Radicals 1

Here are the lessons to be discussed in Module 3 based

in our course syllabus:
LESSON 1: Rational Exponents
LESSON 2: Simplification of Radicals
LESSON 3: Rationalization of Denominator
LESSON 4: Addition and Subtraction of Radicals
LESSON 5: Multiplication and Division of Radicals

Radicals 2
On the completion of Module 3, the student is expected
to:

• Simplify radicals;
• Solve operations involving radicals.

Radicals 3
Definition 4.1.1. If 𝑛 is positive integer greater than 1 and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers such that
𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑎 then 𝑏 is an 𝑛th root of 𝑎.
𝑛
Definition 4.1.2. If 𝑛 is positive integer greater than 1, 𝑎 is real number, and 𝑎 denotes the
principal 𝑛th of 𝑎, then
(𝑖) if 𝑎 > 0, 𝑛 𝑎 is the positive 𝑛th root of 𝑎;
(𝑖𝑖) if 𝑎 < 0, and 𝑛 is odd, 𝑛 𝑎 is the negative 𝑛th root of 𝑎;
𝑛
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 0 = 0.
𝑛
Definition 4.1.3. If 𝑛 is a positive integer greater than 1 and 𝑎 is a real number, then if 𝑎 is
1
𝑛
a real number 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎.

Definition 4.1.4. If 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive integers that are relatively prime, and 𝑎 is a real
𝑚 𝑚 1
𝑚
number, then if 𝑛
𝑎 is a real number 𝑎 =
𝑛
𝑛
𝑎 ⇔𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑚 𝑛 .
Note: If 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive even integers and 𝑎 is a real number, then
1 𝑚
𝑎𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑛 ,
that is if 𝑛 = 2, then 𝑎2 = 𝑎 .
Radicals 4
Definition 4.1.5. Negative Rational Exponent
If 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive integers that are relatively prime, and 𝑎 real number and 𝑎 ≠ 0, then if
𝑛
𝑎 is a real number,
−𝑚
1
𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑚 .
𝑎𝑛

Theorem 4.1.6. If a and b are real numbers,

𝑛 𝑛
(i) 𝑛 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
(ii) 𝑛 = (𝑏 ≠ 0)
𝑏 𝑏
Where both a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0 if n is even.

Example 1. Write the expression so that each variable occurs only once and the exponents are
positive. Assume that all the variables are positive.
3 2
−
16𝑥 −4 4 8𝑦 −6 3
(a) 81𝑦 8 27𝑥 8
1
7 4 −7
𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 −9
(b) 𝑥 0 𝑦 −1 𝑧 −2
Radicals 5
 2 4 −3
−3 −3 −4
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
(c) 1 2 7
− −
𝑢 3𝑣3𝑤 3

Solution: Assuming that all variables are positive, the we have:

3 2 3 2
−4 − −
16𝑥 4 8𝑦 −6 3 24 4 23 3
(a) =
81𝑦 8 27𝑥 9 34 𝑥 4 𝑦 8 27𝑥 9 𝑦 6
3
24 4 1
= 2
34 𝑥 4 𝑦 8
23 3
3 9
3 𝑥 𝑦 6
3
4
2 4 1
= 3 3 3 ∙ 2
4 4 8 3
3 4 𝑥 4 𝑦 4 2 3
2 2 2
3 9 6
3 3 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
23 32 𝑥 6 𝑦 4
= ∙ 22
33 𝑥 3 𝑦 6
2𝑥 6 2𝑥 3
= = 3𝑦 2, by assumption that all variables are positive.
3 𝑥 3𝑦 2

Radicals 6
 1
7 4 −7
𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑧 −9 1 1 1 𝑧
(b) = 1 = 7 1 7 1 = 1 1 = 1 1 .
𝑥 0 𝑦 −1 𝑧 −2 7 4 7 𝑥2 7 𝑦3 7 𝑥2 𝑦3 𝑥 2 𝑦3
𝑥2 𝑦3 𝑦𝑧2 1 𝑧
7
𝑧9 𝑧 7

