BIOLOGY INVESTEGATORY
PROJECT ON HIV-AIDS
(Affiliated to CBSE curriculum)
M SURYA PRABHA
XII-A
12A16
BIOLOGY ( 2023 –2024 )
PREFACE
In a world where HIV/AIDS still casts a long shadow,
this project stands as a beacon of hope and knowledge.
It's a call to action, a testament to our unwavering
commitment to combating this enduring pandemic.
Through these pages, we aim to enlighten, inspire, and
empower. We'll explore the evolution of our
understanding of HIV/AIDS, share the stories of those
affected, and provide insights on prevention, treatment,
and stigma reduction.
With each word, we aspire to break down the walls of
stigma, fostering empathy and understanding. This
project is dedicated to all those who have felt the impact
of HIV/AIDS and serves as a reminder that our
collective compassion and engagement can shape a
future free from this threat.
Together, we can transform the narrative, erase the
stigma, and build a world where HIV/AIDS is but a
distant memory.
CONTENTS
Topic Page Number
1. Introduction 1–2
2. Signs and Symptoms 3-4
3. Causes of AIDS 5-6
4. Introduction Of the Virus in 7-8
our body
5. Screening test of AIDS 9
6. Manifestation of AIDS 10 - 11
7. Treatment 12 - 13
8. Prevention 14 - 15
9. Conclusion 16
10. Observation 17
11. Hypothesis 18
12. Bibliography 19
INTRODUCTION
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused
by infection with immunodeficiency virus (HIV), represents one of the
most significant and persistent health challenges facing our world today. It
is not just a medical condition; it is a complex, multifaceted issue that has
deeply impacted societies, healthcare systems, and individuals.
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T
cells) that play a critical role in our ability to fight off infections. Left
untreated, HIV gradually reduces the number of CD4 cells, weakening the
immune system's ability to defend against diseases and infections. This
weakening culminates in AIDS, the final and most severe stage of HIV
infection.
The consequences of HIV/AIDS are far-reaching, affecting physical health,
mental well-being, and social dynamics. Early stages of HIV infection often
exhibit flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and sore throat, while the
later stages can lead to various opportunistic infections and certain
cancers.
Prevention is a key component of the fight against HIV/AIDS. It involves
safe sex practices, condom use, and programs aimed at reducing the
sharing of contaminated needles among injection drug users. Access to
clean needles and syringes, especially for at-risk populations, plays a
significant role in prevention.
Effective treatment for HIV is available in the form of antiretroviral therapy
(ART). ART helps manage the virus and allows individuals to lead healthier
lives. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment are crucial to its
effectiveness.
People living with HIV/AIDS often confront social stigma and
discrimination, which can discourage them from seeking care and support.
Tackling these prejudices is essential for improving the quality of life for
those affected.
The global response to HIV/AIDS involves comprehensive efforts
encompassing prevention, treatment, and education. International
organizations, governments, and NGOs are working together to address
this pandemic on a global scale. Promising developments, such as long-
acting HIV treatments and ongoing research into potential cures, offer hope
for a future where HIV/AIDS no longer poses a global threat.
Through awareness campaigns, testing, and educational initiatives, the
world is moving towards the goal of ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic by
2030. HIV/AIDS continues to be a complex global health issue that
necessitates ongoing efforts in research, prevention, treatment, and
education. Progress has been made, but the journey towards a world free
from HIV/AIDS continues.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
ACUTE INFECTION: A Crucial Early Stage
Acute HIV infection is the initial phase occurring within weeks after
exposure to the virus. It often presents flu-like symptoms, such as fever,
sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. Some individuals remain
asymptomatic. During this phase, the virus replicates rapidly, resulting in a
high viral load, making the person highly contagious. Early diagnosis
through specialized tests is essential.
Early detection matters because it provides an opportunity for immediate
intervention, starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control the virus and
reduce transmission risk. If left untreated, acute infection progresses to the
chronic stage, where the virus quietly weakens the immune system.
Recognizing acute infection, practicing prevention, and regular testing are
crucial in our fight against HIV/AIDS. It's a pivotal stage to break the virus's
transmission cycle and protect individuals' health.
CLINICAL LATENCY: The Silent Phase of the Virus
Clinical latency is the stage that follows acute HIV infection, characterized
by a lack of apparent symptoms. Also known as chronic HIV infection, this
phase can persist for years without noticeable health issues. However, the
virus remains active and slowly weakens the immune system over time.
