HUTECH INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION

_________________________________________________________________

OUMM3203

Professional Ethics
________________________________________________________________

FULL NAME: TRUONG PHAM TAN PHAT

CLASS: 21BOIT01

STUDENT ID: 2154030072

EMAIL: phattruong.mt.23@gmail.com

LECTURER: Tran Thi Tuong Vi

WORD COUNT: 4542

Table of Contents
I. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3
1. Definition ............................................................................................................... 3
2. History of bribery ................................................................................................... 3
3. Form of bribery ...................................................................................................... 3
II. Body............................................................................................................................. 4
1. Economic approach ................................................................................................ 4
a. Method to Analyse Ethical Problems by Economic approach ........................... 4
b. Overview............................................................................................................. 5
c. Example: The corruption scandal involving Malaysia's state investment fund,
1MDB .......................................................................................................................... 7
2. Legal approach ..................................................................................................... 10
a. Method to Analyse Ethical Problems by Legal approach ................................ 10
b. Overview........................................................................................................... 10
c. Example: Mr. Trinh Xuan Thanh, Deliberately violating the State's regulations
on economic management, causing serious consequences and Embezzlement of
property ...................................................................................................................... 12
3. Ethics approach .................................................................................................... 14
a. Method to Analyse Ethical Problems by Ethical approach .............................. 14
b. Overview........................................................................................................... 14
c. Example: Rescue flight in Viet Nam ................................................................ 15
III. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 19
IV. References ............................................................................................................... 20
 I. Introduction
1. Definition
Bribery is giving money, gifts, or valuable items to change the recipient's behavior.
According to Black's Law Dictionary, it is the act of giving, giving, or enticing others to
receive valuable items that mistakenly affect that person's actions so that they are
responsible for public or legal obligations. Bribery exists in many forms, such as money,
goods, benefits, preferences, or a promise to mistakenly influence the recipient's actions to
achieve the desired result.

2. History of bribery
According Timothy Martin claims that there are records of bribes and anti-bribery
legislation dating back thousands of years. Recently, archaeologists discovered an Assyrian
archive that was 3400 years old and had a list of "employees accepting bribes."

Bribes are known as "mordida" (Spanish for "bite") in some Spanish-speaking nations and
"baksheesh" or "bakshish" in Arab countries. Bakshish, however, is more comparable to
tipping. French-speaking nations frequently employ the terms "dessous-de-table," "pot-de-
vin," or "commission occult," which translate to "secret commission" or "kickback,"
respectively. While the last two expressions have a naturally negative connotation,
"dessous-de-table" is frequently understood to refer to a standard business practice (for
example, a partial payment made between the buyer and seller during a real estate
transaction before a notary; this is an excellent way to launder money). Schmiergeld (which
means "smoothing money") is the popular name for it in German, according to Bribery.
(n.d). Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias.

3. Form of bribery
According to Chris Lewis, there are many types of bribes, such as money, valuable gifts,
power, favors, agreements, sponsorship, etc. When analyzing bribery, one must consider
various social and cultural conventions. Different cultures may have other ideas on when
it is proper to deal with money. In specific communities, tipping is seen as bribery, although
the terms may not be equivalent in others.

Bribery comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. For instance, a driver may pay a police
officer not to write a speeding citation, or someone looking for documentation or utility
line connections could pay a functionary for quicker service. Bribery can also take the form
of a hidden commission, a profit an agent makes while working for a client without the
principal's knowledge.

In recent years in the pages of newspapers devoted to bribery cases, efforts have been made
by the public to encourage the government to separate and classify bribery offenses as
active bribery and bribery-passive exposure, according to De Chazal, E. An example of an
active bribe is anyone who directly offers unwarranted benefits to themselves or others to
achieve their desired purpose. Passive corruption is understood as anyone who is required
to receive some unwarranted help to act or not act in performing their functions to create
conditions for the briber to achieve their goals destination.

It is now challenging to demonstrate that both parties, including the briber and the recipient,
agreed on a bribery agreement. Hence, this division's purpose is to simplify prosecuting
bribery cases. Additionally, there is frequently no such formal agreement, simply a shared
understanding, as is the case in municipalities where it is general knowledge that to receive
a construction permit, one must pay a "fee" to the decision maker to secure a favorable
outcome.