2 4 −3 1 7 −3
− −
𝑢 3 𝑣 3 𝑤−4 𝑢3 𝑤 3 1 1
(c) 1 2 7 = 2 = 1 3 = 1 = 𝑢𝑣 6 𝑤 5 .
− −
𝑢 3𝑣3𝑤 3 𝑢3 𝑣 2 𝑤 4 1 5 𝑢𝑣6 𝑤5
𝑢3 𝑣2 𝑤3
1 2 2 1
−3 −3
Example 2. Find the product of 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑥 −𝑥
3 and express the result with positive.
Assume that all the variables are positive.
Solution: Assuming that all variables are positive, the we have:
1 2
−3
2 1
−3 1 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥−1 2
𝑥3 −𝑥 𝑥3 −𝑥 = 𝑥−1−1+ 𝑥 −1 =𝑥−2+ = =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Example 3. Factor each of the expressions:
3 2 2
−5 −5
(a) 𝑏 − 7𝑏 + 2𝑏 5
1 4
−3
(b) 3(𝑥 + 3) +2(𝑥 + 3) 3

Radicals 7
Solution:
3 2 2 3 1
− − −
(a) 𝑏 5 − 7𝑏 5 + 2𝑏 = 𝑏 5 5 (1 − 7𝑏 + 2𝑏)
5
1 4 1 5
− −
(b) 3(𝑥 + 3) +2(𝑥 + 3) = (𝑥 + 3)
3 3 3 3+2(𝑥 + 3) 3

2 1 1 1
1 −3 1 −2
3
3𝑥+1 3 2𝑥−3 2− 3𝑥+1 3
2
2𝑥−3 2
Example 4. Simplify 1
2𝑥−3 2 2
2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
1 − 1 − −3 −2
3
3𝑥+1 3 3 2𝑥−3 2− 3𝑥+1 3
2
2𝑥−3 2 2 3𝑥+1 2𝑥−3 2− 3𝑥+1 3 2𝑥−3
Solution: 1
= 2𝑥−3
2𝑥−3 2 2
2 1
− −
3𝑥+1 2𝑥−3 2 2𝑥−3− 3𝑥+1
3
= 2𝑥−3
2𝑥−3−3𝑥−1
= 2 1
3𝑥+1 2𝑥−33 2 (2𝑥−3)
2𝑥−3−3𝑥−1
= 2 3
3𝑥+1 3 2𝑥−3 2
−𝑥−4
= 2 3
3𝑥+1 3 2𝑥−3 2
Radicals 8
Example 5. Simplify the following where the variables are any real numbers.
1
(a) −4 4 𝑢+1 8 𝑢−4 4 4
1
6
−5 𝑥 2 2
(b) 𝑥 2 +4 2
Solution:
1 1 1 1
(a) −4 4 𝑢+1 8 𝑢−4 4 4 = ((−4)4 )4 ((𝑢
+ − 1)8 )4 ((𝑢 4)4 )4
= −4 𝑢 + 1 2 𝑢 − 4
= 4(𝑢 + 1)2 𝑢 − 4 because (𝑢 + 1)2 ≥ 0 for all 𝑢 ∈ ℝ.
1 1 1
−5 6 𝑥 2 2 ((−5)6 )2 (𝑥 2 )2 −5 3 𝑥 53 𝑥
(b) = 1 = = because 𝑥 2 + 4 > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑥 2 +4 2 𝑥 2 +4 𝑥 2 +4
((𝑥 2 +4)2 )2

Example 6.
1 1
2 2
(a) Simplify the expression 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9 . 2 2

(b) For what values of 𝒙 is the expression in part (𝒂) equivalent to 𝟔.

Radicals 9
Solution:
1 1 1 1
(𝑎) 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 + 9 2 − 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 9 2 = 𝑥+3 2 2
− 𝑥−3 2 2

= 𝑥+3 − 𝑥−3 .

𝑥+3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 3 ≥ 0
𝑏 𝑥+3 =
− 𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 3 < 0
𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ −3
=
−𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −3

𝑥−3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0
𝑥−3 =
− 𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 − 3 < 0
𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3
=
−𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3

Radicals 10
Graph:

−𝟑 0 𝟑
(−∞, 3) : 𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 − 3 = −𝑥 − 3 − −𝑥 + 3
Note:
= −𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 − 3
𝑥+3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 3 ≥ 0
= −6. 𝑥+3 =
− 𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 3 < 0
𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ −3
=
[−3,3) : 𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 + 3 − −𝑥 + 3 −𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −3
=𝑥+3+𝑥−3
= 2𝑥.
𝑥−3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0
𝑥−3 =
[3, +∞) : 𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 − 3 − 𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 − 3 < 0
𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3
=𝑥+3−𝑥+3 =
−𝑥 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
= 6.

Therefore, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑.
Radicals 11
Example 7. Simplify the radical where the variables are assumed to be positive real numbers.
4
(a) 16𝑥 16 𝑦 4 𝑧 9
(b) 𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
(c) 𝑎−2 + 𝑏 −2
4 169𝑥 6 𝑧 2
(d) 𝑦4
4 4 4
(e) 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2

Solution: Take note that the variables are assumed to be positive.

