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2022 WTS ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
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ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
Analytical Geometry is the use of formulae to analyse the length, gradient and
midpoint etc. of certain points and their lines.
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
Remember the theorem of Pythagoras – it states that the hypotenuse squared is equal
to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
To find the distance of any point:
GRADIENT
The gradient works out the slope of the graph – or the ratio of the height to the length.
CO-LINEAR POINTS
Three points are collinear when all three points lie on the same line and we check this
by using gradient, i.e. points A, B and C are collinear
Gradients along the straight line is the same throughout
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PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR GRADIENTS
When one line is parallel to another line, the gradients are equal:
When one line is perpendicular (at a right angle) to another line, the gradients are the
negative inverse of each other or gradient 1 times gradient 2 is equal to negative
MIDPOINT
To find the midpoint of two coordinates you have to find the “average” of the two
coordinates and find the average of the two -coordinates.
&
MIDPOINT THEOREM:
If two midpoints on adjacent sides of a triangle are joined by a straight line, the
line will be parallel to and half the distance of the third side of the triangle.
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EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES
KEY:
TWO COORDINATES
If you are given two coordinates work out the gradient, then substitute it into the
formula along with one of your coordinates and solve for c.
Finally, write down the equation.
GIVEN THE GRADIENT PARALLEL OR PERPENDICULAR TO ANOTHER LINE:
Determine if your gradient is the same (parallel lines) or the negative inverse of the
other gradient (perpendicular lines).
Then substitute your point to find c.
Finally write down your equation properly.
ANGLE OF INCLINATION
The angle of inclination tells you at what angle the straight line crosses the -axis.
To work out the angle of inclination first work out your gradient, then substitute it
into the formula and solve for the angle:
FORMULA:
Remember that when your gradient is positive you can simply use the angle given
when you work it out, however, if your gradient is NEGATIVE then work out the
angle using a positive value of the gradient then subtract the angle from 180°.
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EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
Key notes:
The diameter is twice the radius
The radius is the same throughout the circle.
The tangent is perpendicular to the radius
A normal is a line perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact – the
normal is not the radius but can go through the circle or be outside the circle.
A secant cuts the circle twice.
A chord touches the circle twice internally and divides the circle into segments
A sector is the middle piece between two radii.
A chord divides a circle’s circumference into different arcs.
A circumference is the distance around the circle.
CIRCLE WITH CENTRE AT THE ORIGIN
This formula should remind you of Pythagoras.
r is the radius and x and y is the coordinate at a point through the circle.
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CIRCLE WITH ANY CENTRE
Essentially a circle with any centre is simply a circle with a centre at the origin that
has been shifted left or right and up or down.
r is the radius
a is the x-coordinate of the centre
b is the y-coordinate of the centre.
THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE IS NOT GIVEN IN THE FORM
We need to be able to complete the square in order to find the co-ordinates of the
centre of the circle as well as the length of the radius.
Step 1: Rewrite the equation: The x and y terms are written separately and the
constant term is moved to the right hand side of the equation.
Step 2: Halve the co-efficient of x and add the square of the result on both sides of the
equation. Repeat the same process for y.
Step 3: Factorise
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EQUATION OF THE TANGENT TO THE CIRCLE
A tangent is a straight line that is drawn perpendicular to the circle’s radius and
touching the circle at only one point.
To work out the equation of the tangent use the straight line formula:
x and y: are the coordinates that the tangent touches the circle at
m: is the gradient – you find the gradient by working out the gradient of the gradient
of the radius from the centre of the circle to the point where the tangent touches the
circle. Then find its negative inverse – this is the gradient of the tangent.
c: is the y-intercept – substitute x, y and m into the straight line equation and solve for
c.
In the diagram below CBD is a tangent to the circle with centre A.
A tangent is a straight line in the form :y = mx + c.
In order to find the equation of a tangent it is important to know that:
mradius × mtangent = –1 this means the radius and the tangent form of a 90° angle at
the point of contact of the tangent.
If we have 2 solutions it proves that the line intersects the circle of 2 places and is
therefore not a tangent.
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TANGENT (ONLY 1 SOLUTION)
2 SOLUTIONS
If the simultaneous yields no solution then the line and the circle do not intersect
Line and circle do not intersect. (no solution)
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LENGTH OF A TANGENT TO A CIRCLE.
First we will write the equation of our circle in the form:
so that we can determine the co-ordinates of the centre of the circle and the radius.
Now we need to draw a rough diagram.
We need to find the distance of the given point
Distance of the radius
Find the distance of the tangent using the Pythagoras theorem
HOW TO PROVE THAT 2 CIRCLES TOUCH EACH OTHER
Let the centre of the one circle be A and the other B.
Calculate the distance AB using the distance formula.
Then add R (the radius of the one circle) to r the radius of the other:
If AB = R + r the two circles touch each other.
If AB < R+ r the circles generally intersect at two points.
If AB > R + r the two circles never touch.
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ONE CIRCLE INSIDE ANOTHER
A is the centre of the smaller circle.
B is the centre of the bigger circle.
The distance AB is smaller than the sum of the radii.
