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Forensic Blood Group Analysis

This document discusses blood grouping and paternity testing. It covers the basics of blood grouping, including the components and structures of red blood cells. It then explains how blood grouping is used in forensic analysis for purposes like determining paternity, maternity, and the source of blood stains. The key blood grouping systems - ABO, MN, and Rh - are described in detail, along with how their inheritance patterns can be used to exclude paternity or maternity. The document concludes by comparing the efficacy of different blood grouping systems and DNA profiling for exclusionary purposes.

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merzi farooq ahmadkhan
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43 views13 pages

Forensic Blood Group Analysis

This document discusses blood grouping and paternity testing. It covers the basics of blood grouping, including the components and structures of red blood cells. It then explains how blood grouping is used in forensic analysis for purposes like determining paternity, maternity, and the source of blood stains. The key blood grouping systems - ABO, MN, and Rh - are described in detail, along with how their inheritance patterns can be used to exclude paternity or maternity. The document concludes by comparing the efficacy of different blood grouping systems and DNA profiling for exclusionary purposes.

Uploaded by

merzi farooq ahmadkhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Blood grouping & Paternity

Testing
By: Abdur Rehman
PhD Scholar
Biochemistry

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 1


Blood Grouping
• The RBC’s of men/mammals are circular, bioconcave &
non nucleated (camels are exceptions)
• Birds, fish & reptiles RBC’s are oval & nucleated
• RBC’s contains
– 65 % water
– 35 %Solid
» Of which 33 is hemoglobin
» 2 % mixture of protein, blood group, cholesterol etc
5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 2
Application of Blood Group in Forensic
• The application of blood group determination for
medico legal problems is done for following purpose
– Disputed paternity and maternity
– To determine possible source of blood stain e.g. murder,
rape etc
– Inheritance claim
– Rh hazard
– Transfusion error

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 3


Basic Genetic Principal
• Genes the hereditary factor present in every cell
• Genes present in pairs know alleles/Allelomorphs
– Alleles are pair of contrasting genes one from each parent
– If two genes identical- homozygous
– if two genes different- heterozygous
• Organism judged by character- Phenotype e.g. Blood Group A
• Organism genetic makeup- genotype e.g. Group A may be
AO/AA
5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 4
Blood Group As Hereditary Factor
• The various blood group system (ABO,MN,Rh etc)
its inheritance based on two principal
– First: the group of characteristics develop at early age,
specific to individual & unchanged throughout life
– Second: the characteristic of antigen inherited as per
Mendel’s Laws of Hereditary

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 5


ABO System and Paternity
• Agglutinogen A (A1,A2) or B cannot appear in child
until present in both or one of the parents
• An O parent cant have AB child and vice versa
• If two both parents of genotype AO , a child may
born with O group

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 6


Exclusion of paternity on the ABO system

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 7


MN Blood System
• Agglutinogen M or N always appear in blood of child
• Two M parents cant have N child and vice versa
• If one parent is type M and other Type N then all children
are type MN
• If one parent is homozygous (M or N) and other
heterozygous then all children having 50, 50 ratio to
parental types
• If both parents are MN type then children of all three
types possible
5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 8
Rh System
• Rh negative parents can not produce Rh positive
child
• Rh positive homozygous parents cant have a Rh
negative children
• Rh positive heterozygous parents can produce both
Rh positive and Rh negative parents

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 9


Other blood component
• Grouping based on blood protein
– Haptoglobin
– Hemoglobin types etc
• Grouping based on enzymes
– phosphoglucomutase
• Grouping based on white cell antigen
• Human leucocytes antigen (HLA)

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 1


0
Efficacy of Different System
Group Exclusion of Paternity
• ABO grouping system 16 %
• MN system 33 %
• Rh sub groups 50%
• HLA system 90 %
• DNA profiling 100 %
5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 1
1
Case of Disputed paternity
• Alleged father AB, mother O, Child O, what is your
thoughts of paternity?

• Alleged Father A, mother O, Child AB, is that issue


of paternity or maternity?

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 1


2
Reference
• Text book of Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic medicine and Toxicology, BV
Subrahmanym Seventh edition.

5/22/2021 Toxicology & Forensic Serology 1


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