4 4
(a) 16𝑥 16 𝑦 4 𝑧 9 = 24 𝑥 16 𝑦 4 𝑧 8 𝑧 = 2𝑥 4 𝑦𝑧 2 4 𝑧

(b) 𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 = 𝑏 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 ) = 𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2

1 1 𝑏+𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
(c) 𝑎−2 + 𝑏 −2 = 𝑎
+𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
∙ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏

Radicals 12
 4 169𝑥 6 𝑧 2 4 132 𝑥 4 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑥 13𝑥𝑧
(d) = =
𝑦4 𝑦4 𝑦

4 4 4 4 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4 4 𝑥 2−4𝑥+4 𝑥2 4 𝑥 2 (𝑥−2)2 𝑥(𝑥−2)

(e) 1−𝑥 + 𝑥2 = = ∙ = =
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥

Example 8. Simplify by combining similar terms. Assume that the variables are positive
numbers and none of the denominator is zero.
(a) 450 + 8 − 98
(b) 3 18 − 3 32 + 3 12 − 3 3
1 4
(c) − +2 3
3 27
3 1 3
(d) 𝑎4 𝑏 + 3 + 3 𝑎𝑏 4
𝑎2 𝑏 2

(e) 4(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 2 9 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2
(f) − +
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏2

Radicals 13
Solution: Take note that all variables are assumed to be positive numbers and none of the
denominator is zero.
(a) 450 + 8 − 98 = 32 ∙ 52 ∙ 2 + 22 ∙ 2 − 72 ∙ 2
= 3 5 2 + 2 2 − 7 2 = 15 2 + 2 2 − 7 2 = 10 2
(b) 3 18 − 3 32 + 3 12 − 3 3 = 3 32 ∙ 2 − 3 24 ∙ 2 + 3 22 ∙ 3 − 3 3
= 9 2 − 12 2 + 6 3 − 3 3 = 3 3 − 3 2 = 3 3 − 2
(c) 3 18 − 3 32 + 3 12 − 3 3 = 3 32 ∙ 2 − 3 24 ∙ 2 + 3 22 ∙ 3 − 3 3
= 9 2 − 12 2 + 6 3 − 3 3 = 3 3 − 3 2 = 3 3 − 2

3 1 3 3 3 1 𝑎𝑏 3
(d) 𝑎4 𝑏 + 3 + 3 𝑎𝑏 4 = 𝑎3 𝑎𝑏 + . + 3 𝑎𝑏 3 𝑏
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎𝑏
3 3 𝑎𝑏 3
= 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 + + 3𝑏 𝑎𝑏
𝑎3 𝑏3
3
3 𝑎𝑏 3
= 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
+ 3𝑏 𝑎𝑏
3 1
= 𝑎𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑏
3
𝑎𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏+3𝑎𝑏 2+1
= 𝑎𝑏
Radicals 14
(e) 4(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 2 9 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎2 −𝑏2

(f) − + = ∙ 𝑎+𝑏 − ∙ 𝑎−𝑏 + ∙ 𝑎2 −𝑏2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏2
𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎2 −𝑏 2
= − +
(𝑎+𝑏)2 (𝑎−𝑏)2 𝑎2 −𝑏 2 2
𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑎2 −𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑏2
= 𝑎+𝑏
− 𝑎−𝑏
+ 𝑎2 −𝑏2
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏2 − 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏 2+𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑏2
= 𝑎2 −𝑏2
𝑎−𝑏 − 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑎−𝑏−𝑎−𝑏+𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑎−2𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏2
= 𝑎2 −𝑏2
= 𝑎2 −𝑏 2
= 𝑎2 −𝑏2

Radicals 15
Example 9. Perform the following multiplications, expressing the result in simplest form
where the variables are assumed to be positive.
(a) 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 ∙ 12𝑥 5 𝑦
(b) 𝑎 ∙ 3 𝑎 ∙ 4 𝑎
3 6
(c) 9𝑥 ∙ 27𝑥 4
(d) 5 + 2 3 5−3 3
2
(e) 2 3 − 3 2
2
6− 2
(f) 4
(g) 3+2 2∙ 3−2 2

Solution: Take note that all variables are assumed to be positive numbers.

