pce’ ™ ACTIVITY 3 my - fect of intensity of light : yin Tostudy 4 BM Oy varying distance of the source) on an LDR. appanaTus Light source, light dependent resistors (L, D.R.s) of diffe ge). a source of intense light (a lamp bulb with battery elimigae yn * "mltimeter (or meter paneer liminator) and a convex lens. Light Dependent Resistor the light dependent resistance ate the devices for detec tin save ght) 1 workings based upon he wg Wand measuring electromagnetic ¢ of variation of the photoconduc Wvity when Phot radiatio! Alight dependent resistor is prepared rom cadmium sulphide. Its resistance d ends upon the resistance dep Agood quality L.D.R. shows a resistance Variation from 1 MQ in complete darkness to about 109 in full day light. The intensity of light decreases inversely with increase the square of distance. pROCEDURE 1. Turn the selector switch and set it on R for the measurement of resistance in multimeter 2 Plug the metallic ends of black probe in terminal marked common in multimeter and that of red in terminal marked as P (or +). Short the other metallic ends and adjust the ‘Radjusting’ to get full scale deflection reading at zero ohm in the meter Touch the metallic probes to the two metal ends of the L.D.R. (Fig, (a)] and read the value of resistance when (a) the source is kept a a distance of 2 cm, fixing the source of light in a stand and keeping the L.D.R. vertically below it. Moving the source to 4 cm distance from the L.D.R. and Moving the source to 6, 8 and 10 cm from L.D.R. and repeating observation three more times. OBSERVATION RECORD 6V (D.C. source) t ® Electric bulb (6 V. 0.05, Light ¢ are) a ‘ia 4 ff bone | J LOR LOR | To probes of a ‘ te ‘multimeter set at R | Tomutimeer set at ohm (@ Symbol of LOR (b) LDR. in series with a 6 V battery and exposed {6 light from bulb incident normallyTable for Light Exposure Time and Z | Distance of source Resistance of L, cians from L.D.R. (cm) R(ohm) | = : of Obs. tC) | @ (3) | er ams nal 7 = % jo : ! | | 2 | 4 : | 3 | 6 4 8 5 10 9 | CONCLUSION When the dstancebetweenlight source [Link] increases theresistanc FLD. de Note. Same actsty can be done by varying the exposure time in steps for same sure of ih, see, and for same distance. PRECAUTIONS 1. Nostray light should fall on the [Link]. It is better to work in a dark room 2 Connect L.D.R. carefully to the voltage source. VIVAVOCE Q. 1. Mention names of three basic logic gates. Ans. ()) OR gate, (i) AND gate, (ii) NOT gate. Q.2. What do you mean by logic gate in electroni: ‘Ans. The circuit which is used to perform the switching action is called a logic gate Q.3. What are n-p-n and p-n-p transistors? Ans. Anm-p-n transistor consists of thin p-type layer sandwitched between two thick n-type layers A p-n-p transistor consists of a thin n-type layer sandwitched between two thick n-type layers Q.4, Ina transistor, base is made thin and is doped very lightly. Why? Ans. Base is made very thin and is doped lightly so that most of the carriers are attracted straight into the collector and very few combine in the base. This eventually leads to reduce the I, and increase |, Q.5. When does a diode work as an open switch? ‘Ans. In reverse bias, a diode works as an open switch.mm ACTIVITY 4 a - e refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident iquely on aglass sich appapaTes wn cuass sab, raring board, white drawing sheet, drawing pins, pencil, eraser, protractor, metre spesive tape Pee ae0RY seoenaray of ight (PQ) is incident onthe face AB glass slab then it bends towards the normal vocnon takes place from rarer to denser medium, The refracted ray (QR) travelling along 2 vind incident on face DC of slab, bends away from the normal because refraction takes place medium. The ray (RS) out through the face DC is called the emergent ray. ease gilt oe Genser 10 TTT the incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray ie, t= 2e. the perpendicular distance between the incident ray and the emergent ray is called lateral deviation. For a given angle of incidence and a pair of media, the lateral deviation is proportional to the thickness of the glass slab. We have, d=tsecrsin(i-7) ix dxc A Tt |e NR o a Ss ea? U Refraction through a glass slab.aces pesult qhe ray of light changes its path emerging oui t Of glass slab wi whe ight tavels rom oneimedium toner. — hich proves that refraction happens j ging r ie, 21> £e an “Y 'Sparallelto the incident ray with respect tot] tothe thickness of the glass slab. Otheincident rays directly Proportional The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence ( nce () pRECAUTIONS ‘The pins should be fixed vertically on the drawing board. 2. The glass slab should be clean and of uniform thickness Use sharp pencils for making lines ‘The glass slab should be kept lengthwise at the centre of the drawing sheet Measurement of angles should done accurately For better accuracy, distance between the Pins should be 5 cm or more while locating the angle of incidence and angle of emergence. It must be ensured that the Pins 1 and 2 are in straight line. Similarly, the pins 3 and 4 are in straight line. 8. While viewing the pins, one eye should always be kept closed. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Measurement of angles may not be accurate. Glass slab may not have uniform thickness. 3. The pin pricks may not be sharp. 4. The pins may not have been inserted on the line. @® ACTIVITYS a AIM: To observe polarisation of light using two polaroids. APPARATUS Thin glass sheet, a source giving monochromatic light beam with parallel rays, a polaroid. THEORY When an unpolarised light is made incident on the interface of two transparent media at polarising angle, the refracted and reflected rays depart from each other at an angle of 90°. ‘The reflected ray is completely plane polarised. It can be tested by a polaroidMm ACTIVITY 6 AIM: To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit. APPARATUS Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source of monochromatic light (laser pencil) black paper and a glass plate THEORY Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the corners or edges of a fine opening or aperture. Diffraction takes place when order of wavelength is comparable or small to the size of slit or aperture. The diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of the aperture or the obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves. The diffraction pattern arises due to interference of light waves from different symmetrical point of the same wavefront. The diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a central bright band having alternate dark and weak bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides. For diffraction, dsin 6 =nh Here d= size of aperture or slit 6 = angle of diffraction n= order of diffraction = wavelength of light.24 Comprchemstve Practical Physics yy PROCEDURE 1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using adhesive 2. Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel and extremely close to each othe, to form a narrow slit in between. A thin slit made by using two razor blades, black paper and a glass plate. 3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of blades and place at a suitable distance froma wall or screen of a dark room 4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil. 5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall. Intensity CONCLUSION When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the corners of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light. PRECAUTION 1) Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and black paper. 1). The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as possible, (i) Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark room () A point source of monochromatic light like laser torch should be used.Comprehensive Practical Physics. xy PROCEDURE Take a drawing sheet and fix it on a drawing board with the help of drawing pins or adhesiyg tape Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper ABCD. Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an angle i with the normal dl mark its boundary PQ will represent an incident ray. Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distance 5 cm or more between them See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at points 3 and 4 (1 cmor more all being along.a straight line apart) such that these two pins cover the images of first two pi Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray, Join QR to represent refracted ray. Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle ¢. It comes to be equal to angle i Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral displacement d Now take more sets for different angles of incidence and measure the lateral displacements, Make small circles around each pin-pricks on the drawing sheet. Start with a value of 30° for i and repeat the process for 35°, 40°, 45° and 50° for Zi The process can be repeated for glass slabs of different thickness OBSERVATIONS Least count of protractor = degree Least count of metre scale = mm = cm [Link]. | Thicknessofglass Angle of Angle ofemergence, | Lateraldeviation, | slab, t (cm) incidence, ——e (degree) d(cm) Li degree) |215 pctwiies Gm ACTIVITY 7A wi 7 study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by using a AIM indie anda screen (for different distances ofthe candle from the lens). AppARATUS Convex lens, optical bench with three uprights, candle, matchbox, metre scale, cardboard screen, spirit level. THEORY ‘The nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens depends on the position of object. From the lens formula, ; 2 . : Foru=%,u=f Poru = - 2f, v= 2f Foru=-f,v=% For w < (~f), » becomes negative (image becomes virtual). Hence, as the object (burning candle) is moved from infinity towards the convex lens, its image (position of screen) moves away from the focus of the lens towards infinity. For candle distance less than the focal length, image becomes, virtual and does not come on the screen. DIAGRAMS, Images formed by a convex lens for different positions of candle are given below: _— iy . oF a pF ei a —— a a—? i rE i : (i) Object at infinity (W) Object at F a FF { ; ll ee tet De oe 2 F ° I 2F F * (i) Object between F and 2F (iv) Object at 2FComprchentve Practical Physics yy 218 OBSERVATIONS Nature, size and position of image by concave mirror tion of Nature of Size of image Position | * | Object | Image | | | iF Real and inverted | Highly diminisheq Infinity | | | | Be finity and C | Between C and F | Realand inverted | Diminished | Between infini ewe | ; pat sie _| arc arc Trea andinverted | Same size —_ | nerween infinity and C | Real and inverted | Magnified a, mental [ace At infinity | Real and inverted | Hithy magni Between F and pole | Behind the mirror Virtual and erect | Enlarged RECORD ‘The nature and size of the images formed by a concave mirror is according to theoretical Predictions. PRECAUTIONS (FOR ACTIVITIES 7A AND 7B) * Both the activities should be performed at a shaded place but having plenty of light. Optical bench should be in level. aw Do not look directly at the image of the sun while finding the rough focal length ‘The optical needles should be held perpendicular to the optical bench For getting an accurate measurement, the e image 5. Parallax error must be taken into account. The lens and mirror should have small aperture SOURCES OF ERROR The optical bench may not be in horizontal position. 2 The image formed may not be distinct, Parallax error may not be acurately taken into account The optical needle may not be perpendicular to the optical bench, The lens or mirror may have large aperture Perfectly horizontal position, which can be ensured using a spirit ye should be kept at more than 25 cm from theee at @ ACTIVITY 7B thenature and size of the image formed by aconcave mirror on a screen by using @ am aeand screen (for different distances of the candle from the mirror). praraTes anopteabench wit three Uprights, concave mirror with holder, aburning candle cardboard metre scale, spirit level scree? neORY from mirror formula, shen = (infinite, nen 2f0=— 2F" when us - fv 2 ® (infinite) when u < (~ f), 0 becomes positive (image becomes virtual) rence, as the object (burning candle) to moved from infinity towards the concave mirror, its saage postion of screen) moves from focus ofthe mirror towards infinity. The two cross each other at pesnce Ife, at the centre of curvature of the mirror. orcandle distance less than focal length, image becomes virtual and does not come on the screen. DIAGRAMS Images formed by a concave mirror for different positions of candle are given below: A: y hy tf : oni’ cal “J é & - () Object at intiniy (ii) Object beyond C (i) Object at C - (Iv) Object between C and F (v) Object between F and P PROCEDURE 1. Obtain a clear image of some distant object and find the approximate focal length of the concave mirror. 2. Repeat all the steps of Activity 7A by replacing the convex lens with a concave mirror. 3. Record your observations.