Number System = Coney sustem Binary Arithmetic Complements a enter ane ce of the umber system is explained with the help of different umber Syne: their applications and examples, ke convenience of students, a Aeach, ” estions are solved to give a more elon con Precise concept of this approach. 5.1 NUMBER-SYSTEM: 1. Decimal Number System, 2. Binary Number System, 3. Octal Number System, 4. Hexadecimal Number System, The total number of symbols or digits in a system are known as base of that particular number system. This concept will specifically be described in all the number systems respectively. 1 Decimal Number Systems: The most popular and commonly used number system is the Decimal Number System, as it supports all the mathematical and accounting concepts in the world. This number System is also called Natural Number System because it is natural to humans. Human beings use their ten fingers for counting numbers and the same is true with decimal System. It is composed of ten symbols or digits and hence the system is known as decimal system (deci means ten). Each symbol or digit Tepresents a numerical value. Base of the system depends upon the total number of digits that ‘constitute a system, therefore, the base of the decimal system is considered to be 10. The symbols or digits ate as follows: 0123456789 (0 is the smallest and 9 is the highest value) This system is based on the idea of place value. By the term place value, we mean, that catticular digit has a value because of its place or position within the framework of a Series of digits. For example, the number 345, is recognized as ‘three iusdieed and “ny five’ because of place value. Specifically, we recognize the number 345 as: Scanned with CamScanner© 5 in the unit position A 5 ones 0, and represents 5 ones’or 5x1 6 4 tens or 4x0" and . Js ot 3x10. : puri I sjght of the three digits and is called the > : » defined as 3 carries the most WeIE! t s€ Le ea (41s), while 5 carries the least weight of the te iad eo a significant digit (LSD) respectively. wis ap sn express as the power of the base which is ten- © 4 repre © 3 represents 3 hundred 2. Binary Number Systems: Binary Number System comprising of two digits oF symbols as, ses feels i. means two). Each digit or symbol represents its own value or Sigi i al a ‘using the principle of positional notation i . the place. of ,the. digit, in; a_ number... As. the total number of digits or, symbols .in,,the, system is,.two, therefor the, base. of ,the. binary system is 2 and.the numbers are.as follows: - tow 8 ws puirern 0 1 This number system is natural to electronic machines or;devices:.as: their: mechanism: based on the off or on switching of the circuits. Therefore,,0: represents the off and 1 represents the on state of the circuit, respectively. In such a way, binary number system is,used in.running and managing.machine operations:'c.\¢2 «2 woken Binary or base 2 system, uses place value in exactly the same way as the decimal system, The difference is, of course, that there are.only two characters or digits in the system, 0 and 1 and place value increases by powers .of.2...The. leftmost. (bit) is called the most significant bit (MSB) and the rightmost binary dig i em ‘it (bit) is called the least significant bit (LSB), respectivel T 3... Octal Number System: Ocial Number System as the name “inplies, (octal means eight) const digits or symbols representing i : values. These digits are as follows: ° “wea YaHN6S.Ggpending, upon, the sb 3 0123-4567. The base of the system is 8 Each digi in the power of 8. Pho 4, Hexadecimal Number System: ‘The Hexadecimal: Number System has vavinyin sobi set ab oie ail ‘Num 28:16 digi vend # my means-en, sum. is sixteen); and hence gene symbols: (hexa means’ six’and det 80 " " : Lend yao ets umber: system US Scanned with CamScannernumerical values decimal numbers from 10 to 15 (i.e A is used in place of 10, B in place of 11 and so pa tbto F in place of 15). Hexadecimal number system is required in the assembly anguage programming. The Hexadecimal digits or symbols are O123456789ABCDEF Table 5.1 shows the comparison of four Will not only help user to remember comp will also facilitate to convert the digits or 5.2. CONVERSIONS: commonly used number. systems. ‘This table arative digits of different number systems but symbols of one number system into another. Since computer uses binary notation and binary Table $.1: A Comparison of Four cides therefore, arithmetic in-other-systems are + Commonly Used converted to binary. numbers and “processed Number Systems. accordingly. The results are then. converted . back to the required. number.system. We also Dogimal Binary | Octal | Hexa have some special type of computers, which 0 a) 0 work only with octal and hexadecimal. number 1] 1 1 systems. Now, werare, going. through different 10} 2 2 conversions to understand this procedure. 3 a] 36} 3 4 100-| 4 4 The possible conversions from,.one system to 5 |.“igg [i's 5 another can be done by the following-twelve .¢ | -119 | ..¢ 6 methods. These ate! "89-2 88 36 st 7 | 7 7 psi 8 | 1000.}..10. | 8 1° Decimal System to Binary System. 9 | 1001 | 11 9 2.” Decimal System to Octal System. 10 1010 12 A 3. Decimal System to Hexadecimal System. 1 1011 13 B 4” Binary System to Decimal System. “12 | 1100.,)° 14 c 5¥” Octal System to Decimal System. 13. | 1101-| 15 D. 6. Hexadecimal System to Decimal System. 14 1110 16 E 7% Binary System to Octal System. 1s | uit | 17 F 8” Octal System to Binary System., 9. Binary System to Hexadecimal System. 10. Hexadecimal System to Binary System. 11, Octal System to Hexadecimal System. 12. Hexadecimal System to Octal System. © All these conversion methods are described in detail here, with five solved examples of each case. Number System ~~ Q * Scanned with CamScannern @ Binary Number System Decimal Number System ) a binory_number., Case-A: Conversion of ..de¢ -imal_numb: Method: ; 1. Divide decimal number by 2 (base i ae ee 2. Repeat this method until quotient is less t an 2. | ; 3. Recon to top sequence of remainders ‘will be the required binary number. Example # 1: (14);0 to 2): 2 _|164 Let x be the required binary number. 2 [2 —* 0 (140 = Ds 2 [a —* 0 Divide 14 by 2, we get 2 [20 — 1 2 |14 2 [10 —* 0 [7 —* 0 oS 2/3 —> 1 2 {2 —> 1 1 aaa) x = 1110 x = 10100100 2(14)o = (1110)2 +.(164)i9 = (10100100), Hence the result. Hence the result. Example # 2: (43)0 to (2): Example # 4: (333),o to (2) Let x be the required binary number. - — Let x be the required binary number. ears Ce Sa + we get Divide 333 by 2, we get 2 [21 —* 1 2_| 333 2 {10 — 1 2 — 1 7 Ee) 2 | = 0) 2[2— 1 2 Se _1 — ,0 2] — x = 101011 4 — 0 2(43)o = (101011), 24 — 0 Hence the result. 2} 2—* 1 t= 9 Example # 3: (164),9 to (2): x = 101001101 Let x be the required binary number. £33) = (101001101), (164); = (2 Hence the result, : Divide 164 by 2, we get _ Number System™ Scanned with CamScannerExample #5: (4096),, to Q); Let x be the required binary (4096) :9 = (x); Divide 4096 by 2, we get Y number, 2 | 4096 2 [2048 —> 9 2 [1024 —> 9 2 | 5122— +9 2 | 256 —> 9 2 [238 0 2 ao 2] 29 2 i607 2) so 2 | 4 > 09 2 | 2-0 I> 0 x = 1000000000000 --(4096):0 = (1000000000000), Hence the result. Case-B: Conversion of a decimal fraction to a binary fraction Method: 1. Multiply decimal fraction by 2 (the-base of binary number). 