e ne 2019 UU Ecoaye ASST ONMENT — 1 D Draw and explain the i ‘ block Magram Op Heal Communicalion Unk: what i the meal A ive Vebractve Meee ob tt 2 i iene eerste ERM Ce! ha) piepan | aveyroure clecpie! TRA NEMETTER eg ee el ae ‘pf OPTICAL (| [peiver|—» [éource’ °| Base — ea] ior | 1 bs |Qo1guMeco BF Majer elemeule ef opal CommunitaHoy Unk are VY) Treamitter ¢- the preuuicter mainly Couticta eof +176 elemenla, Ariver and eplitey geurce. The Orin enivens fhe later Seurce. 0, clechiow signal Mo OU TS Blve, Ben | Ge source, wich giver the output in perm ef Li »and tus Uguk have signatne ef clectrical gigual tuat we waut fo -frevumil. WD Regenerater As the Signal -Hrams mite PHcal Fibre, due to Seme chonactenichica. the Signet deteriales: Ag it cocanct reaches in berm ctr transmitted , Hug the signal i regenerated. Git) epic) pibre 4- Ace as GB medium . these ee the Atelechtc Wave guides whene Ui gee syns Propagaler under the proceat ef total internal Reflection Ctr). (CM) ePilcel Gnectora'= “They are used +o Couple aclequale amounk of; epic! sigual fo eplal pbre- ( opHed Ampiitiein :- 34 ambplitiew the optics Sigal upto Coutiderable evel. der long dictance , aa ey uedty Aegrader AUe 45 ceveral types + otteutaHeur £ i spensiou. £g> SoA, EbE,a. WD pewer cpiitters + They are uses to divide optical eignel with Seme rato. 94 Can be used do top epliad Sigral fer Jesting Purpose QW opted Detector + Receives SecHon Couist of optical clelecter uct Gebjurea buster and genase equivalent Current to Circuita.2ossUNEcosy Ettective Rebractive Gndex PrepagaHen Couktaut in the pibre along Propagation rection and Propagation Coustant in © vaccum. But, nowy depends upen Structure et medium Recringeine Weta) came Uy we Vey structue eb eee hen the velocity ee ahd Gentes uentty ebbective RL of quide Structure. SPherica wavebroute Planar wowetreuk O) when tne pelut source an | (1) The woNepreut voll! appear plane Metrepre medium, Semcing eur When viewed from Source oany Waver in tree dimeusleu, Mod cue wavefront is Ss Wovebieut& are ephericel ed] Gotled a Plane wavetrouk. Jt u eM Source, Such wavepreuw! (4 | obfeined olen small pant of, Guted a spheric wavelet. Shherial/ Cylindrica) wavebrent eniginales brem uicteut geurce. (0D) '2O19VnECo2y D 9 Step index fibre hat Core reyactve Index six, cl tndlex 149 ard Gere ctlameter Jooltm. Calculate assuming that bibre uu Kebt in ain — iy NLA of pibre WY Angle Xm, Om be itt) pure broadening per Unit leugth CPt)L) Aue te mutt Path Aispenion. POM Wortrom a acimunt mush. ob replechiou per MAN ber ray guided by ir. Numented aperture et bibre NeA= Jueont = a5 ay" = fe2s— 21904 Bet em je a Bs | = act (ME) tat Coat) = ~~2o19UMECOay Oe oa (s) = 80.63" | BOG 3 ar wy es a elo ak pce ss bas] 2 eqs nice ee el ee, WW) the Yay that passer alen’ the anig , the one ber Which K=o will net be reflected bub bellows mest eblique path leas than Xn, Will subber maximus umber of replectiens fenen= aaa = gorse 2 303% 30m Se 4an(o-36%) | Jo, marimum wo. of reflecHout per meter would be =e 164g mot AL othe raya wil gubber reflections betJren these two evtremes obo and 1643 rm *,2019Uh 60037 3 Describe the dibtereuce between meriedinal raya cand skew re - ehtain the mathemati expression Ler the wumenttal eherture and deley of step Inder pibre ang expen the Physics siguiflaauce oy Stense Aus. Menrtalinal Fays See D Meriodinal r. ekew rn ag Ho rey that i) Skew Ray iba ray prot hikes in of 25 never striker the axia OPH cal pibre Pentodicahy post seit oro DS ees rt, INS ere Prien decal Ten ssd lent remem at the cals eo bre. ily They ate Ceubined to Ui) It ter to follow heliad “he Core axis of binre Fath aleng the bibre and so Cauuct be Coufines kin elngle Cloctting Cor Dore uben the angle 6, ray B elther repleted Or supper TLR. of +. La launched beyerd Cenfedin enae, BH iL vepracted. leh ta ce Clee LD geome Kindes u Leaching appl’ with an CPHCed Libre. ae SeDosgunE Cosy By applying cele law at 400 bouncly Hsine= ny sino = mycin (,-b) =n ond At CraiHcal cengle, ty cin = hy Sin(™p) = ha cing = (ra) : yr SMO = peed 7 (ie ne [ene ee | es Since, +vu aan remaing ike energy on witkan Some apenbune - Herce Hs Panarmeter Hed plumeniod Aperture. 