C Language Tutorial

(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Variables, Data Types + Input/Output

(Chapter 1)

V
1. First Program
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello World");
return 0;
}

2. Variables & Data Types + Constants & Keywords

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int number;
int age;
int price;
return 0;
}
 #include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age = 22;
float pi = 3.14;
char percentage = '%';
return 0;
}

3. Comments
#include<stdio.h>
//This program prints Hello World
int main() {
printf("Hello World");
return 0;
}

4. Output
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age = 22;
float pi = 3.14;
char percentage = '%';

printf("age is %d", age);

printf("age is %f", pi);
printf("age is %c", percentage);
return 0;
}

5. Input (Sum of 2 numbers)

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int a, b;

printf("enter a \n");
scanf("%d", &a);

printf("enter b \n");
 scanf("%d", &b);

printf("sum of a & b is : %d \n", a+b);

return 0;
}

6. Practice Qs 1 (Area of Square)

#include<stdio.h>
//area of square
int main() {
int side;
scanf("%d", &side);
printf("%d", side * side);
return 0;
}

7. Practice Qs 2 (Area of Circle)

#include<stdio.h>
//area of square
int main() {
float radius;
scanf("%f", &radius);
printf("%f", 3.14 * radius * radius);
return 0;
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Instructions & Operators

(Chapter 2)

1. Type Declaration Instructions

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age = 22;
int oldAge = age;
int newAge = oldAge + 2;
printf("new age is : %d", newAge);

int rupee = 1, dollar;

dollar = 74;

/*
order of declaration is important - Wrong Declaration Order
float pi = 3.14;
float area = pi * rad * rad;
float rad = 3;
*/
 // valid declaration
int age1, age2, age3;
age1 = age2 = age3 = 22;

//invalid
//int a1 = a2 = a3 = 22;

return 0;
}

2. Arithmetic Instructions
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;
//valid
a = b + c;

//invalid
// b + c = a;

printf("%d \n", 3 % 2);

printf("%d \n", -3 % 2);
return 0;
}

> Type Conversion

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("sum of 2 & 3 : %d", 2 + 3);
printf("sum of 2.0 & 3 : %f", 2.0 + 3);
printf("sum of 2.0 & 3.0 : %f", 2.0 + 3.0);
return 0;
}

> Associativity
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf(" Output : %d", 5+2/2*3);
 return 0;
}

3. Relational Operator
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("%d \n", 4==4);

printf("%d \n", 4<3);

printf("%d \n", 3<4);
printf("%d \n", 4<4);
printf("%d \n", 4<=4);

printf("%d \n", 4>3);

printf("%d \n", 3>4);
printf("%d \n", 4>4);
printf("%d \n", 4>=4);

printf("%d \n", 4!=4);

printf("%d \n", 3!=4);
return 0;
}

4. Logical Operator
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("%d \n", 3<4 && 3<5);
printf("%d \n", 3<4 && 5<4);

printf("%d \n", 3<4 && 5<4);

printf("%d \n", 3>4 && 5>4);
printf("%d \n", 3<4 && 3<5);

printf("%d \n", !(3<4 && 3<5));

printf("%d \n", !(4<3 || 5<3));
return 0;
}
 5. Assignment Operator
# include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 10;
a += 10;
printf("a+10 = %d \n", a);
a -= 10;
printf("a-10 = %d \n", a);
a *= 10;
printf("a*10 = %d \n", a);
a /= 10;
printf("a/10 = %d \n", a);
a %= 10;
printf("a%c10 = %d \n", '%', a);
return 0;
}

V
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Conditional Statements
(Chapter 3)

1. If-else
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age = 19;
if(age >= 18) {
printf("you are an adult");
}
else {
printf("you are not an adult");
}
return 0;
}

> check if a number is odd or even

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int number;
 scanf("%d", &number);

if(number % 2 == 0) {
printf("even");
}
else {
printf("odd");
}
return 0;
}

> Use of else if

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter age : ");
scanf("%d", &age);

if(age < 12) {

printf("child");
}
else if(age < 18) {
printf("teenager");
}
else {
printf("adult");
}
return 0;
}

2. Ternary Operator
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter age : ");
scanf("%d", &age);

age > 18 ? printf("adult \n") : printf("not adult \n");

int number = 7;
 int luckyNumber = 7;

number == luckyNumber ? printf("you are lucky \n") : printf("you are not

lucky \n");

return 0;
}

3. Switch (integer)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

int main() {
int day = 5;
switch(day) {
case 1 : printf("monday \n");
break;
case 2 : printf("tuesday \n");
break;
case 3 : printf("wednesday \n");
break;
case 4 : printf("thursday \n");
break;
case 5 : printf("friday \n");
break;
case 6 : printf("saturday \n");
break;
case 7 : printf("sunday \n");
break;
}
return 0;
}