(a) 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 ∙ 12𝑥 5 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 12𝑥 5 𝑦 = 36𝑥 7 𝑦 4 = 62 𝑥 6 𝑥𝑦 4 = 6𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑥

12 12 12 12 12 12
(b) 𝑎 ∙ 3 𝑎 ∙ 4 𝑎 = 𝑎6 ∙ 𝑎4 ∙ 𝑎3 = 𝑎6 ∙ 𝑎4 ∙ 𝑎3 = 𝑎13 = 𝑎12 𝑎 = 12 12 𝑎

Radicals 16
 3 6 6 6 6 6 6
(b) 9𝑥 ∙ 27𝑥 4 = 92 𝑥 2 ∙ 27𝑥 4 = 34 ∙ 33 𝑥 4 = 37 𝑥 4 = 3𝑥 3

(d) 5+2 3 5 − 3 3 = 5 − 3 15 + 2 15 − 6 3 = −13 − 15

2 2 2
(e) 2 3 − 3 2 = 2 3 + 2 2 3 −3 2 + −3 2 = 4 3 − 12 6 + 9 2
= 30 − 12 6

2 2 2
6− 2 6 +2 6 − 2 + − 2 6−2 12+2 8−2 22 ∙3 8−4 3 4 2− 3 2− 3
(f) = = = = = =
4 16 16 16 16 16 4

(g) 3+2 2∙ 3−2 2 = 3+2 2 3−2 2 = 9 − 6 2 + 6 2 − 4(2)

= 1=1

Radicals 17
Example 10. Perform the following divisions, expressing the result in simplest form where
the variables are assumed to be positive.
(a) 4 28 ÷ 3 7
6 3
(b) 12 ÷ 3 2
4
(c) 8𝑎𝑏 3 ÷ 24𝑎3 𝑏
(d) 2 6 + 3 14 ÷ 2
3
(e) 𝑥𝑦 2 ÷ 𝑥 2 𝑦

Solution: Take note that all variables are assumed to be positive numbers.
4 28 4 28 4 4 8
(a) 4 28 ÷ 3 7 = =3 = =3
3 7 7 3

6 6 3 3
6 3 12 12 6 12 6 22 ∙3 33 ∙24 6 26∙34 2 9 9
(b) 12 ÷ 3 2 = 3 = 6 6 = = ∙ = = =
3 2 33 ∙ 22 33 ∙22 33 ∙22 33 ∙24 36∙26 3 2 3

4 4
4 82 𝑎2 𝑏6 4 26 𝑎2𝑏 6 2∙33 𝑎𝑏 3 4 2733 𝑎3 𝑏9 2𝑏 2 23 33 𝑎3𝑏
(c) 8𝑎𝑏 3 ÷ 24𝑎3 𝑏 = 4 = ∙ = =
24𝑎3 𝑏 23 ∙3𝑎3𝑏 2∙33 𝑎𝑏 3 2434 𝑎4 𝑏4 2∙3𝑎𝑏
4 4
𝑏 23 33 𝑎3𝑏 𝑏 (6𝑎)3 𝑏
= 3𝑎
= 3𝑎
Radicals 18
 2 6+3 14 2 6 3 14 6 14
(d) 2 6 + 3 14 ÷ 2 = = + =2 +3 = 2 3+3 7
2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6
3 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥3𝑦6 6 𝑥3 𝑦 6 𝑥2𝑦4 6 𝑥 5 𝑦 10 𝑦 𝑥5𝑦4 𝑥5𝑦4
(e) 𝑥𝑦 2 ÷ 𝑥 2𝑦 = 3 = 6 = 𝑥4 𝑦 2
∙ 𝑥2𝑦4
= 𝑥6 𝑦 6
= =
𝑥2𝑦 𝑥4𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑥

Example 11. Rationalize the denominator of the following, where variables are assumed to be
positive and none of the denominator is zero.
2 2−3 7
(a) 32+2 7
𝑎+ 𝑏
(b) 𝑎− 𝑏
𝑥− 𝑥 2 −9
(c)
𝑥+ 𝑥 2 −9
1
(d) 3 𝑥− 3 𝑦
1
(e) 3 3
𝑎+ 𝑏
1
(f) 2+ 3+ 5

Radicals 19
 Solution:
2 2−3 7 2 2−3 7 3 2−2 7 6 2 −4 2 7 −9 2 7 +6 7 12−4 14−9 14+42 54−13 14
(a) 3 =3 ∙ = = =−
2+2 7 2+2 7 3 2−2 7 9 2 −4 7 18−28 10
2
𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎+2 𝑎𝑏+𝑏
(b) = ∙ = =
𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
2
𝑥− 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥− 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥− 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥− 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 −2𝑥 𝑥 2 −9+𝑥 2 −9 2𝑥 2 −2𝑥 𝑥 2 −9−9
(c) = ∙ = = =
𝑥+ 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥+ 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥− 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 −𝑥2 +9 9

