BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

ETHIOPIA INSTITUTE OF TEXTILE AND FASHION TECHNOLOGY

TEXTILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 5TH YEAR

TITLE: EFFECT OF STITCH LENGTH ON THE DIMENSIONAL AND

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RIB KNITTED FABRICS

PREPARED BY;

1. SINSHAW ALEMAYEHU ……………………1107005

2. MEGERSA POLIS……………………………1107124

3. HENOK NEMERRA………………………….1106973

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR

[JUNE, 2023]

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EFFECT OF STITCH LENGTH ON THE DIMENSIONAL AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RIB KNITTED FABRIC
BY
1. SINSHAW ALEMAYEHU
2. HENOK NEMERRA
3. MEGERSA POLIS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

TEXTILE ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

LEC. ALEMAYEHU

ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF TEXTILE AND FASHION

TECHNOLOGY

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR

[JUNE, 2023]

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 DECLARATION
We, Sinshaw Alemayehu, Megersa Polis and Henok Nemera 5th year textile engineering student
have taken our thesis on the title” Effect of Stitch Length on Dimensional and Mechanical
Properties of Rib Knitted Fabrics”.

We certify that our work is original and compiled according to thesis project writing guideline
given by the Institute-Industry Linkage office of the Institute.

As the student’s academic advisor, I certify that the thesis project written by the students are there’s
original work and compiled according to the guideline provided by the institute’s IIL office as far
as my knowledge is concerned.

Mrs. Alemayehu Signature Date

Name of students Signature Date

Sinshaw Alemayehu

Megersa Polise

Henok Nemerra

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to thank the Almighty God for helping us to come to an end of this
project. And we would like to thank our advisor Mr. Alemayehu to give us advices and
encouragement about this project. Beside our instructor we would like to thanks those people who
help us in different things by sharing their ideas and their material. We would finally like to thank
all those people who were directly or indirectly involved in making our project a success.

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 ABSTRACT
This study investigates the effect of stitch length on the dimensional and mechanical properties of
2 by 1 rib knitted fabric. The experiment involved varying stitch length and assessing their impact
on fabric properties using fabric thickness, shrinkage percentage in wale and coarse direction,
tensile strength, stiffness or fabric bend and abrasion resistance tests. Results showed that stitch
length had a significant effect on the fabric dimensional and mechanical properties, such as
thickness, shrinkage, tensile strength, fabric bend and abrasion resistance. A shorter stitch length
produced stronger fabric with higher tensile strength. Additionally, shorter stitch lengths resulted
in thicker and stiffer knitted fabric, while longer stitches produced thinner, more supple fabrics.
This research is significant in helping knitters and the society understand how stitch length affects
the physical and mechanical properties of 2 by 1 rib knitted fabrics, which can inform design and
manufacturing decision to produce the best quality fabrics.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem statement ................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Purpose and significance of study ......................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 Significance of study ...................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Purpose of study ............................................................................................................. 6
1.4 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.1 General objective ............................................................................................................ 6
1.4.2 Specific properties .......................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Research question .................................................................................................................. 7
1.6 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 8
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................ 8
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Rib Knit Fabric .....................................................................................................................11
2.3 Different Types of Rib Knit Fabrics .................................................................................... 12
2.4 2×1 Rib Knit Fabric ............................................................................................................ 12
2.4.1 2x1 rib knitted fabric properties ................................................................................... 13
2.4.2 Application 2x1 Rib Knit Fabric .................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 17
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 MATERIAL......................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Materials and equipment’s .................................................................................................. 17
3.2.1 Equipment for yarn test ................................................................................................ 17
3.2.2. Equipment For fabric production ................................................................................ 18

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 3.2.3. Equipment For fabric tester ......................................................................................... 19
3.3 Method ................................................................................................................................ 21
3.3.1 Fabric production .......................................................................................................... 22
3.3.2 Sample preparation ....................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................... 25
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................. 25
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 36
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 36
5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 36
5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................... 37
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................ 38

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Properties of cotton yarn .............................................................................................. 21
Table 3.2: The properties being studied are shown on table below: ............................................. 23
Table 3.3: The stitch length and pulley diameter for the given samples ....................................... 24
Table 4.1: The value of thickness of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length ................... 25
Table 4.2: The shrinkage percentage of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length .............. 27
Table 4.3: The shrinkage percentage of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length .............. 28
Table 4.4: The tensile strength of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length ....................... 30
Table 4.5: The tensile strength of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length ....................... 31
Table 4.6: The value of stiffness of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length .................... 32
Table 4.7: The value of stiffness of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length .................... 34
Table 4.8: The value of abrasion resistance of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length ... 35

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: The graphical representation for the above thickness Vs varying stitch length is shown
as follow: ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 4.2: The graphical representation for the above shrinkage Vs varying stitch length is shown
as follow: ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 4.3: The graphical representation for the above shrinkage Vs varying stitch length is shown
as follow: ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 4.4: The graphical representation for the above tensile strength Vs varying stitch length is
shown as follow: ........................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4.5: The graphical representation for the above tensile strength Vs varying stitch length is
shown as follow: ........................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 4.6: The graphical representation for the above stiffness Vs varying stitch length is shown
as follow: ....................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 4.7: The graphical representation for the above stiffness Vs varying stitch length is shown
as follow: ....................................................................................................................................... 34

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Knitted goods are very popular and important part of textile materials. The reasons behind the
wider uses of knitted articles are excellent elasticity, light weight, low production cost, smooth
surface etc. It is required yarn parameters for knitted fabrics used for clothing to have very high
quality. Different machines with different knit stitches and conditions are used to produce knit
fabrics with different patterns and fabric types, which results in quality differences. Both the
physical and mechanical properties of knitted fabrics are influenced by the structural parameters
of the fabrics and finishing process. Dimensional stability in terms of spirality and shrinkage are
crucial in maintaining the aesthetics of knitted products in the user ends. Knitted fabrics are formed
by interloping of yarn and pulling the newly formed loops through the old loops. Stretching and
mechanical deformation affects the dimensional stability of the knitted fabrics. Various factors
such as fiber characteristics, yarn parameters, machine parameters influence the dimensional
characteristics of knitted fabrics. Knitting products dimensions changes with the movements of
body parts. Very wide deformation changes the shapes of loop and yarn orientation as a result
contact points between the loops also changes which facilitate the changes in dimensional stability
of knitted fabrics. The combined effect of numerous factors such as relaxation, finishing, drying
and machinery produce shrinkage in knitted articles.

Rib knitted fabrics are durable and elastic by nature, making them an ideal choice for a variety of
applications. The structure of the fabric can be manipulated to optimize mechanical and
dimensional properties by varying stitch length.

Stitch length has a major impact on some physical properties of the fabric, such as the number of
courses per inch (CPI), total area density, yarn count and weight per unit length. When stitch length
is increased, more stitches can be packed into one course; thus, increasing both the CPI and total
area density. A higher yarn count and weight per unit length will also be observed when stitch
length is larger. The fabric will become denser with greater yarn tension caused by longer stitches,
resulting in higher fabric strength characteristics such as tear resistance and tensile strength.