94 defiher Laake aes ond Ugur Launching Capability - of eptical Libre. for Wgr ee eppidency, nA Stould be ae Time Jaten by by axial Yay lb» frovelling UV Alehauce along anit 4,,~ (UE)2019Un £co33 Whene velocity erat Ug a Similaaly , bime i by mest oblique ray es x be eS ee "ea [st 4] But, hi sind, = hy singo! siug,= Nad fe t= wf he A= 4 ~-th an Be _ aad me a Sie pa be pi: fie [PE o-)| c Prysicel siguithcance of cladding > ame i decides tm which we en ePHced pibre ~ St helps to Conpine the Ughk 4p Core of fibre. The Cladding actata (oie tie ier fo be -frautmitted Core and to the ether end with &.2.0190) E6029 A muttimede step index bibre has relalive ve index eh XY. and Core Calcutate tre Am Gives . Relatvel\nders, A= 27.2 9:02 Wavelength: A= 124m Core refractive index, hy = 35 No- ef; moder. M = 400 diameter ofthe fibre Core. TFetat Number ef modes in mutlimede fibre u », 2 “Meo £ “Ae = [ae al NvA= ii. AP nich Rabel hy NeA= Jyrzon = hi feo New, ales AN Sg SAUCES A(N-A) a14 Tae nas x L202 = Manes 0 Besa ac x x An tenio = L3x100 6659 vepracHve Index of as the Ww od ey moder tear et woavelengant of 4,2 uum is 100.2ossuneco2y S> write +e May wer)'s equalious, with pe abproprase Be nee do one 4! gallon Hemreugh — opticas Hert ebhain the pmathemattent goes My wave eouakion Using the seb of MAKER countous , An Mayer's eauato, 2h Course “bee mediure 1) vP=o Bia cs, Da Sectre Aeblocemet— Taro yo, vector dice es B= Magnetic i Wi) oP = - (Foredoy'y lac) pimclessty ‘ Bru = ™ yeP 2 5p » bree (Ampere as) Siute, sk» pune Aiclechic there One tw oy > v v B® Bme in Ambo sland. me Coupled ecuntion jn elechic 2 Conduct Cument 0 5 term —Y Kies oF =-% Cvs) EF ae ig 5s ae = VE Cow) - -as (4E] fromtivy (a17x®) - -ue $2 ae ee) os Wxv¥E =. 7(7P)_ ore Sint, 7Ese, because vebro D> V(EE)=0 Wayne = ve fo, we Gan write \ve- Me SELIUMECO3 FH ASSTGNMEVT—2 eet tet SCN ) Describe the physical significance aud ctdvantages of Grvadedl index fibre Ovex steh index fivre- Ans- — Gradech index fibre reduces multimode olispresion by grading the vefsactive. index of the cove So that it Se eta between core cenéxe and cleudeling . When the yadial distance i's Inc xeasedf *efractive index will clecvease. nearer fo the aus then that has high refractive indese comparect wigs Parts close to cladding , Xays 9 light will follow Sinuseidel lanes under the fibre. index used jin es Yom fibxe aus then Since the core pares are he mosé frequent vefractiv tnclerc fibre 13 barabotic resulting th frequent tesus AGING af emissions within cone ane vedluees model clis persion. Advantages — C) The main benefit gtelect index Over step index is the qreaé clecrease wi'thin meclal chis persion. Furthermore, this can be rec cod by selecting lesser Cove siye. Gi) Buy using this fibre, & large amount of elata can be transmitted. Gi) Compared wi'th step— index, the ehistortion is relatively small GW) Losses ond att envation are less, 2) Webermine the cut of core for step index fibres to exhibit single mode operation , where cove wef vactive inekexe ave. rcadlivs ave 1-46 anol [-45um wes pectively with welative index. difference. being 0.25% .2orgunecosz lng * We Rnows Numerical Abexture CW A)= Vinj nu” nytemr = Chitne) (ny-n2). = (nit ne) Cn =m) x 2m) as n pytm on) and A= My- he, 2 ny Hence, FAL) inser une = Nhv2A Now, cut-off wavelength 18 given by — Ac = 2ha (MA) = 2K ANIV24 MG Vee 4or cut off wavelength, Vo= 2-408. do = 2X3 AN X14 5X46 V 0.005 pesca Bee 2-405 Ac = 0. 