Dyrobes Rotordynamics

Software https://dyrobes.com

TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN

by
John C. Nicholas
Chief Engineer

Rotating Machinery Technology, Incorporated

Wellsville, New York

understood, however, that there are always exceptions to any

John Nicholas received his B. S.A. E. de­ rule. Therefore, the conclusions and recommendations are meant
greejrom the University ofPittsburgh ( 1968) to be used as a starting point or guide for the bearing designer
and his Ph. D. degreefrom the University of when designing high performance tilting pad bearings.
Virginia ( 1977) in rotor and bearing dynam­
JOURNAL BEARING LIMITS OF OPERATION
ics. While at Virginia, he authored the tilting
pad and pressure dam bearing computer A two axial groove sleeve bearing is illustrated in Figure 1
programs that are used by many rotating supporting a vertically downward load with a displacement that
equipment vendors, users, and consultants. is not directly downward, but at some attitude angle, with
Dr. Nicholas has worked in the turboma­ rotation from bottom dead center. This property of sleeve bear­
chinery industry for the last 17 years in the ings is responsible for producing destabilizing cross coupling
rotor and bearing dynamics areas, includ­ forces that cause oil whirl (exactly 50 percent of synchronous
ing five years at Ingersoll-Rand andfive years as the Supervisor of speed vibration) and/or shaft whip (reexcitation of the rotor's
the Rotordynamics Group at Dresser-Rand. first critical speed at a frequency that is less than 50 percent of
Currently, Dr. Nicholas is part owner and Chief Engineer for synchronous speed).
Rotating Machinery Technology, Incorporated, a company that
y
manufactures high performance tilting padjournal and thrust bear­
ings, sleeve bearings, and seals for the rotating equipment industry ECCENTRICITY RATIO
E=o/c', O:SE:SI.O
for the last six years.
Dr. Nicholas, a member of ASME, STLE, and the Vibration
Institute, has authored 27 technical papers concerning tilt pad
bearing dynamics, pressure dam bearings, rotordynamics and sup­
port stiffness effects on critical speeds.

ABSTRACT
OIL AT
The basics of tilting pad bearing design are discussed to
include limits of operation for load, speed, and metal tempera­
ture. Optimum temperature sensor locations are recommended -x
for self aligning and nonaligning tilting pads. Tilting pad bear­
ing geometric properties and their influence on bearing and
rotordynamics are addressed including the advantages and dis­
advantages of zero preloaded pads. Also, the advantages of
increasing the pad axial length are shown.
Example calculations are presented for the tilting pad pivot
film thickness which is necessary to determine if the top pads are
'
VISCOSITY P-
loaded or unloaded. Tilting pad static shaft sink and clearance OIL AT
'
measurement techniques are addressed. The equations to calcu­ '

late normal force and break away torque are derived including an Figure 1. Two Axial Groove Bearing.
example calculation comparing a tilting pad bearing to a two
axial groove bearing. Tilting pad bearing oil flow and tempera­
ture rise are included along with a discussion of reduced temper­ This phenomena is most prevalent at high speeds and/or light
ature tilting pad designs. loads. For this reason, in addition to a high load design limit, a
low load limit is also placed on sleeve bearings. Define the
INTRODUCTION bearing unit load as
As the speeds of turbomachinery are increased in order to W.J ­
= --
improve aerodynamic performance, bearing designs are stretched L" (1)
L · D
to their limit and, in some cases, beyond. It is becoming increas­
ingly important for the bearing designer to use every design tool
possible to ensure that bearings will operate satisfactory for For sleeve bearings, suggested load design limits are
these high performance applications.
To this end, many of the design considerations for high L" � 200 psi (2)
performance bearings are discussed in an effort to establish
general design guidelines for tilt pad bearing design. It must be Lu � 100 psi (3)

179
180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM

Ideally, a sleeve bearing should be designed between these sors should be placed at some angle with rotation from bottom
limits. However, bearings with higher unit loads can operate dead center for horizontal rotors with vertically downward
without problems as long as care is taken to properly cool the journal loads. If the exact location of the maximum pressure is
bearing. That is, unit loads above the design limit may require unknown, it is preferable to sense the film temperature down­
higher oil flows and/or a reduced temperature design similar to stream of the maximum temperature location. The 45 degrees
those discussed in a later section. with rotation from bottom dead center location is a good rule-of­
The lower load limit may be relaxed somewhat if a stabilized thumb, if the location of the maximum pressure is unknown.
sleeve bearing design such as a pressure dam or multilobe The maximum embedded temperature sensor limits are sum­
bearing is used. marized below:
A journal surface velocity limit should also be noted. Define
Tmax � 185 °F design (analytical prediction)
the surface velocity as
Tmax � 200
Lno) ( N1·2R) 230 °F test acceptance
Tmax �
(6)
u,
= (4)
Tmax � 250 °F alarm
°F trip

The recommended journal surface velocity upper design limit is

it does get soft at around 250
The bearing babbitt actually melts at around 455°F. However,
to 275°F. At these temperatures, the
U, � 300 f/s (5)
babbitt will start to wipe or smear. This wiping is more severe for
high bearing unit loads. Thus, the maximum unit load limit and
maximum bearing or babbitt temperature limit are coupled.
Again, this limit may be exceeded, but care must be taken to
Note that the maximum oil temperature will be somewhat
properly cool the bearing.
Typical bearing clearances range from 1.5 to 2.02.0
mils of
higher than the maximum embedded temperature. A rough
estimate is to add about 20°F to the embedded temperature to
diametral clearance per inch of journal diameter. The
rule is normally used at higher journal speeds (above
rpm) with even higher values for very high speeds. Bearings run
12,000
mil/in
obtain the oil film temperature.
For lightly loaded bearings, a high temperature bearing failure
will usually cause the oil to break down and leave a dark coating
cooler as the clearance increases. Unfortunately, the bearings
on the babbitt surface. The oil loses its viscosity and the bearing
effective damping may decrease with increasing clearance caus­
clearance is reduced. For heavily loaded bearings, wiping usu­
ing increased shaft vibration levels. This is particularly true for
ally occurs before oil breakdown.
rotors that operate below their first bending critical speed such
as gear driven double overhung twin pinion compressors used in TILTING PAD JOURNAL BEARING
air separation service.
LIMITS OF OPERATION AND