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Increasing stitch length may lead to overall weave shrinkage, depending on loop integrity and feed
motions of the knitting machines during production.

In terms of dimensional stability, long-term shrinkage can occur due to loosening of the knit
structure when stitch length is extended too far beyond what is recommended for a certain type of
fabric or garment. Shrinkage can also happen immediately after washing due to buildup of thermal
energy in crosslinks and loops when subject to high temperature washes. Generally, with rib knit
fabrics and most other knit fabrics, longer stitch lengths result in less fiber distortion so that
dimensional stability is enhanced.

Therefore, selection of an appropriate stitch length will depend on desired mechanical or

dimensional outcomes for a given product application or end use criteria including wash conditions
for apparel items in particular.

The stitch length of rib knitting has a significant impact on the dimensional and mechanical
properties of the fabric. Like all types of knitted fabrics, rib knitted fabrics are made up of loops
that are inter-connected in a sequence. The number of loops between two running yarns is
determined by the stitch length and can impact how tightly the fabric is constructed and its overall
strength. A longer stitch length gives rise to fewer yarns between two stitches, and vice versa,
resulting in higher levels of over-lap and compression respectively.

This impacts how strongly the yarns within the fabric hold together, which affects both stretch
performance and durability levels. For example, a shorter stitch length provides increased firmness
but reduces two-way stretch flexibility; conversely, a longer stitch length gives more flexibility
but can reduce tear strength. Generally speaking, shorter stitches add strength to fabrics due their
high degree of overlap, whereas longer stitches offer more breathability and comfort due to
reduced compression on the wearer.

In addition to stretch performance and durability levels, stitching lengths also have an effect on
fabric weight or thickness as well as hand feel (i.e., softness). Fabrics with long stitches have lesser
volume/thickness which leads to lighter fabrics although with slightly less form retention ability.
Also, fabrics with lower stitching lengths tend to offer smoother surfaces with improved handle
characteristics

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The stitch length is one of the main factors that affect the dimensional and mechanical properties
of rib knitted fabrics. It has been found that increasing the stitch length will reduce seam strength
and yarn compression as well as cause fabric deformation and elasticity. At the same time,
decreasing the stitch length will increase seam strength and yarn compression but also result in
tightness of the fabric which could potentially reduce its comfortability. In general, an optimal
stitch length should be chosen depending on the end application where a balance between these
conflicting dimensions should be attained. Depending on different combinations of yarns, needle
size, fabric width or structure, a dynamic balance can be achieved with careful selection of stitch
length for rib knitted fabrics to attain maximum performance.

Stitch length plays a major role in the dimensional and mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric.
It affects both the internal structure, which affects yarn density, and external appearance and handle
of fabrics. Increasing stitch length leads to thicker yarns, resulting in denser knitted loops, heavier
construction, greater tensile strength, deformation resistance and stretch recovery of the fabric.
Conversely, decreasing stitch length leads to thinner yarns, resulting in lighter construction and
lower tensile strength. Changing stitch length also effects the appearance and handle of rib knitted
fabrics with shorter stitches having a neater look compared to those with longer stitches.
Additionally, shorter stitches provide better drape control and uniformity than longer ones. On the
other hand, longer stitches create greater elasticity for improved comfort against skin. The twist
also affects the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of these fabrics; fabrics with low
twist tend to be more flexible than those with high twist. Lastly, combining different stitch lengths
can produce a varying surface topography which helps provide desired aesthetics or improved
performance in finished fabric structure applications such as moisture management or air
permeability. In conclusion, the dimensional and mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric are
greatly affected by stitch length; it is therefore important to optimize this factor based on desired
results when producing such type of textile product.

The impact of different knit constructions on dimensional and physical properties has been
reported by many researchers. Influence of various parameters such as yarn count, twist, stitch
length, tightness factor, finishing process and washing properties of knitted fabric have been
investigated by many researchers. Chen et al investigated the relationship between the spirality of
plain wool knits-and production factors, such as the twist coefficient, loop length, fiber diameter

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and the tightness factor. They found that increasing the loop length and fiber diameter causes
higher spirality. Previously many attempts were made to analyze the relationship between weft
knitted fabrics dimensional properties and weight related properties which are influenced by the
length of stitch in the fabrics.

Fabric bursting strength is an important phenomenon. The fabric should have enormous bursting
strength to withstand the force applied on it during different processing like dyeing, finishing and
end uses. Effect of knit structures on the bursting strength is positive found by the researcher.
Fabric pilling is one of the severe problems in knitting industry. When pills are developed on the
fabric surface results in an unsightly appearance and initiate the abrasion of the garment can cause
wear and tear of garments. Within a certain range of tightness factor the number of pills increases
but when the tightness factor increases number of pills decreases. Several researchers investigated
the relationship between knit structure and fabric pilling.

Previously most of the researches were performed to find out the impact of different parameters
on the knitted fabrics dimensional properties. But limited numbers of research have been carried
out to observe the effect of yarn parameters on mechanical and dimensional properties. In order to
study the effect of stitch length on dimensional and mechanical properties rib structure of knitted
fabrics manufactured. This research elucidates the effect of stitch length of knitted fabrics on the
dimensional and mechanical properties.

Varying loop length can have an impact on the dimensional and mechanical properties of all knitted
fabrics. The loop length of the fabric can affect its softness, drape and thickness of the knitted
fabrics. A shorter loop length can result in a tighter and denser fabric with less drape, while a longer
loop length can make the fabric softer, thicker and more drapey.

As one basic factor, loop length can also affect the fabrics durability and resistance to wear and
tear. Shorter loop length can result in stitches that are more prone to snagging or coming loose.
Overall, the impact of loop length on dimensional and mechanical properties of knitted fabric
depends on multiple factors and can vary depending on the specific fabric constructions and
intended end-uses.

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1.2 Problem statement
There is a gap between fabric producers, the fabric and the society which consumes the rib fabric
produced. Lack of awareness about the effect of stitch length on the property of rib fabric among
the society resulted to make blind decision and to order the product without considering the fabric
parameters. However, varying stitch length can affect two-way stretch, thickness, tension property
which affects tensile strength of the fabric, stiffness and abrasion resistance of rib knitted fabric.
Therefore, we inspired to aware the society about the effect of stitch length on dimensional and
mechanical properties of 2×1 rib knitted fabric in order to able them to find 2×1 rib knitted fabric
in terms of their end use application. The effect of stitch length on the dimensional and mechanical
properties of rib knitted fabric is largely dependent on the overall construction of the fabric. The
stitch length has an inverse relationship with the thickness of the fabric; thus, if a higher stitch
length is used when knitting, it will result in a more lightweight and thinner fabric with less
coverage for insulation purposes. Likewise, reducing the stitch length would lead to a thicker and
more heavyweight fabric that has increased coverage for insulation. Furthermore, varying stitching
lengths can also affect how effectively two-way stretch can be achieved, influencing how
comfortable the garment made from this rib knitted fabric might be as well as how stretchable it
would be. Stitch length can also influence the tension properties of knitted fabrics directly
impacting its consistently in strength, elasticity and extensibility. Finally, varying stitch lengths on
rib knit fabrics may cause pools of yarn at junctions which could impose problems such as thinning
and gaping if managed poorly leading to inconsistency in appearance.