During clinical latency, individuals often feel healthy, but the virus
continues to replicate at lower levels. Regular medical check-ups are vital
to monitor the progression of the disease. Early intervention with
antiretroviral therapy (ART) during this stage can slow the virus's advance
and prevent complications. Untreated, clinical latency can lead to the
development of AIDS, where the immune system is severely compromised,
and the risk of opportunistic infections and certain cancers increases.
Understanding clinical latency emphasizes the significance of regular
testing, early diagnosis, and timely treatment in the ongoing battle against
HIV/AIDS. It's a phase where the virus silently progresses, making
proactive intervention all the more essential.
CAUSES OF AIDS
HIV/AIDS is a global health crisis, with its roots in the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.
This devastating condition has been fueled by factors such as
1. HIV Transmission and Entry into Immune Cells: HIV is a retrovirus
that primarily targets CD4+ T cells, which are critical components of the
immune system. Upon transmission to a new host through activities like
unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles, or vertical
transmission from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding, HIV
enters the bloodstream.
2. HIV Replication and Immune Response: Once in the body, HIV uses its
envelope glycoproteins to bind to CD4 receptors on the surface of CD4+ T
cells. This allows the virus to enter these cells. Inside the host CD4+ T cell,
HIV replicates, producing many new virus particles. This process reduces
the number of functional CD4+ T cells.
3. Viral Evolution and Genetic Diversity: HIV has a high mutation
rate, leading to the evolution of various viral strains. Genetic diversity within
the viral population can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant strains,
making treatment more challenging.
4. Immune System Suppression: As HIV continues to replicate, the body's
immune system is weakened. The virus specifically targets and destroys
CD4+ T cells, which are essential for coordinating the immune response. A
diminished CD4+ T cell count hampers the body's ability to combat
infections and diseases effectively.
5. Opportunistic Infections: The gradual depletion of CD4+ T cells
leaves individuals with HIV susceptible to opportunistic infections and
certain cancers that a healthy immune system can usually fend off. These
include tuberculosis, pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and various fungal,
bacterial, and viral infections.
6. Clinical Staging and Progression: HIV infection is typically
categorized into clinical stages based on CD4+ T cell count and the
presence of opportunistic infections. AIDS is diagnosed when a person's
CD4+ T cell count falls below a certain threshold, or they develop specific
opportunistic infections, indicating a severely compromised immune
system.
7. Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): The cornerstone of HIV treatment is
ART, a combination of antiretroviral drugs that suppress viral replication. It
can slow down the progression of HIV, reduce viral load, and help the
immune system recover by increasing CD4+ T cell counts.
8. Lifestyle and Socioeconomic Factors: Various social determinants,
such as access to healthcare, socioeconomic status, education, and
stigma, can affect an individual's ability to access and adhere to HIV
treatment. These factors can contribute to disparities in HIV/AIDS
outcomes among different populations.
In summary, the development of AIDS from HIV infection is a complex
process involving viral replication, immune system compromise, genetic
diversity, opportunistic infections, and the role of antiretroviral therapy.
Effective management and prevention of AIDS involve not only medical
interventions but also addressing the socio-economic and behavioral
factors that influence HIV transmission and treatment outcomes.
INTRODUCTION OF THE VIRUS IN
OUR BODY
HIV a highly complex retrovirus that orchestrates a multifaceted assault on
the human body. Upon entry, the virus employs its envelope glycoproteins
to attach to CD4 receptors predominantly found on immune cells,
particularly CD4+ T cells. This intricate binding mechanism grants HIV
access to the host cells, where it undertakes relentless replication,
depleting the number of vital CD4+ T cells, which orchestrate immune
defenses.
The virus's remarkable genetic diversity arises from a rapid mutation rate,
resulting in an array of viral strains. This genetic adaptability poses a
formidable challenge in treatment, leading to the emergence of drug-
resistant variants. The gradual erosion of the immune system leaves
infected individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain
cancers.
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has become a linchpin in combating HIV's
devastating impact. By suppressing viral replication, reducing viral load,
and fostering the recovery of CD4+ T cell counts, ART plays a pivotal role
in delaying the progression to AIDS. The intricate interplay between viral
intrusion, immune responses, and therapeutic interventions underscores
the profound complexity of HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. Understanding these
intricacies is paramount in the ongoing global efforts to prevent and treat
this enduring health crisis.
Moreover, HIV's ability to establish latent reservoirs in the body, where the
virus remains dormant and evades the immune system and ART, presents
an additional layer of complexity. These reservoirs can reignite viral
replication if treatment is interrupted, highlighting the necessity of
consistent adherence to ART.