2. Repeat this process with fraction only until no fraction is found or to the required precision. (For fractional part, we take precision upto five digits). wo the decimal number. The decimal point is placed in the same position in binary number as is present in 4. Top to bottom sequence of whole number will be the required binary number. Example # 1: (0.25) to (2); Let x be the required binary fraction (0.25)i0 = (%)2 . Multiply 0.25 by 2, we get 0.25 x2 =| 0.5 05 x2=) 1.0 x = 0.01 2:0.25)o = (0.01) Hence the result. Number System Example # 2: (0.375), to ( Let x be the required binary fraction, (0.375)10 = (x) Multiply 0.375 by 2, we get 0.375 x 2 0.75 0.75 x2 =]1.5 x2=]1.0 x= 0.011 -(0.375)io = (0.011)2 Hence the result, 83 Scanned with CamScannerExample #3: (0.4375) 10 to (22 Let x be the required binary fraction. (0.4375)i0 = (x) Multiply 0.4375 by 2, we get 0.4375 x 2 0. 875 0.875 x2 1.75 0.75 x2 1.5 0.5 x22 1.0 x = 0.0111 + £.(0.4375)0 = (0.0111): Hence the result. Example # 4: (0.625) oto (22 Let x be'the required binary fraction (0.625)0 = &) Multiply 0.625 by 2; we get 0.625 x2 = 1.25 0.25 x2= 0.5 x2= 0.101 (0.625)i0 = (0-101). Hence the result. © Example # 5: (27/32) 1 to (2). Divide 27 by 32, we get 0.84375 Let x be the required binary fraction, (0.84375)i0 = (2 Multiply 0.84375 by 2, we get 0.84375. x 2 1.6875 0.6875 x 2 1.375 0375 «x2 0.75 075 x2= | 15 0.5 x2=4 10 “x = 0.11011 (0.84375) = (0.11011). or (27/32) = (0.11011) Hence the result. Method: 1. Firstly, convert whole number as described in case-a and store the result in x. 2. Secondly, convert fraction as described in case-b and store the result in y. 3. The decimal point is placed in the same position in binary number as is present in the decimal number. 4. Add.the two results, x+y. Resultant will be the converted binary number. Example # 1: (2.125),9 to (2): Step - 1: Convert whole number. Let x be the required binary number. io = a ' Divide 2 by 2, we get. 2 |2 1 —~ 0 x= 10 Step - 2: Convert fraction, Let y be the required binary fraction. 84 (0.125)i0 = (Y)s Multiply 0.125 by 2 0.125 x2 =| 0.25 0.25 x2=| 05 05 x2=4 10 y = 0,001 3:4 x+y = 10+0.001 = x+y = 10.001 +:(2.125);0 = (10.001), Hence the result. Number System Scanned with CamScannere Example # 2: Dx to (2), Step = 1: Convert whole number. Let x be the required binary number, Quo = 2 Divide 2 by 2, we get a2 Ll —* 39 x=10 Let y be the required binary fraction (0.375)0 = (y)2 Multiply 0.375 by 2, we get 0.375 x 2 0.75 0.75 x 2 15 05 x2 =¥10 y= 0. Step - 3: Add the two results, x and y. x+y = 10+0.011 = x+y = 10.011 ~ +.(2.375)io = (10.011), Hence the result. Example #3:: (512.5), t0 (2)2 Let x be the required binary number. Let y be the required binary fraction. 0.5)i0 = (ys Multiply 0.5 by,2 05x2= {10 y=O1 #(512.5)9 = (1000000000. 1), Hence the result. Example # 4: (131.5625),» to (2)3 Ika tep 1: whole number. Let x be the required binary number. (3D)0 = &); Divide 131 by 2, we get 2 |131 2 lo > 1 2 [320 2 Tie “=> 0 2 18 — 0 2 |4 = 0 212 => 0 es x = 10000011 Step - mn ‘action. Let y be the required binary fraction. (0.5625) = (y)s Multiply 0.5625 by 2, we get 0.5625x 2 = | 1.125 0.125 x 2 = | 0.25 0.25 x2 0.5 x2 =¥10 0.1001 ep - 3: Add the results, x and x+y = 10000011+0.1001 85 ~ Scanned with CamScanner= 199000000000 x+y = 10000011.1001 x £.(131.5625);0 = (100000111001): Step =2: Convert fraction, Hence the result. Let y be the required binary fraction, 3 8.0625) 0 0 (2): 0.0625) 0 = (YD cae a ana Mattipty 0.0625 by 2, we get Step = 1: Convert whole number. eos Let x be the required binary number. coe x A = aa 0.125 x e (2048)i0 = (X)z Divide 2048 by 2, we get 0.25 x2 0.5 2__| 2048 0.5 x2 = ]10 2 | 1024 —* 0 y = 0.0001 2 [si2_—*> 0 2 [256 > 0 ‘Step - 3: Add the two results, x and y 2 [128_—* 0 x+y = 100000000000+0.0001 2m (Cee x+y = 100000000000.0001 342 (2048.0625) +: (2048.0625) iy = 2s (100000000000.0001), 2. — > 0 Hence the result. 2.12 —_0 1 — 0, 2. Decimal Number System Octal Number System Case-A: Conversion of a decimal number to an octal number. Method: 1. Divide decimal number by 8 (base of octal number). 2. Repeat this method until quotient is less than 8. 3. Bottom to top sequence of remainders will be the required octal number. Example # 1: (19), to (2), Example # 2: (125), to (2)s Let x be the required octal number. (190 = Os Divide 19 by 8, we get Let x be the required octal number. (125)o = (X)s Divide 125 by 8, we get 19 8 125 2 3 . 8 15 —> 5 x = 23 ; 4 x= 175 1.19) 0 = (23) (125) = (175), Hence the result. pea ae lence Hence the result. : 86 Number System Scanned with CamScannerExample # 3: (332), to (2), Let x be the required octal number. 32)10 = Os Divide 332 by 8, we get 332 41. r| Fr —_ 1 x= 514 +:(332)10 = (514), Hence the result. Example # 4: (2473), to (2)s Let x be the required octal number. (2473)i0 = ()s Divide 2473 by 8, we get 2473 309 —_ 1 38 > 5 4" ¢ FFP 4651 *-(2473)10 = (4651), Hence the result. Example # 5: (11570), to (2)s Let x be the required octal number. (11570)io = (x)s Divide 11570 by 8, we get _8 | 11570 “8 [1446-—> 2 “8 [180 -—> 6 8 [24 2 — > 6! x = 26462 (11570), = (26462), Hence the result. Case-B: ameralsn of a decimal fraction t2 an octa-ttecton. Method: 1. Multiply decimal fraction by 8 (the base of a number). 2. Repeat this process with fraction only until no fraction is found or to the required precision. (For fractional part we take precision upto five digits). the decimal number. Example #1: (0.55)10 to (?)s _ 0.55)0 = ®s Multiply 0.55 by 8, we get 055 x 8 =| 44. 04 x 02 > x 06 x 08 x Number System Let x be the required octal fraction. 3. The decimal point is placed in the same Position in octal number as is present in 4. Top to bottom sequence of whole number will be the required octal number. x = 0.43146. +: (0.55)i0 = (0.43146), Hence the result. Example # 2: (0.625). tos Let x be the required octal friction, (0.625): = (Xs Multiply 0.625 by 8 we get 0.625x 8 =¥5.0 87 Scanned with CamScannerx=05 £.(0.625), = (0.5) Hence the result. Example # 3: (0.771) 10 to (2)s Let x be the required octal fraction. (0.7710 = Os Multiply 0.771 by 8, we get 0.771 x 8 = | 6.168 0.168 x 8 1.344 0.344 x 8 2.752 0.752 x 8 6.016 0.016 x 8 = ¥ 0.128 x = 0.61260. 2-(0.771)io = (0.61260), Hence the result. Example # 4:~ (0.1123), to (?)s Let x be the required octal fraction. 0.1123)o = (De Multiply 0.1123 by 8, we get Case-C: Method: 0.1123 x 8 = | 0.8984 0.8984 x 8 = | 7.1872 0.1872 x 8 = | 1.4976 0.4976 x 8 = | 3.9808 0.9808 x 8 = 4 7.8464 x = 0.07137... (0.1123)o = (0.07137)s Hence the result. Example # 5: (0.23561)10 to ()s Let x be the required octal fraction. (0.23561)0 = Os Multiply 0.23561 by 8, we get 0.23561 x 8 = 1.88488 0.88488 x 8 7.07904 0.07904 x 8 0.63232 0.63232 x 8 5.05856 0.05856 x 8 0.46848 x = 0.17050... +.(0.23561)io = (0.17050); Hence the result. 