II. Body
1. Economic approach
a. Method to Analyse Ethical Problems by Economic approach
We can look at many ethical problems from the viewpoint of the microeconomic approach,
relying on impersonal market forces to decide between economic and social performances.
The underlying belief is that a market economy has limited resources.
 b. Overview
Bribery may take many forms, most frequently in cash, but it can also involve other non-
cash advantages like goods, privileges, or favors. A commercial corporation in nation X
may give financial or material benefits to enterprises in country Y in exchange for bribes
in a developing world economy. Commercial benefit. Transparency International defines
corrupt behavior as "the use of public office for personal gain." The group performs many
polls each year of nations with high levels of corruption. Many academics use the
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), which is based on the misuse of public authority for
personal benefit, to gauge the degree of corruption in business.

1.1 Top 10 countries with the highest bribery rate

Bribery has increased due to the previous several decades' phenomenal rise in global trade
and the economy. Major newspapers all around the world frequently report on scandals in
international business. The World Bank believes that 5% of the items shipped to developing
nations are held by corrupt authorities, according to Moss (1997). According to Labelle
(2006), bribes of more than USD 1 trillion are believed to be given out annually. Andelman
(1998) estimates that the current percentage is between 20 and 30 percent. The World Bank
asserts in The Costs of Corruption, 2004, that combating bribery may boost national
income and hasten economic progress. Both lowering child mortality and improving life
quality.

According to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) , which was enacted by the United
States in 1997 as the first industrialized country to take the initiative in addressing this
issue, prohibits American companies (as well as foreign companies that issue securities
transferable on U.S. stock exchanges) from providing anything of value in exchange for
influence over public policy or from obtaining a legal suspension (U.S. Department of
Justice). According to organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
member countries and six more nations ratified the OECD Convention against Bribery of
Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions in 1999, and it entered into
force in 2002 (OECD, 2002). The main objectives of the treaty are to prevent bribery in
international business transactions by requiring nations to criminalize bribing foreign
public officials, with suitable penalties and reliable measures to detect and enforce crime,
as well as to forbid bribery from being regarded as a business expense and thus tax
deductible. Financial organizations, including the World Bank, the Asian Development
Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, have allegedly tied assistance disbursement to
changes in operating procedures (Lewis, 1997; Rose-Ackermann, 1997), the key to
eliminating corruption.

High consumer prices: Entrepreneurs frequently have to pay bribes to get licenses; they
typically view this as a cost of doing business and pass it on to the consumer, who thus
purchases the product at a low price rather than a high price.

Less investment causes a decline in products and services as well as inflation. In severe
circumstances, the demand for bribes from business owners may be viewed as a tax that
lessens the motivation to invest. For instance, foreign businesspeople will avoid doing
business in corrupt nations because they believe the cost of conducting business is too high
when bribes are considered—reduced investment results in a reduction in products and
services, which simultaneously lowers the GDP and inflation.
Reduced foreign direct investment. Because most international businesses consider
corruption a necessary evil that must be paid for out of profits, it can harm foreign
investment. Therefore, if the expenses increase or become uncertain, they stop participating
entirely or avoid the nation. A nation's chance of being excluded from the global economy
increases with high levels of corruption.

Poor maintenance of public infrastructure. Because of corruption, new projects usually take
priority over maintenance and repairs. Corrupt authorities would approve new projects
rather than spend money updating the previous corrupt ones they approved because they
are afraid of being exposed. As a result, ongoing initiatives are started while the current
infrastructure is allowed to decay.

c. Example: The corruption scandal involving Malaysia's state investment fund, 1MDB
It is a government investment firm whose official name is 1Malaysia Development Bhd,
and it was founded in 2009 by Najib, who also served as the advisory board's chairman. Its
first projects were plans to build a new financial district in Kuala Lumpur, the nation's
capital, and the acquisition of privately held power plants.

According to papers leaked in 2015 and published by The Edge, Sarawak Report, and The
Wall Street Journal, the account received more than RM2.67 billion (about $700 million)
in transfers from the then-Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak. -Running a strategic
development firm; -Using funds from 1MDB, a government organization, in his personal
bank account. Jho Low, the alleged mastermind of this operation, played a key role in the
worldwide transfer of 1MDB cash through shell companies and offshore bank accounts.
Later, the US Department of Justice discovered that Low and other conspirators, including
officials from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, had moved more than
US$4.5 billion from 1MDB. The funds were used to finance the production of The Wolf of
Wall Street by US film firm Red Granite Pictures and the acquisition of opulent goods and
properties, such as the superyacht Equanimity. The 1MDB Foundation established Najib's
stepchild, Riza Aziz, in Hollywood and financed Low, Najib, and his wife Rosmah
Mansor's extravagant lifestyles. Additionally, there have been attempts to incorporate
stolen money into American political contributions and lobbying.

