Quantum Publications® ——CONTENS Se (Pobtatand heren, and renter the publasher nox the authors Layered Cloud Archiecture Dengn - NIST Cloud Ci ese sal be eewporable for amy ertara cman, or damages FRedemnoe Architecare-Publc, Private end Hybrid Cloud Lass amcy oul of ww of — PaaS ~ SaaS ~ Architectural Design Challenges ~ Cloud Storage Sieageovs server Advanage of Coad Storage Clad Storage Providers. Co Conspetiog CONT Gem LUNIT.4 : RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1 E10 4-25 Bee Inter Cloud Resource Management ~ Resource Provisioning and F Eénen 2019.20 (Thoroughly Revised Edition) Resource Provisioning Methods ~ Global Exchange of Cloud Kanon 202021 Resources ~ Secunty Overview ~ Cloud Security Challenges alien. mechs Sofrware-ava Service Secunty - Security Governance ~ Virtaal = Machine Secunty IAM ~Securiy StandardL-2E(CSMTSem-D ___Iatroduction PART-1 1-28 to 1-17E 2 Cloud computing is paradigan or delivering IT where rapid provisioning, isan important characteris for computing resources, data applications and IT. {ii Maintaining the desired and right level of security, compliances, regulations, and policies across the different functions of enterprise, 2 Task centric : Cloud computing focus on what one need and how application can do it. Here documents are given more prionty than the applications which create them, 1-1E(CSIT-Sem-7)Coad Computing 1-3E(CSITSem-7) A Self healing: In eifbaling. backups are availabe fr every document ‘nthe cloud Hence, ifene document crashes there will be its duplicate ready to run. 4 Multienancy and intelligence : Mult-tenancy refers to sharing of data and conte ecroes lange pool of wera. Aa varicas data are stored in loud, data ining end analy are necessary for accessing information ‘0 an atelligens manner. {Programmable Many processes in dout computing shall be automate ‘such as backing up crashed data withite duplicate. Hence, programming ‘associated with loud computing © Flexible: Fleible as the users may be of different varictics and hence st has to match with their oeeds RESTS] wnat are the advantages and disadvantages of cloud 2 Burstepte edge: Cloud computing belpe us to acces the latest applications any time without spending our time and money oF installations igh speed Claud computing allows sto deploy our service uichyin 6 oily (inden vious oiler ‘atthe remote locations can easly access ll the cloud services Allthey need is internet connectiity @ Unlimited storage capacity : Cloud computing offers limitless storage capacity Disadvantages of cloud computing + L 2 Technical issues : Cloud technology is always prone to an outage and other technical issues, IME(CSIT Sem?) _tntraduction 8 Security threat in the cloud : Before adopting ¢ load wchooligy. ee should be well aware ofthe fact that we will be sharing all our compasiy ® sensitive information toa third-party cloud computing service proviier Hackers might access this information. Internet connectivity : Good internet connectivity is must in cloud computing We cannot access cloud without an internet connection, Lack of support : Cloud computing companies fail to provide proper ‘support tothe customers. Moreover, they want their user to depend on FAQsor online help, which ean bea tedious ob for non-technical persons, [BaeT Eepai vision ofcoud compoting al 1 Cloud ‘computing peeride the ets a to peorines in virtual hardware, inorder to fulfillits promises to customers. QaeTAL ] List the major categories of parallel computing systems. iL Intretion feel parallel 1 form of parallel computing in ‘which we can calculate the amount of operation carried out by an operating system at same time. For example1-SE(CSITSem-7) Que TBD | Discuss the issues related to cloud computing. al Several iasues related to cloud computing are : Performance waves Data issues Energy related issues (ret ‘Sceurity issues : Some ofthe security problems which ar faced by the cloud computing areas follows: 1. Data integrity When a data is ona cloud, anyone from any location can access those data from the eloud. Cloud does fot eilferentite between vmmon data thus enabling anyone to accea those nenstive dat. This theres lack of data integrity cloud computing 2 Data theft: Most ofthe cloud vendors instead of acquiring server try to lease a server from other tervice providers beesuse they are oat smal threats it may eome neross. A eloud good security provided by the we between different hosts or between hosts and user. This issues pertaining LOE (CSIT-Sem-7) Introduction to secure communication, authentication, istues concerning single sign delegation. nus data issues in cloud computing are as follows comes to location of the data nothing is do not know sehere his own data are reveal where all the data are