International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 7 Issue 3, May-June 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Valorization of Coffee
Mrs. Dhokale. N. N , Urmila Dattatray Nikam2, Jayshree Rajaram Rajole2,
1

Dhananjay Sunil Pachorkar2, Akshay Changdeo Nehe2

1
Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutics in Matoshri College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
2
Student, Matoshri College of Pharmacy, Eklahare, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Mrs. Dhokale.

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. Coffee is N. N | Urmila Dattatray Nikam |
a complex mixture of thousands of chemicals. People's reactions to Jayshree Rajaram Rajole | Dhananjay
coffee or caffeine also vary from person to person. Low to moderate Sunil Pachorkar | Akshay Changdeo
doses of caffeine (50-300mg) increase alertness, energy and ability to Nehe "Valorization of Coffee" Published
in International
concentrate while higher doses can produce negative effects such as
Journal of Trend in
anxiety, irritability, insomnia and increased heart rate. The current Scientific Research
review provides an overview of coffee and its constituents; as well as and Development
their relationship to various diseases and their role in the treatment of (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
cancer, type 2 diabetes, heart health, depression, neurodegenerative 6470, Volume-7 |
diseases, gallstones and mortality. Issue-3, June 2023, IJTSRD56340
pp.203-211, URL:
KEYWORDS: coffee, caffeine, chemical constituents, uses, www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd56340.pdf
antioxidants
Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
Coffee is a drink made from roasted coffee beans,
which are made from the seeds of the Coffea arabica
and Coffea robusta plant. It is dark, bitter, slightly
acidic and has a stimulating effect on the human body
mainly due to its caffeine content, which makes it one
of the most widely consumed drinks in the world.
There are many types of coffee plants with a complex
taxonomy, the most common being Arabica coffee
and Robusta coffee. In fact, coffee offers very few
active supplements but it contains thousands of
naturally active chemicals such as carbohydrates,
lipids, nitrogen compounds, vitamins, minerals,
alkaloids and phenolic compounds many of which Figure 1 Roasted and green beans of coffee
can have beneficial effects on health. Origin and Distribution of Coffee:
Few types of coffee have been reported, some of
which are Arabica, Robusta and Coffea charriariana, a
decaffeinated coffee found in Cameroon. Coffee is a
member of the Rubiaceae family which is also
referred as breadfruit family. The coffee classification
status is as follows-

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 203
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Table 1 Taxonomic Position of Coffee region includes Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Kingdom Vegetable Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.
Subkingdom Angiospermae The United States Food and Drug Administration
Class Dicotyledoneae (FDA) recognizes caffeine as a safe source both as a
Subclass Sympetalae/Metachlamydeae drug and as a food additive. In prescription and over-
Order Rubiales the-counter (OTC) medications, caffeine is used to
Family Rubiaceae treat fatigue and drowsiness, and to enhance the
Genus Coffea effects of certain pain relievers. It belongs to a group
Subgenus Eucoffea of medicines called central nervous system (CNS)
Species C.arabica, C.robusta stimulants. Foods that contain caffeine can help
restore mental alertness.
Coffee production in India is dominated by the
mountainous regions of the southern Indian states, Active Constituents of Coffee:
with Karnataka accounting for 71% (Kodagu alone Coffee is rich in a variety of biologically active
produces 33% of India's coffee), followed by Kerala substances and coffee consumption has a variety of
at 21%, and Tamilnadu (5% of total production, 8,200 beneficial effects including central nervous system
stimulants, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease,
tons). Indian coffee is said to be the best shade coffee
antidepressants, antioxidants, blood pressure
in the world, not direct sun coffee. Coffee is grown in
three regions of India, with the states of Karnataka,maintenance, anti-inflammatory, asthma, Vascular
Kerala and Tamil Nadu constituting the traditional dilators, cardiac stimulants, hypoglycemic agents, etc.
coffee growing regions, followed by Andhra Pradesh improve liver detoxification. Although a large
number of compounds have been isolated from
and Odisha on the east coast of the country, the third
various parts of coffee, some of them are:
Table 2 Biological Activities Of Some Coffee Constituents. [1,2,3,4,5]
Sr. No Active Constituents Parts Of Coffee plant Biological Activity
CNS Stimulant
Antiparkinson
1 Caffeine Coffee beans
Antialzheimer
Antidepressant
2 Vitamins, minerals, Coffee Leaves Antioxidants
Maintain Blood Pressure
3 Chlorogenic Acid Coffee Roots Antioxidant
Weight Loss
Antioxidant
4 Polyphenol Coffee Pulp
Anti-inflammatory
5 Theophylline Coffee Beans Anti Asthamatic
Vasodilator
6 Theobromine Bean Husk/Bark Aid In Urination
Heart Stimulant
Anticancer
7 Diterpenes Coffee Beans
Improves liver detoxification
8 Trigonelline Roasted Coffee Beans Hypoglycemic Agent
1. Caffeine:
trimethyl-1H-purine-2, 6(3H, 7H)- diketone) is one of
the most commonly consumed stimulant alkaloids of
methylxanthine category.[6] It contains two fused
purine-bound rings.[7] Its physiological effects are
mediated by rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal
tract most commonly in caffeinated beverages.
Caffeine has multiple molecular actions including the
ability to act as an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase,
ryanodine and adenosine receptors agonist. In
addition to having various cytoprotective properties
Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) is an alkaloid whose through its antioxidant effects and it also has ability
chemical name is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (1,3,7- to inhibit carcinogenesis.