According Wikipedia (2023), at least six nations outside of Malaysia have initiated
inquiries into 1MDB-related financial and criminal conduct. 1MDB's financial statements
show that as of 2015, it owed over RM 42 billion (US$11.73 billion). The American
investment bank Goldman Sachs, claimed to have received fees of up to $300 million for
the sale. In contrast, the bank agrees with this number, was the lead underwriter of a $3
billion state-guaranteed bond offering in 2013. However, Goldman Sachs was accused of
violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and settled with the U.S. Department of Justice
(DOJ), agreeing to pay over $2.9 billion. Pras, a rapper from the United States, Tim
Leissner, a former chairman of Goldman Sachs, and Elliott Broidy, a fundraiser, were
among individuals accused in the U.S. of participating in the 1MDB scandal.

Following the 2018 election, Malaysia's investigations into the issue were restarted by
newly elected Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. Malaysia's immigration department has
forbidden Najib and 11 other people from leaving the nation. The suspected mastermind,
Jho Low, who was at the time a wanted man internationally, was charged with money
laundering. In contrast, Najib was subsequently charged with criminal breach of trust,
money laundering, and abuse of authority. Later, Najib was convicted guilty on seven
counts involving SRC International, a division of 1MDB, and given a 12-year jail term. A
Malaysian government report identified 1MDB's outstanding obligations as $7.8 billion
US dollars in September 2020, whereas the amount of money purportedly stolen from
1MDB was estimated at 4.5 billion US dollars.
 1.2 Officials involved in the case

The Malaysian state investment fund corruption scandal's resolution

- Examining the claims and identifying those responsible are the first steps in
ending the corruption issue. Due to the scandal's cross-jurisdictional nature,
collaboration from foreign law enforcement organizations will be necessary.
- Once the culprits have been found, they will be prosecuted and made to answer
for their crimes. Additionally, governments must take action to reclaim stolen
and money-laundered monies.
- The government should also put changes into place to stop scandals of the exact
nature from occurring in the future. This can entail enhancing the legal
framework, increasing accountability and openness, and ensuring that
government finances and programs are appropriately overseen. In order to
prosecute individuals accountable and avoid future events, the 1MDB corruption
 problem must be resolved by a joint effort involving governments, law
enforcement agencies, and the international community. In the future take place.

2. Legal approach
a. Method to Analyse Ethical Problems by Legal approach
We may also look at the ethical difficulties via the framework of the legal method,
depending on impersonal social forces to determine between right and wrong. Workforce
reductions and plant closures were unpleasant, but society never felt harmful to the people.
Legislation can be passed to deal with the problem.

b. Overview
In terms of criminal law, accepting any advantage or benefit to a beneficiary, including any
benefit or benefit to a third party, because of the wish or permission of the beneficiary while
still being under a responsibility to behave impartially is referred to as bribery. Benefits or
advantages can include financial gain in money, property, business interests, or anything
else with an economic benefit as their primary purpose.

Bribery, for instance, is illegal in Singapore according to the Prevention of Corruption Act.
According to the law, bribery is the act of offering or receiving gratification as an
inducement or reward for acting or refraining from acting in connection with any
transaction with the government or with any public worker, whether directly or indirectly.
Bribery is prohibited by the Unfair Competition Prevention Act in Japan as well. The
statute forbids proposing, promising, or providing cash or other perks to entice or reward
business partners or public servants. The Criminal Law and Anti-Unfair Competition Laws
in China forbid bribes. The statutes forbid offering or accepting bribes concerning any
commercial deal or official undertaking.