stored. The same country of the customer, it might be data and programs from ically stored in a sharedClos Computing 1-7E (CSITSem-7) Various performance issues in eloud computing are: 1. Poor application performance or application hang-ups: Usually {he application is starved for RAMor CPU cycles, and faster processors ii, Horizontal acaling: Horizontal scaling (out) requires the addition of more machines devices tothe computing platform to handle the increased demand. Sustained inereasesin demand, however, require horizontal scaling and load balancing torestore and maintain peak performance Energy related issues : Various energy related issues are as follows 1. Cloud computing is rapidly growing in importance as increasing numbers ‘of enterprises and individuals are shifting their workload to cloud service providers. 2 The electricity costs involved in operating alarge cloud infrastructure of multiple data centres can be enormous. In fact, cloud service providers ‘often must pay for the peak power they draw, as well as the energy they 3. Lowering these high operating costs is one of the challenges facing ‘loud service providers. 4, Insufficient or malfunctioning cooling system can lead tooverheatingof the resources reducing system reliability and devices lifetime, 5. High power consumption bythe infrastructure leads to substantial carbon dioxide (CO,) emission contributing to the greenhouse effect. ent tls Fault tolerance is one of the key issues of loud computing, Fault tolerance is concerned with all the techniques necessary system to tolerate software faults, i ? ‘ ! : i i Fault tolerance techniques are employed during the procurement, oF development, of the software. When a fault jechniques provide mechanisms to the software system top failure from occurring. 1-8E(CSTTSem- _lntredeton [ae] What are the hurdles in cloud computing? in cloud computing: vices are opened and deliverod over the network between service provider and the consumer, the security in this TT delivery is taken with the concerns of and availability. lovels of maturities for organizations seeking service Level Agreements (SLA) but eloud service fers are not equipped to deliver the services. is a need of stringent Recovery Point Objective (RPO) and ery Time Objective (RTO) with the agreed number of ®(Cloud Computing 1-0E(CSIT-Sem-7) (Quoi ] Explain briefly the term cloud. = ; 1 Cloudie an extension ofthe internet with some level of inherent discipline and ethics 2 Cloud can be thought of unification of information technology with business intelligence 3. Technology merges virtualization, grid functionalities and web standards as a single utility model which is del ‘customers over the 4. Cloud brokers negotiate the best deals and relationships between the ‘loud consumers and cloud providers. 5. They can use specialized tools to identify the most appropriate cloud resource and map the requirements of the application toi. 6 Cloud broker services are mainly categorized into three group ‘4 Service intermediation broker provides a service to a consumer \Uuateahanors agiven sevice by adding some value on topto increase seme specific capability b. Service aguregation brokerage service combines and integrates {nto one or mare services and ensures that data are modelled across all component services and movement, security of data botween the service conrumer and multiple providers ¢ Service arbitrage is similarto cloud service aguregationbut services being aggregated are not fixed. In addition, these services provide flexibility and opportunity forthe service aggregator. Que FA] What are the components of cloud? Components of cloud : 1. Cloud service consumer (or end user): {Cloud service consumersare the end wers known asclien toteract with the system and demand for services a3 requirement ‘4 The client can be categorized into the following three categoris ‘4. Mobile clients : Mobile clients run the applicati laptops, PDAs and smart phones. This category of clients dderaands for higher speed and high level of security. LOB(CSITSem-D Introduction Thinellcnte: Thinclentanihe aye hard dives ar hare ives, and largely depend on the server 8 Internet medium : Internet medium is the communication channel between the cousumer and provider where services are redirected. 4 Datacentre: i. Datacentee is the collection of servers where the applications subscribed are housed, i Ieonsists of storage, network, and server. T9,) | Give the characteristics of cloud. [Answer Characteristics of cloud are : 1. Self-scrviceon-demand: As acloud consumer, users are privileged to request and provision computing eapabilities bundled with services with centers are then divided into multiple services to various consumers in a multi- wave both physical and virtual resources. 