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 204
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
2. vitamins and minerals: 4. Polyphenols:
Coffee contains many useful nutrients including Coffee beverages are a rich source of bioactive
riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), compounds especially polyphenols such as phenolic
magnesium, potassium, and various phenolic acids mainly chlorogenic (in green beans) and
compounds or antioxidants. These and other caffeine (produced after roasting). Other phenolic
components contained in coffee can benefit the body acids in coffee beans mainly include ferulin and p-
in various ways. coumaric acid. These compounds contribute to the
overall intake of dietary polyphenols to benefit the
Table 3 The mineral and vitamins
consumer health.[8] Polyphenolic compounds are
concentrations in 100 ml of coffee
well-known as natural plant insecticides. For human
Per 100 Per cup of
Micronutrient health polyphenols are powerful antioxidants that can
ml (1 dl) coffee (1.25 dl)
prevent many non-communicable diseases.
Sodium Very little Very little
Potassium 92 mg 115 mg 5. Theophylline:
Magnesium 8 mg 10 mg unroasted coffee beans contains at around 5 mg/kg of
Manganese 0.05 mg 0.06 mg theophylline. Theophylline is also known as 1, 3-
Riboflavin 0.01 mg 0.01 mg dimethylxanthine, is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Niacin 0.7 mg 0.9 mg used in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and
3. Chlorogenic Acid: asthma under various brand names. A member of the
xanthine family, it has structural and pharmacological
similarities to theobromine and caffeine, and is
readily found in nature, in tea (Camellia sinensis) and
cocoa (Theobroma cacao). A small amount of
theophylline is one of the products of the metabolic
processing of caffeine in the liver. Theophylline
relaxes the smooth muscles of the airways, allowing
easier breathing, while stimulating the speed and
Figure 3 Structure of chlorogenic acid force of heart contractions.
A cup of coffee already contains enough chlorogenic 6. Theobromine:
acids to significantly lower a person's blood sugar It is primary alkaloid in coffee seed. It is extracted
levels and regular coffee drinkers are much less likely from the pods and used to synthesize caffeine. It has
to develop type 2 diabetes or liver damage. been used in various medicines. Theobromine is
Chlorogenic acids themselves have low found in cocoa and chocolate drinks as well as
bioavailability but they provide excellent substrates various forms of chocolate candies. Green coffee
for gut bacteria and are converted into a range of beans also contain small amounts of theobromine.
bioavailable bacterial metabolites, which can have Theobromine is produced in the body even without
positive health effects. dietary intake, as it is a product of the body's
metabolism of caffeine, which is metabolized in the
liver to 12% theobromine, 4% theophylline and 84%
paraxanthins. In the liver, theobromine is metabolized
to xanthines and then to methyluric acid.[9]
Theobromine has an elimination half-life of 6-8
hours.[10]
7. Diterpenes:

Figure 4 Chlorogenic acid in green and roasted

coffee
Robusta coffee has higher degree of diacyl
chlorogenic acids. Additionally Robusta coffee
contains chlorogenic acids and trihydroxycinnamic Figure 5 Structure of Cafestol and Kahweol
acids, such as sinapinic acid, which are not found in Kahweol and cafestol are diterpenoid molecules
Arabica coffee beans. present in coffee as fatty acid esters and contribute to