According Dang CSVN. (n.d.). In Vietnam, it is no exception, according to General

Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong emphasized on the promulgation of laws as well as principles
to prevent corruption such as:
The development of the Vietnamese people's overall sincerity, goodness, and beauty is
achieved by assembling a team of cadres and party members who are virtue-driven and
gifted. The fundamental and motivating force behind Awakening is the desire to build a
wealthy and joyful nation, Preserving and promoting Vietnamese cultural values and
human strength for national building and defense. Vietnamese people are constantly proud
of their nation's heroic history in labor and war. A tradition of national harmony Loving
people as one would love oneself, three trees grouped to build a high mountain. Human
growth in terms of character, ethics, intelligence, duty to one's family and society, and
adherence to the law; respecting honor and integrity, combating wrong and evil, and
working together to establish a healthy, clean existence that is not extravagant or wasteful
or lived beyond one's means.

To accelerate refining the power control system. One crucial duty of the rule of law is the
control of power. Making the governmental machinery capable of managing society and
subjecting the State to self-control is the fundamental challenge of restraining
governmental authority. To maintain power, the Party and the State have several legal
papers. There are still gaps in the legal paperwork, and it only covers some bases.
Therefore, building: A socialist rule of law state with a modern, stringent legal system and
tight application is the crucial duty, according to General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong.

Increase public awareness and accountability in all State and societal actions. A democratic
guarantee of the rule of law and efficient national governance depend on openness and
transparency. One of the four required methods to reduce harmful corruption is this one.
The Party and the State have released numerous resolutions and policies to increase
openness and transparency. However, there are still a lot of statutory loopholes. Therefore,
it will be necessary to significantly increase public awareness and openness in the future,
concentrating first on state management in sectors vulnerable to corruption, such as budget
financing, public investment projects, and public assets.

It is increasing the legitimacy of law enforcement and its efficacy. Many laws need to be
rigorously complied with. The management and administration of the State in several
areas...have yet to be focused, resolute, and definitive; discipline, discipline is not tight,
according to reports from various Party congresses. The implementation phase is still
insufficient" . "Directing and organizing the implementation is still a weak stage, slow to
be overcome,... making laws and resolutions slow to implement and low efficiency," the
13th Party Congress added. This is seen in a variety of settings and professions. For
instance, the Land Law outlines in unambiguous terms which can award land, alter its
purpose, etc

Overall, Asia's legal system is rigorous regarding bribery, and offenders face heavy
punishments. Penalties and enforcement, however, may differ from one nation to another.

c. Example: Mr. Trinh Xuan Thanh, Deliberately violating the State's regulations on
economic management, causing serious consequences and Embezzlement of property
According Wikimedia (2022), former Vice Chairman of the Hau Giang Provincial People's
Committee and General Director of the Vietnam Oil and Gas Group (PVN) and
Construction Corporation (PVC), Trinh Xuan Thanh. He was under investigation for
possible corruption in 2017. Trinh Xuan Thanh is specifically charged with taking part in
the criminal case of "abusing positions and powers to appropriate property" connected to
the building project of urban area No. 9 in the province of Hau Giang. According to the
Supreme People's Procuracy's status report, Trinh Xuan Thanh took advantage of his
precarious situation to divert $3.3 million from this project for the benefit of other people.
Trinh Xuan Thanh was further charged with "tax evasion" and "forging documents" in this
case. Trinh Xuan Thanh escaped to Europe after being prosecuted but was apprehended in
Germany in July 2017. He was then returned to Vietnam, where the situation was looked
into and addressed. Trinh Xuan Thanh accepted his guilt throughout the trial and received
a 14-year prison term and a $33.7 million fine. The Vietnam Oil and Gas Group (PVN) and
the Construction Corporation (PVC) are held accountable for Trinh Xuan Thanh's actions
since they are suspected of harming the State Budget. PVN was required to pay a
compensation of USD 208 million in this instance.
The solution is: To summarize the criminal charges against Trinh Xuan Thanh, he was
given a sentence of 10 years in prison for "violating regulations on investment in
construction works, causing serious consequences," and eight years in prison for "abusing
positions and powers while performing official duties." Eighteen years in jail was the
punishment. The defendant received a life term of imprisonment in addition to previous
convictions. Mr. Thanh was also required to pay a 146 billion dong fine.

Bribery committed by state officials is a severe crime and negatively impacts social justice,
the trust of authorities, and the functioning of the governmental machinery. Government.
Because it prioritizes personal interests, bribery is an evil deed. It also impacts the state
apparatus's justice and openness and detracts from its reputation. State laws prohibit
bribery and implement stringent controls to promote fairness and safeguard the nation's
and community's interests.