3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥𝑦+ 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥𝑦+ 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥𝑦+ 𝑦 2
(d) 3 = 3 ∙3 3 = 3 3 3 3 =
𝑥− 3 𝑦 𝑥− 3 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥𝑦+ 𝑦 2 𝑥+ 𝑥 2 𝑦+ 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦− 𝑥𝑦 2 −𝑦 𝑥−𝑦

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏+ 𝑏 2 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏+ 𝑏 2 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏+ 𝑏 2
(e) 3 3 = 3 3 ∙3 3 3 = 3 3 3 3 =
𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏+ 𝑏 2 𝑎− 𝑎2 𝑏+ 𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 𝑏− 𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑏 𝑎+𝑏

1 1 2+ 3 − 5 2+ 3− 5
(f) = ∙ = 2
2+ 3+ 5 2+ 3 + 5 2+ 3 − 5 2+ 3 − 5 2+ 3 + 5 2+ 3 −5
2+ 3− 5 2+ 3− 5 6 12+ 18− 30 2 3+3 2− 30
= 2+2 = ∙ = =
6+3−5 2 6 6 12 12
Radicals 20
Example 12. Rationalize the numerator of the following, where variables are assumed to be
positive and none of the denominator is zero.
𝑥+4−2
(a) 𝑥
𝑥+3− 3
(b) 𝑥
3 𝑥+ℎ −2− 3𝑥−2
(c)
ℎ
3 3
𝑥+ℎ− 𝑥
(d)
ℎ

Solution:
𝑥+4−2 𝑥+4−2 𝑥+4+2 𝑥+4−4 𝑥 1
(a) = ∙ =𝑥 =𝑥 = , 𝑥≠0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+4+2 𝑥+4+2 𝑥+4+2 𝑥+4+2

𝑥+3− 3 𝑥+3− 3 𝑥+3+ 3 𝑥+3−3 𝑥 1

(b) = ∙ =𝑥 =𝑥 = , 𝑥≠0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+3+ 3 𝑥+3+ 3 𝑥+3+ 3 𝑥+3+ 3

3 𝑥+ℎ −2− 3𝑥−2 3 𝑥+ℎ −2− 3𝑥−2 3 𝑥+ℎ −2+ 3𝑥−2 3 𝑥+ℎ −2−(3𝑥−2)
(c) = ∙ =
ℎ ℎ 3 𝑥+ℎ −2+ 3𝑥−2 ℎ 3 𝑥+ℎ −2+ 3𝑥−2
3𝑥+3ℎ−2−3𝑥+2 3ℎ 3
= = = ,ℎ≠0
ℎ 3 𝑥+ℎ −2+ 3𝑥−2 ℎ 3 𝑥+ℎ −2+ 3𝑥−2 3 𝑥+ℎ −2+ 3𝑥−2
Radicals 21
 3 3 3 3 3
𝑥+ℎ− 3 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ− 3 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ 2 + 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ + 𝑥 2 𝑥+ℎ −𝑥
(d) = ∙3 3 3 = 3 3 3
ℎ ℎ 𝑥+ℎ 2 + 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ + 𝑥 2 ℎ 𝑥+ℎ 2 + 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ + 𝑥 2
ℎ 1
= 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 ,ℎ≠0
ℎ 𝑥+ℎ 2 + 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ + 𝑥 2 𝑥+ℎ 2 + 𝑥 𝑥+ℎ + 𝑥 2

Radicals 22
1. Barnett, Raymond A., Ziegler, Michael R., Byleen, Karl E., Sobecki, D.
Precalculus 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill, c 2011
2. Aufmann, Barker & Nation. College Algebra & Trigonometry 7th Edition.
Brooks/Cole, Cencage Learning, © 2011.
2. Hart, William L. Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Boston: D.C. Heath and
Company, c1964
3. Johnson, Richard E., et. al. Algebra and Trigonometry 2nd edition. California: Addison
– Wesley Publishing Company, c1971
4. Leithold, Louis College Algebra and Trigonometry. Massachusetts: Addison –
Wesley Publishing Company, c1989
5. Miller, Charles D. Fundamentals of College Algebra. New York: Harper Collins
College Publishers, c1994
6. Robinson N. Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. American Book
Company, c1970
7. Spiegel, Murray, Moyer Robert E. College Algebra. New York. McGraw – Hill, c1998
8. Sullivan, Michael. Trigonometry: A Unit Circle Approach. Prentice Hall, c 2012 9.
Vance, Elbridge P. Modern Algebra and Trigonometry. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, c1975
Radicals 23