1. Firstly, convert whole number as described in case-a and store the result in x. 2. Secondly, convert fraction as described in case-b and store the result in y. 3. The decimal point is placed in the same position in octal number as is present in the decimal number. 4. Add the two results, x+y. Resultant will be the converted octal number. Example # 1: (8.99), to (2), Step - 1: Convert whole number. Let x be the required octal number. (8.99)0 = (Xe Step - 2: Convert fractic Let y be the required octal fraction. 0.9910 = (Ye Multiply 0.99 by 8, we get 8 Divide 8,99 by 8, we get 0.99 x8 = | 7.92 3 18 0.92x8 = | 7.36 ‘ i 036x 8 = || 2.88 x “a 0.88 x 8 = | 7.04 ff 0.04 x 8 = $0.32 = 88 ‘ Number System Scanned with CamScannery = 0.77270... Step = 3: Add the two results, x and y, xty = 10+0.77270... x+y = 10.77270 (8.90 = (10.7720), Hence the result. Example #2: (2.125),o to (2), Step - 1; Convert whole number, Let x be the required octa! number. Qs = Os Divide 2 by 8, we get 8 12 0 _ 2 — x=2 = 2; vert ion. ia y be the required octal fraction. (0.125)i0 = (Ws Multiply 0.125 by 8, we get 0.125 x 8 =4 1.0 y=01 = 3: Add the two results 20. 123) = 2.1) Hence the result. Example #3: (632.97). to (2)s Step - 1: Convert whole number. Let x be the required octal number. (632)io = ()s _ Divide 632 by 8, we get 8 | 632 8 |79 —* 0 8 |9 —* 7 1 1 x= 1170 Step - 2: Convert fraction. . Let y be the required octal fraction. O97) = (Ye Malipty 0.97 by 8, we get 0.97 x 8 7.16 0.76 x 8 6.08 0.08 x 8 0.64 0.64 x 8 5.12 0.12 x 8 0.96 y = 0.76050... Step - 3: Add the results, x and y. x+y 170+0.76050 x+y = 1170.76050... (632.97), 1170.76050), Hence the result. Example #4: (113.20), to (2). -): er, Let x be the required octal number. (113)9 = @e Divide 113 by 8, we get 8 113 0 ee ae x = 161 -2: vert ional part. Let y be the required octal fraction. 0.20)0. = Ws ~ Multiply 0.20 by 8, we get 16 Step - 3: Add the two results, x and y,. x+y = 161+0:14631. x+y = 161.14631.. (113.200 = (161.14631), Hence the result, Number System 89 Scanned with CamScannerExample # 5: (4429625), to (2)s Step = 1: Convert whole number. Let x be the required octal number. (4429) = (es Divide 4429 by 8, we get y=05 eee ten je Ad the ho resus and 8 |6 —> 1 x+y =10515+0.5 = xty = 1055.5 8 [sg —* 5 £.(4429.625)io = (10515.5)s ed) Hence the result. x = 10515 step - 2: Convert fraction, Let y be the required octal fraction, (0.625)o = (Y)s Multiply 0.625 by 8, we get 0.605 x 8 = ¥ 5.0 Method: 1. Divide decimal number by 16 (base of hexadecimal number). 2. Repeat this method until quotient is less than 16. 3. Bottom to top sequence of remainders will be the required hexadecimal number. Example # 1: (40)1o to (?)16 Let x be the required hexadecimal number. 0)0 = ie Divide 40 by 16, we get 40 2 x=28 +:(40)i0 = (28)16 Hence the result. Example #2: 397), to (2)16 Let x be the required hexadecimal number. B97)0 = ®s6 Divide 397 by 16, we get 397 16 [24 —> 2B3©D 16 | 1 — __8 3. Decimal Number System 7 Hexadecimal Number System Case-A: Conversion of a decimal number to a hexadecimal number. ‘Hence the result. = 18D : 2 397)i0 = (18D) Example #3: (1343)» to ()is Let x be the hexadecimal number. (1343)0 = @ss Divide 1343 by 16, we get _16_| 1343 “16 [83 —> 15 s > 3 x = 53F 4 #1343) = (53F)is Hence the result. 90 Number Syste! Scanned with CamScannerExample #4: 6132). t0 (2. Let x be the hexadecimal number, (5132)i0 = (is Divide 5132 by 16, we get 16_| 5132 16_| 320 —* 2 C 20 —* 0 1 — 4 x = 140C £.613)io = (140C),, Hence the result. 16 Case-B: Conversion of a decimal Method: 2. 4. Example #1: (0.23), to. (2)i6 Let x be the required hexadecimal fraction. 0.23)0 = is Multiply 0.23 by 16, we get 0.23 x 16 Example #5: (26295),o to (2)16 Let x be the hexadecimal number. (26295) = (K)is Divide 26295 by 16, we get _16_| 26295 16 _| 1643 —> 7 6 [102 — 1@®) 6 — 6 66B7 G13) = (66B7)y, Hence the result. 1. Multiply decimal fraction by 16 (the base of hexadecimal number). Repeat this process with fraction only until no fraction is found or to the required precision, (For fraction, we take precision upto five digits). - The decimal point is placed in the same position in hexadecimal number as is present in the decimal number. Top to bottom sequence of whole number will be the required hexadecimal number. Example # 2: (0.62),9 to (2)s6 Let x be the required hexadecimal fraction, (0.62)10 = (ie Multiply 0.62 by 16, we get =| 3.68 0.62 x 16 = | 9.92 0.68 x 16 =| @ss (A) 02x16 = | Or © 0.88 x 16 =| @).08 (B) 0.72 x 16 = | Q).s2 (B) 0.08 x 16 = 1.28 0.52 x 16 = 8.32 0.28 x 16 =) 4.48 032x 16 = | 5.12 x = 03AEI4... x = 0.9EBSS.., £0.23) = (0.3AE14...)y6 +.(0.62)io = (0.9EBBS....);5 Hence the result, Hence the result, ' \ Number System 1 Scanned with CamScanner* Eégmple # 3: (0.235) 40 to (2) x = 0.1D2FI Meee pad (0.114) = (0-1D2F1...)is “Let x be the required hexadecimal fraction. Fi once the result. (0.235)i0 = (ie Maloy os by 16, get Example #5: (0.0298)i0 to (21s 235 x 16 =| 3.76 7 0.76 x 16 = 16 (C) Let x be the required hexadecimal 0.16 x 16 =| 2.56 fraction. 0.56 x 16 =| 8.96 : (0.0298);0 = (ie 0.96 x 16 =4 536 ©) Multiply 0.0298 by 16, we get x = 0.3C28F 0.0298 x 16 = | 0.4768 £.(0.235)i9 = (0.3C28F...)i6 0.4768 x 16 7.6288 Hence the result. 0.6288 x 16 @.0608 (A) 0.0608 x 16 0.9728 Example #4: (0.114)oto 6 0978 x 16 = ¥ (5648 Let x be the required hexadecimal fraction. 0.07A0F .114)io = Oro (0.0298); = (0.07A0F...) Multiply 0.114 by 16, we get « 10 7 6 Hence the result. o.114 x 1 1.824 0.824 x 16 @.184 @) 0.184 x 16 2.944 0.944 x 16 = |@.104 0.104 x 16 = 4 1.664 Case-C: Conversion of a decimal number (containing fraction) toa imal ini Method: : 1. Firstly, convert whole number as described in case-a and store the result in x. 2. Secondly, convert fraction as described in case-b and store the result in y. 3. The decimal point is placed in the same position in hexadecimal number as present in the decimal number. 4. Add the two results, x+y. Resultant will be the converted hexadecimal number. Example # 1: (50.8),0 to (2)16 Step - 2: Convert fraction. Step ~ 1: Conver aber = y be the cequired hexadecimal Let x be the required hexadecimal number. at": (50)10 = (ie O.8)0 = (Ys Divide 50 by 16, we get Multiply 0.8 by 16, we get 16 _|50° 0.8 x 16 = gs © 3—- 2 08x =|08 © x= 32 08x16 =+O8 © 92 Number 5 Scanned with CamScannery = 0.CCC... Step = 3: Add the two results, x and y, 32+0.CCC... Example # 2: (99.99). to (2), Step - 1: Convert whole number. Let x be the required hexadecimal number. ON):0 = Wis Divide 99 by 16, we get 16_| 99 6— > 3 x= 63 fep - 2: Convert tion. Let y be the required hexadecimal fraction. 0.99): = (Y)is Multiply 0.99 by 16, we get 0.99 x 16 84 ®) 0.84 x 16 44 (D) 0.44 x 16 7.04 004 x 16 =| 0.64 0.64 x 16 =} @24 (A) Y= O.FD70A... Step - 3: Add the two results, x and y, X+y = 63+0.FD70A... X+Y = 63.FD70A... *-(99.99)9 = (63.FD70A...)y6 Hence the result. | Example # 3: B36.125)9 to (2)46 Step - J: Convert whole number. Let | x be the required hexadecimal number. 836). = ig Divide 336 by 16, we get Number System 16 |21 —> 0 1 o—s5 x = 150 Step - 2: Convert fraction, Let y be the required hexadecimal fraction, (0.125)9 = (y),g Multiply 0.125 by 16, we get 16_ | 336 | 0.125 x 16 = $2.0 y=02 Step - 3: Add the two results, x and y. x+y = 150+0.2 x+y = 150.2 *(332.125)9 = (150.2)i6 Hence the result. Example # 4: (825.625)19 to (2)16 (ep - 1: Conver le number. Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (825)0 = (Xie Divide 825 by 16, we get _16 | 825 ie [51 —>9 3 3 x = 339 ° Step - 2: Convert fraction. Let y be the required hexadecimal fraction. (0.625)10 = (Y)is Multiply 0.625 by 16, we get 0.625 x 16 =| @0 (A) y=0A Step - 3: Add the two results, x and y. x+y = 339+0.A = x+y = 339,A *(825.625) i = (339.A)i. Hence the result. 93 “ Scanned with CamScannerExample # 5: (1029.2213)1o to Or Step - 1: Convert whole number, Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (1029) o = (his Divide 1029 by 16, we get 16_| 1029 {1029 64 — 5. |o4——* 5 4—* 0, x = 405 - 2; Convert fr Let y be the required a fraction (0.2213)0 = hs Muitiply 0. an13 by 16, we get 0.2213 x 0.5408 x 16 #98 0.6528 x 16 =| 4448 (A) 0.4448 x 16 7.1168 0.1168 x 16 =4 1.8688 y = 0.38A71... Stey Add the. ts, X andy, x+y = 405-+0.38A7 x-ty = 405.38A71... 1.(1029.2213)i0 = (405.38A71...)s Hence the result. 4, Binary Number System © Decimal Number System Case-A: Method: Conversion of binary number to decimal number. 1. Write binary number in power of 2 (base of binary system). 2. Calculate the powers, this will give the number in decimal. Example #1: (11011); to 0 Let x be the required decimal number. (11011), = (x)o. Write 11011 in power of 2, we get x2! + 1x2? + Ox2? + 1x2! + 1x2? x16 + 1x8 + Ox4 + 1x2 + Ixl 6+8+0+24+1 7 211011), = 270 Hence the result. Example #2: (11000), to (2), Let x be the required decimal number. + (11000), = (x)io Write 11000 in power of 2, we get 94 = 1x2! + 1x2 + Ox? + Ox2! + 0x2? = 1x16 + 1x8 + 0x4 + Ox2 + Oxl 6+8+0+0+0 =24 £.(11000), = (24)i0 Hence the result. Example #3: (100011); to (2). Let x be the required decimal number. (100011); = (®)p Write 100011 in power of 2, we get 1x24 0x24 0x2 +0x2? + 1x2! +12 1x32-+0x16-++0x8-+0x4+ 1x2+ 1x1 32+0+0+04+2+1 35 £-(100011); = 35),0 Hence the result. Number Syste™ Scanned with CamScannerExample #4: (111001), to (2),» Let x be the required decimal number, (111001); = (®)yo Write 111001, in power of 2, we get = 1x28 + 1x24 + 1x2? +0x274-0x2! + 1x2" 1x32 + 1x16 +1x8 +0x4 +0x2+4 Ix1 =324+16+8+04+04+1 =57 “CL11001), = (S7),o Hence the result. nn Example #5: (1011010); to (2)i0 Let x be the required decimal number. (1011010), = (x);o Write 1011010 in power of 2, we get = 1x26 Ox25+ 1x2+ 1x2°+0x2"+ 1x2! +0x2° = 1x64 +0x32 + 1x16 + 1x8-+0x4-+ 1x2 +0x1 = 64 +0 +16 +8 +04+2+0 =90 £.(1011010), = (90)o Hence the result. Case-B: Conversion of binary fraction to decimal fraction. -I Method: 1, Write binary number in power of +ve 2 (base of the binary system). aan) 5 2. Write binary fraction in power of -ve 2 (base of the binary system). 3: Calculate the powers, this will give the number in decimal. Example # 1: (111.1011), to (2)y5 Let x be the required decimal number. (111.1011): = @):o Write whole number in power of +ve 2 and fraction in -ve 2, we get (111.1011). = 1x2? + 1x2! +1x2° + 1x27 + Ox2? +1x2° + 1x2* = 1x4 + 1x2 + Ix] + 1x0.5 + 0x0.25 + 1x0.125 + 1x0.0625 442+140.5+0+0.125+0.0625 6875 21111011) = (7.6875);0 Hence the result. Example # 2: (1011.0011), to (?)10, Let x be the required decimal number. (1011.0011). = (io Write whole number in power of +ve 2 and fraction in -ve 2, we get (1011.0011), = 12°+0x2?-+ 1x2! + 1x2” +0x2" +0x2? + 1x27 + 1x2* = 1x8 + 0x44 1x2 + Ixl + 0x0.5 +0x0.25 + 1x0.125 + 1x0.0625 = 84+0+24+1404+0+0.125+0 +0.0625 . = 11.1875 £-(1011,0011), = (11.1875),0 Hence the result. Example #3: (101.101011); to (?):0 Let x be the required decimal number. (101.101011), = (x)o Write whole number in power of +ve 2 and fraction in -ve 2, we get (101.101011); = 1x2? +0x2!+1x2°+ 1x27 + 0x27 +1x2°+0x24+ 1x2 +1x2° = Ix4 + 0x2 + Ix] + 1x0.5 + 0x0.25 + 1x0.125 + 0x0.0625 + 1x0.03125 + 1x0.015625 Number System 95 Scanned with CamScanner=44+04+140.5 +0 + 0.125 + 0 + 0.03125 + 0.015625 = 5.671875 © (101.101011), = (5.671875);0 Hence the result. Example # 4: (111011.1011), to (ro Let x be the required decimal number. (111011.1011); = (so Write whole number in power of +ve 2 and fraction in -ve 2, we get (111011.1011); = Ix254 1x2‘ + 1x2°4+0x2? + 1x2! 4 1xD°+ Ix? + Ox224+ 1x29+ 1x24 = 1x32 + 1x16 + 1x8 + 0x4 + 1x2 1x1 + 1x0.5 + 1x0.25 + 0x0.125 +1x0.0625 =324+16+8+0+2+1+405 +0 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 59.6875 “(111011.1011),= (59.6875)10 Hence the result. Example # 5: (10110.0101011101); to (2),, Let x be the required decimal number, (10110.0101011101), = (X)io Write whole number in power of +ve 2 and fraction in -ve 2, we get (10110,0101011101), = 1x2! + Ox2? + 1x2? + 1x2! + 0x2° + Ox2! + 1x2? +0x2" +1x2* +0x2° 1x24 1x27 + 1x2°4+0x27+ 1x2” =1x16 + Ox8 + Ix4 + Ix2 + Oxl +0x0.5 + 1x0.25 + 0x0.125 +1x0.0625 + 0x0.03125 +1x0.015625 + 1x0.0078125 +1x0.00390625 + 0x0.001953125 +1x0.000976562 =16+0+4+24+040+40.25+0 +0.0625 +0 +0.015625 +0.0078125 +0.00390625 +0 +-0.000976562 = 22.34082031 +(10110.0101011101). = (22.34082031)0 Hence the result. 5. Octal Number System @ Decimal Number System Case-A: Conversion of octal number to decimal number. Method: 1, Write octal number in power of 8 (base of octal system). 2. Calculate the powers, this will give the number in decimal. Example #1: (124); 10 (2,0 Let x be the required decimal number. (124), = (x)t0 Write 124 in power of 8, we get (124), 1x8? + 2x8! + 4x8 1x64 + 2x8 + 4x1 = 64+ 16+4 = 84 (124), = (84)0 Hence the result. Example’ # 2: (156)s to (2)10 Let x be the required decimal number. (156)s = ()i0 Write 156 in power of 8, we get (156), = 1x8? + 5x8! + 6x8° 1x64 + 5x8 + 6x1 64+ 40 + 6 = 110 £.(156)s = (110)i0 Hence the result. 96 Number System Scanned with CamScannerExample # 3: (2376), to (2),5 Let x be the required decimal number, (2376); = (Xt0 Write 2376 in power of 8, we get (2376), = 2x8" + 3x8? + 7x8! + 6x8" 2x512 + 3x64 + 7x8 + 6xt 1024 + 192 + 56 +6 = 1278 +:(2376)s = (1278) yo Hence the result, Example # 4: (22632), to (2), Let x be the required decimal number. (22632)s = (x)so Write 22632 in power of 8, we get (22632), =2x8' + 2x8" + 6x8" + 3x8! +2x8° =2x4096 +2x512 +6x64+3x8+2x1 = 8192 + 1024 + 384 + 24 +2 = 9626 £22632), = (9626). Hence the result. _ Example f 5: (743126), to (2)10 Let x be the required decimal number. (743126), = (x)io Write 743126 in power of 8, we get (743126), =7x8* + 4x8! + 3x8? + 1x8? + 2x8! + 6x8" =7x32768 + 4x4096 + 3x512 +1x64 + 2x8 + 6x1 =229376 + 16384 + 1536 + 64 +16 +6 =247382 : #743126), = (247382),0 Hence the result. Case-B: Conversion of octal number (containing fraction) to decimal Method: 1. Write octal whole number in power of +-ve 8 (base of the octal system). ' 2. Write octal fraction in power of -ve 8 (base of the octal system). 