The socio-economic factors and stigma associated with HIV/AIDS further
compound the complexity of this disease, affecting diagnosis, access to
healthcare, and treatment adherence. Continued research and
comprehensive approaches are essential in unraveling the intricate
dynamics of HIV/AIDS and developing effective strategies to combat this
global health challenge.
SCREENING TEST OF AIDS
Screening tests for AIDS typically involve the detection of HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus) infection, which is the virus that can lead to
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). These tests are crucial
for early diagnosis and the initiation of timely treatment. Two primary types
of screening tests for HIV are commonly used:
Antibody Tests: These tests look for antibodies that the body produces in
response to an HIV infection. There are different types of antibody tests,
including rapid tests that provide results within minutes, enzyme
immunoassays (EIA), and Western blot tests. They are usually conducted
on blood samples, but oral fluid and urine tests are also available. Most
people develop detectable HIV antibodies within 2 to 8 weeks after
infection.
Antigen/Antibody Tests: These tests detect both antibodies and antigens,
which are viral proteins produced by the virus early in the infection.
Antigen/antibody tests can detect HIV infection sooner than antibody tests
alone. They are highly effective in detecting HIV in the acute phase of
infection, typically within 2 to 4 weeks after exposure.
Screening tests for HIV are typically the first step in the diagnostic process.
If a screening test is positive, it is usually followed by confirmatory tests,
such as nucleic acid tests (NAT), to confirm the presence of the virus. Early
diagnosis allows individuals to receive medical care, access antiretroviral
therapy (ART), and take steps to prevent the further spread of the virus.
MANIFESTATION OF AIDS
The manifestations of AIDS are diverse and result from the severe
immunosuppression caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
infection. The progression to AIDS is marked by a wide range of symptoms
and complications, which can affect various systems in the body. Here is
an overview of some common manifestations of AIDS:
1. Opportunistic Infections: One of the defining features of AIDS is the
increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections that typically do not
cause severe illness in individuals with a healthy immune system. These
infections can include tuberculosis, pneumonia (Pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumonia), fungal infections (such as oral thrush or cryptococcal
meningitis), and bacterial infections.
2. Malignancies: Individuals with AIDS are at higher risk of certain
cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and invasive
cervical cancer.
3. Neurological Symptoms: AIDS-related neurologic complications can
lead to conditions like HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND),
which can result in memory problems, cognitive decline, and mood
changes. Advanced HIV infection can also lead to severe neurological
conditions, such as HIV-associated dementia.
4. Gastrointestinal Problems: Diarrhea, weight loss, and gastrointestinal
symptoms are common in people with AIDS. This can result from
infections, malabsorption, or the effects of medications.
5. Skin and Mucous Membrane Conditions: Skin problems like rashes,
sores, and oral thrush (Candidiasis) are common in individuals with AIDS.
6. HIV-Related Wasting Syndrome: This condition is characterized by
severe weight loss, muscle atrophy, and weakness. It is often seen in
advanced AIDS cases.
7. Respiratory Symptoms: Chronic cough, shortness of breath, and lung
infections can occur in people with AIDS, especially in cases of
opportunistic infections.
8. Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS): Some
individuals may experience worsening of certain infections after starting
antiretroviral therapy (ART) due to the recovery of the immune system.
9. HIV-Associated Kidney Disease: Kidney dysfunction is a potential
complication, leading to conditions like HIV-associated nephropathy.
10. Cardiovascular Problems: People with AIDS may be at an increased
risk of heart disease, which can be associated with both the virus itself and
the side effects of antiretroviral medications.
11. Endocrine and Metabolic Issues: AIDS can affect hormonal balance
and metabolic functions, leading to conditions like insulin resistance and
lipodystrophy.
The manifestations of AIDS can vary from person to person, and the
severity of symptoms may depend on the individual's CD4+ T cell count,
viral load, and access to medical care and treatment. Timely initiation of
antiretroviral therapy (ART) and regular medical monitoring can help slow
disease progression and reduce the severity of AIDS-related
manifestations. Additionally, preventive measures, including vaccination
and prophylactic treatments, can reduce the risk of opportunistic infections
in people living with HIV.
TREATMENT
Globally, approximately 28.2 million people were receiving ART in 2020,
which represents about 67% of all people living with HIV. Drug resistance
is an ongoing concern. HIV. In 2020, about 54% of children (0-14 years
old) living with HIV were receiving ART. PrEP, a preventive strategy for
those at high risk of HIV, has been rolled out in various countries.
However, its availability and utilization vary significantly.