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 205
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
coffee bitterness. These compounds are common in colorectal cancer by 26%,[11] reducing the risk of type
brewed and unfiltered coffee and can be removed by 2 diabetes and high blood pressure, the risk of
filtration. Kahweol and cafestol give coffee anti- cardiovascular diseases such as obesity and
cancer activity. depression. It has also been reported as a stimulant,
comfort food, condiment and confectionery and has
8. Trigonelline:
effects on mental responses (alertness, mood
Trigonellin, pyridine-3-carboxylate N-methylbetaine,
is present in coffee beans in amounts that depend on changes), nervous system (childhood ADHD,
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) and disorders
the coffee variety. Arabica Green Coffee contains 1%
Trigonellin, 0.7% Robusta and 0.25% Liberia. metabolic (diabetes, gallstones, cirrhosis) have
positive effects on gonadal and hepatic function.[12]
Coffee as medicine: Coffee is actually a very healthy stimulant. It contains
Coffee contains a variety of compounds that have beneficial antioxidants and nutrients that can improve
recently been reported to have health benefits. health. Its main function is to stimulate the central
Numerous studies have concluded that drinking nervous system, cardiovascular muscles, respiratory
coffee has health benefits, including reducing the risk system, diuresis and delay fatigue.
of stroke in women, reducing the likelihood of

Figure 6 Coffee Pulp and Coffee fruit (Green beans)

Figure 7 Coffee Leaves and Coffee Bark

Figure 8 Roasted coffee beans and Coffee Roots

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 206
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
The above table summarizes some of the medicinal properties of the different parts of coffee:
Table 4 Medicinal attributes of various parts of coffee
Sr. No. Parts Medicinal Uses
CNS Stimulant, Antidepressant, Antiparkinson, Antiasthamatic, Antialzheimer,
1 Coffee Beans
Anticancer, Improves Liver Detoxification, Hypoglycemic agent.
2 Coffee Roots Maintain blood pressure, Antioxidant ,Anti-inflammatory
3 Coffee Bark Vasodilator, Aid in urination, Heart stimulant
4 Coffee Pulp Antioxidant ,Anti-inflammatory
5 Coffee Leaves Antioxidant.
The objective of this review is to identify the different liver cancer. Women who drank 6 or more cups of
constituents of coffee and their roles in various coffee a day had a statistically lower risk of breast
disease states: cancer. The caffeine content of coffee may protect
against the risk of breast cancer in women with
1. Chemotherapeutic effect of coffee:
mutations in the BRCA1/2 (breast cancer) gene.[14]
Coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk
of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, liver, colon,
prostate, endometrium, and melanoma.
2. Coffee and fertility:
The effects of coffee on male and female fertility are
shown in Table 5:
Table 5 The effect of coffee on fertility of men
and women
Men Women
High doses of coffee are
High doses of
likely to have some
caffeine might affect
negative effects on
the quality of sperm.
fertility of women.
3. Effect Of Coffee On Memory:
Coffee has a positive effect on short-term memory by
Figure 9 Coffee as anticancer
acting on the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Caffeine
The International Agency for Research on Cancer can improve long-term memory. Koppelstaetter et al
(IARC) classified coffee as not carcinogenic to used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
humans in 2016. Compounds derived from coffee to determine how coffee activates different areas of
have been shown to increase energy expenditure, the brain. [15]
regulate genes related to the repair of DNA and
4. Lipid lowering effect of coffee:
suppress chronic inflammatory responses. The
3T3-L1 adipocytes (Vitro Model of White
chemopreventive effect of coffee depends on gene
Adipocytes) were used to evaluate the effect of coffee
expression regulatory mechanisms involved in the
cherries of different colors (green, yellow and red) on
processes of detoxification, metastasis, angiogenesis,
lipogenesis and/or lipolysis, and the results showed
apoptosis, inflammation and DNA repair.[13] Coffee
that the different colors of green coffee cherries all
may protect against colorectal cancer by increasing
inhibited 3T3- Adipogenetic activity of L1
colonic motility in the rectosigmoid region. The
adipocytes. A meta-analysis of 14 randomized
cafestol and kahweol content of coffee exhibits
controlled trials examining the effect of coffee
antioxidant properties by promoting the release of
consumption on serum cholesterol concentrations
natural sterols and bile acids in the colon. The
showed that brewed coffee consumption was dose-
caffeine in coffee inhibits the growth of colon cancer
dependently associated with higher serum total and
cells. According to a 2015 report by the International
LDL cholesterol concentrations (low density
World Cancer Research Fund, high coffee
lipoproteins).
consumption is a potential protective measure against