3. Calculate the powers, this yl give the number in decimal. Example #1: (0.52), to (io Let x be the required decimal number. (0.52)e = (ro Write whole number in power of -+ve 8 and fraction in -ve 8, we get (0.52), = 0x8" + 5x8" + 2x8? ‘ = Ox1 +5x0.125-+2x0.015625 = 0 + 0.625 + 0.03125 = 0.65625 £0.52), = (0.65625) 0 Hence the result. Example #2: (1.123); to (2) Let x be the required decimal number. (1.123), = (io Write whole number in power of +ve 8 and fraction in ~ve 8, we get (1.123)y = 1x8" + 1x8" + 2x8? + 3x8” = Ix1 + 1x0,125 +2x0.015625-+ 3x0,001953125 =1+0,125-+0,03125 +0,0005859 (1.16210)o £+(1,123), = (1.16210), Hence the result, Number System 97 Scanned with CamScannerExample # 3: (0.5627); to ( (15.6), = 1x8! + 5x8? + 6x8" m eae © 1x8 + Sxl + 6x0.125 +5 +0.75 Let x be the required decimal number. (0.5627), = (x)i0 3.75 Write whole number in power of ++ve 15.6), = 03-73)0 8 and fraction in -ve 8, We get Fence the result. (0.5627), =0x8" + 5x8" +6x8" +2x8°+ 7x8 = Oxi + 5x0.125 + 6x0.015625 + Example # 5: (71.234), to 0 2x0.001953125 + 7x0.00024414 «0 + 0.625 + 0.09375 + 0.00390625 Let x be the required decimal number. (71.234)5 = (io _tosornee Write whole number in power of +ve = 0.7243652 ae / +.(0.5627)s = (0.72436525)i0 : ae in -ve 8, we Bet a = Tx8!-+ 1x8°-+2x8! + 3x87+ 4x8" Example # 4: (15.63 t0 (io = 7x8 + inh + 220,125 + 3x0.015625 + 4x0.001953125 Let x be the required decimal number. = 56 + 1 +:0.25 + 0.046875 + (15.6). = (ro 0.0078125 = 57.7265625 Write whole number in power of +ve (11.234), = (57.7265625)i0 § and fraction in ~ve 8, we get Hence the result. 6. Hexadecimal Number System * Decimal Number System Case-A: Conversion of hexadecimal number to decimal number. Method: 1. Write hexadecimal number in power of 16 (base of hexadecimal system). 2. Calculate the powers, this will give the number in decimal. Example #1: (15) to (2o Example # 2: (AB4),, to (2)y0 Let x be the required decimal number. Let x be the required decimal number. ee i so (AB4)i6 = (io ie 5 in power of 16, we get Write AB4 in power of 16, we get (15)i6 iG pg (AB4)¢ = Axl@ + Bx16' + 4x16° ei ; = 10x16 + 11x16! + 4x16° 1 0x256 + 11x16 + 4x1 U5)e = Do ee Hence the result. g (ABs) = (2740), * 6 = 10 Hence the result. 8 : 9 Number System Scanned with CamScannerExample # 3: (64AC),< to ro Let x be the required decimal number. (4AC)i6 = (X)io Write 64AC in power of 16, we get (G4AC)ig 6x16" + 4x16 + AxI6! + Cx16° 6x16° + 4x16" + 10x16! + 12x16° 6x4096 + 4x256 + 10x16 + 12x1 = 24576 + 1024 + 160 + 12 25772 2 (64AC)i5 = (25772), Hence the result. Example # 4: (EB1A),« to (2)ip Let x bg-the required decimal number. (EBIA);5 = (X)io Write EB1A in power of 16, we get BIA), = Exl6 + Bxl6 + 1x16" + Axl? iW = 13x10 + 11x1G + 1x16! + 10x16? = 13x4096 + 11x256 + 1x16 + 10 = 53248 + 2816 + 16 + 10 = 56090 “(EBIA),, = (56090),pHence the result. Example # 5: (D2763)1. to (2)10 Let x be the required decimal number. (D2763)6 = ()io Write D2763 in the power of 16, we get (D2763),, = Dx16' +2516? +7x16?+6x16! + 3x16° = 13x16'+2x16°+7x16°+6x16'+ 3x16° = 13x65536 + 2x4096 + 7x256 + 6x16 + 3x1 = 851968 + 8192 + 1792 + 96 +3 = 862051 +.(D2763),.=(86205 1) Hence the result. Case-B: Conversion of hexadecimal number (containing fraction) to decimal number (containing fraction). , Method: 1. Write hexadecimal whole number in power of +ve 16 (base of the system). 2. “Write hexadecimal fraction in power of -ve 16 (base of the system). . 3. Calculate the powers, this will give the number in decimal. Example # 1: (9.B); to (?)10 Let x be the required decimal number. OB) = (0 Write whole number in power of +ve 16 and fraction in -ve 16, we get (9.B)6 = 9x16° + Bx16" = 9x16? + 11x16" 9x1 + 11x0.0625 9 + 0.6875 = 9.6875 +-(9.B)jg = (9.6875) 9 Hence the result. Example # 2; (5.1A);s to (2)10 Let x be the required decimal number, G.1A)i6 = io Write whole number in power of +ve 16 and fraction in -ve 16, we get (5.1A)ie = 5x16° + 1x16" + Ax16? = 5x16° + 1x16" + 10x16* = 5x1 +1x0.0625 + 10x0.00390625 = 5 + 0.0625 + 0.0390625 = 51015625 +(5.1A);6 = (5.102),Hence the result, Number System, 99 Scanned with CamScannerExample #3: (BC.1A),« to (2);0 Let x be the decimal number. (BC.1A) = (io Write whole number in power of +ve 16 and fraction in -ve 16, we get (BC.1A)p=Bx16'+Cx16"+ 1x16" +Ax16* = LIxIG! +12x16°+ 1x16" + 10x16" = [1x16-+12x1 + 1x0.0625 + 10x0.0039062 = 176 + 12 + 0.0625 + 0.039062 = 188.10156 2(BC.1A)i5 = (188-10156)i0 Hence the result. Example # 4: , (0.152B);5 to (?)10 Let x'be the required decimal number. (0.152B)6 = ro Write whole number in power of +ve 16 and fraction in -ve 16, we get (0.152B)s6 = 0x16°+ 1x16" +5x167-+2x16" +Bx16* = 0x16" + 1x16" + 5x16? + 2x16? + 11x16* = Oxt +1x0.0625 + 5x0.00390625 42x0,00024414 + 11x0.000015258 = 0 + 0.0625 + 0.01953125 + 0,00048828 + 0.000167838 = 0.082687368 £.(0.152B)y = (0.082687368),» Hence the result. : Example # 5: (AF.23C)j¢ to (2)10 Let x be the required decimal number. (AF.23C)is = (10 Write whole number in power of +ve 16 and fraction in -ve 16, we get (AF.23C)is = Ax16!-+Fx16°+2x16"+3x167 +Cx16* = 10x16! +15x16° +2x16" + 3x16? + 12x16” = 10x16+15x1+2x0.0625 + 3x0.00390625 + 12x0.00024414 = 160 + 15 + 0.125 + 0.0117186 + 0.0029292 = 175.13964 SKAF.23C)i6 = (175.13964)s0 Hence the result. 7. Binary Number System % Octal Number System Case-A: Conversion of binary number to octal number, Method: 1, Break binary number into groups of three bits each, starting.from the right most bit towards left. : 2. {f the left most group contains less than three bit : ‘ee bits then add zero(s) to the left, so that a group of three bits can be formed. This additional zero is written as 0, in the following examples. 3. Write octal number against each group of three bits from Table 5.1 100 Number System Scanned with CamScannerExample # 1: (111001); to (2), Let x be the required octal number. (111001), = (x), Break 111001 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get Ill 001 + o¢ 7 1 “(111001); = (71), Hence the result, Example # 2: 9110111); to (2), Let x be the required octal number. (10110111), = (x), Break 10110111 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 010 110 111 y 4 4 2 6 7 + (OL10111).. =" (267), Hence the result. Example # 3:(111000001010), to (2) Let x be the required octal number. (111000001010), = (x) Break 111000001010 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 111 000 001 O10 +oyo4d 7 0 1° 2 (111000001010), = (7012), Hence the result. Example # 4:(1011111000001), to (?)s Let x be the required octal number. (1011111000001), = (x), Break 1011111000001 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 001 O11 111 000° 001 Vee 1 207-0 41 ~-(1011111000001), = (12701), Hence the result. Example # 5: (100000000011111111) to (2). Let x be the required octal number. (100000000011111111); = (x), Break — 100000000011111111 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 100 000 000 O11 111 111 woe oy tee 4 0 0 ea 7 *-(100000000011111111), = (400377), Hence the result. Case-B: Conversion of binary number (containing fraction) to octal number (containing. fraction). Method: is i its each, starting from the right towards 1, binary number into groups of three bits ead ng from the Ea whole numbers and starting from the left towards right in fraction, . 