1.3 Purpose and significance of study

1.3.1 Significance of study
The stitch length is an important factor that can affect the dimensional, comfort, and mechanical
properties of rib knitted fabric. The significance of the effect of stitch length is as follows:

1. Dimensional properties: Stitch length has a significant impact on the width and length of the
fabric. A longer stitch length will result in a looser, wider, and shorter fabric, while a shorter stitch
length will produce a tighter, narrower, and longer fabric.

2. Comfort properties: Stitch length can also influence the comfort properties of the fabric. A short
stitch length produces firmer and thicker fabric with better shape retention whereas a longer stitch
length results in softer and thinner fabric that drapes well.

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3. Mechanical properties: Stitch length can also affect the mechanical properties of the fabric.
Longer stitch lengths lead to lower fabric strength, higher elongation, and lower stiffness which is
suitable for activewear clothing. Conversely, shorter stitch lengths produce firmer, stronger, and
stiffer fabrics that are good for rigid garments.

In conclusion, the stitch length plays a crucial role in determining the dimensional, comfort, and
mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric, therefore it is essential to consider the stitch length
when producing or designing textile and apparel products.

1.3.2 Purpose of study

The purpose of studying the effect of stitch length on the dimensional, comfort, and mechanical
properties of rib knitted fabric is to understand how changes in stitch length can alter these
important characteristics of the final product. Stitch length can impact the stretch and recovery of
knitted fabrics, as well as their thickness, weight, surface appearance, and handle (or feel). By
systematically manipulating stitch length in rib knitted fabrics, researchers can observe how these
key properties change as a function of this variable, and use this information to optimize fabric
design for specific end uses. For example, longer stitch lengths may contribute to increased
softness and drape, while shorter stitch lengths may increase fabric durability and reduce potential
for snagging or pilling. Understanding the interplay between stitch length and fabric properties is
therefore essential for creating comfortable, high-quality, and functional knitwear.

1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General objective
➢ Studying the effect of stitch length on the dimensional and mechanical properties of rib
knitted fabrics.

1.4.2 Specific properties

✓ To investigate the impact of varying stitch lengths on the dimensional stability of rib
knitted fabrics, such as lengthwise and widthwise shrinkage.
✓ To determine the changes in mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric, such as its tensile
strength, elongation, and recovery properties, with an alteration in the length of stitches.

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 ✓ To understand the relationship between loop length and dimensional and mechanical
properties.

1.5 Research question

What is the effect of stitch length on the dimensional and mechanical properties of rib knitted
fabrics?

1.6 Scope
The stitch length is a critical factor that affects the dimensional, comfort, and mechanical properties
of rib knitted fabric. Decreasing the stitch length can result in a shorter and narrower fabric while
increasing the stitch length can bring the opposite effect. Generally, short stitch lengths produce
stiffer fabrics due to their denser structure, while long stitch lengths result in more flexible fabrics
because they create larger gaps between the stitches. The stitch length can significantly affect the
stretch and recovery characteristics of rib knitted fabric, which can affect comfort during wear.
Shorter stitch lengths can limit the stretch, leading to less comfortable fabric, while longer stitch
lengths can increase the elasticity, making the fabric more comfortable. The choice of stitch length
influences the tensile and tear strengths as well as the abrasion resistance of rib knitted fabric. A
decrease in stitch length improves the tensile strength but reduces the tear strength. Meanwhile, an
increase in stitch length has the opposite trend. Abrasion resistance increases with shorter stitch
lengths.

In conclusion, the stitch length plays a vital role in determining the dimensional, comfort, and
mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric. Thus, choosing the appropriate stitch length must
consider the specific requirements for the end-use application of the fabric.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The influence of stitch length on the dimensional and mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric
has been an area of research that has been studied by many researchers over the years. Stitch length
is an important parameter as it greatly influences various physical and mechanical properties of
knitted fabrics such as strength, stretchability, porosity, surface roughness and appearance. It is
strongly believed that the stitch length of rib knitted fabric influences its dimensional stability and
overall structure which affects a wide range of functional properties such as comfort, durability,
appearance, air permeability and shrinkage.

Studies have shown that when decreasing stitch length for rib knits, elongation increases while
recovery decreases. Decreasing the stitch length also brought about an increase in knitting tension
which causes a decrease in extensibility because fabric at higher knitting tension tended to resist
further stretching during load testing. Furthermore, research has indicated that when increasing
stitch lengths by using finer yarns or finer needles for knitting may reduce the pilling tendency and
awkwardness due to low elasticity associated with knitted fabrics.

In regards to dimensional stability, studies have shown that shortening of the stitch size reduced
distortion while longer stitches increased the instability resulting in excessive looping or spiraling.
It was concluded by Ishikawa et al (2010) that some optimal values exist between long and short
stitch sizes regarding both yield value and frictional property tests; This means there are trade-offs
between different specimen properties depending on exact values chosen for making a knit sample.

A 2 by 1 rib knit fabric is a type of weft knit fabric that is characterized by its vertical columns of
knit stitches alternating with horizontal columns of purl stitches. This structure creates a stretchy,
comfortable fabric that is commonly used for garments and accessories that require a close fit such
as turtlenecks, cuffs, and waistbands.

There are various studies and research works conducted on the properties and performance of 2 by
1 rib knit fabrics. In a study published in the Journal of the Textile Institute, the authors
investigated the effect of yarn count and loop length on the properties of 2 by 1 rib knit fabrics.

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The results indicated that increasing the yarn count resulted in higher tensile strength and
elongation while decreasing loop length resulted in a decrease in these properties. Another research
paper published by the Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics analyzed the effect of knit
structure and fiber content on the moisture management properties of 2 by 1 rib knit fabrics. The
findings indicated that fabrics with a finer gauge and higher synthetic fiber content had better
moisture management properties than those with coarser gauge and natural fiber content.

A study published in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science explored the use of electroconductive
yarns in 2 by 1 rib knit fabrics for smart textile applications. The researchers found that
incorporating conductive yarns into the rib structure resulted in enhanced electrical conductivity
and thermal stability of the fabric. These studies demonstrate that the properties and performance
of 2 by 1 rib knit fabric can be influenced by several factors such as yarn count, loop length, knit
structure, fiber content, and the addition of conductive materials. Further research is needed to
explore the potential applications of this versatile fabric in various fields, including fashion, sports
apparel, and technical textiles.

According to various studies, stitch length plays a significant role in determining the dimensional
and mechanical properties of the 2 by 1 rib knitted fabric.