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 207
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
5. coffee effect on diabetes: hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The caffeine in
coffee is said to have a protective effect against
Parkinson's disease. This mechanism is thought to be
mediated by the action of caffeine on adenosine A2
receptors. According to reports, drinking 2-3 cups of
coffee a day can prevent Parkinson's disease and
Alzheimer's disease.[16]
7. Coffee effect on anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant and antibacterial activity:
The methanolic extract of green coffee beans has
certain anti-inflammatory properties. The
antimicrobial mechanism of hydrogen peroxide
produced by mixing coffee with wound fluid and
hypertonic sap killed bacterial cells. Coffee powder
produced better wound healing than foam pads and
saline gauze and it caused less cell detachment from
Figure 10 Coffee as anticancer the wound surface known as a topical dressing, it
High coffee consumption is associated with a lower accelerates the growth of new cells with therapeutic
risk of type 2 diabetes and better glucose tolerance. properties. Ground coffee allows faster healing at all
Theophylline, a metabolite of caffeine in the liver, stages of wound healing, shortening inflammation,
exerts antidiabetic effects by controlling glucose collagen proliferation and better epithelialization.[17]
metabolism. Chlorogenic acid exhibits antidiabetic Dressings containing ground coffee prevent bacterial
activity by reducing glucose production by the liver, contamination and play an active role in the healing
exhibits its antioxidant properties, and reduces process. It reduces the production of inflammatory
glucose absorption in the intestine by inhibiting cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12).
glucose-6-phosphate translocase. Chlorogenic acid 8. Effect of Coffee on Liver:
has also been shown to inhibit incretin hormones in
the gut and protect pancreatic beta cells from
oxidative stress through its antioxidant properties.
6. Coffee effect on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
Disease:

Figure 12 Coffee effect on liver

Liver fibrosis occurs in most types of chronic liver
disease. Advanced fibrosis leads to cirrhosis, liver
failure, and portal hypertension, often requiring liver
transplantation. Caffeine is thought to play a role in
preventing liver fibrosis. Caffeine is also thought to
affect the liver detoxification process by activating
uridine 50-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase.
Coffee consumption was associated with higher
Figure 11 Coffee effect on Alzheimer’s and concentrations of adiponectin, lower concentrations
Parkinson’s Disease of markers of inflammation, and lower levels of
markers of liver damage.
Caffeine, an easily modifiable environmental factor
which may have a protective effect on the likelihood 9. Coffee extract as weight loss supplement:
of developing Alzheimer's disease. Caffeine, Green coffee extract is marketed as a weight loss
chlorogenic acid or their combination protects against supplement under various brand names such as
central nervous system cognitive decline or biological "Coffee Slender" and "Svetol". An inverse association