2
A sleeve bearings hydrodynamic circumferential pressure
profile is shown in Figure for a vertically downward journal
load. Note that the maximum hydrodynamic pressure is not
TEMPERATURE SENSOR LOCATION

All of the above limits apply to tilting pad bearings with the
located at bottom dead center (i.e., the journal load direction),
but is clocked at some angle with rotation from vertically
downward.
3.
exceptions noted in this section. A tilting pad bearing with
between pivot loading is illustrated in Figure Note that the
journal sinks straight down in the bearing, thereby producing
Furthermore, the maximum film temperature is located very zero destabilizing cross coupling forces. Thus, the lower unit
near the maximum pressure. Thus, embedded temperature sen- load design limit imposed on sleeve bearings for stability rea­
sons can be removed for tilting pad bearings. The upper unit load
y limit remains at

Lu � 200 psi (7)

The angle of pad tilt and the maximum film pressure and
temperature are shown in Figure 4. The pads leading edge tilts
open to provide a converging wedge to produce hydrodynamic
load. The resultant load vector passes through the pad pivot.
As before, the maximum pressure is located not at the pad
CONVERGING BEARING pivot location, but at some angle with rotation from the pivot.
OIL WEDGE Thus, temperature sensors should be placed downstream from
the pivot. A good rule-of-thumb is to locate the sensor at the 75
-----x percent position as in thrust bearings. That is, at 75 percent of the
total pad arc length from the leading edge (Figure 5).
Furthermore, the axial location of the maximum pressure and
temperature is at the pad axial centerline. This should be the
location of the sensor (Figure 6). However, this is only true for
pads that have self axial aligning capabilities, as shown in Figure
HYDRODYNAMIC
PRESSURE 6. For nonaligning pads, shaft-to-bearing pad misalignment will
PROFILE cause the maximum pressure and temperature to move off
'
' centerline toward the side with the smaller film thickness. Thus,
'
for nonaligning pads, two axially side-by-side sensors should be
used to ensure detection of the maximum temperature (Figure 7).
MAX. PRESSURE
Also, these tandem sensors can assist in the detection of pad­
Figure 2. Sleeve Bearing Hydrodynamic Pressure Profile. to-shaft misalignment. For zero misalignment, both sensors
 TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 18 1

Figure 5. Temperature Sensor Circumferential Location.

LOAD
BETWEEN
PIVOTS

OFFSET, a= ¢p/x

TYPICALLY a= .5 (CENTRALLY PIVOTED)

.58 (58% OFFSET)
Figure 3. Tilting Pad Bearing-Load Between Pivots.

FOR D = 8.0 in. ANGLE OF PAD TILT = .1°

MOVEMENT OF PAD EDGE = 2.0 mils

JOURNAL

Op +Op
+

Figure 6. Self Aligning Pad Temperature Sensor Location.

OPERATING POSITION

For the load between pivot case, sensors should be mounteu in

STATIONARY
POSITION
the two bottom loaded pads (Figure 8). While these two sets of
sensors should read approximately the same values, the down­
stream pad usually runs hotter, because it receives hot oil from
the upstream loaded pad as illustrated in Figure 8.
9,
A load on pivot tilt pad bearing is presented in Figure where
the bottom loaded pad should contain the sensors. In this case,
HYDRODYNAMIC since only one pad is instrumented, a dual element sensor is
PRESSURE
MAXIMUM recommended for redundancy.
DISTRIBUTION CENTER OF HYDRODYNAMIC
PRESSURE The maximum temperature design limits of Equation (6)
PRESSURE
AND PAD remain valid for tilting pad bearings.
PIVOT

Figure 4. Tilting Pad-Angle of Tilt.

TILTING PAD BEARING
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES

One advantage of tilting pad bearings is the many design

should read the same. Conversely, one sensor will read a higher parameters that are available for variation [1, 2 and 3]. The load
temperature compared to the other if misalignment exists. The between pivot configuration is shown in Figure 3 while the load
larger the temperature difference, the greater the misalignment. on pivot case may be seen in Figure 10. Load between pads
182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM

\
DUAL-ELEMENT
TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Figure 9. Temperature Sensor Location-Load On Pad.

Figure 7. Nonaligning Pad Temperature Sensor Location.

t �VOT
-x

;-j·"'r:;;; C•IL :H.1:.-J[RATL RE sr:�:..: �

UPSTREAM LQ;..[JEO PAD Figure 10. Tilting Pad Bearing-Load On Pivot.
rw:.:::�:R Rt::..OI".:::·:
SINGLE-ELEM[NT
TEMPERATURE SENSGR
CLOWER REA[•:NC ·
Referring to Figure 3, define the pad pivot offset as
Figure 8. Temperature Sensor Location-Load Between Pads.
<l>p
a=- (8)
provides more symmetric stiffness and damping coefficients. X
This is illustrated in Figure 11 [1] where the xx and yy values for
K and C approach extreme asymmetry as the Sommerfeld num­ For centrally pivoted pads, a = 0.5 (50 percent offset). Typical
ber decreases for the load on pad case. For load between pads offset pivot values range from a = 0.55 to a = 0.6 (55 to 60
(between pivots), the xx and yy values are very close for the percent offset).
entire Sommerfeld number range. Offset pivots are very popular with thrust bearings, as offset­
Symmetric support properties provide circular orbits, where­ ting the pivot increases the operating film thickness, thereby
as asymmetric supports cause the elliptical orbit shown in Figure decreasing the operating temperature (i.e., increases the load
12. Circular orbits are preferable since, in general, their vibra­ capacity). For tilt pad journal bearings, offset pivots also in­
tion amplitudes are smaller going through a critical compared to crease load capacity. This is shown at the top of the plot in Figure
the major axis of an elliptical orbit. 13 [1]. For a given Sommerfeld number, S = l.Ofor example, the
 TUTORIAL ON TILTINO PAD BEARING DESIGN 183

E E

. 9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1-0N PAD .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .l-a=0.5

1.1 1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1) .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .3 .l-a=0.55