4 Ropidel 1 "Thia characteristicmakes the provisioning rapid and elastic.Cloud Computing MUECSITSem) 12 B(CHTPSom-7 Introduction cand can fex-up and flexdown fi. Theconsumer does not manage the underlying cloud infrastructure i Thie provisioning can be automati ‘on the basis of spikes of wilizatio fil The consumer ean view the’ which ean be bought at any’ QweTAO.] What are the challenges “Answer Challenges in cloud : 1. Lack of control : In ease of lack of control, by delegating the IT Sanagemen te ersice consume loses the ability to and anuterd of the submitted workload, ity available as a service, existing applica loud ? oriented approach, concern and needs to be Interoperability among multiple service providers: This eadsto ae my a eo beable run the same virtualized ‘pplication on clouds provided by multiple vendors. Appropriate standards need to be in place for addressing this 4. Resource management : The manag land other resources in a distributed problem. of computing, storage is recognized as a ‘hard? Quel] Explain cloud services. a ‘Anewer)) (On the basis of user requirements, the cloud infrastructure has given various servicing schemes in order to deliver the utility tothe eonsumers or eients ot fend users: a. Infrastrueture-as-0-Service (IaaS) : 1 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) model allows the customer to provision processing, strage, network and other important software such as operating system and applications. Quo] List the benefits of cloud. ii The consumer does not have control over the underlying , infrastructure but has entrol over the operating systems, stOFag® and deployed applications 1b, Platform-ns-2-Service (PaaS): 4. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) model provides capacity to the ester todeply the castor crested applications nthe lov frastructure using the programming language or tools Suppo? er a i i gt language 3. Adhrens oSLAsasthe VM led incsanddowninesaresgifcantiy [Fig?2I1.11 Cloud services,1-19E(CSITSem-7) 8 Dynamic sharing ofthe resources avilable in IT datacenter through advo that demands can be met east effectively. 12. fe a greener datacenter. 13, Support for hetorogencous hardware vendors. Avoids vendor locking, ‘Que13:] Explain the evolution of cloud computing. ;pating appeared in the early 1990s as an evolution of cluster computing welonged to different org: arré ‘made among them to share power ¥. Different from a large cluster, a computing grid was a dynamic aggregation of heterogencous computing nodes, and its scale was nationwide or even worldwide, 2 Utility computing: ' vision of computing, defining a service puting services in which resources such applications, and infrastructure are packaged and offered an a pay-use basi, L14E (CSTESem-n ii The business model introduced with utility computing brought ne requirements ard led to an improvement of mainframve technalogy. ‘additional features such a operating systems. process control ata user metering facilities iii, The idea of computing as utility remained and extended from the business domain te the academia with the advent of cluster computing. 3. Software-as-a-Service 4. Cloud computing : Refer Q Qi MIA] Discuss the architecture of cloud computing. ture refers tothe components and subcomponents ‘These componenta consist of the eliont part ofcloud computing system. It \d applications that aro required to access tools. Thisis equivalent he traditional (non-cloud computing) delivery of development tools.Clot Computing 1-1BE(CSTT-Sem-7) a 11GE(CSTT-Sem-7) _Tatratction @ Peneeceanree Re UR fy; Tntradtrmctareas'e- Service Una): RAicQ:L1LFagei-11m, , > Disaster recurenys ete snd recveee clouds facttate commercial a amaaial solutions to maintain highly accesube applications with Dexble multiple et datacentres and proider acters and rede domotne and data 4 Network : The cloud network layer offers erstohave 4. cintiseeausaioar Distribute exible capacity to assemble random L High bandwidth (low latency) : Allowing ununterrupted access to their data and applications. ‘traffic actions and to lower expenditure for the ongoing life cycle WL Agile network: On-demand acest to resources requires the ability management by public and private clouds ‘to move quickly and efficiently between servers and possibly even & Web and mobile applications : Deploy mobile applications and web clouds applications that are extremely scalable and accessible across arange of UL Nemork security Seriya portant bt when deli ‘erie architectures, technologies and clouds aeTAG] Give limitations of cloud computing. fii They fear losing data to competition and the data confidentiality of iv. Inmany instances. the actual starage locations not disclosed, adding ‘onto the