2. If the left most group in whole number and right most group in fraction respectively, contains less than three bit then add zero(s) to the left in whole Number System 101 “Scanned with CamScannernumber or right in fraction, so that a grou the following examples. : ition in octal number as is present in binary number, additional zero is written as 0, in 3, The point is placed in the same posit 4, From Table 5.1, write ‘octal number against each group 0! Example # 1: (111.111); to (?)s Let x be the required octal number. (IL.111); = Qs Break 111.111 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get iW. Wl + ¢ 7.7 QUAD: = (7.Ds Hence the result. Example # 2: (1111-1101); to )s Let x be the required octal number. (111.1101) = (®s Break 111.1101 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 001 111 . 110 100 yy oe + tL euo G 21.1101). = (17.64), Hence the result. Example # 3: (0.101111010101), to (2)s Let x be the required octal number. (0.101111010101), = (x)g . Break 0.101111010101 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get p of three bits can be formed. This f three binary bits. 090. 101 111 010 101 + ye et 5 7 2 5 - 0. 2.(0.101111010101), = (0.5725)¢ Hence the'result. Example # 4: (110110.011), to (?)5 Let x be the required octal number. (110110.011), = @)s Break 110110.011 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 110 110 . O11 +4 + G Go28) +(110110.011), = (66.3)e Hence the result. Example #5: (111011011); to @s Let x be the required octal number. (1.101101); = (X)s Break*11.1011011 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get ou. 101 101 100 3..°5 5 4 211011011), = (3.554)s Hence the result. a _ 102 Number Syste" Scanned with CamScannerCase-A: Conversio Method: 1. Write a group of three bi If any group contains les group of three bits can examples, ae Example # 1: (84), to 2): Let x be the required binary number, 4) =), Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 5 4 + + 101 100 “(542 = (101100), Hence the result. Example #2: (652), to (2); Let x be the required binary number. (652), = (x); Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 6 5 2 + oY 10 101 010 £-(652), = (110101010), Hence the result. Example # 3: (1364), to (2), Let’x be the required binary number. , (1364), = (x), 2 Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get Number System 's than three bits be formed. Thi octal number to binary. number, its against each octal digit, from Table 5.1, S, then add zero(s) to the left, so that a S zero is written as 0, in the following Join these binary digits and result will be the binary equivalent of octal number. 1 3 6 4 + ood 4 , 001 O11 110 100 *:(1364), = (1011110100), Hence the result. Example #4: (7423), t0 (2), Let x be the required binary number. (7423), = (x), Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 7 4 2 3 + yo4¢ 11 100 010 O11 --(7423), = (111100010011), Hence the result. Example # 5: (53762), to (2); Let x be the required binary number. (53762),= (x)s Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 5 3 7 6 2 yoy 4 4d 10l O11 11 110 010 (53762), = (1010111110010), Hence the result. ¥ Ap 103 Scanned with CamScannerCase-B: Conversion of octal_number (containing fraction) to binary number (containing fraction). Method: Writ 2. If any group contains group of three bits can be forme: examples a group of three bits against each octal digit, from Table 5: 1. then add zero(s) to the left, so that a his zero is written as 0, in the following 3. The point is placed in the same position in binary number as is present in octal number. 4. Join these binary digits and result will be the binary equivalent of octal number. Example # 1: (232.2) 0 (2) Let x be the required binary number. (232.2). = (x): Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 203 2. 2 + +o 4 + 010 O11 O10 . 010 (232.2), = (10011010.010), Hence the result. Example # 2: (453.45), to (2); Let x be the required binary number. (453.45), = (x), Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get es vy, + 4 100 101 O11 . 100 101 +.(453.45), = (100101011.100101), Hence the result. Example # 3: (3232.14), to (2), Let x be the required binary number, (3232.14), = (x), Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 9 2 3 2-11 4 + 4 4 vey, O11 010 O11 010 . 001 100 +.3232.14). = (1101001 1010.001 100), Hence the result. Example # 4: (3146.52)s to (?)2 Let x be the required binary number. (3146.52), = (x) Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 3 1 4 6.5 2 ¥ ote + 4 O1F 001 100 110 . 101 010 +-(3146.52), = (11001100110.101010), Hence the result. Example # 5: (0.03125), to (2); Let x be the required binary number. (0.03125), = (x), Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 9.0 3 1 2 5 + Yoo ee 000. 000 O11 001 O10 101 “-.03125), = (0.000011001010101) Hence the result. 104 Number System Scanned with CamScanner7 Binary Number System @ Casi Method: 1. towards left. - Hexadecimal Number System e-A: Conversion of binary number to hexadecimal number. Break binary number into Sroups of four bits each, starting from the right most bit . If the left most group contains less than four bits then add zero(s) to the left, so that a group of four bits can be formed. This additional zero is written as 0, in the following examples. 3. Write hexadecimal number against each group of four bits from Table 5.1. Example # 1: (10011100); to (2), Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (10011100); = (x)i6 Break 10011100 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 1001 1100 + + 9 Cc --(10011100), = (9C)is Hence the result. Example # 2: (101101111010); to (2)is Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (101101111010); = (ie Break 101101111010 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 1011 0111 1010 v ‘ ‘ . BOT A 2101101111010). = (B7A)w Hence the result. Example # 3:(1000111110101); to (?)is Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (1000111110101): to (x):s Break 1000111110101 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0001 0001 1111 O10! + 4 , + 1 1 F535 +-(1000111110101); to (LLF5);5 Hence the result. Example # 4: (110000111110010000), to (2)... Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (110000111110010000); t© (Xie Break 1 10000111110010000 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get OO11 0000 1111 1001 0000 , ‘ + + 4 3 0 F 9 0 £°(1100001 11110010000); to (30F90),, Hence the result. or Number System 105 Scanned with CamScannerExample # 5: (101000000011 110101011010); to (2)i6 Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (1010000000111 10101011010); t0 (ie Break 101000000011110101011010 into groups of fou digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 1010 0000 0011 1101 O101 1010 + oF + ¢ A 0 3 pd 5 A +.(101000000011 110101011010); to (AO3DSA)is Hence the result. r bits and write hexadecimal Method: 1. Break binary number into groups of four bits, starting from the right towards left, in whole numbers and starting from the left towards right in fraction. 2. If the left most group in whole number and right most group in fraction respectively, contains less than four bits, then add zero(s) to the left in whole number or right in fraction, so that a group of four bits can be formed. This zero is written as 0, in the following examples. 3. The point is placed in the same position in hexadecimal number as is present in binary number. 