(e.g., internal removal
diffusion) efficiency for
dominant in dissolved
MF and phosphorus
chemical was reported as
removal 97.4%.
mechanisms
(e.g., The study
adsorption and identified the
surface dominant
precipitation) removal
dominant in mechanisms
CMF. for CMF and
MF. CMF was
found to rely
more on
chemical
removal
mechanisms
like adsorption
and surface
precipitation,
while MF was
dominated by
physical
removal
mechanisms
such as internal
diffusion.
Source 4 The study aims The main The study The study
to evaluate the methods used found that recommends
Filtration Process and Alternative Filter Media performance of in the study alternative further testing,
Material in Water Treatment alternative were direct filter media, including full-
filter media method and a particularly scale tests under
(Cescon and Jiang, 2020) compared to conventional glass media, different
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123377 traditional offer certain operating
approach were
sand/anthracite advantages in conditions and
it is preceded
in drinking drinking water analyses of
water by coagulation treatment. pathogen
treatment. and These removal, before
Specifically, clarification advantages implementing
the study aims which is include high these alternative
to assess the subjected for filtration media in the
advantages of customization performance in industry.
using for waters removing
alternative containing a residual
media, with a high level of particles and
focus on glass particulate turbidity from
media, in terms water.
matter.
of their
Additionally,
filtration Alternative
efficiency, ease filters can be media, such as
of integration classified in glass media,
into existing terms of were observed
filtration continuous or to require
systems, and semi- minor
their ability to continuous modifications
maintain low operation, the to the existing
head loss. latter being the filtration
case when the configuration.
filter has to be This suggests
put offline to that they can be
integrated
be
relatively
backwashed. easily into
existing water
treatment
systems.

The study
noted that the
alternative
media,
specifically
glass media,
exhibit slow
head loss
development.
This is a
positive
characteristic
as it implies
that these
media can
maintain their
filtration
efficiency over
an extended
period without
significant
pressure drop.
Before the
employment of
alternative
media in the
industry, the
study
recommended
additional tests.
These tests
should include
full-scale
experiments
conducted
under various
operating
conditions and
analyses of
pathogen
removal.

The study
summarizes
legislations and
standards
related to safe
drinking water,
emphasizing
their role as
drivers for
developing
new treatment
technologies.

The abstract
mentions the
existence of
mathematical
modules for
predicting
media filtration
performance,
suggesting that
these models
may have been
discussed or
used in the
study.

The study
concludes by
recommending
further research
and future
work in the
application of
alternative
filter media,
indicating that
there is
potential for
these media to
be used in
improving
drinking water
treatment
technologies.