1.3 Mr. Trinh Xuan Thanh in court

 3. Ethics approach
a. Method to Analyse Ethical Problems by Ethical approach
Consider ethical issues from a normative philosophical perspective, relying on
fundamental truths to distinguish between right and wrong. The underlying assumption is
that members of a society would be treated as fairly as possible if all rational men and
women in that society acted following the same principles of beneficence or consistency.

b. Overview
The collection of moral standards that shape a person's behavior is known as their ethics.
Social standards, educational procedures, and religious influences all impact these
principles. What is right and wrong, reasonable and unjust, good and immoral in human
behavior, are all reflected in ethical principles. They guide how individuals should conduct
their lives, interact with one another, and recognize, accept, and fulfill their social
obligations. The values, practices, and policies that influence the decisions made by
decision-makers on behalf of their system of government mirror the ethical convictions
held by individuals and the values, practices, and policies themselves. Bribery is generally
regarded as immoral because it entails providing or receiving anything of value to influence
someone's behavior or decision-making process. This conduct violates fundamental human
values, including honesty and openness, as well as the notions of justice and integrity.
Bribery is viewed as unethical since it entails using power and influence to acquire an
unfair advantage over others. Additionally, it leads to an unbalanced decision-making
process, which can have detrimental effects like corruption, bias, or prejudice. Bribery may
also hurt society by interfering with institutions' regular operations and eroding public
confidence. According to utilitarianism, bribery is improper since it has a detrimental
impact on society. Finally, it should be noted that accepting bribes is unethical and goes
against the core values of justice, integrity, and honesty. It is a significant problem with
potentially grave repercussions for people, organizations, and society. Therefore, it is
crucial to advance moral principles and behaviors that support openness and accountability
while discouraging any unethical conduct. Based on ethics, bribery is a widespread
problem throughout Asia. In most Asian nations, it is seen as a severe crime and immoral
behavior. Bribery, which offers or accepts cash, gifts, or favors in return for a specific
behavior, can harm the Asian region's society and economy. Bribery is a deeply rooted
cultural practice frequently viewed as a means of getting things done in many Asian
nations. This immoral behavior may be observed in the public and private sectors and in
daily life. Many companies and people pay politicians, government representatives, and
other prominent persons to get benefits like contracts or permissions. The practice of
bribery significantly impacts the economy of Asia. It may result in unfair competition,
stifling economic expansion, and distorting the market. Additionally, corruption weakens
the rule of law, which harms nations' reputations and discourages international investment.

c. Example: Rescue flight in Viet Nam

According Bao Phap Luat TP. Ho Chi Minh. (2022, December 31), The COVID-19
outbreak began to spread toward the end of 2020 and into the beginning of 2021, which
caused hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese expatriates to need to return home. Businesses
also sought to send their employees back home to escape the epidemic. In response to the
crisis, our Party and State planned approximately 2,000 flights, securely bringing more
than 200,000 citizens from 60 different countries home. These flights are for humanitarian
purposes, but because they are expensive, many people must "line up" to wait to return
home. There were also numerous views at the time that the cost of humanitarian planes to
return individuals was excessively exorbitant. The Ministry of Public Security's
Investigation Security Agency initially began receiving leaks on January 28 in relation to
the evaluation and issuance of licenses for businesses to conduct tours to bring Vietnamese
individuals from overseas to Vietnam. At the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Consular
Department, commercial interests are promoted. Among them are Luu Tuan Dung, Deputy
Director of the Consular Department's Civil Protection Department, and Do Hoang Tung,
Chief of the Consular Department Office. Nguyen Thi Huong Lan, Director of Consular
Affairs, and Le Tuan Anh, Chief of the Consular Department Office. The decision to
supplement the decision to commence a bribery case that happened at the Consular
Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was made on March 25 by the Investigative
Security Agency of the Ministry, charging the additional accusation of bribery. On May 6,
the Ministry of Public Security's Investigation Security Agency decided to begin the
process of arresting and detaining Ms. Nguyen Thi Tuong Vi (42 years old, director of ATA
Vietnam Investment and Consulting Co., Ltd.) and Ms. Nguyen Thi Dung Hanh (40 years
old, director of G Vietnam Co., Ltd., 19 years old), on suspicion of accepting bribes. On
May 6, the Ministry of Public Security's Investigation Security Agency decided to begin
the process of arresting and detaining Ms. Nguyen Thi Tuong Vi (42 years old, director of
ATA Vietnam Investment and Consulting Co., Ltd.) and Ms. Nguyen Thi Dung Hanh (40
years old, director of G Vietnam Co., Ltd., 19 years old), on suspicion of accepting bribes.
The Investigative Security Agency of the Ministry of Public Security continued to publish
a decision to supplement the decision to commence a fraud case to take property nearly
three months later, on July 25, following a period of inquiry. Nguyen Mai Anh, a specialist
in the government office's Department of international relations; Ngo Quang Tuan, a
specialist in the Ministry of Transport's Department of international cooperation; Tran Van
Du, a former deputy director of the immigration department; and Vu Sy Cuong, a former
department of immigration management, were prosecuted and detained at the same time as
they were accused of accepting bribes. On August 18, the police persisted in making arrests,
searching the home and office of the suspect, Nguyen Tien Than, a specialist in the
Government Office's foreign relations division, who is accused of receiving bribes. Early
in October, the investigative agency decided to charge and detain Mr. Nguyen Hong Ha, a
former official of the Vietnamese Consulate General in Ho Chi Minh City, based on
information gathered in papers and evidence. On suspicion of taking bribes, Osaka, Japan;
Ms. Nguyen Le Ngoc Anh, a former representative of the Vietnamese Embassy in
Malaysia, on suspicion of misusing her position and authority while performing official
duties.