In this example this does not mean the circles intersect as the smaller circle is inside
the bigger circle. (A simultaneous equation between the two circles will yield no
solution)
HAVE A LOOK AT THE DIAGRAM BELOW
The distance between the centres AB ≠ r + R (the sum of the radii).
In this case AB = R − r. (Simultaneous equations will yield one solution)
KEY!
Concentric: Two or more circles that share the same centre.
Median: Line from the vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side.
Centroid: Point of intersection for all the medians.
Altitude: Perpendicular line drawn from a side of a triangle to the opposite vertex.
Orthocentre: Point of intersection for all the altitudes
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TRIANGLES
THERE ARE FOUR KINDS OF TRIANGLES
1. SCALENE TRIANGLE
No sides are equal in length
2. ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
Two sides are equal
3. EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
All three sides are equal
All three interior angles are equal
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4. RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE
One interior angle is 90
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGLES
SUM OF THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE
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IF YOU ARE ASKED TO PROVE THAT…..
Two lines parallel
Use the slope formula twice. (Find the slopes of the two lines.)
Determine that the slopes are equal, therefore the lines are parallel.
Two lines perpendicular
Use the slope formula twice. (Find the slopes of the two lines.)
Determine that the slope are negative reciprocals of each other, therefore the lines are
perpendicular.
A triangle is a right angle triangle
Use the slope formula twice. (Find the slopes of the legs.)
Determine that since the slopes are negative reciprocals of each other, the lines are
perpendicular, forming a right angle. This makes the triangle a right angle.
OR
Use the distance formula three times. (Find the length of the three sides.).
Determine that the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the longest side) is equal to the
sum of the squares of the length of the two adjacent legs, that is, use the Pythagorean
Theorem ( ).
A triangle is isosceles
Use the distance formula twice. (Find the length of two congruent sides.)
Determine that since the lengths of two sides are equal, the triangle is isosceles.
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A triangle is an isosceles right triangle
Use the distance formula three times. (Find right triangle the lengths of the three sides.)
Determine that since the lengths of two sides are equal and that the square of the length of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square of the lengths of the two adjacent legs
, the triangle is an isosceles right triangle.
OR
Use the slope formula twice and the distance formula twice. (Find the slopes and the lengths
of the two legs.)
First, prove the triangle is a right triangle (see above), and then use the distance formula to
find the lengths of the two legs of the triangle. Since the lengths of two sides are equal, the
triangle is isosceles. Thus, the triangle is an isosceles right triangle.
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PROPERRTIES OF QUADRILATERALS
TRAPEZIUM
Two sides are parallel.
PARALLELOGRAM
Opposite sides parallel and equal.
Opposite angles equal.
Diagonals bisect each other.
RECTANGLE
Opposite sides parallel and equal in length.
Diagonals are equal in length and bisect each other.
Interior angles are right angles
E is the common midpoint
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RHOMBUS
Opposite sides are parallel.
All sides equal in length.
Diagonals bisect each other at the right angles.
Diagonals bisect the opposite angles.
SQUARE
Opposite sides parallel.
All sides equal in length.
Diagonals are equal in length.
Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
Interior angles are right angles.
Diagonals bisect interior angles (each bisect angle equals 45˚).
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KITE
Adjacent pairs of sides are equal in length.
The longer diagonal bisects the opposite angles.
The longer diagonal bisects the other diagonal.
The diagonals intersect at right angles.
NB: sum of angles in quad = 360˚
HOW TO PROVE A QUADRILATERAL
PROVING A TRIANGLE IS A RIGHT TRIANGLE.
Method 1: Show two sides of the triangle are perpendicular by demonstrating their slopes are
opposite reciprocal.
Method 2: Calculate the distances of all three sides and then test the Pythagorean’s theorem
to show the three lengths make the Pythagorean’s theorem true.
PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A PARALLELOGRAM
Method 1: Show that the diagonals bisect each other by showing the midpoint of the
diagonals are the same.
Method 2: Show both pairs of opposite sides are parallel by showing they have equal slopes.
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Method 3: Show both pairs of opposite sides are equal by using distance.
Method 4: Show one pair of sides is both parallel and equal.
PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A RECTANGLE
Prove that it is a parallelogram first, then:
Method 1: Show that the diagonals are congruent.
Method 2: Show that it has a right angle by using slope.
PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A RHOMBUS
Prove that it is a parallelogram first, then:
Method 1: Prove that the diagonals are perpendicular.
Method 2: Prove that a pair of adjacent sides are equal.
Method 3: Prove that all four sides are equal.
PROVING THAT A QUADRILATERAL IS A SQUARE
There are many ways to do this. I recommend proving the diagonals bisect each other
(parallelogram), are equal (rectangle) and perpendicular (rhombus).
PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A TRAPEZOID
Show one pair of sides are parallel (same slope) and one pair of sides are not parallel
(different slopes).
PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS AN ISOSCELES TRAPEZOID
Prove that it is a trapezoid first, then:
Method 1: Prove the diagonals are congruent using distance.
Method 2: Prove that the pair of non-parallel sides are equal.
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