The treatment of HIV/AIDS has evolved significantly over the years and is
now highly effective in managing the condition. Here's an overview of the
key components of HIV/AIDS treatment:
1. Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): The cornerstone of HIV/AIDS
treatment is ART, a combination of antiretroviral drugs. ART effectively
suppresses the replication of HIV, reducing the viral load in the body. By
doing so, it helps protect and rebuild the immune system, delaying the
progression from HIV to AIDS.
2. Initiation of ART: Treatment guidelines recommend starting ART as
soon as possible after an HIV diagnosis, regardless of CD4+ T cell count,
to maximize the benefits. Early initiation improves overall health and
reduces the risk of opportunistic infections and transmission to others.
3. Drug Classes: ART includes drugs from different classes, such as
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs),
integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), and fusion inhibitors.
Combination therapy is typically used to minimize the risk of drug
resistance.
4. Adherence: Adherence to ART is critical for its success. Taking
medications as prescribed is essential to maintain viral suppression and
prevent drug resistance. Healthcare providers work closely with patients to
address adherence challenges.
5. Monitoring and Adverse Effects: Regular medical check-ups are
essential to monitor CD4+ T cell counts, viral load, and overall health. ART
can have side effects, which vary by drug and individual. Healthcare
providers manage side effects and may switch medications if necessary.
6. Prevention and Health Promotion: Individuals on ART can lead
healthy lives. Preventive measures include vaccination against
opportunistic infections (e.g., pneumococcal vaccine) and behavioral
strategies to reduce the risk of transmission to sexual partners. HIV-
positive individuals should also adopt a healthy lifestyle, including a
balanced diet, exercise, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol use.
7. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
(PEP): PrEP involves taking antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV infection
before exposure, while PEP is a short-term treatment to prevent infection
after a potential exposure, such as unprotected sex or needlestick injuries.
In conclusion, the treatment of HIV/AIDS with antiretroviral therapy has
revolutionized the management of the condition. Early initiation of ART,
adherence to medication regimens, regular monitoring, preventive
measures, and global efforts to expand access are all essential
components of successful treatment. HIV-positive individuals can lead
productive lives with proper care and support, and the continued
development of therapies offers hope for a future without AIDS.
PREVENTION
Preventing AIDS is a multifaceted endeavor that involves a combination of
strategies to reduce the transmission of HIV, the virus that can lead to
AIDS. Here's a more detailed explanation of these key prevention methods:
1. Safe Sex Practices: Consistent and correct use of condoms during
sexual intercourse is a fundamental practice to reduce the risk of HIV
transmission. Open and honest communication between sexual partners
about their HIV status and risk factors is also essential.
2. Needle Exchange Programs: For individuals who inject drugs, the
provision of clean needles and syringes through needle exchange
programs or supervised injection facilities helps reduce the transmission of
HIV through the sharing of contaminated injection equipment.
3. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): PrEP is a highly effective
preventive approach for individuals at high risk of HIV infection. It involves
taking a daily antiretroviral medication. When used consistently and as
prescribed, PrEP significantly reduces the risk of acquiring HIV.
4. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): PEP is a time-limited course of
antiretroviral medication taken after potential exposure to HIV. It is offered
to individuals who may have been exposed to the virus through activities
like unprotected sex or needlestick injuries.
5. Routine HIV Testing: Regular HIV testing is critical for individuals to
know their HIV status. Early detection allows for prompt initiation of
antiretroviral therapy (ART) in those who test positive, which not only
benefits their health but also reduces the risk of transmission to others.
6. Promoting Awareness and Education: Public awareness campaigns,
comprehensive sex education programs, and initiatives to destigmatize HIV
encourage safer sexual behaviors, regular testing, and informed decision-
making.
7. Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission: For pregnant women living
with HIV, prevention efforts include prenatal care, antiretroviral treatment,
safe delivery practices, and infant feeding guidance. These measures
significantly reduce the risk of transmitting HIV from mother to child.
8. Combating Stigma and Discrimination: Reducing societal stigma and
discrimination against people living with HIV is vital. Addressing stigma
helps create an environment in which individuals are more likely to seek
testing, treatment, and disclose their status to partners.
9. Medical Male Circumcision: In regions with a high prevalence of HIV,
voluntary medical male circumcision is promoted. Studies have shown that
it can reduce the risk of female-to-male HIV transmission.
10. Treatment as Prevention (TasP): Virally suppressed individuals on
ART are unlikely to transmit HIV to their sexual partners. Expanding
access to treatment and ensuring that individuals are adherent to their
medication regimens can significantly reduce transmission rates.