BETWEEN PADS
5 PADS L/D•l.O K=K(c'piWjl
a•0.5
m =0.0 C=C(w c�/Wj)
(/)
� 10.0 � 10.0
.....
(/) 1-
(/) Eyy-
a:
w lE
1- w
u 1- 5 PADS
<X u
<X
0::
x=so·
� <X
::c: LOAD ON PAD
::c:
1.0
K=K(c�/W;l
u
1.0 u
(!) C•C(w cJ,/W;)
(!)
z z
....
0::
....
0::
<X <X -- a=0.5
w w
OJ OJ ---- a•0.55
c ••
0.1
O.l.OI 0.1 1.0 lO.C .01 0.1 1.0 10.0

S=fLN5LD(�)2
wj cp

Figure 11. Tilting Pad Bearing-On Pad Vs Between Pad

Figure 13. Tilting Pad Bearing-Center Vs Offset Pivots.
Loading.

m { �:)
= 1- (9)
The ofzerocurvature
radius preloadequals
case istheshown
pivot inradius
Figure( whereand thethe pad
R When padthe
14,

clearance
bearing equals the
andat journal bearing clearance
centers coincide, (c
the along
jo�rnal-to-pad
= Rb),

radial
P = cb).

clearance
stantA preloaded any circumferential
and equal topadc�,istheillustratedlocation
bearing radial the
clearance. pad is con­
clearance is greater than the bearinginclearance
Figure (c Now, theTypical
P
15.pad > cb) .

SHAFT FORWARD
SYNCHRONOUS BEARING
ORBIT ABOUT SURFACE
EQUILIBRIUM

Figure 12. Elliptical Vibration Orbit.

TILTING
PAD
operating
compared eccentricity
to for ratio isLower forvaluescentrally
of pivoted ratio
eccentricity
0.45 pads
mean higher
higher load operatingAlso,minimum
0.3

capacity.
a=

offset filmincrease
0.55.

pivots thicknesses
bearingand,stiffness,
thus,
especially K,,, compared to centrally pivoted pads (Figure 13).

TILTING PAD BEARING PRELOAD

R b=R+c'b PRELOAD =m =0
Possiblytothethe most
available important
bearing designertilting
is, padpadbearing
tilting parameter
bearing preload.
Rp= PAD RADIUS
OF CURVATURE
Rp=Rb

Referring to Figure tilting pad bearing preload is defined as

14, Figure 14. Zero Preloaded Tilting Pad.
184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM

preload values range from a converging

to film percentsection
to exists
percent).and
}
10.0 r---.---.--..----.,,--,--.---,

When a pad is
theloadpadapproaches preloaded,
will produce
0.2 0.6 (20 60

zero.hydrodynamic forces even if the bearing .0762 mm (3.0 mila)

---- .1016 mm (4.0 mila)
.1270mm (5.0 mila)
db

-­
ID
I
� TOLERANCE RANGE

0
...
X
.5
.......
�
:.:

AXIAL COMPRESSOR # 1
Wt = 2.1079 N (4739 lbs)
TILTING N•5500 RPM
--
PAD ,. 4 PAD BETWEEN BEARINGS
I
0
...
X
.5
.......
..
I

PRELOAD, m = 1- Cb/c'p �
(,)

TYPICAL m= .2 to .6
(20% to60%)
.3 .4
ci:, =ASSEMBLED BEARING PRELOAD
CLEARANCE
Cp = PAD CLEARANCE Figure 16. Tilting Pad Bearing Stiffn ess and Damping
load and Bearing Clearance.
vs Pre­

Figure 15. Preloaded Tilting Pad.

TILT PA0-5 PAC ON

ZERO PRELOAD ADVANTAGES Lfo •.45
AND DISADVANTAGES
Theorbiggest advantage of reducing the tiltingForpadthispreload to
c\,=.0635mm (2.5mils)

"".
/'....
/ ,., ........_,_
zero
bearing near zero
example, is illustrated
as stiffness in Figure
preload decreases, bearing damping
16 [3]. tilt pad
in­
······
ex 10-2

" /{'·- '

8.76

creases while
Both of these bearing
trendsgenerally remains
help in increasing approximately
themajority constant.
bearingof turboma­
effective
r---�-!J i
1.00 ;-

damping.
chinery This trend
applications. holds for a &.2!5 ;;-

.. ..,
3
!

Effective
isincreases, indamping
effectiveshaft is a measure
shaftvibration
vibration of how much
suppression. As bearing damping
effective damping
influence on the amount decreases.
of effectiveBearing
damping stiffness
that ahasbearing
a big f-- TOP PAOS LOAOED
1.75

produces.increases.
stiffness Normally, as bearing damping increases, bearing ��.--�,.������--�.•--�.•--�.• ---7
.• ---����0�
PRELOAD

This trenddecreases
clearance can be forseena constant
from Figurepreload,Asbearing
16. bearingstiffness
assembled and Figure 17. Tilting Pad Bearing-Effect of Negative Preload and

damping
the effectiveboth increase. Even
dampingstiffness though
decreases bearing
because damping increases,
the corresponding
Unloaded Top Pads.

increase
effective. in
Thebearing
increased makes
bearing the
stiffnessbearing damping
prohibits the less
shaft soris to stabilize
[4]. As preloadthe decreases
compressor from(i.e., move
to thetherotor
0.6 generalbearing
0.0, trend
from
theTheoilmoving
film in the bearing
produced thereby reducing the effectiveness of
damping. systemareafromofwelllargewithin
stable the unstable
negative growth regime to well within the
factors).
pad beneficial
bearing effectis ofillustrated
example decreasingin Figure
preload for another
In this ticase,
lting Since thisto decrease
temptation is typicaltiltofpadmanypreload
rotortobearing
near systems,
zero to improve the
asdamping
preloadincreases
decreaseswhilefromthe mbearing stiffness
= 0.6 to m decreases.
17 [4].
=0.0, the bearing
Again, machine
disadvantagesstabilityto lowis strong.
preload However,
pads, two there
of are canseveralbe seen
which majorin
bothTheofinfluence
these effectson rotor
contribute to increasing effective damping. Figures
First, andthe drastic decrease in horizontal stiffness and
note
may be seen in Figure forstability an eightforstage
the bearings
centrifugalin Figure
17 18.