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 208
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
between coffee consumption and weight gain has skin cosmetics to reduce the generation of
been reported in human subjects.[18] Coffee intracellular reactive oxygen species in keratinocytes
consumption has also been shown to cause changes in and improve skin health.
several blood sugar markers in older adults. Green
2. Coffee as anti-inflammatory agents:
coffee extract is also thought to alter hormone
secretion and glucose tolerance in humans.[19]
10. Effect of coffee on attention:
A1 receptors are widely distributed throughout the
brain and are particularly abundant in the
hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum as well
as in many hypothalamic nuclei. They inhibit the
release of various neurotransmitters such as
glutamate, dopamine and acetylcholine. By binding to
A1 receptors, caffeine blocks this inhibition,
increasing neuronal activity. This results in an
increase in wakefulness, alertness and concentration.
In contrast, A2a receptors are concentrated in the Figure 14 Coffee effect as anti-inflammatory
striatum and have been shown to inhibit psychomotor Skin inflammation can be defined as the skin's
function. Caffeine competes with adenosine at the A2 response to injury, infection, or destruction and is
receptor and blocks this inhibition, which explains often characterized by warmth, redness, pain,
caffeine's ability to enhance psychomotor activity. swelling, or disruption of skin physiology. Anti-
Coffee as cosmetic: inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid, a phenolic
1. Skin Aging and Related Diseases: compound commonly found in coffee compositions.
Interleukin-8 production in human intestinal cell lines
is induced by combined stimulation of tissue necrosis
factor-α and hydrogen peroxide Chlorogenic acid and
caffeic acid inhibit induced interleukin-8 production,
suggesting a significant anti-inflammatory effect.[20]
3. Anti acne effect of coffee:
Acne occurs when oil, dead skin cells, and other
substances clog pores, which can become infected
with bacteria and cause inflammation. Scrubbing the
face with coffee grounds will help remove dead skin
cells and unclog pores. The chlorogenic acids in
Figure 13 Coffee effect on skin
coffee may also reduce inflammation and protect
The skin is the largest organ in the human body and against certain bacteria.
has multiple functions among which protection
4. Photoprotective property:
against environmental factors is one of the most
Palmitic acid-rich coffee bean oil has also shown
important. As we age, the skin becomes thinner, drier,
strong potential as a natural sunscreen, showing high
wrinkled and becomes hyperpigmented. Skin aging is
SPF, when used as the sole active ingredient in
associated with matrix metalloproteinase-1-induced
cosmetic formulations. The chlorogenic and caffeic
collagen fiber degradation and increased production
acids in coffee extract reduce UV-induced photoaging
of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and
by inhibiting the action of matrix metalloproteinases,
oxidative stress, leading to common loss of
a group of enzymes expressed during UV-B radiation
mitochondrial DNA. Coffee is high in antioxidants
that promote the breakdown of elastin fibers, and
especially chlorogenic acid and caffeine, two
reduce by scavenging active oxygen.
compounds that show promise for use in anti-wrinkle
products. During the aging process, hyaluronic acid 5. Coffee as Hair Colourant:
levels decrease and the skin becomes dry and Using pure instant coffee solution is an alternative
wrinkled. Indeed, hyaluronidase degrades hyaluronic coloring agent for dark brown hair and can cover gray
acid, reduces its viscosity, increases its permeability hair, it also reduces scalp irritation, possibly due to
and leads to the destruction of the extracellular matrix the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds
(collagen and elastin fibers). In conclusion, coffee phenolics. Coffee has a natural hair dye.
extract has the potential to be used as an ingredient in

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 209
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
6. Coffee in soaps and scrubs: reductase inhibitory activity. This enzyme converts
testosterone into the more active dihydrotestosterone
(DHT), which can lead to hair loss due to the
sensitivity of hair follicles to the effects of DHT.
Caffeine renews the hair growth phase by inhibiting
the activity of 5α-reductase. Caffeine also stimulates
microcirculation in the capillaries of the scalp,
helping to care for the hair follicles. Caffeine's ability
to penetrate hair follicles and stimulate human hair
growth in vitro may have important clinical
implications for the management of androgenetic
alopecia, a common problem in men of all ages.[22]
References:
[1] Chu YF, Brown PH, Lyle BJ, et al. Roasted
coffees high in lipophilic antioxidants and
chlorogenic acid lactones are more
Figure 15 Coffee Scrub neuroprotective than green coffees. Journal of
The coarse particles of coffee grounds act as an Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009;
exfoliant, helping to remove dirt and dead skin cells. 57(20):9801–9808.
One of the main benefits of using a coffee scrub is its [2] Johnson S, Koh WP, Wang R, Govindarajan S,
ability to exfoliate dead skin cells, reduce cellulite, Yu MC, Yuan JM. Coffee consumption and
firm skin and reveal brighter skin. The chlorogenic reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma:
acids and hydrocarbons in coffee oil are able to self- findings from the Singapore Chinese Health
assemble, forming stable micelles and reducing Study. Cancer Causes and Control. 2011;
surface tension. 22(3):503–510.
7. Antimicrobial activity of coffee: [3] Tai J, Cheung S, Chan E, Hasman D.
Depending on the concentration, coffee melanoids Antiproliferation effect of commercially
can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Additionally, brewed coffees on human ovarian cancer cells
other coffee compounds naturally present in coffee in vitro. Nutrition and Cancer.
extracts, including chlorogenic acid and caffeine, may
[4] Arendash GW, Cao C. Caffeine and coffee as
interact synergistically to confer antimicrobial
therapeutics against Alzheimer’s disease.
activity against Streptococcus mutans, a
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2010;
microorganism associated with plaque formation. In
20(1):117–126.
short, coffee extracts may have promising
applications in infectious skin diseases and even as [5] Boettler U, Sommerfeld K, Volz N, et al.
preservatives in final cosmetic formulations.[21] Coffee constituents as modulators of Nrf2
nuclear translocation and ARE (EpRE)-
8. Anti-Hair loss Activity:
dependent gene expression. Journal of
Nutritional Biochemistry. 2011; 22(5):426–440.
[6] Heckman MA, Weil J, de Mejia EG. Caffeine
(1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) in foods: a
comprehensive review on consumption,
functionality, safety, and regulatory matters.
Journal of Food Science. 2010; 75(3):R77–R87.
[7] Amaresh N, Mullaicharam AR, El-Khider MA.
Chemistry and pharmacology of caffeine in
different types of tea leaves. International
Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology,
Neurological Diseases.
Figure 16 Coffee hair oil
[8] Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Remesy C,
Caffeine is increasingly used in the production of Jimenez L (2004) Polyphenols: food sources
cosmetics to improve not only the appearance of the and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 79:727–
skin but also the condition of the hair due to its 5α- 747.