security concerns of enterprises. vIn the existing models, firewalls across datacentres (owned by enterprises) protect this sensitive ifarmation vi Inthe cloud model, service providers are responsible for maintaining data security and enterprises would have to rely on them 2 Data recovery and availability 4. All business applications have service level agreements that are stringently followed, i Operational tenms ply ey rle in managerient of service level ‘Que LAG] Write some applications of cloud computing. ‘Answer Applications of cloud computing : 1 Big data analy: ram nud recon sil are bag data exist univer rally. Analyne how Iadoop and great presentation computing elusters can be set-up in both public and private clouds. 2 Develop and test : Build and test applicatioas in on-requirement 7 platforms using constantly configured resources, lower expenditure, to a sand decreased release cyclesIntroduction {Despite ther being multinl oud providers the management of platarm and infrastractore stil in ts infancy. It can take advantage of non-local resources when the loc: resourcen ar finite iv. Seva compoting wastes the potential ompsting Power thus a J computing makes better work of hardware. Describe briefly the components of parallel computing. PART-2 Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed Camputir ' a eration Ca a s On-Demand Provisioning, Qve1.17,| Write a short note on parallel computing. Write tbe ‘edvantages of parallel computing over serial computing. i ich multiple processor‘L Mardware resources : 4. Processors, memory, and peripheral devices (processing nodes) form the hardware care of a computer system. i Processor connectivity (system interconnects, network), memory ‘organization, influence the system architecture. 4 Operating systems : 4. Manages the allocation of resources to punning processes, Ai Mapping tomateh algorithmic structures with hardware architecture and vice-versa, processor scheduling, memory mapping, interprocessor communication. Que 119;] What are the properties of distributed computing ? al Propertics of distributed computing: 1. Fault tolerance + 4 Whenone on some nodes fails, the whale system can still work fine ‘except performance id Need to check the status of each node. 2 Each node play partial role: i. Each computer has only a limited, incomplete view of the system. ii Each computer may know only one part of the input, Resource sharing : Each user can share the computing power and storage resource inthe system withother wees ese {oad sharing: Dispatching veverl ass tocach node can help share loading to the whole system. a Easy to expand : We expect to use few time whem adding nodes. Ho tospend notime if possible, Sema eret Performance : Parallel computing can be considered a sul ame ed a subset of Qee80;] Write a short note on distributed computing. a 1-208 (CSAT-Sem-7) Leon (CSSD which component of a software itera to improve efficiency and Distributed computing is a mod system are shared among mul ,,cach processor has its own private memory Information is exchanged by paasing messages Differentiate between parallel computingand distributed Distributed computing, 4 | Computer can have shared memory or distributed memory. ‘Computers communica each other through the | Processors communicate with each other using a bus. 6 | Increase the performance of the aystem.21 E (CST Sem, = (Cloud Computing 7 2) -92B(CSTTSem-7) Cease Gow Competing RCRD re of distribu and return architecture : QHTRR] replete briemy the architecture of distributey 4 Call and ret ‘all the systems that are composed by jected together by method calls 4 ‘Therefore, especially within the context of distributed and paral TeSputing wer. ater of data i he overall pol ‘ystems 4b Thiselasat styles is characterized by the pr -yele with industry-tailored asset an wironment that eirhulates feat are the hardware of software. consolidation : Reduce operating costs, ess, and fully utilize the resources. lelps businesses achieve iy, Tetention, and security. sostem are implemented and become portable rer different hardware and software environment as longs th=® {8 an implementation of the virtual machiae they interface #02 7 constitutes its exeeution,mat Computing L-SIECSITSem7) 1-24 E (CSTT-Sem-7) ~ ao esencen fal lntredtuction starts Ubemetod remotely avoked, whl the ints main be pray Emery eMiiency Oder ren an stainable eer ve ‘Saponeat allowing it hosting eavteomea! te remotely Ieee ‘— - oa ‘ethods through the proxy interface o TT 7 © Security’: Provides end-to-end industry customized governance, Qa ‘What are the characteriaties of cloud computiog, ‘ab easageoa tnd eamlane fr aes Sensi] Elasticity : Maintains cootinuous business and TToperations hie [AG Janly adapting end responding