18 compres- 17
damping (Kxx and Cx) as the pad preload becomes negative in
 TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 185

DESIGN .45
TOLERANCE
.......
---- .55
RANGE
0= 1751 N,{,
I
1.. co
I
I
PER STAGE
a1
0
I I
....
I
I
X
0=0.0
I
c
I

.;.::::
I

:2
I I
�
I
.... �
.
I
.,
I
J---
I
- - ---

a: 1
0
I

1- ------------
u
I
I
I

ii': I

J: STABLE
I

1-
I
;:: AXIAL COMPRESSOR # 1
0 -20
a: Wt = 21079 N (4739 lbs)
(!)
N= 5500 RPM
.......
.... 4 PAD BETWEEN BEARINGS
I
0
...
X
8 STAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR c
.;.::::
Wt •2986 N {671 lbs) ..
I

-50
N=13500 RPM :2
5 PAD ON BEARING S u
c'b = .0635 mm { 2. 5 mils)

O.lo:---��--�----�.3-----.4L-----
. 5L---�. 6L____j7
.
Figure 18. Stability vs Preload-Effect of Top Pad Damping.
PRELOAD

Figure 19. Stiffness and Damping Vs

Figure 1817.where
The corresponding effect on stability canregime
be seenforin
Preload and Pad 1/D

Figure the system approaches the unstable

Ratio.

preloadIfvalues
range. zero less thanis-0.1.
preload desired, Thetheproblem
tolerance is therangetolerance
on the
journal diameter, the pad radius of curvature
bearing clearance can all contribute to producing a negative and the assembled PRELOAD AND UNLOADED PADS
Ineccentricity,
and order to determine
the if a padoilisfilmunloaded
bearing for ata given
thickness the preload
pad pivotin
preload.
Thethesecond problem withunloaded
light preload is the17).lossThisofcondition
damping must be calculated. The pivot film thickness,
Figure 20 for a single pad and Figure 21 f�r an assembled h , is illustrated
when
is addressed top pads
in detailbecome
in a following (Figure
section. Theintorotor bearing bearing.
system
region is shown in
afterToptheunloaded Figure 18 reverting
preload ispadsdecreased back
sufficiently the unstable
to unload the =(1-m) (1 + sinljl)
hp · E (10)
topexistpads. also flutter, since there does not where
ing padsa tiltmayanglecauseat which
rotor thevibration.
pad can seek equilibrium. Flutter­ =�ch =pivot film thickness, dim
hp
p
(11)
PAD L/D RATIO

Anotherdesigner
powerfulis paddesign parameter available to the tilting pad e
=-=bearing eccentricity ratio, dim (12)
bearing
pleing,where increasingbearing length-to-diameter ratio,
the padstiffnessratiois increases bearing
L/D. An exam­
damp­[3].
E
c�
but decreases L/D
shown
Again, both changes contribute to the increase in effective in Figure 19 Tilting padsfilmbecome
converging thickness unloaded
between when
pad thereshaft.no longer
and This exists a
condition
damping.
Of course, it is tousually more thepractical todiameter.
increase Forthe this pad exists
than thewhenpadtheradialpivotclearance.
film thickness
Thus,becomes equal topad,
for an unloaded or greater
length as
reason, longer opposed decreasing
pad lengths havestandard journal
becomepadmore popular with the h c' �

bearing designers. The old = 0.5 is often p p

(13)
replaced
The by length=envelop
axial L/D 0.75 or, inis often
extremerestrictive,
cases, withbut if narrow
L/D
L/D =1.0.oil
end sealsFurthermore,
possible. are designedascorrectly,
pad length larger pad lengths
increases, the pad arebecomes
often Setting =1.0 and solving for yields
hP �

more susceptible
pivot shouldto pad-to-shaft
be used for themisalignment. Thus, a self m= -----' sin
aligning larger ratios. l+esinljl- (14)
E q,
L/D
 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM

y From Equation (14)

m= 10.+0.55sin54°
sin54°
m= 0.29
Thus, themtop=pads 0.29.would become unloaded for preload values
a fourthatpad,Calculate the eccentricity ratio atbecome
which theunloaded.
top pads
less than
Example 2:
ofAssume load between
theloadtilting pivot
pad preload bearing
is m=for0.3.the top unloaded
For
pads a four pad between pivot bearing,
ATTITUDE
ANGLE

From Equation (15)

E = 1-0.3.3sin45°
FIXED
PAD E = 0.61
Figure 20. Single Pad Pivot Film Thickness. Thus,
tricitythevaluestop pads would become
greater than E=0.61.unloaded for bearing eccen­
y

t
TILT PAD STATIC SHAFT SINK
AND CLEARANCE MEAS UREMENT

For between
pivots, due to pivottilt.loading,
pad The the journal
amount of canshaftsinksinkbetween
static below the
the
bearing center, is given in (Figure 22)
S,,

c' (16)
s
cosep
s
= b_
__

CENTERED JOURNAL

PIVOT CIRCLE MAXIMUM SHAFT

MOVEMENT
X (
'

v
I
\
SHAFT
\ MOVEMENT
\ TO PIVOT
\

Figure 21. Tilting Pad Bearing Pivot Film Thickness.

The preloadunloaded
becomes is givenforinaEquation 14 eccentricity
given bearingbelowwhich therato,tilting pad
E.

Also, for ratio,= 1.0canandbe forcalculated

eccentricity h a given preload,
which thethebearing
tilting
pad becomes unloaded. E, above
Figure 22. Tilting Pad Bearing Static Shaft Sink.