4, From Table 5.1, write hexadecimal aumber against each group of four bits. Example # 1: (1101.0110); to (is Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (1101.0110). = (xia Break 1101.0110 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 1101. 0110 + ‘ D . 6 . £.(1101.0110); = (D.6)i6 Hence the result. Example # 2: (11110.01011); to (2),. Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (11110.01011), = (x)i6 Break 11110.01011 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0001 1110. 0101 1000 Y + , ‘ 1 Eo. § 8 (LLL10,01011), = (1E.58)i6 Hence the result. 106 Number System Scanned with CamScannerExample #3: (1011.1 1010), to Ore Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (1011.11010); = (x), Break 1011.11010 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 1011. 1101 0000 , ‘ BoD 0 + (1011.11010); = (B.D0),. Hence the result, Example # 4: 0.01111110); to (2),¢ Let x be the required hexadecimal number. 0.01111110); = (x), Break 1101.0110 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0000. Onto + Oo . 7 “O.OMIT10), = Hence the result. Example # 5: (0.1100101001010111); to (2). Let x be the required hexadecimal number, (0.1100101001010111); = (x), Break —0.1100101001010111 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0000 . 1100 1010 0101. O11 ¥ + ¥ a A g i £-(0.1100101001010111); =(0.CAST)« Hence the result. 10. Hexadecimal Number System 7 Binary Number System Case-A: Conversion of hexadecimal number to binory number Method: 1. Write a group of four bits against each hexadecimal digit, from Table 5.1. 2. If any group contains less than four bits then add zero(s) to the left, so that a group of four bits can be formed. This zero is written as 0, in the following examples. 3. Join these binary digits and result will be the binary equivalent of hexadecimal number. Example #1: (9); to (2). Let x be the required binary number. Oe = (e oe Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get 9 + 1001 .(9),g=(1001), Hence the result, Example #2: (AB),, to (2): Let x be the required binary number. (AB)is = (X)a Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get A B ¥ + 10101011 Number System 107 Scanned with CamScanner<.(AB)¢ = (10101011); Hence the result. Example #3: (6A9);. to @)s Let x he the required binary number. (AD) = (2 : Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get 6 A 9 . ¥ + 0110 1010 1001 <6A9);e = (11010101001); Hence the result. Example #4: 23F0);« to (2): Let x be the required binary number. (23F0),5 = (2 Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get [| 3 2 / ? 0010 O11. 1111 0000 “.Q23F0), = (1001111110000), Hence the result. Example # 5: (415E7)1s to (2): Let x-be the required binary number. (4ISE7)i5 = 2 7 Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get 4 1 5 E 7 Ad ’ y + 0100 0001 0101 1110 O111 “.(GISET) ye = (1000001010111100111), Hence the result. Cose-B: Conversion of _hexadecimal number (containina fraction) to binary number (containing fraction). Method: 1. Write a group of four bits against each hexadecimal digit, from Table 5.1. 2. If any group contains less than four bits then add zero(s) to the left, so that a group of four bits can be formed. This zero is written as 0, in the following examples. 3. The point is placed in the same position in binary number as is present in hexadecimal ‘number. 4, Join these binary digits and result will be the binary equivalent of hexadecimal number. Example # 1: (12.B),. to (2), Let x be the required binary number. (12.B)e = a. Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 1 2 . B + 4 Y 0001 0010 . 1011 +(12.B)s = (10010.1011), Hence the result. 108 Example # 2: (AA.1A);¢ to (?): Let x be the required binary number. (AA.1A)is = (> Write against each hexadecimal digit, its ‘equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get ot A + oY oN 1010 1010 . 0001 +1010 2(AA.1A)i5 = (10101010.00011010): Hence the result. Number System Scanned with CamScannerErr Example # 3: (AB2.234),, t0 (2), Let x be the required bin: (AB2.234),, = (x) Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get A B22. 9 ary Number, + + + yoo 1010 1011 0010 . 010 0011 o100 :.(AB2.234) jg = (1010101 10010.0010001 10100), Hence the result. Example # 4: (0.CF83),, to (2); Let x be the required binary number. (0.CF83),5 = (x), Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 0. C F 8 3 + + + 4 4 0000 . 1100 1111 1000 0011 *-(0.CF83),, = (0.110011111000001 1), Hence the result, Example # 5: (0.10A4EF),, to (2); Let x be the required binary number. (0.10A4EF),, = (x), Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 0.1 0 A 4 EF ‘ +oy 4 0000 . 0001 0000 1010 0100 1110 1111 (O.10A4EF),, = (0.000100001010000111101111), Hence the result. 11, Octal Number System Hexadecimal Number System Case-A: Conversion of octal number to hexadecimal number, Method: This conversion is performed in two phases. i.e. 1. Phase I: Conversion of octal number to binary number (same process as explained in conversion no. 8, case-a). 2. Phase II: Conversion of binary number to hexadecimal number (same process as explained in conversion no. 9, case-a). Example #1: (17s to (2s Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (11)s = Wis Phase - I; Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 1 7 Y Y 001 Mt Phase — Il; Break 1111 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get Wit v F “ADs Ps Hence the result. Number System 109 Scanned with CamScannerExample #2: (235), t0 (2is Let x be the required hexadecimal number, (is - — 1: Write against each octal “its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 2 3 5 + t + O10 OL 101 Phase —I:Break 10011101 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 1001 1101 + + aD 2-235), = (AD)c Hence the result, Example # 3: (4126)s to Ors Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (4126). = Oss Phase ~ I: Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 4 1 26 + v ’ v 100 001 «010110 Break 100001010110 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 1000 0101 0110 + + 8 5S 6 £4126), = (B56)s0 Hence the result. Example #4: (70523)s to (2)16 Let x be the required hexadecimal number, (70523), = (is Phase —1: Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5,1), we get 70.5 74 ‘ + + + + iii 000.10): (010, Ol Phase_- Il: Break 111000101010011 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get O11 0001 O101 O01! ov v + + 7 1 5-3 2.(70523)s = (7153)6 Hence the result. Example # 5: (154420); to (hs Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (154420) = is Phase = |; Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get iS 4 4 2 0 Yet ee ft 001 101 100 100 010 000 Phase - II: Break 1101 100100010000 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 1101 1001 0001 0000 ‘ ¥ ‘ Y D 9 1 0 *.(154420), = (D910)6 Hence the result. 110 Number System Scanned with CamScannerCase-B: Convey Method: This conversion is 1. Phase 1: Conversi in conversion no. 8, case-b), 2. Phase I: Conversion o explained in conversion | Example #1: (1.5)s t0 (2) Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (US)s = Wie Phase — I: Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get Toe ‘ ¥ 001 . 