In terms of dimensional properties, an increase in stitch length can cause an increase in the width
of the fabric, whereas a decrease in stitch length can cause a decrease in the fabric's length. A study
published in the Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics found that the stitch length has a strong
influence on the dimensional changes of the knitted fabric, especially for the width shrinkage and
lengthening of the fabric during washing.

Regarding mechanical properties, stitch length can affect the tensile strength, compression and
surface roughness of the knitted fabric. A research paper published in the Journal of Textile and
Apparel, Technology and Management reported that increasing stitch length could improve the
fabric's tensile strength and reduce the compression behavior of the fabric. However, a longer stitch
length was also found to increase the surface roughness of the fabric.

Studies on the effect of stitch length on the dimensional and mechanical properties of 2 by 1 rib
knitted fabric show varied results. Some studies indicate that change in stitch length significantly

9
affects the tensile strength, fabric thickness, and bending rigidity of the fabric while others suggest
that the effect is not significant.

A study conducted by Guo et.al (2014) on the effect of stitch length variation on the mechanical
properties of single jersey and rib knitted fabrics found that the stitch length affects the mechanical
properties of the fabric. The study found that the increase in stitch length led to a decrease in tensile
strength, air permeability, and fabric thickness.

Another study by Muthu and Dhamodaran (2013) examined the effect of stitch length on the
dimensional stability and recovery of cotton rib knitted fabric. The study showed that the stitch
length significantly affected the dimensional stability and recovery of the fabric, with shorter stitch
length producing higher stability and recovery.

Conversely, a study by Choi et al. (2009) investigated the effect of stitch length on the bending
rigidity of knit fabrics comprising spun yarns of different fineness. They found that there was no
significant effect of stitch length on the bending rigidity of the 2 by 1 rib knit fabrics examined.

One study found that increasing stitch length in 2 by 1 rib fabrics led to an increase in both width
and thickness of the fabric while decreasing its length. The researchers also observed a decrease
in air permeability of the fabric as stitch length increased.

Other research has suggested that stitch length affects the tensile properties of 2 by 1 rib knitted
fabrics, such as breaking force, breaking elongation, and elasticity recovery. Specifically,
increasing stitch length has been shown to decrease breaking force and increase breaking
elongation and elasticity recovery.

Studies have also investigated the effect of stitch length on other properties of 2 by 1 rib knitted
fabrics, such as pilling resistance, color fastness, and moisture management. However, the results
of these studies vary and are not yet conclusive.

Overall, it appears that stitch length can have a significant impact on the properties of 2 by 1 rib
knitted fabrics. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between
stitch length and these properties and to identify optimal stitch lengths for specific purposes and
applications.

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In conclusion several findings have demonstrated that altering stitch length can affect dimensional
as well as mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric during sampling phase. Various types of
production methods based upon a range of factors determine how changes in stitched lengths
produce different performance levels from fabrics produced from rib knits where optimum
performance depends upon selection criteria dependent upon comparative test results from each
sample.

2.2 Rib Knit Fabric

Rib knit fabric is made up of parallel vertical lines and has a lot of stretch. This makes it ideal for
use in close-fitting clothing, such as tops, leggings, underwear, socks, etc. There are different types
of rib knit fabric available, so let’s take a closer look at them.

1. Rib knit fabrics are characterized by their distinct ribbing, which appears as vertical lines
on the surface of the fabric. You can clearly see bumps or ridges that run parallel to the
fabric’s selvage on its front and back. The ribbing is created by alternating rows of knit and
purl stitches, which gives the fabric a textured look.

2. Depending on the yarn and stitch used, rib knit fabrics can range from lightweight and very
stretchy to thick and quite sturdy.

3. Rib knits are a type of double-faced fabric, meaning that they look exactly the same on the
front and back. This makes them ideal for projects, where you want the fabric to look the
same on both sides.

4. They have almost no lengthwise stretch, but they do have great crosswise stretch. When
shopping for rib knit fabric, be sure to check the stretch percentage, as this will determine
how much the fabric will stretch when it is used in a garment.

5. This fabric’s general stretchy nature makes it great to use for close-fitting garments. Rib
knits are also used to create bands on garments: neckbands, cuffs, waistbands, and hems.
For example, a rib knit fabric (often in a different color) can be used to make a neckband
on a t-shirt or a waistband on leggings.

6. Rib knit fabrics are also popular because they tend to resist wrinkles. As a result, rib knit
fabrics are a versatile option for many different projects.

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 7. Rib knit fabrics can be made from a variety of different fibers, including cotton, linen,
wool, and synthetic fibers such as rayon, acrylic, or polyester

8. Rib knit fabrics typically have a good recovery, meaning they will return to their original
shape after being stretched out.

9. In addition, the edges of ribbed knits don’t curl. One downside to knit fabrics is that they
can often curl at the edges (see my article All About Modern Types of Knit Fabric). This
can be frustrating when you’re trying to achieve a neat finish on a garment. However,
ribbed knit fabrics have a built-in resistance to curling. The knit and purl stitches used in
ribbing create an even tension that prevents the edges from curling.

2.3 Different Types of Rib Knit Fabrics

Ribbed knit fabrics have a distinct pattern of vertical ribs on both sides, produced by alternating
knit (raised) and purl (lower) stitches. Ribs can be narrow (1×1 – or one knit stitch then one purl
stitch), wide (3×3, 4 x4, etc.), or have an uneven width such as 2×3, for example.

If you’re scratching your head at all those numbers, the first number refers to the number of rows
with knit stitches. The second number is the number of rows with purl stitches.

2.4 2×1 Rib Knit Fabric

2 by 1 rib knitted fabric is a type of knitting pattern where two stitches are knitted followed by one
purl stitch consecutively across the entire row. This creates a textured fabric with raised vertical
lines formed by the knit stitches and horizontal lines formed by the purl stitches. 2 by 1 rib knitted
fabric is commonly used for creating cuffs, collars, and hems in garments.

2 by 1 rib knitted fabric is a type of knitted fabric created using a specific knitting technique. It
gets its name from the repeating pattern of knit and purl stitches that make up the fabric. In a 2 by
1 rib, there are two knit stitches followed by one purl stitch, which creates a distinctive vertical
stripe pattern on the surface of the fabric.

To create a 2 by 1 rib knitted fabric, the first row of stitches is typically made by knitting two
stitches, then purling one stitch, and repeating this pattern across the entire row. On the second
row, the pattern is reversed, with the knitter purling two stitches and then knitting one stitch. This
process is repeated for as many rows as needed to reach the desired length and width of the fabric.

12
The resulting 2 by 1 rib fabric has several unique characteristics. First, it is highly stretchy in the
horizontal direction, which makes it a popular choice for creating close-fitting garments such as
sweaters, socks, and hats. Due to its stretchiness, it can also be used as a trim or binding to finish
off the edges of other types of fabrics.