= (1-m)m. sin<!>
E (15) One
to usemethod
isassembled of measuring
a around
mandrel with a clearances
dial indicator. forAfter
tiltingthepadbearing
bearingsis
Example 1: Calculate the preload at which the topAssume
pads ofthata fivethe one of the pads the mandrel,
directly toward thethebearing
pivot. is pushed
The dial up againstis
indicator
pad, load
bearing on pivot
is operating bearing become
atfivea moderate unloaded.
eccentricity ratio forof the=0.top5. zeroeddialandindicator
The the bearing movedwilltobebetween
reading larger the opposite
than the actual twobearing
pads.
From Figure
unloaded pads 21, for a pad load on pivot bearing, E

clearance dueistoemployed
static shaftfor sink. Thispad bearings
method ofwithclearance
number of pads. For a four pad bearing, the clearance ancanoddbe
measurement tilting
 TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 187

measured
between from pad pivot to pad pivot directly without going
pads. T = D2
ag
- (T] W) per bearing (20)
From Figure 23, T = D2 t per rotor
- (21)
xn=#of
=measured
pads diametral clearance, in
ag
(TJ W )

The padabovebearing.
tilting equations may foralsoloadbe between
However, used forpads, a loadtheonbearing
pivot
ep= 360° loadThus,is shared by the bottom 2 pads (Figure 22).
2n ­

tp= 2cos8p per pivot (22)

·

w
X=c'b + S N -­

X=c'b ( 1+ cose1 p )
s

-
(17) From Equation (19),
For a pad bearing, 8P=36°
5
NP
'
= 2cosep
N
__ •_g_ (23)
X=c'b (2.236) For 4 and pad load between pivot bearings:
5

X= cb (2.236) P e =36°, =(0.62)

N,P · N,8 5 pad between (24)
cb=(0.894)X
Z
(18) P e =45°, p=(0.71) 4 pad between (2 )
N, · N,g 5

Thus, there is
• 38 percent less babbitt load, five pad between
29 percent less babbitt load, four pad between
compareda fiveto sleeve bearings. Clearly, forbearing
bearingswould
with high unit
•

loads,
lower pad load between pivot provide
tiltdencypadbabbitt
of a
loads compared
bearings.
bearing R educing
to wipe
to sleeveloadbearings
babbitt
at high will
loads
or load onthepivot
decrease
and high ten­
babbitt
temperatures.
These babbittTheyloadsarearealsonearly exact forforstartup calculations
MANDREL Irnr +
I Ss
forgroove,
all bearings.
and
speeds.or elliptical zero preloaded
The problemdesignsarisessince,
fairly
tilting
for sleeve
exact
pad plain
bearings
bearingsspeeds,
journal,
at axial
operating
like thethepressure
AGAINST ----.._
BOTTOM dam
half produces additional at
hydrodynamic operating loads on the upper
bottom
PADS
loadedsamepad,scenario
The therebyholds
increasing
for the actualtilting
preloaded perceivedpad babbitt
bearings. load.
tween Frompads,Equation (22), for a tilting pad bearing with load be­
Figure 23. Tilting Pad Bearing Clearance Measurement.
N
tp= cosep per bearing
w
(26)
tp= cosep per rotor (27)
NORMAL FORCE AND BREAKAWAY TORQUE w,
Twoandimportant
force breakaway parameters
torque. for bearing
Normal force designers
is the are normal
amount of the
N

journal load that the babbitt actuall y experiences. This

tant for bearings with high unit loads and/or high operating oil is impor­ and the break-away torque is
temperatures.
Breakaway torque,a prolonged
T, is thedown
amounttime.ofThistorquecalculation
necessarymustto Ttp= 2cos8p per rotor
T]D W,
(28)
turn the rotor after
be made to size turning gear motors. Define the following
--

parameters Comparing Equation (21) to Equation (28) yields

w
=total rotor weight, lbf
W,

=-i journal load, lbf

w
"' w .
Ttp= coseT p per rotor
_ •_s_ (29)
j

For a plain journal bearing or an axial groove bearing For 4 and pad load between pivot bearings:
5

Nag =W per bearing (19) 5 pad between (30)

188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM

4 pad between (31)

Thus, there is
• 24 percent more break away torque, five pad between
• 41 percent more break away torque, four pad between
compared to sleeve bearings. Thus, tilt pad bearings may require
larger turning gear motors.
Example 3: One 250 lbf man can breakaway an axial compressor
with a lOf bar, when the rotor ran on axial groove bearings. Why
cannot the same man breakaway the rotor with a 10 f bar after a
bearing retrofit to four pad tilting pad bearings with load be­ OIL INLET ORIFICES

tween pivots?
w,=16,000 lbf

D=8.0 in
c'b=6.0 mils TIGHT CLEARANCE 0
FLOATING END SEAL
c'=5.0 mils
s

First, check the static shaft sink for the four pad bearing to
ensure that the journal is not riding on the end seals. For a four
pad bearing, ep=45 degrees, and from Equation (16)

6.0
S'= -­
cos45°

S =8.5 mils
s

OIL INLET ORIFICE

Recall that S, is the static journal sink below the journals
centered position. The amount that the journal sinks below the Figure 24. Non-Pressurized Housing Tilt Pad Bearing Design.
pivot circle is
S',=S,-c' b
S'=2.5 mils
s
This flow configuration results in a nonpressurized housing
with the flow restricted at inlet. The advantage of this setup is
But, since S',< c',, the journal does not ride on the end seals.
that most of the oil drains through the top of the bearing, into the
Now calculate the breakaway torque. twin circumferential drain grooves and directly into the drain
Coefficient of friction: cavity. Very little oil leaks through the relatively tight clearance
floating end seals, keeping oil leaks to a minimum. The disad­
• 11=0.2 steel on babbitt with thin oil film vantage is that hot oil produced by the lower loaded pads cannot
• 11=0.44 steel on dry babbitt exit directly, but must travel up through the bearing to the
discharge holes.
Babbitt load (Equations (19) and (22)): The most common type of flow configuration used with tilting
N, =8,000 lbf/bearing pad bearings is illustrated in Figure 25. All of the oil is dis­
8
charged through end seals with relatively open clearances which
N, =5,657 lbf/pivot
P can be fixed or floating.
Breakaway torque for 11=0.44 (Equations (21) and (28)): This flow configuration results in a pressurized housing with
the flow restricted at discharge. The advantage of this setup is
Tag=2,347 f-lbf
that the hot oil produced by the lower loaded pads can exit
T,P=3,319 f-lbf directly through the end seal clearance. The disadvantage is that
all the oil exits along the shaft making oil slingers and oil baffles
Thus, with a 10 f bar, the force necessary to breakaway the rotor necessary to prevent oil leaks.
is: A flow configuration that combines the advantages discussed
Fag=235 lb above for Figures 24 and 25 is shown in Figure 26. Now,
relatively tight end seals restrict the drain flow through the end
F, =332 lb
P seals minimizing oil leaks. The majority of the flow leaves the
bearing through twin discharge holes between each set of pads.
TILTING PAD BEARING OIL FLOW
Thus, most of the oil drains directly into the drain cavity.
One type of flow configuration used with tilting pad bearings Flow calculations for tilting pad bearings are relatively simple
is illustrated in Figure 24. The oil is distributed around the since the flow is essentially speed and eccentricity independent.
bearing by a circumferential inlet groove at the housing outside The flow depends only on inlet orifices, discharge orifices, end
diameter. The inlet orifices direct the oil between each pad. seal clearances and, to a lesser extent, oil viscosity.
Some oil is then discharged through the end seals. The majority The flows through the weep holes and oil inlet holes may be
of the oil leaves the bearing through large discharge holes at the calculated from the orifice equation. The flow of an incompress­
top of the bearing housing. ible fluid through an orifice [5, p.3-62], is
 TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 189