The police also accused Mr. Hoang Anh Kiem (a freelancer) of accepting bribes and placed
him under arrest. A decision to prosecute and detain Mr. Nguyen Hong Ha, a former officer
of the Vietnamese Consulate General in Ho Chi Minh City, Osaka, Japan, on charges of
accepting bribes, and Ms. Nguyen Le Ngoc Anh, a former member of the Vietnamese
Embassy in Malaysia, on charges of abusing her position and power while performing
official duties was made by the investigating agency in the early days of October based on
information gathered and evidence. The police also accused Mr. Hoang Anh Kiem (a
freelancer) of accepting bribes and placed him under arrest. On October 27, the Ministry
of Public Security announced that Mr. Cao Duc Hiep, a former director of the Vietnam
Railways Trade Union Travel Service Co., Ltd., would be prosecuted and detained for
accepting bribes, as well as Ms. Le Thi. Ngoc Anh, a specialist in the living room at the
Department of Foreign Affairs Central Committee, for fraud and misappropriation of
property. The director of Sao Viet International Trade and Manpower Supply Company
Limited, Mr. Tran Hong Ha, was also detained and charged with bribery the next day
(October 28). On December 22, the Security Investigation Agency of the Ministry of Public
Security arrested and imprisoned Mr. Chu Xuan Dung, Vice Chairman of the Hanoi
People's Committee, on suspicion of receiving bribes. In addition, 23 people who are
business representatives gave bribes totaling VND 226,786,881,380; 4 individual brokers
received bribes totaling VND 74,454,078,000 and fraudulently appropriated VND
24,549,312,000; 25 people have abused their positions, powers, and assigned tasks,
received bribes totaling VND 164,868,277,300; and abused their positions and powers
while performing official duties.

The solutions:

- Eighteen offenders were brought before the Supreme People's Procuracy for the
offense of "Receiving bribes" under Point A, Clause 4 of Article 354 of the Penal
Code, which carries a 20-year minimum sentence, a life sentence, or the death
penalty.
- Twenty-one defendants were specifically jointly tried for the offense of "taking
bribes" as defined in Article 354 of the Penal Code.
 - Twenty-three people are prosecuted concurrently for the "Bribery" offense listed
in Article 364 of the Penal Code.
- They were prosecuting the identical four defendants for the "broking brokering"
offense specified in Article 365 of the Penal Code.

1.4 The crowd lined up to board the plane to return home

When conducting crimes, notably bribery, officers. In addition to harming the name and
dignity of the general government and the country, this is criminal conduct. It is not only a
legal issue; it also has to do with ethics, humanity, and the dignity of a public servant. When
cadres violate the law, it undermines the political system while also having an invisible
detrimental impact on the rights and interests of the populace. Therefore, state officials
who study and comprehend the law will lose respect, which will also affect public
employees' work ethic.
III. Conclusion
In sumary, bribery is a frequent problem in life. But, this is unethical behavior because it
negatively impacts the national economy in particular and the global economy in general
and weakens the society.
IV. References
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