In addition, the vertical stripes created by the knit and purl stitches give 2 by 1 rib fabric a
distinctive texture that is both soft and flexible. This texture makes the fabric an excellent choice
for creating warm and comfortable clothing items, particularly those that need to provide insulation
in cold weather.

Overall, 2 by 1 rib knitted fabric is a versatile and popular material that can be used in a wide
variety of different applications. Its stretchiness, texture, and warmth make it ideal for many
different types of clothing and accessories.

Tubular rib knits are constructed and sold in a tube shape so there is no selvage. They are usually
produced by circular knitting on special machines. Tubular rib knits provide a number of
advantages. They can be used to create seamless garments, as there are no side seams. It is a
popular choice for clothing that needs to be tight-fitting and comfortable to wear close to the skin.
Tubular fabric is also less likely to tear or fray. Tubular rib knits are also used in waistbands,
neckbands, hems, and cuffs and are often made from 100% cotton.

2.4.1 2x1 rib knitted fabric properties

2 by 1 rib knitted fabric is a commonly used knit fabric that employs a rib structure, consisting of
raised ridges that alternate with recessed columns. This fabric possesses several properties, some
of which are as follows:

1. Stretchy: The rib structure of 2 by 1 rib knit fabric makes it highly stretchable in both length
and width directions. This property makes it comfortable to wear, as it adapts to the wearer's body
shape without feeling restrictive.

2. Durable: Due to the interlocking pattern of the rib construction, this fabric is more durable than
other types of knit fabrics. It can withstand frequent washing and heavy wear without losing its
shape or texture.

13
3. Comfortable: The stretchiness and softness of 2 by 1 rib knit fabric make it a comfortable choice
for garments that are worn close to the skin, such as t-shirts, undergarments, and pajamas.

4. Breathable: The ribbed structure of the fabric allows air to circulate, making it breathable and
comfortable to wear in warm weather.

5. Wrinkle-resistant: The texture of the fabric helps to hide minor wrinkles and creases, making it
a low-maintenance option for everyday wear.

6. Versatile: The 2 by 1 rib knit fabric can be made from a variety of fibers and blends, including
cotton, wool, polyester, and spandex. This versatility allows for a wide range of applications, from
athletic wear to high-fashion garments.

In summary, 2 by 1 rib knit fabric is a highly stretchable, durable, comfortable, breathable, wrinkle-
resistant, and versatile fabric that is suitable for many applications.

We like using rib knits for my projects. They provide a stretchy and comfortable fit that is perfect
for garments like pajama pants or leggings. For example, a waistband from rib knit fabric means
that we don’t need to use stiff elastic that might hurt us. We find that the ribbing on the fabric helps
keep the garment in place and provides extra support.

In addition, rib knits add some interest to a garment, and they are mainly used as an accent fabric.
Many new sewists find knit fabrics challenging to sew (at first). Rib knit fabric’s stretchiness can
be tricky to work with. Here are some tips to help you work with rib knits.

When cutting out the pattern pieces from rib knit fabric cut them slightly shorter (smaller) than the
main body of the garment. How much shorter? Well, it depends on the stretch percentage of the
rib knit fabric but I usually cut it out around 20% shorter than the length of the pattern piece it is
supposed to be attached to. For example, if the neckline of your top is 20”, cut the neckband piece
from rib knit around 16” in length.

This will help ensure that the neckband doesn’t end up being too loose or too tight. But this is very
approximate of course. Fabrics are different.

14
Another rule is cutting bands from rib knits exactly parallel and perpendicular to the fabric ribs
whenever possible. Be sure to use sharp scissors or a rotary cutter and take your time cutting out
each piece.

2.4.2 Application 2x1 Rib Knit Fabric

Rib knit fabric is a type of material that is often used to make body-hugging garments because of
its stretchy nature. Rib knit fabric can also be used to make scarfs and hats where you want the
fabric to look the same on both sides because rib knits are reversible (or double-sided). And they
also can be used to make all kinds of bands – neckbands, waistbands, cuffs, and hems.

2 by 1 rib knit fabric is a type of knit fabric structure that consists of columns of knit stitches
alternating with columns of purl stitches. This creates a stretchy and flexible elasticity in the fabric,
allowing it to fit closely to the wearer's body.

The fabric can be made from a variety of materials, including cotton, wool, silk, or synthetic fibers,
and it's commonly used in clothing applications such as t-shirts, sweatshirts, socks, scarves, and
even undergarments.

Here are some specific examples of how the 2 by 1 rib knit fabric is used in different applications:

1. T-Shirts: 2 by 1 rib knit fabric is often used to create t-shirts because of its stretchiness and
flexibility. The fabric follows the contours of the body well and allows for ease of movement.
Additionally, the fabric is comfortable against the skin and can be dyed or printed with designs.

2. Sweaters: Rib knit fabrics are also commonly used to make sweaters. The 2 by 1 rib knit provides
a combination of warmth and flexibility, making it perfect for cooler climates.

3. Socks: 2 by 1 rib knit is frequently used in creating hosiery and sock garments as it stretches
comfortably around the feet and allows them to breathe freely.

4. Cuffs and collars: This knit structure is also used on the cuffs and collars of garments as it has
enough elasticity and durability to stand up to frequent washing and wear.

In addition, the versatility of 2 by 1 rib knit fabric allows for it to be used in a variety of other
applications, such as in sportswear and outdoor gear. Whether it's for comfort, durability, or style,
the 2 by 1 rib knit fabric has many functional uses in the world of textiles.

15
Practically, there are endless possibilities when it comes to what you can make with rib knit fabric.
Rib knit fabric is perfect for trimming and finishing other knits and woven fabrics because of its
elasticity. Patterns designed to work with these types of clothing are usually close-fitting. This
material works well in areas where there’s going to be plenty of movement and little pressure.

One example would be sweaters or sweatshirts with bottom edges from rib knits fitting nicely
around your waistline or hips. Or cuffs, which need to be stretchy without losing their shape and
durable because they get manipulated a lot.

16
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIAL
The work was divided into two parts. The first part is to test 100% cotton yarn. In the second part,
2x1 rib knitted fabrics were produced with different stitch length. Cotton yarn were the main
materials used to produce the rib knitted fabrics.
3.2 Materials and equipment’s
3.2.1 Equipment for yarn test
Wrap reel Hank Yarn Reel. It is used to measure the length of hank yarn by winding it on the reel
and then counting the number of turns made by the reel. This helps in determining the count or
thickness of the yarn.

Roman balance

Roman balance machine can be used for measuring the weight or count of yarn. In textile industry,
the Roman balance is often used to determine the yarn count or linear density of a given sample,
and this can in turn be used to calculate other important quality parameters such as strength,
elongation, and fineness. By knowing the weight of a given length of yarn, mills can ensure
consistency and uniformity of their production and keep quality control standards high. a machine
used to measure weight of yarn sample.