OIL INI ET GROOVE

P1"=20 psig
Ph= 0.0 psig
From Equation (35) with Q= Q1"

Q=(19.64) (5)(0.1875)2 f2o

Q=15.4 gpm

For the pressurized housing configuration of Figures 25 and

Ole II,LET ORIFICE 26 where the flow is restricted on discharge, the inlet flow from
Equation (34) becomes

(36)
0
OPEN CLEARANCE
FLOATING END SEAL

Again, from equation (34), the oil flow through the discharge
holes is

With the drain pressure, Pd= 0.0 pisg,

Qo= (19.64) · 110d;, fl\ (gpm) (37)

OIL INLET ORIFICE

Figure 25. Pressurized Housing Tilt Pad Bearing Design.

The oil out the end seals may be approximated from equation
(32).

Q
,
= (25)A , J �P, (gpm) (38)
Q=ccA I 2�P
p

Assuming the following typical values for the density of oil GROOVES
and the flow coefficient through a short tube [5], page 3-70):

c,=0.61

p=8.0 X w-s lbf . s2 I in4

Q=25A ,r;;.p gpm (32)

OIL DISCHARGE
OIL INLET ORIFICES
For n circular holes of diameter d HOLES

nnd2
A= (33)
4
Q=(19.64) · nd2 r;;;p gpm (34)
TIGHT CLEARANCE
FLOATING END SEAL

For the nonpressurized housing configuration of Figure 24

where the flow is restricted on inlet, the housing pressure, Ph=
0.0 and

�P=P - Ph=P
]]1 111

Q= Q = (19.64)
m
· n. d2
111 m
rp- JTJ
(gpm) (35)
---- OIL DISCHARGE HOLES
Example 4. Calculate the oil flow for the tilting pad bearing of
Figure 24 (nonpressurized housing) with the following flow OIL INLET ORIFICE

Figure 26. Pressurized Housing Tilt Pad Bearing Design with

configuration.
d10=0.1875 in Oil Inlet Nozzles.
190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM

aP=P-P=P h d h (39) din= (19.64)(5)12.5{(20-5) 11'2

I
s

A'=1t4n, [<D c')2-D2]

+ (40)
Substituting (39) and (40) into (38) yields din=0.18 in
Q,=(19.64) . n, [<D cy-D2] � (gpm) (41) TEMPERATURE RISE

The bearing
the inlettemperature
temperaturerise,andaT,theis defined as the difference
+

Thus,whichthe must
total bearing oilto flow, Q, isdrainequalflow,to theQ .inlet fldrain
ow, between drain temperature.
Qin, be equal the total
sum of theholes,flowQ0•out of the end seals, Q,, plusd the flow
floutowtheis thedischarge The aT=Td-T. °F m
(43)
(42) From Equation (7-34) [6, page 204],
Theforstepsa necessary to size thewithinleta holes and calculate theareoil Td=T. 42.2(HPQ- <P) op
flow tilt pad bearing pressurized housing
+
C
m

summarized below: For bearings larger thanmayD be= neglected

p

2.0 in, the[6heat lossa typical

due to
For a given
a housing pressure.end seal clearance and discharge hole size, pick conduction and radiation ]. With
valueBTU/(slug
for oil of =°F)3.5for(density= 7.0 slug/gal,
oil (ISOspecific
32) at heat
about=
•

flow,From
•

Qd. Equations (37), (41), and (42), calculate the drain 0.5170°F), / light turbine
• From Equation (36), size din for Qin=Qd
Example 5.
theparameters
pressurized Size housing
the oil inletdesignholesofforFigure
a tilting26.padThebearing with
following aT=12.0 (�) op (44)
are specified. From Equation (44),Also,
as theas flow increases, the temperature
D=4.0 in decreases as expected. aT and/or Q increase, the poweroil
c =0.008 in diametral loss
flow increases. An
to temperature. ideal bearing
cool the bearingAnytoadditional design provides
just belowoilthewould just
acceptable enough
maximum
d0=0.125 in
s

babbitt lower this maxi­

n. =5 mumUsually,
temperature,
bearings but would increase
are designed the
withslightly power
a maximum loss.
temperature
n0=lO
m

margin. That is, the flow is increased above the required

n =2 minimum so that the bearing operates at a temperature that is
Pin=20 psig
s

slightly below the maximum.