101 Phase ~ Il: Break 1.101 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0001 . 1010 +o ro. A “U5 = (LA) Hence the result. Example # 2: (33.1). to (?).6 Let x be the required hexadecimal number. G3.1De = Wis Phase — I: Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 30 3.41 ’ v ¥ O11 oll. 001 sion of octal number ( Per"_(containing fraction), Performed in two phas 1on of octal number to bin; f binary number to hexadecin no. 9, case-b), taining fraction) to hexadecimal wary number (same process as explained mal number (same process as Phase — II: Break 11011.001 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0001 1011. 0010 ‘ v + 1 Bo. 2 +-83.D, = (1B2);5 Hence the result. Example # 3: (62.47); to (2)1s Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (62.47) = (Xie Phase — I: Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 6 2.4 7 v v + + 110 010.100 11 Phase - Il: Break 110010.100111 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0011 0010 . 1001 1100 ¥ v tq ¥ 30 2 mA c “AN, = B2.AC)« Hence the result. (» 1 Number System tt Jo pe rye @ Scanned with CamScannerExample # 4: (153.10); to (?)is Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (153.10); = (he Phase = I: Write against each octal digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 1 5 3.1 0 ‘ oy + 001 «101 «Olt. 001-000 Phase - Il: Break 1101011.001000 into groups of four bits and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0110 1011 . 0010 0000 1 8 6 B.2 oO £.(153.10)5. = (6B20),5 Hence the result. Example # 5: (2031.07)s to (21s Let x be the required hexadecimal number. (2031.07), = (ie : Write against each octal, digit, its equivalent three bits, (Table 5.1), we get 2 0 3 1 GF yoy + 4 010 000 O11 001 . 000 111 Phase - II: Break 1000001 1001.000111 into groups of four bits” and write hexadecimal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 0100 0001 1001 .0001 1100 + + ¥ Y Y 4 _ vA oil c 1.(2031.07), = (41A.10):6 Hence the result. 12. Hexadecimal Number System % Octal Number System Case-A: 1 Method: er to oF umber ne This conversion is performed in two phases. i.¢. 1. Phase I: Conversion of hexadecimal number to binary number (same process as explained in conversion no. 10, case-a). 2. Phase Il Conversion of binary number to octal number (same process as explained in conversion no. 7, case-a). Example # 1: (44), to (2)s Phase = II: Break 1000100 into groups of three bits and write actal digit Let x be the required octal number. against each group (Table 5.1), we get me 001 000-100 rite against each YY Y > hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four 0 4 bits, (Table 5.1), we get ’ £(44)is = (104) a4 He ; ; lence the result. 0100 0100 12 Number System Scanned with CamScannerExample #f 2: (12F),, to (2), Let x be the required octal number, (12F)ie = (Xe Phase — I: Write against each nal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get 1 2 F + t ‘ 0001 0010 «1111 Phase = II: Break 100101111 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 100° 101111 + + 4 4 S 7 (12F)is = (457) Hence the result. © Example #3: (30C5)i¢ to (2); Let x be the required oat number, 30CS5):6 = (Xs Phase - I: Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get Ble 20) tcl s y v v v 0011 0000 1101 0101 ~~ 7 Example # 5: (ABDO01),« to (2)p Phase ~ I: Break 1100011010101 into Broups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get O11 000 O11 O10 101 + yf + ) 3 2 5 “(30C5)i, = (30325), Hence the result. Example # 4: (B4E60),, to (?)5 Let x be the required octal number. (B4E60);, = (x)s Phase - I: Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get Bo 4 f-G¢ 6 yoy yt 1011 0100 1110 0110 0000 Phase ~ II: Break 101101001 11001100000 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 010 110 100 111 001 100 000 + ye ee ge 2647 1 4 «0 /(B4E60);5 = (2647140), Hence the result. Let x be the required octal number. => (ABDOO1),s = (xs : Phase - I: Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get A B D + v2. 4 1010 1011 1101 0 1 + oF 0000 ©0000 0001 Phase - II: Break 101010111101000000000001 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 101 010 lil 101 Yo vy 5 2 7 5 0 000 000 000 001 ¥ + 0 1 <.(ABDO01);, = (52750001), Hence the result. Number System 113 Scanned with CamScannerCose-B: Conversion of hex: 11 number (containing fraction) to octal number (conta ction). Method: This conversion is performed in two phases. ie. 1. Phase I; Conversion of hexadecimi al-number to binary number ‘(same process as explained in conversion no. 10, case-b). 2, Phase Il: Conversion of binary number to octal number (same process as explained in conversion no. 7, case-b). Example # 1: (2.3): to @)s Let x be the required octal number. 2.3)6 = Ws Phase — I: Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get a va 0010 . 0011 Phas Break 10.0011 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 010 . 001 100 ‘ v Y 2.1 4 *2.3)6 = 2.14): Hence the result. Example # 2: (D5.7),¢ to (2)s Let x be the required octal number. — (DS.7)ie = ®e. Phase — I: Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get D eens + + ¥ 1101 (0101 . O111 114 Phase_— I: Break 11010101.0111 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get oll 010 «:101_:~«.:*O1 100 vy Y + + 3 2 S33 4 S(D5.Tis = (325.34)s Hence the result. Example # 3: (64.EF), to (?)s Let x be the required octal number. (64.EF ic = (X)e Phase — I: Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get 6 4 » —E F ¥ ¥ Y 0110 0100 . 1110 1111 4 Phase _- I: Break 1100100.11101111 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 001 100 100 . 111 O11 110 yee 4 4 4 1 4 4.7 3 6 +(@4.EF)\5 = (144.736), Hence the result. Number System Scanned with CamScannerExample # 4: (987.1B),. 0 (2), Let x be the required octal number, (987.1B)i« = (x)s Phase — 1: Write against each hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), we get 9 8 7 » od + Y + + : 1001 1000 0111 . 0001 1011 Example # 5: (9937.88), to Qs Let x be the required octal number, (9937.88)6 = (X)s Phase ~ we get 9 9 3 7.8 ‘ Y + ¥ ‘ 1001 1001 0011 0111 . 1000 Phase 11 Break 100110000111,00011011 into Broups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get . 100 110 000 111 . 000 110 110 +4 Vanes 4°60 7.0 6 6 *.(789.1B), = (4607.06), Hence the result. * Write against cach hexadecimal digit, its equivalent four bits, (Table 5.1), Phase — I: Break 10011001001 10111. 10001000 into groups of three bits and write octal digit against each group (Table 5.1), we get 001 = 001 100 100-110 v ¥ Y ¥ + 1 1 4 4 6 £.(9937.88),5 = (114467.460), Hence the result. 5.3. BINARY ARITHMETIC 100 010 000 yoy oF 4 6 0 Binary arithmetic has same operations as that of decimal arithmetic, the only difference lies in the total number of digits available in the system i.e. two digits in binary system and ten digits in decimal system. The operations performed are: * Addition. * Subtraction. * Multiplication * Division. These operations are explained here, in detail with the help of solved examples. nme Number System 115, Scanned with CamScanner