Preventive efforts are tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of
different regions and populations. Effective HIV prevention often relies on
combining multiple strategies, tailored to the local context, to reduce the
spread of HIV and mitigate the impact of the epidemic.
In CONCLUSION, our investigatory project on HIV/AIDS
has illuminated the multifaceted dimensions of this global health challenge.
We've delved into the intricacies of HIV transmission, pathogenesis,
treatment, and prevention. Our exploration revealed the complexity of the
virus, the critical importance of early diagnosis, and the remarkable
advancements in antiretroviral therapy.
The interplay of biological, social, and behavioral factors in the HIV/AIDS
landscape underscores the need for a holistic approach to combat the
epidemic.
As we conclude our investigation, it's clear that the fight against HIV/AIDS
is ongoing, with continuous research, education, and advocacy playing
pivotal roles. This project serves as a reminder of the profound impact of
HIV/AIDS on individuals and communities, and the imperative to work
collectively to achieve a future free of this devastating disease.
Let us remember that HIV/AIDS is not merely a medical condition; it's a
deeply human experience that touches countless lives. Our project aims to
spark awareness, inspire compassion, and drive action. Every statistic and
data point represents a person with a story, and it's our collective
responsibility to ensure that their stories are not marked by suffering, but
by hope, resilience, and ultimately, triumph.
Our hope is that the knowledge gained through this investigation will
contribute to a better understanding of HIV/AIDS, foster compassion and
support for those affected, and inspire a continued commitment to
prevention, treatment, and ultimately, the eradication of this global
public health crisis.
OBSERVATION
The latest statistics on HIV around the world from UNAIDS include:
Number of People with HIV—There were approximately 39 million people
across the globe with HIV in 2022. Of these, 37.5 million were adults and
1.5 million were children (<15 years old). In addition, 53% were women and
girls.
An estimated 1.3 million individuals worldwide acquired HIV in 2022,
marking a 38% decline in new HIV infections since 2010 and 59% since
the peak in 1995. New HIV infections, or “HIV incidence,” refers to the
estimated number of people who newly acquired HIV during a given period
such as a year, which is different from the number of people diagnosed
with HIV during a year. (Some people may have HIV but do not know it.)
Women and girls accounted for 46% of all new HIV infections in 2022.
Approximately 86% of people with HIV globally knew their HIV status in
2022. The remaining 14% (about 5.5 million people) did not know they had
HIV and still needed access to HIV testing services. HIV testing is an
essential gateway to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support services.
The global target for HIV status awareness is 95% by 2025.
HIV Treatment Access—As of the end of 2022, 29.8 million people with
HIV (76% of all people with HIV) were accessing antiretroviral therapy
(ART) globally. HIV treatment access is key to the global effort to end AIDS
as a public health threat. People with HIV who are aware of their status,
take ART as prescribed, and get and keep an undetectable viral load can
live long and healthy lives and will not transmit HIV to their HIV-
negative partners through sex.
In addition, HIV-related stigma and discrimination, together with other
social inequalities and exclusion, are proving to be key barriers and our
response to HIV/AIDS across the globe may be in jeopardy without
continued commitment and strong partnerships.
HYPOTHESIS
The Gut Microbiome's Role in HIV Cure Research: Could
Manipulating Gut Bacteria Lead to a Functional Cure?
This hypothesis suggests that the human gut microbiome, which plays a
crucial role in immune function and overall health, might hold the key to
achieving a functional cure for HIV.
It posits that by manipulating the composition and function of gut bacteria,
it may be possible to reduce viral reservoirs, boost the immune response,
and potentially achieve a state where individuals with HIV can control the
virus without the need for lifelong antiretroviral therapy.
This hypothesis is based on emerging research that explores the intricate
relationship between the gut microbiome and the immune system, offering
a novel avenue for HIV cure research.
Thank You!
BIBLIOGRAPHY
THE FOLLOWING WERE USED IN THE COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT:
BOOKS
Biology Lab Manual Class 12
Biology NCERT Textbook Class 11 & 12
AIDS: The Biological Basis by Benjamin S. Weeks and Hiroaki
Mitsuya
ACADEMIC JOURALS AND ARTICLES
Global epidemiology of HIV by Chris Beyrer, Roger Detels, et
al. (The Lancet, 2010)
Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral
therapy by Myron S. Cohen, et al. (New England Journal of
Medicine, 2011).
AUTHORITATIVE WEBSITES
www.unaids.org/en
www.hiv.gov
www.webmd.com
www.mayoclinic.org
www.naco.gov.in
www.who.int
