Physics 101: Lecture 02

Forces: Equilibrium Examples

 Today’s lecture will cover Textbook
Sections 2.1-2.7

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Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 1
Physics 101 is now on
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Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 2
 Overview
 Last Lecture
Newton’s Laws of Motion
» Inertia
» F=ma
» Pairs
Free Body Diagrams
» Draw coordinate axis, each direction is independent.
» Simple Picture
» Identify/draw all forces
Friction: kinetic f = kN; static f ≤ s N
Gravity W = m g (near Earth’s surface!)
 Today
Contact Force---Springs
Contact Force---Tension
2-D Examples Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 3
 Free Body Diagrams
 Choose Object (book)
 Label coordinate axis
 Identify All Forces
Hand (to right) Normal
Gravity (down)
friction hand
Normal (table, up)
Friction (table, left)
Gravity
y
Physics
x
Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 4
 Book Pushed Across Table
 Calculate force of hand to keep the book sliding at a
constant speed, if the mass of the book is 1 Kg, s = .84
and k=.75. Constant Speed => F=0
x-direction: F=0 Combine:
Fhand-Ffriction = 0
Fhand=k FNormal
Fhand=Ffriction
Fhand=0.75 x 9.8 N
Fhand=k FNormal
Fhand=ewtons
y-direction: F=0
FNormal-FGravity = 0 Normal
FNormal = FGravity
friction hand
FNormal =x 9.8=9.8 N
y
Physics x
Gravity
Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 5
 Contact Force: Springs
 Force exerted by a spring is directly
proportional to its displacement x (stretched
or compressed). Fspring = -k x
 Example: When a 5 kg mass is suspended from a
spring, the spring stretches 8 cm. If it is hung by two
identical springs, they will stretch
A) 4 cm B) 8 cm C) 16 cm F1 F2
F1 +F2 - Fgravity = 0 x = m g / (2k)
F1 +F2 = Fgravity = (½ m) g / k Fgravity
y
k1x1 + k2x2= m g We know mg/k = 8 cm.
x
2 k x = mg So: ½ mg /k = 4 cm.
Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 6
 Contact Force: Springs
 Force exerted by a spring is directly
proportional to its displacement (stretched or
compressed). Fspring = -k x
 Example: When a 5 Kg mass is suspended from a
spring, the spring stretches 8 cm. If it is hung by two
identical springs, they will stretch
A) 4 cm B) 8 cm C) 16 cm

Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 7

 Contact Force: Tension
 Tension in an Ideal String:
Magnitude of tension is equal everywhere.
Direction is parallel to string (only pulls)

 Example : Determine force applied to string

to suspend 45 kg mass hanging over pulley:
Answer:
FBD
F = ma

F = mg
= 440 Newtons Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 8
 Pulley ACT
 Two boxes are connected by a string over a
frictionless pulley. In equilibrium, box 2 is
lower than box 1. Compare the weight of the
two boxes.
A) Box 1 is heavier
B) Box 2 is heavier
C) They have the same weight
T 1
F = m a 1 T
2
1) T - m1 g = 0
m1g 2
2) T – m2 g = 0
=> m1 = m2 mg 2 2, Pg 9
Physics 101: Lecture
 Tension Example:
 Determine the force exerted by the hand to
suspend the 45 kg mass as shown in the
picture.
y
A) 220 N B) 440 N C) 660 N
D) 880 N E) 1100 N x
T T
F = m a
T+T–W=0
2T=W W
T=mg/2
= (45 kg x (9.8 m/s2)/ 2
= 220 N
•Remember the magnitude of the tension is the
same everywhere along the rope! Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 10
 Tension ACT II
 Determine the force exerted by the ceiling to
suspend pulley holding the 45 kg mass as
shown in the picture.
y

A) 220 N B) 440 N C) 660 N

Fc x

D) 880 N E) 1100 N
F = m a
Fc -T - T – T = 0 T
Fc = 3 T
Fc = 3 x 220 N = 660 N
•Remember the magnitude of the tension is the
same everywhere along the rope! Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 11
 Springs Preflight
•What does scale 1 read? (91% got correct!)
• A) 225 N B) 550 N C) 1100 N

The magnitude of tension in a ideal string is equal everywhere.

1
Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 12
 Excused absences
You must have appropriate documentation (in writing) in order to have
a valid excuse from a class. If you are too sick to get out of bed you
should call Dial-a-Nurse. Please complete the ABSENCE FORM and
take it along with the appropriate documentation relating to your
absence to Room 231/233 Loomis as soon as you return to class.
The deadline for submitting an excuse is within TWO weeks of the
absence. (Excuses from the emergency dean must be turned in within
ONE week of the date on the letter.) .

Excuses need to be taken to Loomis room 231/233 in person.

(An EX means that the absence will not count against your grade, but
an AB becomes a zero.) Please be sure to indicate
your section(s) and TA name(s) of the classes you missed on the
ABSENCE FORM.

Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 13

 Springs ACT
•Scale 1 reads 550 Newtons. What is the reading on
scale 2?
A) 225 N B) 550 N C) 1100 N
In both cases the NET FORCE on the spring is
zero, and the force to the right is 550N.
Therefore the force to the left is also 550 N.

1 2
Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 14
 Forces in 2 Dimensions: Ramp
 Calculate tension in the rope necessary to
keep the 5 kg block from sliding down a
frictionless incline of 20 degrees.
N
1) Draw FBD
T
2) Label Axis
Note, weight is not in x or y
W
direction! Need to decompose it!
y

 Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 15

Forces in 2 Dimensions: Ramp
 Calculate force necessary to keep the 5 kg
block from sliding down a frictionless
incline of 20 degrees. N
T

W sin W


W
y

c


o s
x

 W
Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 16
 Forces in 2 Dimensions: Ramp
 Calculate force necessary to keep the 5 kg
block from sliding down a frictionless
incline of 20 degrees.

x- direction
W sin – T = 0
T = W sin
m g sin Newtons N
y
T
x

 W
Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 17
 Normal Force ACT
What is the normal force of ramp on block?

A) FN > mg B) FN = mg C) FN < mg
In “y” direction N W sin
F = ma 
N – W cos  = 0 T

W c

y
N = W cos 

o s
W x

N = m g cos  W
 Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 18
 Force at Angle Example
 A person is pushing a 15 kg block across a floor with k= 0.4 at a
constant speed. If she is pushing down at an angle of 25 degrees, what
is the magnitude of her force on the block?

x- direction: Fx = max Combine:

Fpush cos() – Ffriction = 0 (Fpush cos() / –mg – FPush sin() = 0
Fpush cos() –  FNormal = 0 Fpush ( cos() /  - sin()) = mg
FNormal = Fpush cos() /  Fpush = m g / ( cos()/ – sin())

y- direction: Fy = may Fpush = 80 N

FNormal –Fweight – FPush sin() = 0
Normal
FNormal –mg – FPush sin() = 0
Pushing y

 x
 Friction

Weight

Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 19

 Summary
 Contact Force: Spring
Can push or pull, force proportional to displacement
F = k x
 Contact Force: Tension
Always Pulls, tension equal everywhere
Force parallel to string
 Two Dimensional Examples
Choose coordinate system
Analyze each direction is independent

Physics 101: Lecture 2, Pg 20