University of Management and Technology

Knowledge Unit of Systems and Technology

Laboratory Manual

[CC2141L]: [Database Systems]

[Semester Spring-2023]

Lab [1]: [Introduction to Databases and it’s Users]

Lab Instructor: [Jannat-ul-mava]

Introduction to Databases
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The objectives of this lab are:

● Introduction to Databases
● Users in DB
● Database Design
● Logical Design of databases
● Physical design of databases
● What is the query?
● Introduction to SQL
● Database Creation in MS Access

⮚ Introduction to Databases:

A database, in the most general sense, is an organized collection of data. More specifically, a
database is an electronic system that allows data to be easily accessed, manipulated and updated.

In other words, a database is used by an organization as an electronic way to store, manage and
retrieve information. The database is one of the cornerstones of enterprise IT, and its ability to
organize, process and manage information in a structured and controlled manner is the key to
many aspects of modern business efficiency.

However, databases go way beyond simply storing data. As we’ll see later, the inherent logic and
efficiency in how the data is stored and retrieved can provide an incredibly powerful business tool
to an organization. This is especially true when databases are properly exploited for their reporting
and business intelligence capabilities.

⮚ Users in Databases

Database users are categorized based on their interaction with the database. There are
seven types of database users in DBMS.
1. Database Administrator (DBA): Database Administrator (DBA) is a person/team who
defines the schema and also controls the 3 levels of database. The DBA will then create a
new account id and password for the user if he/she need to access the database. DBA is
also responsible for providing security to the database and he allows only the authorized
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users to access/modify the data base. DBA is responsible for the

problems such as security breaches and poor system response time.
● DBA also monitors the recovery and backup and provide technical support.

● The DBA has a DBA account in the DBMS which called a system or superuser account.
● DBA repairs damage caused due to hardware and/or software failures.
● DBA is the one having privileges to perform DCL (Data Control Language) operations
such as GRANT and REVOKE, to allow/restrict a particular user from accessing the
database.

2. Naive / Parametric End Users: Parametric End Users are the unsophisticated who don’t
have any DBMS knowledge but they frequently use the database applications in their
daily life to get the desired results. For examples, Railway’s ticket booking users are
naive users. Clerks in any bank is a naive user because they don’t have any DBMS
knowledge but they still use the database and perform their given task.

3. System Analyst: System Analyst is a user who analyzes the requirements of parametric
end users. They check whether all the requirements of end users are satisfied.

4. Sophisticated Users: Sophisticated users can be engineers, scientists, business analyst,

who are familiar with the database. They can develop their own database applications
according to their requirement. They don’t write the program code but they interact the
database by writing SQL queries directly through the query processor.

5. Database Designers: Data Base Designers are the users who design the structure of
database which includes tables, indexes, views, triggers, stored procedures and
constraints which are usually enforced before the database is created or populated with
data. He/she controls what data must be stored and how the data items to be related. It
is responsibility of Database Designers to understand the requirements of different user
groups and then create a design which satisfies the need of all the user groups.

6. Application Programmers: Application Programmers also referred as System Analysts or

simply Software Engineers, are the back-end programmers who writes the code for the
application programs. They are the computer professionals. These programs could be
written in Programming languages such as Visual Basic, Developer, C, FORTRAN, COBOL
etc. Application programmers design, debug, test, and maintain set of programs called
“canned transactions” for the Naive (parametric) users in order to interact with
database.

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7. Casual Users / Temporary Users : Casual Users are the users who
occasionally use/access the database but each time when they access the database they
require the new information, for example, Middle or higher level manager.

⮚ Database Design:

Database design is the organization of data according to a database model. The designer
determines what data must be stored and how the data elements interrelate. With this
information, they can begin to fit the data to the database model. Database management system
manages the data accordingly. Database design involves classifying data and identifying
interrelationships. This theoretical representation of the data is called an ontology. The ontology is
the theory behind the database's design.

▪ Logical Design of databases

Logical designer will design the architecture about what entities, attributes, and relationships.

Logical database design is the process of determining the logical data structures that are
required to support information resources within an organization. The logical design process
helps you to implement a database that satisfies the requirements of your business organization.
Logical design is critical to the implementation of a corporate database. An incomplete or flawed
logical design can cause costly changes to the means of data collection, storage, and protection
later on. By using a well-conceived preliminary design, you can easily implement and test a
database. A sound logical design therefore helps to ensure a successful implementation.

▪ Physical design of databases

Physical database design is the process of transforming a data model into the physical data
structure of a particular database management system (DBMS).

⮚ What is a query?

A query is a request for data or information from a database table or combination of tables. This
data may be generated as results returned by Structured Query Language (SQL) or as pictorials,
graphs or complex results, e.g., trend analyses from data-mining tools.

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⮚ Introduction to SQL

Structured query language (SQL) is a programming language for storing and processing information
in a relational database. A relational database stores information in tabular form, with rows and
columns representing different data attributes and the various relationships between the data
values.

⮚ Database Creation in MS Access

Create a database

1. Open Access.

If Access is already open,

select File > New.

2. Select Blank database, or select a

template.
3. Enter a name for the database, select
a location, and then select Create.

If needed, select Enable content in

the yellow message bar when the
database opens.

TASK: (CLO-1)

Create a Database for a company having at least 3 tables add dummy data in the
table, Perform filtration on data, also perform sorting on it.

Instructions:
Submit in .accdb format.

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