39 4m 93) what is the meaning of maul - ielet oliameter 7 Briefly explain the a ence and polarisation mode cts persion Cemp) inside optical p {ibye- Ans Mode Jielol diameter is a measure of the width of an ivvadiance distribution ¢ optical power per unit ated, ACTOSS end dace Single made fibre. Te is tpbically slightly larger Chan cove af on oie Yibre entering slightly into the cladding . Mode x fel2019UNECo2z diameter enables us to design launch-optics to match the sourey to that of the fine and! 80 maximise Ve l. MF b> ~ 2 Se ling Mode fret the mode daunching = efficiency . We measure mariimum oliistance where down to Ve than this cliametey '8 calle Niame tery of the fioxe- Bine fringence of Fibxe — 4 his purely | we consider the op tical fiove whie erxeulay, any avbitrary di'vection can be decompose inte two and hence two oleqenevate nodes. However, practical the fiber ig not cryevlay due fo manufacturing process and fibye have some short of ellipticity. one polarisation remains eis than other. Phase Constant algo Changes {* eg ec tive index Hex different. Let us So V number of the V numbev of two LPol made. This indicates that hovizontal and vertical polarisation can be say Mx and ny - Py om2019 UnECo3y Di {fevente these two refractive indices genevateel ove fo qeame trical @ I ipticlty of optical fibre 1S cated nive-fving wane Hane (B4= ny -hx] Phase velocity (win) for fe ofifferent nodes remains Ai dserent, So this gene vaites phase. aiffe rence and’ hence state of polarisation changes. . when ight pro haga tes insidle optical fibre, state of polarisation continor Sly changing - The distance over hich these Séates changes, that tength is called bit length on optical fibre . \ Rit length = 2a B(ny-nx) And due to this, there 4s tencleney to we pulse Sepeyate out - , Polaviseion mole is kevsion Whatever the pulse is launched jit get divided into ee Hen te hovizontal anol vertical. And two will ‘a with oft erent group velocity. As it tyavels, bee = a Bix te variable, the two pulses will Neath Ut Same time on the other side of optical butses-2029 UV ECO2F 0 there will be oi ference between the two pulse And due bo it we hove offective broadening - This rs know i tition frame Oli. when data vate (9 24H lovey these dispersion comes In picture. PMD is a orm of model elispersion where two different Polarvisations of light in a wavequide, that novm . at the Same speed, travels at oifferent speeef fue to xandom imperfections ane? asymmetries, causing ssanclorn shreading ofe tical pulses.2019Un E034 ASSIGNMENT — 04 Gi: pizcusa the mode partion noize and speckle noize in LASER: ‘ Auit- mode pantiten Neise t- Bh a typical Waser, there ore mony prequenty eta ger amplity do we are having amplifidaHen speck , Ahepe prequency which Sabshy the prose Cendihen JR amplified. We do net get single yreaueny ap se but we get set ef jrequenty genosled by Plc lasers AB WE Kuo Hint babry peret lesen steckum axe as — wavelength Golime reseed loser spectra Can be repretenletor —a> QorigunEco2F speckle Neize j— Since lange wimber ef peruenc, generated (ae and when later ib Coupled with eptice) fibre, al the preauency are guided jusicle ephG@d Libre and since they fraveled with lipperent velocity because of dispention tusice eblaal pibre when We reach the ether Side of obttaet tible, the Inlertereuce of elechic field taken place inside opal pibre. fo, typiauly we Gar dee interpeneute pheuemeuor. hit generaler Specibic ; Patten ef electric field due to Costruchve and clestruchve luderferente . This pattern b Gled ak speckle pattern. Sheckle pattern is redicty bulien et pewer 2b the septic fibre Croaa- Section, keeping tojal power Coustaut. But the dletecler would Wet have dame espouse ab au points ef Liber Crean Section. Qik region celecter receiver legs pewer bub trem brigut vegien receivea incre) Rewer- Atte to thea! “puichietioh 5 | 4-ul) prenemee Keeta en Changing ata juncHen ot time. 26 the Pattern keep vyanter; wart fime- Since detect receive ~time neouying Vespeute, thenebere .Cunrent trrougn Photo delecter Slowly vonieg with regbect te Jime . “TH is known of Speckle. nleize, Brietty desoribe the Cuteth Cenditen inside optics aire: Draw the elechic field patienn ter potleveing Mm ede, — ps fi) TAG. Spas.) bye > alien Pras t~ The Cuteth Cenditeh Gen be permutated gn ferme eb mode pielde, Andependenty eb the Coenditen ber the Citta) angle 2 fete! internal replection. 3n terms of = mede fields, Cute, pb reached When the Held cletacher Hseth trom Waveguide and begtns te vadiate away, when BB then wmedibied besce} punclow Couvertes jo uermal and there is woleubine- menk eb Energy tuside. eladding So Cubett CondiltonQorgunEco2 + bike. eh the energy Spreaded Jn claclding ° a ee of mere ehengy Coupined inside the Cote + the je oP), ESE oy the energy Ue set Cladding Compared +o Core. At cuteth Conclili Che eh |eneiy lien Freuns el Hing \wslde the aieiiting : i Elechic bield pattern —> ie Hh Gay craze minima Lat’ 0 minima —Maxima ey pas i Sia, ee eplica) fibre. St fernaing marimum ; Centre decresseg at We al rem Ceute bub rection rernatug coded mede acerQo1goneEco3 z Site 4 are U agimutnal Yo field repreteule the clehinile a «A+ Cente , Held will be very leex Cheubral), ee bield at the ayia iil be minimum ast wl Cure oUF ach other at the ans ok ebtical titre.a ee 2019 UnECO3F “har . the meaning of mode - field diamewn ? PY enblacn Mee \ aid Birepyi te and petanisalon Usperston (Pp Mp) Aug r luside epticd fibre. oy the Aistibutlen tie, ace 89 end face2O1UnEC027 diameter enables ug to design launch-optics to match the mode of the sourey to that of the fine and’ 30 maximise AUREL - efficiency i Ve MF D-> Vick line Mode fied Wwe measuve mancimum ollstence where down to \e than this ciameter !8 calle Niame tey of the fibre. Binefvingence of Fibve we considey the op éical fiove whith 1s purely eryeulay, eS) : ond arbitrary divection can be decompo inte two And hence two oleqenerate nodes. However, practically the fiber is not eryevlay due fo manudactu ring Process | and fibre have some short of ellipticity. 80 V number one polarisetion wemains ay than anges {™ the V number of othey- Phase constant alse : two LPol mace. This indicates that eg ec Five index fov hovizental and vertical polarisation can be different. het Us a say nx and ny « Pay On2019 unEco37 Di f{evence these two vef ractive indices genevateel ove to geome frical @ Mipticity of optical fiorve 1S called tivefring ~vanth- — Henee (4 ng -ne] Phase velocity (wip) for fwe ofifferent nodes re diferent. So this gene vaites phase atirffe rence and hence state of polanisat‘on changes. . when ight pro haga tes inside optical fibre, State of polaxisation continor St changing - The distance ovey which these states changes, nat tength is called bit length 6N optical fibre. oe) Rit length = 2a Blny-nz) And odlue to this, theve is teneleney to w pulse Seperate out - ‘ Polarisation mole ofis persion » Whatever the pulse is launched )'t get divide into two sections fe horizontal anol ver tical. And twe will travel with different qroup velocity: As it tyavels) bee ~ ause og Bir ie variable, the two pulses will not ‘Yeath at same time othe other side of optical butses. ®2OBIVNECORF » there will be oli ference between