Electric twist tester

An electrical twist tester is a device used for determining the number of twists per unit length of
yarn. Or a machine used for testing of turn per meter of yarns. (Twist)

An electric twist tester is an instrument used to measure the twist in a given length of yarn. It is
primarily used in the textile industry to test the quality and properties of various types of textiles.
The fabric testing procedure involves inserting a specified length of yarn into the tester, which
measures the number of turns the yarn takes over that distance. The results of these tests can be
used to determine the quality of the yarn and the suitability of the fabric for various applications.

17
Universal strength tester

A Universal Strength Tester (UST) is a machine commonly used in the textile industry to measure
the strength and elongation properties of yarn, fabric, or any other textile material. The instrument
works by subjecting the test specimen to tension or stretching until it fails, while at the same time
measuring the load applied and the deformation caused. Key parameters such as tensile strength,
and elongation, can be determined from the test data.

3.2.2. Equipment For fabric production

L- Key; the "L key" likely refers to the latch tool or latch hook. The latch tool is a long, thin, hook-
shaped tool that is used to manipulate the stitches on the needles of a knitting machine. The L key
might be used to open or lock the latch mechanism on the tool, allowing it to pick up or release
stitches as needed during the knitting. Used for adjusting of stitch length of the fabric.

Scissor; the scissors in a knitting machine are used to cut the fabric after a row of stitches has been
completed. This is necessary to create a separate piece of fabric, as each row needs to be
independent from the previous one. This cutting action enables the user to remove the knitted
fabric from the machine and then move on to the next piece Used for cutting of the fabric.

Single jersey Circular knitting machine: a circular single jersey knitting machine is a machine
used for production of plain / single jersey knitted fabric. A single jersey knitting machine is a type
of circular knitting machine used for producing different types of knitted fabrics. It is known as
'single' because it produces fabrics that have only one set of needles involved in the knitting
process. This means that every stitch is worked from just one side of the fabric.

Single jersey knitting machines are popular for their efficiency and versatility. They can produce
a wide range of fabrics, including t-shirts, sports shirts, dresses, and underwear. These machines
work by feeding a continuous thread or yarn through a set of needles that loop the yarn around
each other to create interlocking rows of stitches. The machine consists of different components,
including the creel that feeds the yarn into the machine, the needle bed where the needles are
attached, the cam system that moves the needles up and down, and the sinker bed that controls the
loops of yarn.

18
Single jersey knitting machines are faster than manual knitting, making them ideal for large-scale
production. Moreover, they can produce both intricate and simple designs, making them perfect
for producing unique and stylish fabrics.

3.2.3. Equipment For fabric tester

Universal strength tester: a machine used for testing of fabric strength and elongation in percent.

➢ Cut a sample of the fabric to be tested to a specific size according to ASTM or other
standards guidelines.
➢ Mount the sample onto the clamps of the Universal strength tester ensuring that there are
no wrinkles, folds, or creases in the sample.
➢ Set the parameters for testing such as grip distance between the clamps, test speed, load
cell capacity and extension scale range.
➢ Begin the test by running the machine at the selected test speed and measuring how much
force is needed to break the fabric sample which will measure tensile strength.
➢ The machine records and plots the force vs. extension and can produce numeric data from
these values such as elongation at maximum load, peak load, and others.
➢ After testing a single sample, repeat the procedure with several more samples to increase
the accuracy of the test results.
➢ Clean the clamps of the machine to remove any debris or residue before testing the next
sample.

The Martindale abrasion tester

A machine or equipment used to test the abrasion resistance of fabrics. The tester consists of a
circular fabric sample holder that rotates and rubs against standardized abrasive materials (such as
crocking cloth or emery paper) with a specified weight applied to the samples. The number of
rotations, weight, and pressure are important factors in determining the durability and strength of
the fabric. The test results are then used to determine the overall quality and durability of the fabric.

19
Thickness tester machine

A device used measure the thickness of the fabric.it typically consists of two flat circular plates
which are pressed together with a fabric sample between them. A thickness tester machine is used
to measure the thickness of a fabric sample. Here are some general procedures for using a thickness
tester machine:

➢ First, prepare the fabric sample by cutting it into a specific size and shape according to the
requirements of the thickness tester machine.
➢ Place the fabric sample on the flat surface of the machine with the right side facing up.
Make sure the fabric is smooth and wrinkles are removed.
➢ Press down on the lid or clamp of the thickness tester until it locks onto the fabric sample.
Apply pressure slowly to ensure accurate measurement results.
➢ The thickness tester will display the thickness reading. Record the measurement and repeat
the process if necessary.

It's important to calibrate the machine regularly to ensure accurate measurement results. Follow
the manufacturer's instructions for calibration procedures and maintenance.

GSM cutter: refers to the weight of the fabric per square meter and often used to determine the
quality and durability of the fabric. And prepare the sample to measure the weight of the fabric.

Temple: the equipment used for preparing the sample for test.

Ruler: the equipment used for measure of the fabric sample.

Picking glass

To determine the number of threads per cm or inch in textile fabrics. And also used for count the
wale and course of the knitted fabric.

20
The properties of cotton yarn are shown on table below:

Table 3.1: Properties of cotton yarn

Properties Values

Yarn count 31Ne

Twist level 968

Evenness Cv%=16.5 U%=12.65

Twist factor 120

Extension 5.8%

Tenacity 2.6N/Tex

3.3 Method
The method for studying the effect of stitch length on the dimensional and mechanical properties
of rib knitted fabrics may include the following steps:
1. Fabric production: The first step is to prepare the fabric samples for the study. Double
jersey rib knitted fabrics with different stitch lengths need to be produced using double
jersey circular knitting machine.
2. Literature Review: The researcher will conduct an extensive literature review by exploring
past research studies and other primary studies related to the effect of stitch length on
dimensional and mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric. This literature review will be
used to provide background information and develop a strong theoretical framework for
the study.

21
 3. Experimental design: A well-structured experimental design should be developed,
specifying how many fabric samples are required, the types of tests that will be conducted
and their order. The design should also specify randomization and replication procedures
to enhance the statistical significance of the research outcomes.
4. Data Collection: The researcher will collect quantitative data regarding the effect of stitch
length on dimensional and mechanical properties of rib knitted fabrics by carrying out
methodological experiments in the laboratory. The data collected from the experiments
then needs to be analyzed statistically using appropriate methods.
5. Data Analysis: To analyze the data, appropriate statistical techniques such as descriptive
analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and ANOVA test etc., would be used.
6. Findings & Interpretation: After careful data collection and analysis, findings would be
calculated which should relay meaningful interpretation about the effect of stitch length on
dimensional and mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric.
7. Conclusion & Recommendations: Finally, conclusions would be drawn by considering all
the findings from the study along with relevant recommendations for future researchers.