First, pick a housing pressure. Typically, Ph=5.0 psig
From Equations (37), (41), and (42), calculate the drain flow, Qd. REDUCED TEMPERATURE

From Equation (37), the flow out the discharge holes is

TILTING PAD DESIGNS

Withor above
near speedstheand/or maximumloads babbitt
increasing, bearingslimit.
temperature oftenIncreas­
operate
Q0=(19.64)(10)(0.125)2 15 ing the oilThatflowis, toa 10further
results. percentcoolincrease
the bearing in produces
flow may exponential10
produce
Q0 =6.9 gpm percent decrease
increase would onlyinresult
temperature
in a 12 whereastemperature
percent a 20 percent a

flow
decrease.
From equation (41), the flow out the end seal clearances is Another
cooling approach
inpercentage is toFormaketiltingthe cool
theof thebearing. pad inlet
bearings, oil more a effective
substantial
Q,=(19.64)(2)1 (4.o o.oo8)2 (4.0)21 rs
+ _

trailing edge of hotpadoilintois carried

one the over byedgetheofshaftthe next
leading from padthe
Q, =5.6 gpm (Figure 27).to more
This carryover iscool
of thetheorder of 50is toto 60reduce
percent.
From equation (42), the total drain flow is One way
carryover. The less effectively
the carryover, the bearing
cooler the oil is as it this
enters
theOneleading
method edgeofofreducing
each pad.the carryover is to introduce cool
Qd =6.9 5.6=12.5 gpm
+
inlet oil directly into blocks
the padsome leadingof edge as oilshown in Figurewhile28
From equation (36), size din for Qin=Qd [it7introduces
]. This effectively
more cooling the
oil barintoillustratedhot carryover
the pad. in Figure 29. Here,
Another
oil isAgain, method
distributed is the
across spray
theblocksaxialsomelengthof theof hotthe oilpadcarryover
by the spray
d = (19.64) . Qin }2
If
bar. this oil spray
increases the flow of cool inlet oil into the pads. and
m

. ! nin{pin- ph
 TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 19 1

HOT OIL
CARRY-OVER

TIGHT CLEARANCE
FIXED END SEAL

Figure 27. Pad-to-Pad Hot Oil Carryover.

I
II

I
i Figure 29. Evacuated Housing Spray Bar Tilt Pad Bearing
Design.

6 - PRESSURIZED HOUSING DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 26)

.& - SPRAY BAR DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 29)

240

w 200
0::
::J
1-

Figure 28. Leading Edge Feed Groove Tilt Pad Bearing Design.
<l:
0::
w
a..
l:
180 1�
w
1-

that additional
Anallow the feature
oil to exit design isdirectly.
ofthethisbearing inner end seals
the openAdditional dis­ u
1-
160
t?�
[_(,
charge
discharge holes are located
configuration in pairs between
the bearing
allowsfurther each set of pads.
in a complete­
totherunbearing This 0
w
140 4.00'

�\c\1
0

lyatureevacuated
by housing
eliminating which
entrapped hot reduces
oil [8]. temper­ 0
w
CD
l:
120

Any ofthethese
lowering directed
bearings maximumlube operating be successful
features cantemperature for in
bear­
w

100

aings10 are running

thatpercent temperature A conservative
hot. decrease. For rule of thumb
bearings that isareaboutnot 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

runninglosshot,savings.
power the oil flow may be decreased which results in a Figure 30. Spray Bar
ROTOR SPEED (RPM)

Vs
Onebearings
thetional disadvantagewould of bean able
not evacuated
to cavityas(Figure
operate long as 29)a conven­
is that Pressurized Housing Metal Tempera­
ture Comparison- Upstream Pad, Exhaust End.

ofthrustthebearing (FiguresHowever,
oilbearingsupply.
designs
24, 25,directed
and 26), lube,
haveassociated
if thereevacuated
been in service
is a suddencavity
for many
loss
years couple
ingExhausttemperature
design of Figure readings
26 to
(vs
the speed)
spray for thedesign
bar pressurized
of hous­29.
Figure
without apparent problems with sudden
loss.Test results for two steam turbine tilt pad bearings are shown oil supply results endthebearing
for steam databearing
end is shownareinpresented
Figures in30Figures
and 31,32while
andbar
in Figures 30, 31, 32, and 33 comparing pad embedded thermo- 33.designs
Notearethatof thethe order
reducedof 10padpercent.
temperatures for the spray
Specifically, from Figure
192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM

0 -PRESSURIZED HOUSING DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 26) o -PRESSURIZED HOUSING DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 26)
• -SPRAY BAR DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 29) • -SPRAY BAR DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 29)
240

u:-
1.!1
220
220 1- ············ .;
,.....

....... .................; .................;............... .. Ar..... .....................l

w U. . ....... . ....;
...... . .. . ............ (

e
w 200
!
0::
::::>
I-
<(
s
0:: 180 �
w 0:: 180
a.. �
�
w
I- 160 �
t24SJ
160
u u
I- 1-
c 140 Q 140
w
c
c 8
w
aJ
�
w
120 �(} w
�
w
120
.... .. ·······-·J
. .

100 100
4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
ROTOR SPEED (RPM) ROTOR SPEED (RPM)
Figure 31. Spray Bar Pressurized Housing Metal Tempera­
ture Comparison-Downstream Pad, Exhaust End.
Vs Figure 33. Spray Bar Vs
Pressurized Housing Metal Tempera­
ture Comparison-Downstream Pad, Steam End.

A - PRESSURIZED HOUSING DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 26)

tions are meantsystems.
rotor-bearing to be general guidelines and may not hold for all
A -SPRAY BAR DESIGN (REF. FIGURE 29)
240

Bearing unit loading: L" 200 psi

Recommended limits of operation.
�

Journal surface speed: U, 300 f/s

•

220 f- ·············
,.....

� ..... .. .. . .......... ....

�
... . •........ . . . . . . . . ............ ;.

!l
......

w 200
Maximum metal temperature:
0::
::::> 185°F design (analytical prediction)
�

T 200°F test acceptance

T mnx

�
w 180 �

T 230°F alarm
max

a..
� �
w
T 250°F trip
max

I-

t2450
160 max �
u
1-
Q 140
Pad pivot offset.
Geometric properties.
w
Q

�cy
Q
w
m
120
Load capacity increases as offset increases.
Pad preload.
·

�
w

As preload
forceddecreases, effective damping increasesstability.
there­
•

100 L..J...L..J....L...J...l...I..l...L.J
4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 by increasing ·

response attenuation and improving

Vs
ROTOR SPEED (RPM)
bearing. Asdamping
preloaddecreases
· decreases,andthethetopunloaded
pads become unloaded,
pads flutter.
Figure 32. Spray Bar Pressurized Housing Metal Tempera­
ture Comparison- Upstream Pad, Steam End.
ness and egative preload
Ndamping decreaseshould be avoided
drastically as aspreload
the horizontalbecomes
stiff­
negative.
30 (the235°F exhaustfor end upstream pad), thecompared
maximumtoTCabout reading is Pad
. length-to-diameter ratio.
about the pressurized design 200°F As L/D increases, theforced
bearingresponse
effectiveattenuation
damping andin­
•