the two pulse Be ave tort we have S effective broadening . This 1s known x, Peles tation mode ahd when data yate fs 2642 Yey these ditbersion comes fn picture. PMDis a form of Polanisations model olispersien where twe different light in a wa vequide, that novmall travels at the ame seed, trarels at different speeef due © vandom Impex fections and ae ee vanclom aes at ‘es, causing tieal pulses,2ogunes o2F ASSIGNMENT - OF 1S Discuss the dibperencer, between the femperal and SPabal Coheren ‘What in the importance of femberat ard shabal Coherency fer the LASER? Ans i Temperal Selena Ci) when we try to Gphwe dhe benravieur ef electric preld Ctetrelaen) wore. ime is Called az femberal Gi) Rescribe the CotretaHon beboeen Waveg at clibberent memeuda . Be Paiste hatiies ard maumade He-Ne laser 6 Pakial Coveney i when we one Signal Bb behaving 40 a Plane, Lte plane ob propagation is Giled Spatial Coherenty . Ci) Qeseribe the GrretaHow beliwecr wanes ab dipret Pelula in Space rab are either leterct ov Longitudinal, M09 Fie ee Le axis mbertance of Jjemberal Conerency 52019U EL037 acc) a oo + fac ae Xeon ae when C=0, we Ge maximum az jime increase , Rlc)decteser. pe twe Peltz eon wave punclen are mere and mere un Cerrelated. Im Aime demain, i, we Giplure Ceherenty Ob buncion, U BES Diabera’” ge OSbencus fake: (snk Cee Which raclialien u hore, es | Gase-1 Aer dela puneiion, Conco RC) — o w Gen=e every point Bb Certelated with iksel and her Small value eff, Correlenty Zero. Coe -D» 2oLguneco2F footer: Coherenty 4 urgent requirement per amy oploal ow sry By tempera Coberewty , ib giver, the measurer of Par es Feet OPH) ceurce. Patel Cohenemty —> ul aa a AC) A(A-¥) ed 2 RU) =< \ ALD AY CA-w) de Pewe radiator and RA) have [uile widlh, df we have peuuted Yadialion then Db Can be launched essenHatly iwtide eptcal pibre as +s will tie in accepfauce Core. inte, width ey -Vecdialicn pattern related to sfallal Coherenty, uo give bdgrely direcHenal pmpagatisn tn Gse of Spallal Ceherene . Tunis imprevea the Ugur launching enpicienty, RO) E:T, pewer Radialen Pattern A p-in phetediode , on average, generater electren hele far Per 4up incidewt preter at wavelength of 0185" lim. Assuming al Phote-generated electrous ate Cetlecled, Calculale i) quantum epploiency of diodes Wi Mapimum pesstble band-gap energy (ev) ef Semiconductor sored a lucident waveleugth tobe Long Wavelength WY Mean eutbur pretocument when tuddenk plant Pewer ik louw,2019 Eco? Cy) = Nove electron hele tein : ea NB of pluofous ¢biking the Proteclechnn = (2*(C2) = 3 = 05D GD maximum peestble band _. GP energy g, es ones ton (ev 2 (ute) = B24 = 4G oss a 7 #) (=) - naa all - ~€ a OG OMLne Chg koi yo enaeneto! Bite eeeer is? fsx tot,2019 UME C029 3) Diacuas 4ne desirable Charachenristica ey optic! course. DisHngulah belwoeen clirect band OPP ard indirect tard OP semiconductor malertals. Anas- desirable Chanacterlsica of optical Sources = GY Emission wittin lew low windew ef the poe WS Narrow spectral voldth WS Cababilily fo Couple adenuate pacer fo fibre Ww ame te te ye Nv vi) High reliably vin) Ruggedhear ber bield wed ireck Band bap Ondirect Band Gap 1) These matertals where bettem ef Conductor band ib miaatigned with top ef the valence bend. i) these mateukla yohore bettem of Cepducten band is aligned with the top bh valence band.| Qoijuntcory WW) Clectyen Waly Yom valence 1) Clectmnn izing trem the bond fe ComAuchon band witt Valente bard +0 Conduction ouly Change the pojeuttal Bard th Coe) alee momentum, WwW) mere efpicieu iy) leap eppicient v) Can directly emth a VW) Counst emit Pieter Photon vi> Fg Amorphous 41 and v) &g> Crystalline SI andGe Some IN-D males ard Some DT=I malerialg | Rooting InAe and Gals. Such as DAS.