3.3.1 Fabric production

To knit rib fabric on a double jersey circular knitting machine with different stitch lengths, you
will need to adjust the cam settings on your machine. Here are the steps:
1. Set up your machine for double jersey knitting, making sure to thread all needles.
2. Choose the stitch length you want for the rib section and adjust your cams accordingly. For
ribbing, you'll want to use one set of cams that knit one needle, tuck one needle, for the length of
the rib.
3. Knit the rib section in your chosen stitch length for as many rows as you need.
4. Change the cam settings to your desired stitch length for the main part of the fabric.
5. Continue knitting in the new stitch length until you're ready to switch back to ribbing.
6. Repeat Steps 2-5 until your fabric is complete.
Note that the specific cam settings and stitch lengths will depend on your machine and the design
you're creating. If you're new to rib knitting on a circular knitting machine, it's a good idea to
consult your machine manual or take a class to get more guidance.

22
3.3.2 Sample preparation
To prepare a sample from 2x1 rib knitted fabric, you will need the following materials:
1. A pair of scissors
2. A ruler or measuring tape
3. Pins or clips
Follow these steps to prepare a sample from 2x1 rib knitted fabrics:
1. Cut a square sample from the fabric using scissors. The size of the sample should be large
enough to obtain accurate measurements, but small enough to easily manipulate it.
2. Carefully stretch the sample in both lengthwise and widthwise directions. This step is important
to get the correct measurements and to see how the fabric reacts when stretched.
3. Measure the length and width dimensions of the sample using a ruler or measuring tape. Record
these measurements for reference.
4. Pin or clip the sample onto a piece of paper or cardboard and label it with relevant information,
such as the type of yarn used, the gauge of the fabric, and any other relevant details.
Table 3.2: The properties being studied are shown on table below:

No Dimensional properties Mechanical properties

1 Lengthwise shrinkage Tensile strength

2 Widthwise shrinkage Fabric bend(stiffness)

3 Thickness Abrasion resistance

23
The stitch length and pulley diameter for the given samples are shown on table below:
Table 3.3: The stitch length and pulley diameter for the given samples

samples Pulley diameter Stitch length

Pulley 1(mm) Pulley 2(mm)

1 120/170/220 110/160/210 2.72

2 125/175/225 115/165/215 2.64

3 130/180/230 120/170/220 2.51

4 135/185/235 125/175/225 2.47

24
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The dimensional and mechanical properties were investigated at different level stitch length. Those
properties are thickness, lengthwise shrinkage, widthwise shrinkage, tensile strength, stiffness and
abrasion resistance. Their results have seen in the following data presentation manner:

1. Thickness

The thickness property of 2×1 rib knitted fabric shows variability in terms of different stitch length
setting.

Table 4.1: The value of thickness of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length

Samples Stitch length Thickness

Sample 1 2.72 0.5

Sample 2 2.64 0.54

Sample 3 2.51 0.58

Sample 4 2.47 0.62

25
 Thickness Vs varying stitch length
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4
stitch length 2.72 2.64 2.51 2.47
thickness 0.5 0.54 0.58 0.62

stitch length thickness

Figure 4.1: The graphical representation for the above thickness Vs varying stitch length

Based on the above results of 2×1 rib knitted fabric it can be seen that stitch length has an impact
on the dimensional and mechanical properties of 2×1 rib knitted fabric. In the first table, there are
values of thickness in terms of varying stitch length and those values are showing us thickness and
stitch length have indirect relationship. As the stitch value increase, thickness of 2×1 rib knitted
fabric will decrease. And also, as the stitch length decrease, thickness will be increase. Its graph
also shows the inverse relations between fabric thickness and stitch length.

2. Shrinkage in wale direction

The lengthwise shrinkage means the shrinkage occurs on wale direction of 2×1 rib knitted fabric.
It is expressed in percent and its value shows variability at different stitch length.

26
 Table 4.2: The shrinkage percentage of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length

Samples Length after wash Stitch length Shrinkage (%)

Sample 1 33.45 2.72 4.63

Sample 2 32.26 2.64 8.49

Sample 3 31.85 2.51 9.89

Sample 4 31 2.47 12.9

The above shrinkage result is obtained by using both original length (length before wash) and
length after wash of the sample of the fabric. The original length of the sample was 35 cm and the
length after wash for each sample is shown on the above table.

To calculate the shrinkage percentage, we have to use the following calculation:

Shrinkage % = (( length before wash − length after wash)⁄length after wash) × 100%

Shrinkage Vs varying stitch length

14

12

10

0
1 2 3 4
Stitch length 2.72 2.64 2.51 2.47
Shrinkage (%) 4.63 8.49 9.89 12.9

Stitch length Shrinkage (%)

Figure 4.2: The graphical representation for the above shrinkage Vs varying stitch length

27
On the second tabular presentation, the shrinkage occurred in the wale direction of the fabric in
terms of varying stitch length is explained. The shrinkage percentage of any knitted or other textile
fabric can be obtained by using the following formulas.

Shrinkage % = (( length before wash − length after wash)⁄length after wash) × 100%

Th shrinkage percentage of 2×1 rib knitted fabric is subjected to the effect of stitch length as its
setting is changed. Based on the tabular shrinkage value in wale direction of the fabric, it has
inverse relation with varying stitch length, i.e., as the stitch length goes to increase, the shrinkage
percentage in the wale direction of the fabric will also increase. And also, as the stitch length goes
to decrease, the shrinkage percentage also decrease.

3. Shrinkage in coarse direction

Table 4.3: The shrinkage percentage of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length

Samples Length after wash Stitch length Shrinkage (%)

Sample 1 32.64 2.72 7.23

Sample 2 32 2.64 9.38

Sample 3 31.25 2.51 12

Sample 4 30.55 2.47 14.57

The above shrinkage result is obtained by using both original length (length before wash) and
length after wash of the sample of the fabric. The original length of the sample was 35 cm and the
length after wash for each sample is shown on the above table.

To calculate the shrinkage percentage, we have to use the following calculation:

Shrinkage % = (( length before wash − length after wash)⁄length after wash) × 100%

28
 Shrinkage Vs varying stitch length
16

14

12

10

0
1 2 3 4
Stitch length 2.72 2.64 2.51 2.47
Shrinkage (%) 7.23 9.38 12 14.57

Stitch length Shrinkage (%)

Figure 4.3: The graphical representation for the above shrinkage Vs varying stitch length

Based on the tabular shrinkage value in wale direction of the fabric, it has inverse relation with
varying stitch length, i.e., as the stitch length goes to increase, the shrinkage percentage in the wale
direction of the fabric will also increase. And also, as the stitch length goes to decrease, the
shrinkage percentage also decrease. When we compare table with table, shrinkage occurred in the
coarse direction is much greater than the shrinkage occurred in the wale direction. This is due to

4. Tensile strength in the wale direction

The tensile strength the wale direction of each sample was investigated and the result would be
demonstrated in the following tabular representation:

29
 Table 4.4: The tensile strength of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length

Samples stitch length Tensile strength

(Wale direction)

Sample 1 2.72 114

Sample 2 2.64 118

Sample 3 2.51 120

Sample 4 2.47 133

Tensile strength Vs varying stitch length

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4
stitch length 2.72 2.64 2.51 2.47
Tensile strength (WD) 114 118 120 133

stitch length Tensile strength (WD)

Figure 4.4: The graphical representation for the above tensile strength Vs varying stitch length

One of the mechanical properties of rib knitted fabric also shows inverse relation with varying
stitch length. As the stitch length goes to increase, the tensile strength of the fabric will decrease.
And also, as the stitch length goes to decrease, the tensile strength will increase.