toFuhs and opportunities QHeTST] exptain technologies used for distributed computing. Aarer |] Technologies used for distribated computing are Wi RIC maintains the synchronous pattern that is natural in process procedure and funetisn calls 2 Distributed object frameworks: {Distributed objeet framewor Distributed object frameworks leverage the introduced with RFC, and exten ittoenalle the iv Proxy and skeleton always constitute a pair, the aerver proce? maintain the akeleton companent, which isin change of executif FC i444...arpa — ane ee terior eee * er a ieeseat tte Vale i nana oo QueHsT: | What are the advantages of elastic cloud computing? Advantages of elastic cloud computing: saving ener. 5 Scalability and performance : Scalability cloud deployments, Cloud instance are de ‘when needed and as aresll enhance performance with excel of computations. {Qe 73H] What are the disadvantages ofetasticcloud eompstint Dintrange fduiiednii ccc, 1. Security and privacy in the cloud Socuty ithe bigest cnet? sloud computing. Companies essentially ide their private dats 52 tsforoatcn vr chad tao baad oud nee 1-26E (C8ITSem-1) tsar then up tothe cloud service prover to maanage, protect au tain data cunfidential. a Dei de of— Cloud Enabling Technologies 2A E(CSIT-Sem-7) Cloud Enabling Technologies ae {ee RAD | Brietty describe the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Seer 4. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural approach in ‘which applications make use of services available sa the network Service Oriented Arcitectare\SOM) isa styl stare design where 4-2E (CST Sem-D the maintainer of the service and the available one or more services for othersCloud Computing 298 (CSITSem.7 2 Service consumer: Clon Enabting Teebastonien 1 Theservice consumer canloctetbe service metadata inthe registry SerLGptntedandtusicd nay whet coeing var seco. sod develop the required cient components to bind and we the fe ose agaregate information and data retrieved from other services or create workflows of eervices to satisfy the request of = 4 ities are easily available to anyone on request 6 ications are more reliale because tis easy to ‘Que2a,_] Describe the guiding principles of SOA. rather than huge codes. 6 ices can ran on different aervers within an aswer | 7 Guiding principles of SOA: 1. Standardized service contract : Services adhere to a given 1 High overhead : A validation of input parameters of ervices tx done ‘communication ageementhichisspecified timighone ormoreserice ——whersver services interact, which decreases performace at nereases description documents. Joad and response tine 2 Loose coupling: Services are designed as self-contained components, 2 High investment A huge inital ivestznent i required fr SOA iotein relatenap et minimis Gepeniencins on other eerecan Complex service management : Whes services interact they 4 Abecraction: Aservice it completely define by serves contract and ‘exchange messages o take. The nuraber of ressage may go sz malliona desersption documents. They hide their logic, which is encapsulated thecomes a cumbersome task to handle a large number ef messages. ‘within their implementation. 4 Reusability : Being designed as components, services can be reused @u€2.5. | Explain the application areas of SOA. pss onthe voicing th Siretepied Ci el nt erecta costs, It allows for a more agile design and cost effective system "Answer ] ezeasaven & Lack of state : By providing a stateless interaction pattern, service pe SOA are: 0 ined in etl elution app cha me and they me int finetone vo ran So OA helps to maintain nusuma a vrai storage pn for er 7. Composability : By using services as building blocks, Selene eternal hon neceat spdeomples operations canbe implemented. Service orchestration! GEERT] What are the benefts of using SOA? Seley the vse ale © TRGREAIT] Wat are the advantages and diaadvantages of BOA? ie jon documents ‘constitute supplemental metadata through which they can be effectively discovered. Service discovery provides an effective means for utilizing Advantages of SOA: 1. Service reusability : In SOA, applications are made from existing teorvices Thus, services can be reused to make many applications.eee ee Clout Competing SSECSITSemy 5 gpicgtt sem) Cloud Enabling Technologies 2 1 Once a tan application Senor ererfibeoracenc: EE Elements of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA): Organizational agility : SOA defines building Nocks of capabilites 2 provided by acftware and it cffers some services that meet tome ccrpansational requirement which can be recombined and integrated SOA rapid 4. Leveraging existing system : This is exe ef the major use of SOA ‘which is to clauny elements or fonctions of existing applications and ‘Sake them avalatle tothe er Service Bus Se ez] [= | = WEA | Expats horizontal ayer of SOA architecture. 