The 555 timer can be used in three different configurations - astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators. The astable multivibrator continuously switches between two states with no stable point, following a duty cycle. The monostable multivibrator has one stable state and switches to a quasi-stable state upon receiving a trigger pulse for a set time T before returning to its stable state. The bistable multivibrator has two stable states and switches between them based on external trigger pulses applied to switches connected to the trigger and reset pins.
The 555 timer can be used in three different configurations - astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators. The astable multivibrator continuously switches between two states with no stable point, following a duty cycle. The monostable multivibrator has one stable state and switches to a quasi-stable state upon receiving a trigger pulse for a set time T before returning to its stable state. The bistable multivibrator has two stable states and switches between them based on external trigger pulses applied to switches connected to the trigger and reset pins.
Original Title
2. IC 555 Timer Astable Monostable Bistable Multivibrator
The 555 timer can be used in three different configurations - astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators. The astable multivibrator continuously switches between two states with no stable point, following a duty cycle. The monostable multivibrator has one stable state and switches to a quasi-stable state upon receiving a trigger pulse for a set time T before returning to its stable state. The bistable multivibrator has two stable states and switches between them based on external trigger pulses applied to switches connected to the trigger and reset pins.
The 555 timer can be used in three different configurations - astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators. The astable multivibrator continuously switches between two states with no stable point, following a duty cycle. The monostable multivibrator has one stable state and switches to a quasi-stable state upon receiving a trigger pulse for a set time T before returning to its stable state. The bistable multivibrator has two stable states and switches between them based on external trigger pulses applied to switches connected to the trigger and reset pins.
An astable multivibrator output consists of two quasi-stable states, that is it has
no stable states in either HIGH or LOW states.
The output remains in either High state or Low state for a time T1 and then changes to the opposite state for a time T2. And the cycle repeats. The time period of a complete square wave, T = T1 + T2. The frequency of oscillation f = 1/ T Duty cycle is the ratio of ON time (duration of HIGH state or pulse width) to the total time period of a cycle. The duty cycle of an Astable multivibrator = TON/ TON + TOFF
Working of astable multivibrator Circuit
Initially, the voltage across the trigger and threshold input is below 1/3Vcc. Hence, the output switches to the high state and remains the state until the threshold input reaches 2/3Vcc. Gradually the capacitor C starts charging towards the supply voltage Vcc through resistor RA and RB. When the voltage across the capacitor charges to 2/3 Vcc, the output switches to the low state and the capacitor starts to discharge through resistor RB. The output state remains in the low state until the voltage across the capacitor discharges to 1/3Vcc. When the voltage reaches to 1/3Vcc the capacitor stops discharging and again the charging begins. The cycle repeats which generates a periodic square wave.
Formula derivation of 555 astable multivibrator:
The ON time and OFF time of the astable multivibrator circuit can be calculated by taking the charging and discharging time of the capacitor C. The ON time of a cycle is equal to the charging time of the capacitor from 1/3Vcc to 2/3Vcc and the OFF is equal to the discharge time from 2/3Vcc to 1/3Vcc.
V(t) is the voltage value across the capacitor at a particular instant of time t. V(t) = VFinal – (VFinal – VInitial) e -t/RC During charging, the capacitor is charging towards the source voltage Vcc which is the final voltage. And the initial voltage is 1/3Vcc which has across the capacitor during the beginning of each cycle.
2Vcc/3 = Vcc – (Vcc -Vcc/3) e -T1/(RA+RB) C
T1 is the time required to charge the capacitor C through resistance RA + RB from the voltage 1/3Vcc to 2/3Vcc by the source Vcc.
2Vcc/3 = Vcc – 2Vcc/3 e -T1/(RA+RB) C
Vcc – 2Vcc/3 = 2Vcc/3 e -T1/(RA+RB) C Vcc/3 = 2Vcc/3 e -T1/(RA+RB) C 1/2 = e -T1/(RA+RB) C Applying natural log function at both sides of the equation. In (1/2) =In (e -T1/(RA+RB) C) -In (2) = -T1/(RA+RB) C | In (1/x) = – In (x)
T1 = In (2) (RA+RB) C | In(2) = 0.69314
Equation for calculating ON time, T1 = 0.69 * (RA + RB) * C
Similarly, for the OFF calculate the time period for discharge of capacitor from the voltage 2Vcc/3 to Vcc/3. Vcc/3 = 2Vcc/3 e –T2/RB * C) T2 is the time required to discharge the capacitor C through resistance RB.
T2/RB * C = In (2)
Formula for calculating OFF time, T2 = 0.69 * RB * C
The total time period, T = T1 + T2 = TON + TOFF
T = 0.69 * (RA + RB) * C + 0.69 * RB * C
T = 0.69 * (RA + 2RB) * C
555 timer formula for frequency of oscillation, f = 1/ 0.69 * (RA + 2RB) * C
f = 1.44/(RA + 2RB) * C
DUTY CYCLE = T1/ T1 + T2
From the above formula of T1 and T2, the duty cycle can be calculated as,
D = (RA+RB)/(RA+2RB) % Duty cycle, D = (RA+RB)/(RA+2RB) * 100
555 Monostable Multivibrator:
Monostable multivibrator has only one stable state. The output of the circuit switches to a quasi stable state on receiving the trigger pulse and after a time period T the output return to its stable state. It remains the stable state until next trigger signal is received.
In a monostable multivibrator, an external trigger pulse is required for the
transition of output from the stable state to quasi-stable state.
During the LOW state of the output, the capacitor remains fully discharged and the supply voltage drops across the resistance R1 through the discharge pin 7.
When an external negative pulse is applied to the Pin 2 trigger input, it switches the output HIGH and the capacitor C1 starts charging towards the supply voltage Vcc through resistance R1. Once the capacitor reaches the voltage 2/3Vcc the Output switches to a LOW or stable state and the capacitor discharges instantly. The state remains till next pulse is applied. 555 Monostable multivibrator formula derivation The time period of the quasi-stable state or ON time is the charging time of the capacitor C from 0 to 2/3Vcc through resistance R1 by the source votlage Vcc. 2Vcc/3 = Vcc (1- e -T/ (R1 * C)) 2/3 = 1 – e -T/ (R1 * C)) 1/3 = e -T/ (R1 * C)) Applying natural logarithm,
In (1/3) =In (e -T/ (R1 * C))
-In (3) = -T/(R1* C ) | In (1/x) = – In (x)
T = In (3) (R1 *C ) Equation for calculating ON time, T1 = 1.1 * R * C
Bistable Multivibrator using 555 timer:
A bistable multivibrator has two stable states. The circuit remains in any one of the two stable states unless external trigger pulse is applied.
Here the trigger and reset input is connected across the switch s1 and switch s2 respectively. One terminal of both switches are connected to the positive of the supply through a resistor (around 10k) and the other terminal to ground.
When the switch S1 is pressed the trigger input is grounded (voltage at trigger input gets below Vcc/3) and the Output switches to a HIGH state. And when S2 has pressed the IC resets which switches the output to LOW. It is represented in the above timing diagram, how the output changes with the input during the switch press of s1 & s2.
Power Electronics Lab Experiment-No. 6 Single-Phase Full and Half Wave Controlled SCR Rectifier Aim: To Study and Analyze The Properties and The Characteristics of A Single-Phase
Power Electronics Lab Experiment-No. 6 Single-Phase Full and Half Wave Controlled SCR Rectifier Aim: To Study and Analyze The Properties and The Characteristics of A Single-Phase