30
 5. Tensile strength in the coarse direction

The tensile strength the coarse direction of each sample was investigated and the result would be
demonstrated in the following tabular representation:

Table 4.5: The tensile strength of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length

Samples stitch length Tensile strength

(Coarse direction)

Sample 1 2.72 99

Sample 2 2.64 103

Sample 3 2.51 115

Sample 4 2.47 128

31
 Tensile strength Vs varying stitch length
140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4
stitch length 2.72 2.64 2.51 2.47
Tensile strength (CD) 99 103 115 128

stitch length Tensile strength (CD)

Figure 4.5: The graphical representation for the above tensile strength Vs varying stitch length

6. Stiffness in the wale direction

The stiffness property of 2×1 rib knitted fabric shows variability in terms of different stitch length
setting.

Table 4.6: The value of stiffness of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length

samples stitch length stiff(wp)

sample 1 2.72 1.15

sample 2 2.64 1.38

sample 3 2.51 1.47

sample 4 2.47 1.6

32
 Stiffness Vs varying stitch length
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4
stitch length 2.72 2.64 2.51 2.47
stiff(wp) 1.15 1.38 1.47 1.6

stitch length stiff(wp)

Figure 4.6: The graphical representation for the above stiffness Vs varying stitch length

Similar to the above properties of the fabric Vs varying stitch length, stiffness also shows inverse
relation with varying stitch length. As the stitch length goes to increase, the stiffness in the wale
direction of the fabric will decrease. And also, as the stitch length goes to decrease, the stiffness
will increase.

7. Stiffness in the coarse direction

The stiffness property of 2×1 rib knitted fabric shows variability in terms of different stitch length
setting.

33
 Table 4.7: The value of stiffness of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length

samples stitch length Stiff (coarse direction)

sample 1 2.72 0.5

sample 2 2.64 1

sample 3 2.51 1.52

sample 4 2.47 1.35

Stiffness Vs varying stitch length

3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4
stitch length 2.72 2.64 2.51 2.47
stiff(wt) 0.5 1 1.52 1.35

stitch length stiff(wt)

Figure 4.7: The graphical representation for the above stiffness Vs varying stitch length

34
The stiffness in the coarse direction has similar relation with varying stitch length to that of
stiffness in the wale direction, i.e., As the stitch length goes to increase, the stiffness in the coarse
direction of the fabric will decrease. And also, as the stitch length goes to decrease, the stiffness
will increase.

8. Abrasion resistance

Table 4.8: The value of abrasion resistance of 2×1 rib knitted fabric at different stitch length

Samples stitch length Abrasion resistance

Sample 1 2.72 Low

Sample 2 2.64 Medium

Sample 3 2.51 Medium

Sample 4 2.47 High

35
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
The stitch length plays a crucial role in determining characteristics of the fabric. The length of a
stitch is the distance between two consecutive needle loops. It has been observed that shorter stitch
length results in tighter fabric structure, whereas longer stitch length led to looser structures.

In terms of dimensional properties, decreasing the stitch length will result in an increment of
thickness of 2 by 1 rib knitted fabric. This is because shorter stitch length requires more amount
of yarn and hence, the knit density increases leading to high thickness of the fabric. On the other
hand, increasing the stitch length results in a decrease in fabric thickness. This is due to the fact
that longer stitches create bigger loops and the knit structure which can be expanded horizontally
or in a widthwise direction which reduces the depth or the thickness of rib knitted fabric. Shrinkage
property of 2 by 1 rib knitted fabric can also be affected by stitch length variation. It has inverse
relation with varying stitch length, i.e., as the stitch length goes to increase, the shrinkage
percentage of the fabric will decrease. And also, as the stitch length goes to decrease, the shrinkage
percentage increase. It can be occurred in both wale and coarse direction. But the shrinkage along
wale direction is much greater than the shrinkage along coarse direction.

In terms of mechanical properties, the stitch length has an impact on tensile strength, stiffness
(fabric bend) and abrasion resistance properties of the fabric. A shorter stitch length can result in a
higher tensile strength in 2 by 1 rib knitted fabric, as it produces tighter and denser stitches which
can withstand greater stress. It was tested in both wale and coarse direction. But similar to that of
shrinkage percentage, tensile strength along wale direction is much greater than tensile strength
along coarse direction. Again, stiffness also has similar relation with varying stitch length, as the
stitch length increase, stiffness in both wale and coarse direction will decrease. The abrasion
resistance of the fabric has also inverse relation with varying stitch length, as the stitch length goes
to increase, the abrasion resistance will tend to decrease.

In conclusion, the stitch length of 2 by 1 rib knitted fabric has a significant effect on both its
dimensional and mechanical properties. Those all investigated properties under this study such as

36
thickness, shrinkage in both wale and coarse direction, tensile strength in both wale and coarse
direction, stiffness and abrasion resistance are inversely related with the stitch length. And those
properties in which their properties were tested in both wale and coarse direction are much greater
in wale direction than that in coarse direction. Therefore, the stitch length setting for 2 by 1 rib
knitted fabric has to be decided depending on the desired product, properties required to obtain
and based on the customers specifications.

5.2 Recommendation
As the stitch length has a significant effect on dimensional and mechanical properties of 2 by 1 rib
knitted fabric, the society should have an understanding about the stitch length effect on fabric
properties. Not only the society or the consumers of this product, but also the companies especially
small groups which are engaged in producing 2 by 1 rib knitted fabric must know that the stitch
length has necessary effect on the dimensional and mechanical properties of 2 by 1 rib knitted
fabric.

It is important to carefully consider the desired properties and characteristics of the final product
before choosing a stitch length for the given project. Overall, the choice of stitch length depends
on the intended use of the fabric. If the fabric needs to be strong and durable, a shorter stitch length
should be used. On the other hand, if breathability and comfort are priorities, a longer stitch length
may be appropriate.

37
REFERENCE
1. M A Shahid, A K M Alsar: Effect of stitch length on knitted fabric, Research gate, Nov 2,
2013
2. A Barrella and J P Vigo: The physical and mechanical properties of knitted fabrics, J
Textile institute, 1980, 71, 4, pp 47
3. J Wang: Cotton stitch length on double jersey fabric, Bombay University, 1986
4. Oinuma, R. (1990). Effect of stitch length on some properties of cotton 1× 1 rib knitted
fabrics. Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan, 36(3), 91-95.
5. Sharma, I. C., Gupta, N. K., Agarwal, B. R., & Patnaik, N. R. (1987). Effect of twist factor
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