1 1 ae] coe | free] [ nm | SOA architecture ia viewed as fire horizontal ayers: 1 Coosumer interface layer: These are GUI taxed apps for end users ——= saeseng te pines, ; 2 Business process layer : These are busiese-use eases in terms of puembce| | Bee ee Services layer : These ere whole-enterprise, in service inventory Application frontend: 4 Service component layer: They are used tobuildthe services, such a-_ Application frontends are active elements of the SOA. delivering 0 tional cod teckel iran, {he vale of SOA to the end users Operational systema layer i contains the data model 1h They initiate and control ll activity ofthe enterprise system. Service : Iisa software component that encapsulates a high level ‘GeeBR ] Explain vertical layers of SOA architecture. bbusicess concept. Contract +I: provides a specification of the purpose, functionality, =a constraint, and usage ofervices. . 4 Interface : Functicnality of the service exposed by the service tothe Vertical layers of SOA architecture: clients that are connected tothe service. 1. Integration layer :Stars wth platorm integration (protec support Implementation : The service implementation provides the required dea etapraton eerie insegration sppleation integration, lading buiness loge and appropriate data. It contains one or more of the cecterprise pplication integration eopporting BZB and B2C. artfacta: programs, configuration, data and databases, Business logic : Business process represented by the service Quality of service Layer : Secorty,evailablity, performance ete. ‘commute the quay of eerie parasicters which ie configured based Data: Data represented i the service used by the service. e reqared SLAB OLA Service repository: It reper the servic and her tres to tate the discovery of eervices, operation, access rights, owner, 2 esi lew nite ao aeaese re Governance layer: stray is poverned to each horizon Service bus: A exible infrastructure for integrating applications and achueve required operating end capability model See tng ees rating prota ten roanor Pe fats and service, handling business eventa and delivering thea. providing 0S, secunty, and managing the interaction among services.See DTE(CSTSem7) 28E(CSITSem-7 Cloud Enatting Tecoloses PART= Answer ‘REST. aT2 oes ‘The REST architecture makes use of four HTTP methods. These are ont Syeme of Sptoms Web Service, Publish Subveribe , Gut method Tis method bps inlfering readenyaeen forthe San Post method :This method is implemented for ereating a new resource 2 3, DELETE method :This method is implemented for removing a resource. 4. PUT: This method is implemented for updating an existing resource oF creating a nov one. Que Zaz, | Writea short note on RESTful APL. TAnawer 1. A RESTful API is an Application Program Interface (APD that uses HTTP requests to GET, PUT, POST and DELETE data. ferred to asa REST{ul web service that is based on mal State Transfer (REST) technology, an architectural roach to communications often used in web services Long Answer Typo and Medium Answer Type Questions, ‘Que 210] Write a short note on REST. nud provider to provide updated subscription 4. Thrower could prepare a mb pag tat nudes ote on ‘statements that are described in the code. i 5, RESTisalogical ch interact with cloud 6. RESTYal APIs are used by sites such as Amazon, Google, LinkedIn and {Que218, | Differentiate between RESTYul weh service and RESTless web service.Cloud Compating 29E(CSITSem-7) 9 19E(CSIT-Sem-7) Cloud Enabling Technologies The sparation mals it easier ta have the front and te back Tiree servern: and hi akes the app more eal o work a ‘The RESTAPI In always independent ofthe type of platform or ogee a The REST APLalays adap tothe type of ayntax or plane Trig acd whith ves considerable eedom when changing oF hese sen tires Pa aaa e_ Sansnotar one eae ees nom —] poy Sper vandals mat [Bory 0 or GRIT wet her nove on web services Titi ssretins | nina Es eae z a ‘ ree tae Sonya ee ce ran heen theatre iar ee es Qae2TE] what are the advantages of REST? ‘a a linieaaielert i Suc =a Pein cee neneemmets ieee) — —— eee gmc me that has invoked the web service. 1. Separation between the client and the server: The REST protocol totally separates the user interface from the server and the data starage. ‘Que Z16]] What are types of web services 7 iawn] ‘Two types of web services: 1. SOAP web services: server has one evident spment team can scale the product 1b. They can migrate to other servers or make all kinds of changes io the database, provided that the data from each request in seat correctly,Cloud Computing fe. The SOAP message consists of: © SOAP document has a root element termed as the