Gerund as subject:
*Being a woman is not easy in some countries where they are discriminated , especially in the
work place.
*Living in a city has got its advantages and disadvantages.
* Present perfect + for / since :
*I have known my best friend since we were at school / for a long time.
*Since the invention of the Internet we have been able to get all kind of information.
* Passive:
*Many women are mistreated all around the world . I think laws should be changed.
*Will human beings be cloned in the future?
Conditionals:
*If governments spent less money on weapons, the poor countries would receive more food
and medicines. (2nd cond.)
*How would some people survive if they didn’t have a mobile phone ? It has become a useful
tool for everyday life. (2nd cond.)
*If we , human beings, make a little effort, we will be able to save the planet. (1stcond)
* Relative clauses:
*Global warming , which is one of the most important environmental problems at present , is
causing the rise in temperatures all around the world. (non-defining relative clause)
* Adjectives : (Try to use as many suitable adjectives as possible to describe nouns).
Suffixes: -ing , -ous, -ed , -al , -able , -ful, -ive, -less...
Prefixes: un- in-, dis, mis. ,
* Adverbs of intensity ( extremely ,very , quite , really , slightly, pretty ...) + adjective :
*I feel extremely / very / quite / exceptionally / especially / remarkably / intensely /
truly / sad when I hear about discrimination.
* so + adj + that ... / such (a /an /0) + adj + noun + that...
(Cause - Result clauses)
*The temperature in the atmosphere is rising so fast that the artic sea ice is melting faster
and faster.
*The Internet is so big , so powerful that for some people it is a substitute for life.
*Having a mobile phone is such a useful tool that almost everybody has one at home.
(adj + noun )
too + adj./ adv. / (not) adj./ adv + enough :
*Living in a city is too expensive and stressful. That's why I decided to live in a village.
*It seems that judges are not conscious enough about the problem of child abuse.
* Comparative-Superlative:
*Men usually have more opportunities to find a job than women.
*Women don’t have the same opportunities as men.
*It was the most frightening experience I have ever had.
Inversions
*Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
*Only if the government does something to improve the situation, will it get better.
*Not only was it the most exciting day of my life, but it was also the happiest.
CONNECTORS in a nutshell
1-Addition: In addition, Besides, Moreover, also, likewise, Furthermore , + clause
2-Contrast: However, while, whereas, Although, Nevertheless, on the one hand + clause
on the other hand
In spite of / despite + noun phrase / (verb) -ing
3-Reason/Cause: That is why ...
because / since + clause
because of, owing to, thanks to, due to + noun phrase
4-Consequence/Result: So, as a result, consequently,thus, therefore, so...that /
such ...that.
5-Opinion: In my opinion, From my point of view, As I see it, ...
I (strongly) believe / feel ... To my knowledge, ....
I agree/ disagree with ... , I am in favour of / against...
6-Purpose: to, in order (not) to, so as (not) to + infinitive.
in order that, so that + clause
7- Rephrasing: That is, In other words, namely,
8- Time Expressions: when, after, before, while, next, as soon as,
9. Order: First, To begin with, Second, Finally, Eventually, To sum up, In conclusion,