4. Switch (character)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

int main() {
char day = 'f';
switch(day) {
case 'm' : printf("monday \n");
break;
 case 't' : printf("tuesday \n");
break;
case 'w' : printf("wednesday \n");
break;
case 'T' : printf("thursday \n");
break;
case 'f' : printf("friday \n");
break;
case 's' : printf("saturday \n");
break;
case 'S' : printf("sunday \n");
break;
}
return 0;
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Loop Control Statements

(Chapter 4)

1. Syntax of 3 Loops
# include <stdio.h>

int main () {
//for loop
for(int i=1; i<=100; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i);
}

//while loop
int i=1;
while(i<=100) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}

//do while loop

i = 1;
do {
 printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
} while(i<=100);

return 0;
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Functions & Recursion

(Chapter 5)

1. Function to print Hello

#include<stdio.h>

//function declaration/prototype
void printHello();

int main() {
//function call
printHello();
return 0;
}

//function definition
void printHello() {
printf("Hello!\n");
}

2. Function to calculate square of a number

 # include <stdio.h>
//function to calculate square of a number
int calcSquare(int n);

int main() {
int n;
printf("enter n : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("square is : %d", calcSquare(n));
return 0;
}

int calcSquare(int n) {
return n * n;
}

3. Function to calculate n factorial (using recursion)

# include <stdio.h>
//function to print factorial of n
int factorial(int n);

int main() {
int n;
printf("enter n : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("factorial is : %d", factorial(n));
return 0;
}

int factorial(int n) {
if(n == 0) {
return 1;
}
int factnm1 = factorial(n-1);
int factn = factnm1 * n;
return factn;
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Pointers
(Chapter 6)

1. Syntax
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
int age = 22;
int *ptr = &age;
int _age = *ptr;
printf("%d\n", _age);

//address
printf("%p\n", &age);
printf("%p\n", ptr);
printf("%p\n", &ptr);

//data
printf("%d\n", age);
printf("%d\n", *ptr);
printf("%d\n", *(&age));
return 0;
 }

2. Pointers in Function call

# include <stdio.h>

void square(int n);

void _square(int* n);

int main() {
int number = 4;

//call by value
square(number);
printf("n is : %d\n", number);

//call by reference
_square(&number);
printf("n is : %d\n", number);
return 0;
}

void square(int n) {
n = n * n;
printf("square is : %d\n", n);
}

void _square(int* n) {
*n = *n * *n;
printf("square is : %d\n", *n);
}

3. Swap 2 numbers
# include <stdio.h>

void swap(int a, int b);

void _swap(int* a, int *b);

int main() {
int x = 3, y = 5;

//call by value
swap(x, y);
 printf("x = %d & y = %d\n", x, y);

//call by reference
_swap(&x, &y);
printf("x = %d & y = %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}

void swap(int a, int b) {

int t = a;
a = b;
b = a;
}

void _swap(int* a, int* b) {

int t = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = *a;
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Arrays
(Chapter 7)

1. Syntax
# include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int marks[3];
printf("physics : ");
scanf("%d", &marks[0]);

printf("chem : ");
scanf("%d", &marks[1]);

printf("math : ");
scanf("%d", &marks[2]);

printf("physics = %d, ", marks[0]); //physics

printf("chem = %d, ", marks[1]); //chem
printf("math = %d \n", marks[2]); //math
 return 0;
}

2. Pointer Arithmetic
# include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int age = 22;

int *ptr = &age;

int _age = 25;

int *_ptr = &_age;

printf("%u\n", ptr);
ptr++;
printf("%u\n", ptr);
ptr--;
printf("%u\n", ptr);
ptr = ptr - _ptr;
printf("%u\n", ptr);

ptr = &_age;
printf("%d\n", ptr == _ptr);

return 0;
}

3. Accessing an Array
# include <stdio.h>

void printNumbers(int *arr, int n);

void _printNumbers(int arr[], int n);

int main() {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
printNumbers(arr, 6);
printNumbers(arr, 6);
return 0;
}
void printNumbers(int *arr, int n) {
for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
printf("%d : %d\n", i, arr[i]);
}
}

void _printNumbers(int arr[], int n) {

for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
printf("%d : %d\n", i, arr[i]);
}
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Strings
(Chapter 8)

