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Approximation Operators syllabus Maths AMU
Research Proposal · March 2023
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Department of Mathematics, Aligarh Muslim University, India
Name of the candidate: Mr. Ibrahim Islam
Name of the Supervisor: Dr. Asif Khan
Paper-II (2 12 Hours Duration)
Approximation Operators
Unit-I: Basics Of Approximation Theory:
Best Approximation in Normed Spaces, Existence and Uniqueness results (Finite-dimensional
subspaces, Strictly convex spaces), Examples of nonexistence, Density theorems, Weirstrass
approximation theorem, Classical approximation, Abstract approximation, Constructive ap-
proximation, Approximation by Algebraic and Trigonometric Polynomials, Positive linear
operators and functionals; Different types of modulus of continuity; Chebyshev conditions to
choose test functions; Korovkin type approximation theorems; Pointwise convergence and uni-
form convergence, Degree of Approximation, Estimates with Second Order Moduli, Absolute
Optimal Constants, Bernstein operators; Estimates for the Bernstein Operators, Bernstein
Kantorovich operators, The Inequalities of Markov and Bernstein. Direct Theorems, In-
verse Theorems, Convergence for differentiable functions, Convergence for analytic functions,
Approximation by Rational Functions, Nonlinear approximation (why rational functions?),
Rational best approximation, Pade approximation, Natural density, Statistical Convergence,
King’s type approximation, q-Calculus, Phillips and Lupas operators.
Unit-II: Neural Network Operators and Rate of Convergence
Approximation by Neural Networks: Basics of Neural networks, Universal Approximation
Theorem, Feed-foward Neural Networks, Sigmoidal functions, Construction of neural net-
work operators, Univariate Sigmoidal Neural Network Quantitative Approximation (Real and
Complex), Convergence with Rates of the Normalized Bell Type Neural Network Operators,
The “Normalized Squashing Type Operators” and Their Convergence to the Unit with Rates.
Unit-III: Fractal Approximation and Computer Aided Geometric Design: Frac-
tals, Iterated function system, Mandelbrot set, fractal dimension, Box counting theorem,
Moran equation, fractal operators.
Blending (basis) functions, affine invariance, Bezier curves and surfaces, de-Casteljau algo-
rithm
Unit-IV: Programming and Numerical computation via MATLAB
Programming in MATLAB, Convergence analysis, Error Estimates (pointwise and average
error etc.), Rate of convergence, Programming of operators approximating functions, Bezier
curves and surfaces analysis, Graphical Analysis.
1
References
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[2] N. L. Carothers, Lecture notes: A Short Course on Approximation Theorey, Department
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[3] Fundamentals of Approximation Theory, Hrushikesh N. Mhaskar, Devidas V. Pai CRC
Press, 2000
[4] Radu Paltanea, Approximation Theory Using Positive Linear Operators, Birkhauser
(Springer-2004).
[5] P. P. Korovkin, Linear Operators and Approximation Theory, Hindustan Publishing
Corporation, Delhi, 1960
[6] F. Altomare, M. Campiti, Korovkin Type Approximation Theory and its Applications,
De Gruyter Stud. Math. vol. 17, Walter De Gruyter, Berlin, New York, (1994).
[7] Lupas¸ A, A q-analogue of the Bernstein operator., In: Seminar on numerical and sta-
tistical calculus University of Cluj-Napoca, vol 9. pp 85–92 (1987).
[8] G.M. Phillips, A generalization of the Bernstein polynomials based on q integers, The
ANZIAM Journal 42(01), (2000)
[9] M. Mursaleen, Khursheed J. Ansari, Asif Khan, On (p,q)-analogue of Bernstein opera-
tors, Appl Math and Comput 266:874-882 [Erratum: (2016) 278:70-71]
[10] Tom M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw-Hill Science
[11] George A. Anastassiou Intelligent Systems: Approximation by Artificial Neural Net-
works, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2011)
[12] George A. Anastassiou Intelligent Systems-II: Complete Approximation by Artificial
Neural Networks, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
[13] Kenneth Falconer, Fractal Geometry Mathematical Foundations and Applications, Wiley,
2014
[14] R Goldman, Pyramid Algorithms, A Dynamic Programming Approach to Curves and
Surfaces for Geometric Modeling,Elsevier, 2002.
[15] Amos Gilat, MATLAB An Introduction With Applications, Wiley
[16] Lloyd N. Trefethen, Approximation Theory and Approximation Practice, Society for
Industrial and Applied Mathematics Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2012
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