31,for the32, spray

and 33.bar design. Similar results are evident in Figures creases, thereby
improving stability. increasing
For a fromfive pad tilt padof one
bearing,
pad tomeasuring
between thetheadjacent
journal
CONCLUSIONS Clearance measurement.

areThesummarized
major conclusions concerning
below. These tilting padandbearing
conclusions design
recommenda- movement
•

the center
 TUTORIAL ON TILTING PAD BEARING DESIGN 193

two pads results in overestimating the bearing clearance by p pressure (psig)

about 10 percent. �p pressure drop (psig)
Babbitt load. �p s pressure drop across the end seal (psig)

•
Compared to sleeve bearings, there is 38 percent less babbitt pin' Ph, pd inlet, housing, drain pressure (psig)
load for a five pad load between pivot bearing. Q oil flow (gpm)

•
Compared to sleeve bearings, there is 29 percent less babbitt Qin' Qd inlet, drain oil flow (gpm)
load for a four pad load between pivot bearing. Q,, Qo oil flow out the end seals, discharge holes (gpm)
R journal radius (in)
Break away torque.
bearing radius, pad radius of curvature (in)
•
Compared to sleeve bearings, there is 24 percent more break
Sommerfeld number (dim)
away torque for a five pad load between pivot bearing.
static shaft sink below centered position (in)
•
Compared to sleeve bearings, there is 41 percent more break
static shaft sink below pivot circle (in)
away torque for a four pad load between pivot bearing.
temperature rise (°F)
Reduced temperature designs. inlet, drain, maximum temperature (°F)
•
Test results show about a 10 percent maximum metal tem­ axial groove, tilt pad bearing break away torque
perature reduction for a spray bar design with an evacuated (f-lbf)
cavity, compared to a conventional pressurized housing design. us journal surface velocity (f/s)
w, total rotor weight (lbf)
NOMENCLATURE
wj journal load (lbf)
A area (in2)
W=WJ2 approximate journal load (lbf)
A s
end seal area (in2)
X measured diametral clearance (in)
c, c' bearing diametral, radial clearance (in)
X,Y horizontal, vertical coordinates (dim)
cb, c'b tilt pad bearing diametral, radial clearance (in)
a. tilt pad pivot offset (dim)
cP , c'P pad diametral, radial clearance (in)
E bearing eccentricity ratio (dim)
C5, c� end seal diametral, radial clearance (in)
coefficient of friction (dim)
<\
specific heat (BTU/(gal-°F))
circumferential bearing coordinates (dim)
cc flow coefficient (dim)
c
angle to tilt pad pivot from bottom dead center
bearing damping (lbf-s/in)
(deg)
c dimensionless bearing damping (dim)
oil viscosity (lbf-s/in2)
bearing damping in the horizontal, vertical direction
oil density (lbf-s2/in4)
(lbf-s/in)
heat loss due to conduction and radiation
dimensionless bearing damping in the horizontal,
vertical direction (dim) angle from tilt pad leading edge to pivot (deg)

D journal diameter (in) angle to first, second tilt pad pivot from +x axis
(deg)
d diameter (in)
bearing attitude angle (deg)
din' do oil inlet, discharge orifice diameter (in)
journal rotational speed (1/s)

FF FF
e
x, Y
bearing eccentricity (in)
horizontal, vertical forces (lbf) REFERENCES

ag' ,P
axial groove, tilt pad bearing forces (lbf)
1. Nicholas, J. C., Gunter, E. J., and Allaire, P. E., "Stiffness
h pivot film thickness (in) and Damping Coefficients for the Five Pad Tilting Pad
p
hp dimensionless pivot film thickness (dim) Bearing," ASLE Transactions, 22 (2), pp. 112-124 (April
HP power loss (hp) 1979).
K bearing stiffness (lbf-s/in) 2. Nicholas, J. C., Gunter, E. J., and Barrett, L. E., "The
K dimensionless bearing stiffness (dim) Influence of Tilting Pad Bearing Characteristics on the Sta­
bearing stiffness in the horizontal, vertical direc­ bility of High Speed Rotor-Bearing Systems," Topics in
tion (lbf/in) Fluid Film Bearing and Rotor Bearing System Design and
Optimization, an ASME publication (April 1978).
K xx
'
K
yy
dimensionless bearing stiffness in the horizontal,
vertical direction (dim) 3. Nicholas, J. C. and KirkR. G., "Four Pad Tilting Pad Bearing
Design and Application for Multi-Stage Axial Compres­
sors," ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, 104 (4),
L bearing axial length (in)
Lu bearing unit load (psi)
pp. 523-532 (October 1982).
m tilt pad bearing preload (dim)
4. Nicholas, J. C. and Kirk, R. G., "Selection and Design of
N,N, journal rotational speed (rpm, rps)
Tilting Pad and Fixed Lobe Journal Bearings for Optimum
n number of tilting pads (dim) Turborotordynamics," Proceedings of the Eighth Turbo­
number of oil seals, outlet or discharge holes, inlet machinery Symposium, The Turbomachinery Laboratory,
orifices (dim) Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (1979).
Nag' N, axial groove, tilt pad bearing normal force (lbf) 5. Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, Ninth
P
ob, op , o
j
bearing, pad, journal center (dim) Edition, New York,New York: McGraw Hill (1987).
194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-THIRD TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM

6. Wilcock, D. F., Booser, E. R., Bearing Design and Applica­

tion, New York,New York: McGraw Hill (19 57).
7. Dmochowski, W., Brockwell, K., DeCamillo, S., Mikula, A.,
"A Study of the Thermal Characteristics of the Leading Edge
Groove and Conventional Tilting Pad Journal Bearings,"
ASME Journal ofTribology, 115, pp. 2 19-22 6 (April 1993).
8. Tanaka, M., "Thermohydrodynamic Performance of a Tilt­
ing Pad Journal Bearing with Spot Lubrication," ASME
Journal of Tribology, 113, pp. 615- 619 (July 19 91).