1. Strings
# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>

int main() {
//declaration
char name[] = "Shradha Khapra";
char course[] = {'a','p', 'n', 'a', ' ', 'c', 'o', 'l', 'l', 'e', 'g', 'e',
'\0'};

//printing string
for(int i=0; name[i] != '\0'; i++) {
printf("%c", name[i]);
}
printf("\n");

//printing string with pointer

for(char *ptr=name; *ptr != '\0'; ptr++) {
printf("%c", *ptr);
}
printf("\n");

//printing using format specifier

printf("%s\n", name);

//input a string
char firstName[40];
printf("enter first name : ");
scanf("%s", firstName);
printf("you first name is %s\n", firstName);
char fullName[40];
printf("enter full name : ");
scanf("%s", fullName);
printf("you first name is %s\n", fullName);

// gets & puts

char fullName[40];
printf("enter full name : ");
fgets(fullName, 40, stdin);
puts(fullName);

//Library Functions
char name[] = "Shradha";
int length = strlen(name);
printf("the length of name : %d\n", length);

char oldVal[] = "oldValue";

char newVal[50];
strcpy(newVal, oldVal);
puts(newVal);

char firstStr[50] = "Hello ";

char secStr[] = "World";
strcat(firstStr, secStr);
puts(firstStr);

char str1[] = "Apple";

char str2[] = "Banana";
printf("%d\n", strcmp(str1, str2));

//enter String using %c

 printf("enter string : ");
char str[100];
char ch;
int i = 0;

while(ch != '\n') {
scanf("%c", &ch);
str[i] = ch;
i++;
}
str[i] = '\0';
puts(str);

return 0;
}

> Some more Qs

# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>

// void printString(char arr[]);

// int countLength(char arr[]);
// void salting(char password[]);
// void slice(char str[], int n, int m);

//int countVowels(char str[]);

void checkChar(char str[], char ch);

int main() {
char str[] = "ApnaCollege";
char ch = 'x';
checkChar(str, ch);
}

void checkChar(char str[], char ch) {

for(int i=0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {
if(str[i] == ch) {
printf("character is present!");
return;
 }
}
printf("character is NOT present:(");
}

// int countVowels(char str[]) {

// int count = 0;

// for(int i=0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {

// if(str[i] == 'a' || str[i] == 'e' || str[i] == 'i' ||
// str[i] == 'o' || str[i] == 'u') {
// count++;
// }
// }
// return count;
// }

// void slice(char str[], int n, int m) { // n & m are valid value

// char newStr[100];
// int j = 0;
// for(int i=n; i<=m; i++, j++) {
// newStr[j] = str[i];
// }
// newStr[j] = '\0';
// puts(newStr);
// }

// void salting(char password[]) {

// char salt[] = "123";
// char newPass[200];

// strcpy(newPass, password); // newPass = "test"

// strcat(newPass, salt); // newPass = "test" + "123";
// puts(newPass);
// }

// int countLength(char arr[]) {

// int count = 0;
// for(int i=0; arr[i]!='\0'; i++) {
// count++;
// }
// return count-1;
// }

// void printString(char arr[]) {

// for(int i=0; arr[i] != '\0' ;i++) {
// printf("%c", arr[i]);
// }
// printf("\n");
// }
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Structures
(Chapter 9)

1. Structures
# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>

struct student {
char name[100];
int roll;
float cgpa;
};

typedef struct ComputerEngineeringStudent{

int roll;
float cgpa;
char name[100];
} coe;

void printInfo(struct student s1);

int main() {
struct student s1;
// s1.name = "Shradha"; // not a modifiable value
strcpy(s1.name,"Shradha");
s1.roll = 64;
s1.cgpa = 9.2;

printf("student info : \n");

printf("name = %s\n", s1.name);
printf("roll no = %d\n", s1.roll);
printf("cgpa = %f\n", s1.cgpa);

//array of structures
struct student IT[60];
struct student COE[60];
struct student ECE[60];

//declaration
struct student s2 = {"Rajat", 1552, 8.6};
struct student s3 = {0};

printf("roll no of s2 = %d\n", s2.roll);

printf("roll no of s3 = %d\n", s3.roll);

//pointer to structure
struct student *ptr = &s1;
printf("student.name = %s\n", (*ptr).name);
printf("student.roll = %d\n", (*ptr).roll);
printf("student.cgpa = %f\n", (*ptr).cgpa);