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 210
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
[9] Cornish HH, Christman AA (September 1957). caffeine modulate verbal working memory
"A study of the metabolism of theobromine, processes? An fMRI study. Neuroimage 39:
theophylline, and caffeine in man". The Journal 492-499.
of Biological Chemistry. 228 (1): 315–323.
[16] Larsson SC, Orsini N. Coffee consumption and
doi:10.1016/S0021-9.
risk of stroke: A dose-response metaanalysis of
[10] Lelo, A.; Birkett, Dj; Robson, Ra; Miners, Jo prospective studies. American Journal of
(August 1986). "Comparative pharmacokinetics Epidemiology. 2011; 174(9):993–1001.
of caffeine and its primary demethylated
[17] Yuwono HS. The New Paradigm of Wound
metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and
Management Using Coffee Powder. Global
theophylline in man". British Journal of
Journal of Surgery. 2014; 2(2): 25-29.
Clinical Pharmacology. 22 (2): 177–182.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05246.x. PMC [18] E. Lopez-Garcia, R. M. Van Dam, S.
1401099. Rajpathak, W. C. Willett, J.E. Manson, and F.
B. Hu, “Changes in caffeine intake and long-
[11] Je Y, Liu W, Giovannucci E (2009) Coffee
term weight change in men and women,”
consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 83,
systematic review and meta‐analysis of no. 3, pp. 674–680, 2006.
prospective cohort studies. International Journal
of Cancer 124: 1662-1668. [19] K. L. Johnston, M. N. Clifford, and L. M.
Morgan, “Coffee acutely modifies
[12] O'keefe JH, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose
Dinicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, et al. (2013) tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of
effects of habitual coffee consumption on chlorogenic acid and caffeine,” American
cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 78, no. 4, pp.
and all-cause mortality. Journal of the 728–733, 2003.
American College of Cardiology 62: 1043-
1051. [20] Shin, H.S.; Satsu, H.; Bae, M.-J.; Zhao, Z.;
Ogiwara, H.; Totsuka, M.; Shimizu, M. Anti-
[13] Oh JK, Sandin S, Ström P, Löf M, Adami HO, inflammatory effect of chlorogenic acid on the
Weiderpass E. Prospective study of breast IL-8 production in Caco-2 cells and the dextran
cancer in relation to coffee, tea and caffeine in sulphate sodium-induced colitis symptoms in
Sweden. International Journal of Cancer. 2015; c57bl/6 mice. Food Chem. 2015, 168, 167–175.
137(8):1979-1989.
[21] Rufian-Henares, J.A.; de la Cueva, S.P.
[14] Nkondjock A, Ghadirian P, Kotsopoulos J, Antimicrobial activity of coffee melanoidins: A
Lubinski J, Lynch H, Kim‐Sing C, Horsman D, study of their metal-chelating properties. J.
Rosen B, Isaacs C, Weber B, Foulkes W, Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 432–438.
Ainsworth P, Tung N, Eisen A, Friedman E,
Eng C, Sun P, Narod SA. Coffee consumption [22] Fischer, T.; Hipler, U.; Elsner, P. Effect of
and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 and caffeine and testosterone on the the
BRCA2 mutation carriers. International Journal proliferation of human hair follicles in vitro.
of Cancer. 2006; 118(1):103-107. Int. J. Dermatol. 2007, 46, 27–35.
[15] Koppelstaetter F, Poeppel TD, Siedentopf CM,
Ischebeck A, Verius M, et al. (2008) Does

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56340 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 3 | May-June 2023 Page 211