//arrow operator
printf("student->name = %s\n", ptr->name);
printf("student->roll = %d\n", ptr->roll);
printf("student->cgpa = %f\n", ptr->cgpa);

//Passing structure to function

printInfo(s1);

//typedef keyword
coe student1;
student1.roll = 1664;
student1.cgpa = 6.7;
 strcpy(student1.name, "sudhir");

return 0;
}

void printInfo(struct student s1) {

printf("student info : \n");
printf("name = %s\n", s1.name);
printf("roll no = %d\n", s1.roll);
printf("cgpa = %f\n", s1.cgpa);

//change
s1.roll = 1660; //but it won't be reflected to the main function
//as structures are passed by value
}

> Some more Qs

# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>

//user defined
typedef struct student {
int roll;
float cgpa;
char name[100];
} stu ;

typedef struct computerengineeringstudent {

int roll;
float cgpa;
char name[100];
} coe;

struct address {
int houseNo;
int block;
char city[100];
char state[100];
};

struct vector {
int x;
 int y;
};

void calcSum(struct vector v1, struct vector v2, struct vector sum);

struct complex {
int real;
int img;
};

typedef struct BankAccount {

int accountNo;
char name[100];
} acc ;

int main() {
acc acc1 = {123, "shradha"};
acc acc2 = {124, "rajat"};
acc acc3 = {125, "sudhir"};

printf("acc no = %d", acc1.accountNo);

printf("name = %s", acc1.name);
return 0;
}

void calcSum(struct vector v1, struct vector v2, struct vector sum) {
sum.x = v1.x + v2.x;
sum.y = v1.y + v2.y;

printf("sum of x is : %d\n", sum.x);

printf("sum of y is : %d\n", sum.y);
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

File I/O
(Chapter 10)

# include <stdio.h>

int main() {
FILE *fptr;
//Reading a file
char ch;
fptr = fopen("Test.txt", "r");
if(fptr == NULL) {
printf("doesn't exist!\n");
} else {
fscanf(fptr, "%c", &ch);
printf("character in file is : %c\n", ch);
fscanf(fptr, "%c", &ch);
printf("character in file is : %c\n", ch);
fclose(fptr);
}

//Writing in a file
ch = 'M';
fptr = fopen("NewFile.txt", "w");
 fprintf(fptr, "%cANGO", ch);
fclose(fptr);

//fgets
fptr = fopen("NewFile.txt", "r");
printf("character in file is : %c\n", fgetc(fptr));
printf("character in file is : %c\n", fgetc(fptr));
printf("character in file is : %c\n", fgetc(fptr));
printf("character in file is : %c\n", fgetc(fptr));
printf("character in file is : %c\n", fgetc(fptr));
fclose(fptr);

//fputc
fptr = fopen("NewFile.txt", "w");
fputc('a', fptr);
fputc('p', fptr);
fputc('p', fptr);
fputc('l', fptr);
fputc('e', fptr);
fclose(fptr);

//read the full file (EOF)

fptr = fopen("NewFile.txt", "r");
ch = fgetc(fptr);
while(ch != EOF) {
printf("%c", ch);
ch = fgetc(fptr);
}
printf("\n");
fclose(fptr);

return 0;
}
 C Language Tutorial
(Basic to Advanced)

Topics to be covered :
Installation + Setup
Chapter 1 - Variables, Data types + Input/Output
Chapter 2 - Instructions & Operators
Chapter 3 - Conditional Statements
Chapter 4 - Loop Control Statements
Chapter 5 - Functions & Recursion
Chapter 6 - Pointers
Chapter 7 - Arrays
Chapter 8 - Strings
Chapter 9 - Structures
Chapter 10 - File I/O
Chapter 11 - Dynamic Memory Allocation

Dynamic Memory Allocation

(Chapter 11)

# include <stdio.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
//Dynamic Memory Allocation

int main() {
//sizeof function
printf("%d\n", sizeof(int));
printf("%d\n", sizeof(float));
printf("%d\n", sizeof(char));

//malloc
// int *ptr;
// ptr = (int *) malloc(5 * sizeof(int));

// for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {

// scanf("%d", &ptr[i]);
// }

// for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {

// printf("number %d = %d\n", i+1, ptr[i]);
 // }

//calloc
int *ptr = (int *) calloc(5, sizeof(int));

for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {

printf("number %d = %d\n", i+1, ptr[i]);
}

//free
free(ptr);

return 0;
}